Battery diagnosis device and battery diagnosis method

Abstract

The invention discloses a battery diagnosis device and a battery diagnosis method. The battery diagnosis apparatus includes: a data acquisition unit configured to acquire a first sectional line representing a capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell including at least two active materials; and a processor configured to generate a plurality of comparison profile lines based on the plurality of electrode profile lines included in the electrode profile map. The processor is configured to select one of the plurality of comparison section lines as a second section line by comparing each of the plurality of comparison section lines with the first section line. The processor is configured to determine at least one diagnostic factor indicative of a state of degradation of the battery cell based on the second section line.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to techniques for non-destructively diagnosing the state of a battery.

[0002] This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2023-0182423, filed in Korea on December 14, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0003] In recent years, the demand for portable electronic products such as laptops, cameras and mobile phones has increased rapidly, and with the widespread development of electric vehicles, energy storage devices, robots and satellites, there is a great deal of research being conducted on high-performance batteries that can be repeatedly recharged.

[0004] Currently, commercially available batteries include nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, and lithium batteries. Among them, lithium batteries have a small or no memory effect, so they have received more attention than nickel-based batteries because their advantages are that they can be recharged whenever convenient, have a very low self-discharge rate, and high energy density.

[0005] While much research is being conducted on these batteries to increase capacity and density, improvements in lifespan and safety are also important. To improve battery safety, the current state of the battery must be accurately diagnosed.

[0006] Accurate diagnosis of the internal condition of battery cells is essential for safety and long lifespan. To diagnose the internal condition of battery cells without disassembly, relational data showing the correspondence between the total cell capacity and the total cell voltage (which may be referred to as a full cell profile, etc.) is primarily used.

[0007] Traditionally, the degradation status of each electrode in a battery cell is diagnosed by analyzing the relational data of individual cells. This traditional diagnostic method can be considered effective only if the overall profile of each electrode in the battery cell remains almost identical to that at the time of manufacture, even if the battery cell has degraded compared to its manufacturing state.

[0008] However, in some types of battery cells where at least one of the positive and negative electrodes contains at least two active materials, the more the battery cell deteriorates, the more severe the deviation in degradation characteristics between the active materials becomes. Consequently, the overall electrode design may become significantly distorted compared to its factory state. Therefore, applying conventional diagnostic methods to battery cells where at least one of the positive and negative electrodes contains at least two active materials can significantly reduce the accuracy of diagnosing the degradation state of each electrode. Summary of the Invention

[0009] Technical issues

[0010] This disclosure is designed to address problems in the related art, and therefore aims to provide a battery diagnostic apparatus and a battery diagnostic method that can determine at least one diagnostic factor representing the deterioration state of a battery cell containing at least two active materials in at least one of the positive and negative electrodes.

[0011] These and other objects and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description and will become even more fully apparent from exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. Moreover, it will be readily understood that the objects and advantages of this disclosure can be achieved by the means set forth in the appended claims and combinations thereof.

[0012] Technical solution

[0013] In one aspect of this disclosure, a battery diagnostic apparatus is provided, comprising: a data acquisition unit configured to acquire a first profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a single battery cell, the battery cell comprising at least two active materials; and a processor configured to generate a plurality of comparison profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in an electrode profile diagram.

[0014] The processor selects a comparison profile as a second profile from a plurality of comparison profiles by comparing each of the multiple comparison profiles with a first profile. The processor is configured to determine at least one diagnostic factor representing the degradation state of a battery cell based on the second profile.

[0015] The electrode cross-section diagram may include multiple reference positive electrode cross-sections associated with multiple degradation states of the positive electrode of the battery cell. At least two active materials may be included in the positive electrode of the battery cell.

[0016] Each of at least two of the multiple reference positive electrode profiles may be a degraded positive electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a positive electrode half-cell.

[0017] The processor can be configured to determine a comparison value based on at least two reference positive electrode profiles. The comparison value can be greater than a threshold.

[0018] The electrode cross-section diagram may include multiple reference negative electrode cross-sections associated with multiple degradation states of the negative electrode of the battery cell. At least two active materials may be included in the negative electrode of the battery cell.

[0019] Each of at least two of the multiple reference negative electrode profiles may be a degraded negative electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of the negative electrode half-cell.

[0020] The processor can be configured to determine a comparison value based on at least two reference negative pole profiles. The comparison value can be greater than a threshold.

[0021] processor

[0022] It can be configured to generate multiple comparison profiles by performing an adjustment process on each of multiple electrode profiles according to multiple adjustment levels.

[0023] The adjustment process may include at least one of scaling or shifting operations based on the capacity relationship values ​​of individual battery cells.

[0024] The processor can be configured to determine multiple comparison values ​​by comparing each of a plurality of comparison profiles with a first profile. A second profile can be associated with the smallest comparison value among the plurality of comparison values.

[0025] The processor can be configured to generate profile adjustment data associated with the second profile. The profile adjustment data may include at least one of positive electrode state data associated with the adjusted positive electrode profile and negative electrode state data associated with the adjusted negative electrode profile. The adjusted positive and negative electrode profiles can be generated by adjusting two of a plurality of electrode profiles. The adjusted positive and negative electrode profiles can be used to generate the second profile.

[0026] The processor can be configured to generate a second profile based on voltage difference data representing the voltage difference between the adjusted positive and negative profiles.

[0027] Positive state data may include at least one of the following as diagnostic factors: first positive pole, second positive pole, positive scaling factor, and positive load.

[0028] The negative pole status data may include at least one of the following as a diagnostic factor: first negative pole, second negative pole, negative pole scaling factor, and negative pole load.

[0029] The processor can be configured to limit at least one of the voltage range and state of charge (SOC) range of a battery cell based on at least one diagnostic factor.

[0030] In another aspect of this disclosure, a battery pack is also provided, including the battery diagnostic device.

[0031] In another aspect of this disclosure, a battery system is also provided, including the aforementioned battery pack.

[0032] In another aspect of this disclosure, a remote diagnostic server is also provided, including the battery diagnostic device.

[0033] In another aspect of this disclosure, a battery diagnostic method is also provided, comprising: obtaining a first profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell, the battery cell comprising at least two active materials; generating a plurality of comparison profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in an electrode profile diagram; selecting one comparison profile from the plurality of comparison profiles as a second profile by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profiles with the first profile; and determining at least one diagnostic factor representing the degradation state of the battery cell based on the second profile.

[0034] In another aspect of this disclosure, a computer-readable medium is also provided storing instructions for diagnosing a battery cell. When executed by one or more processors, the instructions cause the one or more processors to perform operations including: acquiring a first profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a battery cell comprising at least two active materials; generating a plurality of comparison profiles based on a plurality of electrode profiles included in an electrode profile diagram; selecting one of the plurality of comparison profiles as a second profile by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profiles with the first profile; and determining at least one diagnostic factor representing the degradation state of the battery cell based on the second profile.

[0035] Beneficial effects

[0036] According to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one diagnostic factor can be precisely determined to indicate the deterioration state of a battery cell containing at least two active materials in at least one of the positive and negative electrodes.

[0037] Furthermore, according to at least one embodiment of this disclosure, based on at least one diagnostic factor, at least one degradation parameter indicating the degradation state of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and / or available lithium of a battery cell can be determined.

[0038] Furthermore, according to at least one embodiment of this disclosure, the safety and long lifespan of a battery cell can be achieved by adjusting (limiting) the permissible operating conditions of the battery cell (e.g., voltage range, SOC range, current, etc.) based on the diagnostic results of the battery cell.

[0039] The effects of this disclosure are not limited to those described above, and those skilled in the art will clearly understand these and other effects based on the appended claims. Attached Figure Description

[0040] The accompanying drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the following detailed description, are intended to provide a further understanding of the technical aspects of the present disclosure; therefore, the present disclosure should not be construed as limited to the drawings.

[0041] Figure 1 This is an exemplary illustration of a battery diagnostic device, battery system, and charging station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0042] Figure 2 and Figure 3 It is a graph used to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of electrodes comprising a single active material.

[0043] Figure 4 and Figure 5 It is a graph used to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of electrodes containing various active materials.

[0044] Figures 6 to 9 This is a diagram used to describe the electrode cross-section used in the diagnosis of a battery cell.

[0045] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating an example of generating a reference positive electrode profile by synthesizing multiple positive electrode active material profiles.

[0046] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example of generating a reference negative electrode profile by synthesizing multiple negative electrode active material profiles.

[0047] Figure 12 It is a graph used to describe an example of each of the reference positive electrode profile and the reference negative electrode profile.

[0048] Figure 13 and Figure 14 It is a graph used as an example to describe the measurement of the entire monolithic profile.

[0049] Figures 15 to 17 This is a diagram used to illustrate an example of the process of generating profile adjustment result information using profile adjustment logic.

[0050] Figures 18 to 20 This is a diagram used to illustrate another example of the process of generating profile adjustment result information using profile adjustment logic.

[0051] Figure 21 This is a flowchart schematically describing a battery diagnostic method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0052] Figure 22 It is referenced to describe what can be done Figure 21 The diagram shows the open-circuit voltage (OCV) estimation process performed in the method shown in the figure. Detailed Implementation

[0053] The subject matter of this specification will now be described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form part of this specification and illustrate specific exemplary embodiments by way of illustration. The embodiments or implementations described herein as “exemplary” should not be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or implementations; rather, they are intended to reflect or indicate that the embodiments(s) are “example” embodiments(s). The subject matter can be embodied in a variety of different forms, and therefore, the covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not being limited to any of the exemplary embodiments set forth herein; exemplary embodiments are provided merely as illustrative. Similarly, a reasonably broad scope is intended to be claimed or covered by the subject matter. In particular, for example, the subject matter can be embodied as a method, apparatus, component, or system. Therefore, embodiments can take the form of, for example, hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof (other than software itself). Therefore, the following detailed description is not intended to be understood in a limiting sense.

[0054] Throughout the specification and claims, terms may have subtle meanings beyond those explicitly stated, implied or suggested in the context. Similarly, the phrase "in one embodiment" as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, and the phrase "in another embodiment" as used herein does not necessarily refer to different embodiments. For example, the claimed subject matter is intended to include, in whole or in part, combinations of exemplary embodiments.

[0055] The terms used below may be interpreted in their broadest and most reasonable manner, even when used in conjunction with the detailed description of certain specific examples of this disclosure. Indeed, some terms may even be emphasized below; however, any term intended to be interpreted in any limited manner will be clearly and specifically defined in this Detailed Description section. Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and illustrative only, and not intended to limit the claimed features.

[0056] In this disclosure, the term "based on" means "at least partially based on". Terms including ordinal numbers such as "first", "second", etc., may be used to distinguish one element from another among various elements, but are not intended to limit the elements by the term. Unless the context otherwise specifies, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural indicators. The term "exemplary" is used in the sense of "example" rather than "ideal". The term "or" is intended to be inclusive and means any, any, several, or all of the listed items. The terms "comprising", "including", "containing", "covering", or other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, or product that includes the list of elements does not necessarily include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Relative terms such as "substantially" and "approximately" are used to indicate possible variations of ±5% in the stated or understood values.

[0057] Furthermore, throughout the specification, when one part is referred to as “connected” or “coupled” to another part, it is not limited to the case where they are “directly connected” or “directly coupled”, but also includes the case where they are “indirectly connected” or “indirectly coupled”, in which one or more elements are arranged between them.

[0058] Additionally, as used herein, the term "...unit" refers to a processing unit that has at least one function or operation, and this can be implemented by hardware and software alone or in combination.

[0059] Figure 1 This is an exemplary illustration of a battery diagnostic device, battery system, and charging station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0060] refer to Figure 1 The battery system 1 includes a system controller 2, a battery pack 10, an inverter 30, and a motor 40. The charging terminal P+ and discharging terminal P- of the battery pack 10 can be electrically connected to the charging station 300 via a charging cable, etc. The battery system 1 is not particularly limited, as long as it is an electrical system that uses batteries as a power source—such as an electric vehicle.

[0061] System controller 2 (e.g., ECU: Electronic Control Unit) is configured to send a key-on signal to battery management system 100 in response to a user switching a start button (not shown) located in battery system 1 to the on position. System controller 2 is also configured to send a key-off signal to battery management system 100 in response to a user switching the start button to the off position. Charging station 300 can communicate with system controller 2 and supply charging power selected from constant power, constant current, and constant voltage through charging terminal P+ and discharging terminal P- of battery pack 10.

[0062] The battery pack 10 includes a battery 11, a relay 20, and a battery management system 100.

[0063] Battery 11 includes at least one battery cell BC. Figure 1 In the diagram, battery 11 is exemplarily shown as comprising a plurality of battery cells (BC1 to BC2) connected in series. N (where N is a natural number of 2 or greater). Multiple battery cells (BC1 to BC2). N ( ) can be supplied with the same electrochemical specifications. In the following, when multiple cell units (BC1 to BC) are described... N When common features are identified, the battery cell will be assigned the reference numeral "BC". The charging station 300 can perform the charging and discharging cycles required for diagnosing the battery cell BC by cooperating with the inverter 30, which has a discharge function.

[0064] A single battery cell BC includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode. A single battery cell BC may include at least one individual cell as an electrochemical element capable of repeated charging and discharging. The single battery cell BC is the diagnostic target of the battery diagnostic device 302.

[0065] Relay 20 is connected in series to battery 11 via a power path connecting battery 11 and inverter 30. Figure 1 In the diagram, relay 20 is shown connected between the positive terminal of battery 11 and the charging / discharging terminal P+. Relay 20 is controlled to turn on and off in response to a switching signal from battery management system 100. Relay 20 can be a mechanical contactor that is turned on and off by the magnetic force of a coil, or a semiconductor switch such as a MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor).

[0066] Inverter 30 is configured to convert DC current from battery 11 included in battery pack 10 into AC current in response to commands from battery management system 100 or system controller 2. The AC current power from inverter 30 is used to drive motor 40. For example, a three-phase AC current motor can be used as motor 40. Components in battery system 1 that receive discharge power from battery 11 (such as inverter 30 and motor 40) can be collectively referred to as electrical loads.

[0067] The battery management system 100 includes a sensing unit 110 and a control circuit 130. The battery management system 100 may also include a communication circuit 150.

[0068] The sensing unit 110 includes a voltage sensor 111. The sensing unit 110 may also include a current sensor 112. The sensing unit 110 can generate voltage measurement information and current measurement information, which will be explained later.

[0069] Voltage sensor 111 is connected to the positive and negative terminals of battery cell BC and is configured to detect the voltage across the two terminals of battery cell BC (also referred to as the "total cell voltage") and generate a voltage signal representing the detected value of the voltage. Voltage sensor 111 can be implemented as one or a combination of at least two known voltage sensing elements such as a voltage measurement IC.

[0070] Current sensor 112 is connected in series to battery 11 via the current path between battery 11 and inverter 30. Current sensor 112 is configured to detect the current flowing through battery 11 (also referred to as "charging and discharging current") and generate a current signal representing the detected value of the current. This is due to multiple battery cells (BC1 to BC2). N The cells are connected in series, so the current flowing in battery 11 is the same as the current flowing in battery cell BC. The current sensor 112 can be implemented as one or a combination of at least two known current sensing elements such as a shunt resistor, a Hall effect element, etc.

[0071] Communication circuit 150 is configured to support wired or wireless communication between control circuit 130 and system controller 2. Wired communication may be, for example, CAN (Controller Area Network) communication, and wireless communication may be, for example, ZigBee or Bluetooth communication. There are no particular limitations on the type of communication protocol, as long as it supports both wired and wireless communication between control circuit 130 and system controller 2. Communication circuit 150 may include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers) that provide information received from control circuit 130 and / or system controller 2 in a user- (driver) identifiable form.

[0072] Control circuit 130 is operatively coupled to relay 20, voltage sensor 111, and communication circuit 150. Operable coupling of the two components means that they are directly or indirectly connected to enable the transmission and reception of signals in one or both directions.

[0073] Control circuit 130 can collect voltage signals from voltage sensor 111 and current signals from current sensor 112. In this specification, the term "detection signal" can refer only to the voltage signal or to both the voltage and current signals. That is, control circuit 130 can use an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) disposed therein to convert each analog signal collected from sensors 111 and 112 into a digital value and record that digital value. Alternatively, each of voltage sensor 111 and current sensor 112 can include an ADC and send its digital value to control circuit 130.

[0074] The control unit 130 may be referred to as a "battery controller" and may be implemented in hardware using at least one of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a digital signal processing device (DSPD), a programmable logic device (PLD), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a microprocessor, or an electrical unit for performing other functions.

[0075] Memory 131 may include at least one type of storage medium, such as flash memory, hard disk, solid-state drive (SSD), silicon disk drive (SDD), multimedia card micro, random access memory (RAM), static random access memory (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or programmable read-only memory (PROM). Memory 131 may store data and programs required for the computational operations of control circuitry 130. Memory 131 may store data representing the results of computational operations performed by control circuitry 130.

[0076] When relay 20 is turned on, battery 11 enters charging or discharging mode. If relay 20 is turned off while battery 11 is in charging or discharging mode, battery 11 switches to idle mode.

[0077] Control circuit 130 can activate relay 20 in response to a key-on signal. Control circuit 130 can deactivate relay 20 in response to a key-off signal. The key-on signal is a signal requesting a switch from a rest mode to a charging or discharging mode. The key-off signal is a signal requesting a switch from a charging or discharging mode to a rest mode. Alternatively, system controller 2 can be responsible for activating / deactivating relay 20 instead of control circuit 130.

[0078] In this specification, measurement information of a specific parameter (e.g., time series data) indicates the history of the parameter's change over time. Furthermore, a profile (or curve) representing the correspondence between any two parameters acquired at the same time point within the same time period can be a mapping of two measurements of the two parameters, such that they can be represented as a two-dimensional graph, or it can be a polynomial equation obtained by applying predetermined curve-fitting logic to the set of measurements of the two mappings. Here, the degree of the highest term of the polynomial equation can be predetermined.

[0079] The battery diagnostic device 302 includes a data acquisition unit 310, a processor 320, and a memory unit 330.

[0080] Charging station 300 may include a stimulus application device 301 and a battery diagnostic device 302. Alternatively, the battery diagnostic device 302 may be configured independently of charging station 300. For example, battery diagnostic device 302 may be configured to be included in a remote diagnostic server (not shown), battery pack 10, or battery system 1. The remote diagnostic server may be placed remotely from charging station 300. When battery diagnostic device 302 is included in a remote diagnostic server, the data acquisition unit 310 of battery diagnostic device 302 can perform diagnostic procedures on individual battery cells BC through remote communication with stimulus application device 301 and / or battery system 1.

[0081] If the battery diagnostic device 302 is included in the battery pack 10 instead of the charging station 300 or the remote diagnostic server, the battery management system 100 can be omitted from the battery pack 10. In other words, the processor 320 can be responsible for all the functions of the control circuitry 130 of the battery management system 100. For example, the data acquisition unit 310 can be included as a sub-component of the processor 320 and can be responsible for all the functions of the communication circuitry 150 of the battery management system 100. Furthermore, the data acquisition unit 310 can collect voltage measurement information and current measurement information from the sensing unit 110.

[0082] The stimulation application device 301 may include a charger that provides charging power for the normal charging of the battery pack 10. The stimulation application device 301 may apply various electrical stimuli to the individual battery cells BC, either alone or in cooperation with the inverter 30, for the purpose of diagnosing the individual battery cells BC.

[0083] The data acquisition unit 310 is configured to support wired or wireless communication between the processor 320 and the system controller 2. The data acquisition unit 310 can send the results of the cell BC diagnostics performed by the processor 320 to the battery system 1.

[0084] In terms of hardware, the processor 320 can be implemented using at least one of an ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit), a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), a DSPD (Digital Signal Processing Device), a PLD (Programmable Logic Device), an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), a microprocessor, and an electrical unit for performing other functions.

[0085] Combination Figures 1 to 20The apparatus 300 and system 1 disclosed in the embodiments, along with the various elements included therein (which enable the implementation of the methods and processes according to this disclosure), can be implemented by processor 320 using multiple microprocessors executing software or firmware, or can be implemented using one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and associated software. In other examples, apparatus 300 or system 1, along with the various elements included therein, can be implemented using a combination of ASICs, discrete electronic components (e.g., transistors), and microprocessors, which enables the implementation of combined... Figures 1 to 20 The methods and processes of the embodiments are described. In some embodiments, components shown as separate entities may be replaced by a single component. Furthermore, some of the components shown may be additional or may be replaced by other components.

[0086] Memory unit 330 may include at least one type of storage medium, such as flash memory, hard disk, solid-state drive (SSD), silicon disk drive (SDD), multimedia card micro, random access memory (RAM), static random access memory (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or programmable read-only memory (PROM). Memory unit 330 may store data representing the results of computational operations performed by processor 320. Memory unit 330 may store datasets and software used for diagnosing the degradation state of battery cell BC.

[0087] In one embodiment, memory unit 330 may store a set of instructions that can be executed to cause processor 320 to perform any one or more methods or procedures based on the functions disclosed herein. Memory unit 330 may communicate via one or more wires or buses. Similarly, although not explicitly shown, Figure 1The components shown may be coupled to each other via one or more wires and buses in any suitable manner known to those skilled in the art to facilitate signal or data communication and operation of the apparatus 300 or system 1 according to this disclosure. Memory unit 330 may be main memory, static memory, or dynamic memory. Memory unit 330 may include, but is not limited to, computer-readable storage media, such as various volatile and non-volatile storage media, including but not limited to random access memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electrically programmable read-only memory, electrically erasable read-only memory, flash memory, etc. In one embodiment, memory unit 330 may include a cache or random access memory for processor 320. Memory unit 330 may be a processor cache memory, system memory, or other memory. Memory unit 330 may be operable to store instructions executable by processor 320. Functions, actions, or tasks shown in the figures or described herein may be performed by processor 300 executing instructions stored in memory unit 330. Functions, actions, or tasks are independent of a specific type of instruction set, storage medium, processor, or processing strategy, and can be executed by software, hardware, integrated circuits, firmware, microcode, etc., operating individually or in combination. Similarly, processing strategies can include multiprocessing, multitasking, etc. The computer-readable storage medium described in conjunction with memory unit 330 according to this disclosure can be non-transitory and can be tangible.

[0088] The document also describes a computer-readable medium on which instructions are stored, configured to cause one or more computers to perform any of the methods described herein. The computer-readable medium may be volatile or non-volatile, removable or non-removable, implemented using any method or technique capable of storing information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Typically, the functionality of the computing device described herein can be implemented in computing logic embodied in hardware or software instructions, which can be written in a programming language such as C, C++, COBOL, or JAVA. TM PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript, ASPX, and Microsoft .NET such as C# TMLanguages, etc. The computational logic can be compiled into an executable program or written in an interpreted programming language. Typically, the functions described herein can be implemented as logical modules, which can be replicated to provide greater processing power, merged with other modules, or divided into submodules. The computational logic can be stored in any type of computer-readable medium (e.g., non-transitory media such as memory or storage media) or computer storage devices, and can be stored on and executed by one or more general-purpose or special-purpose processors, thereby creating a dedicated computing device configured to provide the functions described herein.

[0089] The applications and functions disclosed in the foregoing and following embodiments can be applied in combination with, for example... Figure 1 The description of System 1 shown herein is provided to program device 300. That is, device 300 or System 1 in the foregoing and following embodiments can utilize, for example, a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon configured to cause one or more computers or processors to perform any of the methods described herein.

[0090] In this disclosure, the target cell BC, which is the battery cell to be diagnosed, includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and at least one of the positive electrode material of the positive electrode and the negative electrode material of the negative electrode includes at least two active materials.

[0091] Positive electrode active materials include, for example, Li₂MnO₃ and LiNi. a Co b Mn c O2 (a, b, c≥0; a+b+c=1), LiFe x Mn 1-x PO4 (x≥0), etc. So-called manganese-rich (Mn-rich) may include LiNi. a Co b Mn c In O2 (which is a ternary (NMC) cathode material), the proportion (c) of manganese is increased to a specific value (e.g., 0.5) or higher for the cathode active material. LiFe x Mn 1-x PO4 can be referred to as an LMFP cathode material.

[0092] Negative electrode active materials include, for example, graphite and silicon-based active materials (e.g., pure Si, SiO, SiC, etc.).

[0093] In this specification, the new product state has the same concept as the BOL (Start of Life) state. For example, the period until the cumulative charge and discharge capacity reaches the predetermined set capacity from the time of manufacture can be called the BOL state, and the period after the cumulative charge and discharge capacity reaches the set capacity can be called the MOL (Mid-Life) state.

[0094] Figure 2 and Figure 3 It is a graph used to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of electrodes comprising a single active material.

[0095] First of all, Figure 2 In the figure, the curve indicated by the reference numeral BOL shows a positive electrode profile representing the relationship between the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity for a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the positive electrode contains only one type of positive electrode active material in its positive electrode material and is in the BOL state. Reference numeral Q P_BOL Indicates the total positive electrode capacity in the BOL state. Figure 2 In the figure, the curve indicated by the reference numeral MOL is a cathode profile showing the relationship between cathode voltage and cathode capacity over a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the cathode contains only one type of cathode active material and is in the MOL (mid-life) state. The MOL state represents a degradation from the BOL state. Therefore, when the cathode voltage at the MOL cathode profile reaches V2, the cathode capacity is less than Q. P_BOL .

[0096] Next, in Figure 3 In the figure, the curve indicated by the reference numeral BOL is... Figure 2 The positive electrode cross-section shown is the same as BOL. Additionally, the curve indicated by the reference numeral MOL' is... Figure 2 The positive electrode profile MOL shown is magnified along the horizontal axis to have a capacity range consistent with that of the positive electrode profile BOL.

[0097] It should be noted that the positive electrode profile MOL' is almost identical to the positive electrode profile BOL. Specifically, across the entire capacity range (0 to Q... P_BOL Within this state, the voltage difference between the positive electrode profile Mol' and the positive electrode profile BOL is maintained close to zero. In other words, if only one type of positive electrode active material is included in the positive electrode material, the overall shape of the positive electrode profile in the Mol state is almost unchanged compared to the BOL state. Therefore, assuming V P_BOL (Q) represents the polynomial equation corresponding to the cathode profile in the BOL state, V P_MOL (Q) represents the polynomial equation corresponding to the cathode profile in the MOL state, and can be considered to satisfy the following two relational expressions:

[0098] [Relational Expression 1] V P_MOL (Q) = V P_BOL (Q × Q P_BOL / Q P_MOL )

[0099] [Relational Expression 2] V P_BOL (Q) = VP_MOL (Q × Q P_MOL / Q P_BOL )

[0100] V P_MOL (Q) represents the positive voltage of the positive electrode profile MOL corresponding to the positive electrode capacity Q. V P_BOL (Q) represents the positive voltage of the positive electrode profile BOL corresponding to the positive electrode capacity Q. P_MOL This indicates the positive electrode capacity when the positive electrode voltage at the positive electrode profile MOL is V2, which is the total positive electrode capacity under the MOL state.

[0101] Figure 4 and Figure 5 It is a graph used to describe the capacity-voltage relationship of electrodes containing various active materials.

[0102] First of all, Figure 4 In the figure, the curve indicated by the reference numeral BOL is a cross-section of the cathode, showing the relationship between the cathode voltage and the cathode capacity for a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the cathode, which includes multiple cathode active materials, is in the BOL state. Reference numeral Q P_BOL This indicates the total positive electrode capacity of a positive electrode comprising multiple positive electrode active materials in the BOL state. Figure 4 In the figure, the curve indicated by the reference numeral MOL is a positive electrode profile that shows the relationship between the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity for a predetermined voltage range V1 to V2 when the positive electrode, which includes multiple positive electrode active materials, is in the MOL (mid-life) state.

[0103] Next, in Figure 5 In the figure, the curve indicated by the reference numeral BOL is... Figure 4 The positive electrode cross-section shown is the same as BOL. Additionally, the curve indicated by the reference numeral MOL' is... Figure 4 The positive electrode profile MOL shown in the figure is magnified along the horizontal axis to have the same characteristics as... Figure 4 The results show that the capacity range of the positive electrode profile BOL is consistent with the capacity range.

[0104] and Figure 3 On the contrary, Figure 5 In the process, the positive electrode profile MOL' differs significantly from the positive electrode profile BOL. Specifically, the range where the voltage difference between the positive electrode profile MOL' and BOL is large enough to be non-negligible is widely distributed throughout the entire capacity range (0 to Q). P_BOL Within this range, when the cathode material includes at least two cathode active materials, the overall shape of the cathode profile changes significantly compared to the BOL state. Therefore, the two relationships described above are invalid for cathodes containing multiple cathode active materials.

[0105] At the same time, refer to Figures 2 to 5 The description of the positive electrode is also the same for the negative electrode.

[0106] Figures 6 to 9 This is a diagram used to describe the electrode cross-section used in the diagnosis of a battery cell.

[0107] An electrode profile diagram may include multiple electrode profiles. Each electrode profile in the diagram may be associated with either the positive or negative electrode of the target cell BC.

[0108] refer to Figure 8 and Figure 9 It is possible to identify m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]), and these can be electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram. m and n are natural numbers of 2 or greater. Rp[1] can be a reference positive electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the positive electrode in the BOL state. Rn[1] can be a reference negative electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the negative electrode in the BOL state.

[0109] The electrode profile can be pre-stored in the memory unit 330, or it can be received from the outside by the data acquisition unit 310 through the communication channel.

[0110] Figure 6 The degraded cathode profile (Rp) is shown. _D_1 To Rp _D_a ). where a is a natural number greater than 2 and less than m. Degraded cathode profile (Rp) _D_1 To Rp _D_a This is associated with multiple degradation states of the positive electrode of the target monomer BC.

[0111] The degraded cathode profile (Rp) can be pre-obtained based on the results of previous tests performed on (multiple) reference cells. _D_1 To Rp _D_a A reference cell can be manufactured to have the same level of positive and negative electrode performance as a new battery cell that has already been proven to be a good product. A new battery cell refers to a battery cell that is in a new product stage.

[0112] In detail, the degraded cathode profile (Rp) can be pre-prepared based on measurement information representing the capacitance-voltage relationship of the cathode half-monomer forced to degrade from the BOL state through various cyclic tests. _D_1 To Rp _D_a The cathode semi-monomer can be a reference monomer manufactured to have the same electrochemical specifications as the target monomer BC.

[0113] Each cycle test may differ from the others in at least one of the following aspects: temperature conditions, charge and discharge voltage range conditions, and charge and discharge current rate conditions. As an example, the first degraded positive electrode profile (Rp) _D_1 Based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the positive electrode half-cell obtained by disassembling a reference cell, a predetermined number of charge and discharge cycles are performed at that reference cell, wherein temperature conditions, charge and discharge voltage range conditions, and charge and discharge current rate conditions are set to 25 [°C], 4.6 to 2.0 [V], and 2 [C], respectively. As another example, the a-th degraded positive electrode profile (Rp) _D_a Based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the positive electrode half-cell obtained by disassembling another reference cell, a predetermined number of charge and discharge cycles can be performed at that other reference cell, wherein the temperature conditions, charge and discharge voltage range conditions, and charge and discharge current rate conditions are set to 35 [°C], 4.5 to 2.0 [V], and 1 [C], respectively.

[0114] When the cathode of the target monomer BC contains at least two active materials, the deterioration of the cathode profile (Rp) _D_1 To Rp _D_a At least two of them (e.g., Rp) _D_1 Rp _D_a This can be included in the electrode cross-section diagram as a reference positive electrode cross-section. For example, Rp _D_1 =Rp[2],Rp _D_a =Rp[m].

[0115] refer to Figure 7 When c is a natural number less than a, the two degraded positive electrode profiles (Rp) _D_c Rp _D_c+1 It exhibits a non-small voltage difference across the entire capacity range. Two degraded positive electrode profiles Rp _D_c Rp _D_c+1 The comparison value between the two profiles may exceed a predetermined threshold, which may be due to deviations in the degradation characteristics of at least two positive electrode active materials. The comparison value between any two profiles can be referred to as "profile error".

[0116] At least one of the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) can be a simulated positive electrode profile. The simulated positive electrode profile can be synthesized by combining a degraded positive electrode profile (R...) at a predetermined ratio. p_D_1 To R p_D_a This is obtained by examining at least two degraded positive electrode profiles. For example, in... Figure 7 In the simulation, when d is a natural number less than or equal to b, the positive electrode profile (Rp) is... _S_d () is achieved by synthesizing two degraded cathode profiles (Rp) in a ratio of 0.5:0.5._D_c Rp _D_c+1 The new positive electrode profile obtained is shown in the figure.

[0117] Of course, by synthesizing two degraded cathode profiles (Rp) at various ratios (such as 0.1:0.9, 0.2:0.8, etc.), _D_c Rp _D_c+1 This can generate a profile located at the degraded positive electrode (Rp). _D_c Rp _D_c+1 Multiple additional simulated cathode profiles between (Rp) are shown. As an example, when two degraded cathode profiles (Rp) are... _D_c Rp _D_c+1 When synthesized individually at multiple ratios, it can generate two degraded cathode profiles (Rp) spaced at equal intervals. _D_c Rp _D_c+1 A predetermined number of simulated positive electrode profiles between ( ).

[0118] Due to the deterioration of the positive electrode profile (Rp) _D_c Rp _D_c+1 Each simulated cathode profile is associated with different degradation states, therefore each simulated cathode profile is also associated with a different degradation state than the Rp profile. _D_c Rp _D_c+1 The degradation state of the positive electrode is related to the degradation state of the positive electrode.

[0119] Each simulated positive electrode profile may already be included in the electrode profile diagram. Alternatively, the processor 320 may generate at least one simulated positive electrode profile based on two degraded positive electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram, and add each generated simulated positive electrode profile to the electrode profile diagram.

[0120] Figure 8 The degraded cathode profile (Rp) is shown. _D_1 To Rp _D_a ) and b simulated positive electrode profiles (Rp) _S_1 To Rp _S_b The set of ) consists of m reference positive pole profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]). In this case, m = a + b.

[0121] When the negative electrode of the target monomer BC contains at least two negative electrode active materials Figure 9 The reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) shown can be pre-prepared by applying the methods described above for the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) to the negative electrode of the reference cell. For example, at least two of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) can be pre-prepared degraded negative electrode profiles based on measurement information representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a negative electrode half-cell forcibly degraded from the BOL state through various cycle tests. The negative electrode half-cell can be the negative electrode of the reference cell. Figure 9 In the middle, Q N_BOL This indicates the total negative electrode capacity of a negative electrode in the BOL state, which includes a variety of negative electrode active materials.

[0122] Similar to the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]), the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) are associated with multiple degradation states of the negative electrode. Furthermore, due to deviations in the degradation characteristics of the negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode half-monomer, the comparison values ​​between at least two of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) may exceed a threshold.

[0123] A threshold is used to determine whether the diagnostic results, as explained later, are unreliable due to excessively large variations in the degradation characteristics between the at least two active materials. As mentioned above, electrodes containing at least two active materials exhibit significantly different capacity-voltage relationships across multiple degradation states. Therefore, the shape of the electrode profile in one degradation state differs significantly from that in another, and the comparison value is a quantitative measure of the degree of difference in form between these two profiles. Thus, the fact that a comparison value between any two reference positive electrode profiles in the electrode profile diagram is greater than or equal to the threshold indicates that the positive electrode of the target monomer BC contains at least two active materials. Similarly, the fact that a comparison value between any two reference negative electrode profiles in the electrode profile diagram is greater than or equal to the threshold indicates that the negative electrode of the target monomer BC contains at least two active materials.

[0124] If the cathode of the target monomer BC contains at least two active materials, the processor 320 can determine the comparison value between at least two of the m reference cathode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]).

[0125] If the negative electrode of the target monomer BC contains at least two active materials, the processor 320 can determine a comparison value between at least two of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]).

[0126] Meanwhile, it is not necessary for both the positive and negative electrodes of the target monomer BC to contain at least two active materials to serve as a diagnostic target according to this disclosure, and the target monomer BC can serve as a diagnostic target when only one of the positive and negative electrodes contains at least two active materials. Therefore, if the positive electrode of the target monomer BC contains at least two active materials and the negative electrode contains only one type of active material, then n=1, and in this case, it is sufficient to prepare only a single reference negative electrode profile (e.g., Rn[1]) representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the negative electrode in the BOL state. Similarly, if the negative electrode of the target monomer BC contains at least two active materials and the positive electrode contains only one type of active material, then m=1, and in this case, it is sufficient to prepare only a single reference positive electrode profile (e.g., Rp[1]) representing the capacity-voltage characteristics of the positive electrode in the BOL state.

[0127] For reference, the more the positive or negative electrode deteriorates, the greater the voltage change due to the capacity variation. With this in mind, each of the reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) can be normalized to have a positive electrode capacity range (0 to Q) similar to that of the positive electrode profile in the BOL state. P_BOL The same positive electrode capacity range as the negative electrode profile (Rn[1] to Rn[n]). Furthermore, each of the reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) can be normalized to have the same negative electrode capacity range (0 to Q) as the negative electrode profile in the BOL state. N_BOL The same negative electrode capacity range. This can also be achieved through... Figure 8 Matching of the two endpoints of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and Figure 9 This is confirmed by the fact that the two endpoints of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) match.

[0128] although Figure 9 The electrode profile is not shown, but it may include multiple reference full-cell profiles. Each reference full-cell profile is a composite profile of one of the m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and one of the n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]), and represents the correspondence between the full-cell capacity and the full-cell voltage when the reference cell is in a specific degradation state.

[0129] For example, after obtaining capacity-voltage measurement information of a forced-degraded reference cell through specific cycle testing, capacity-voltage measurement information of each of the positive and negative electrodes obtained by disassembling the corresponding reference cell can be obtained. After completing the specific cycle testing, the reference full-cell profile determined based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the reference cell, the reference positive electrode profile determined based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the positive electrode of the reference cell, and the reference negative electrode profile determined based on the capacity-voltage measurement information of the negative electrode of the reference cell can be included in the electrode profile diagram.

[0130] Figure 10 This diagram illustrates an example of generating a reference positive electrode profile by synthesizing multiple positive electrode active material profiles, and Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example of generating a reference negative electrode profile by synthesizing multiple negative electrode active material profiles.

[0131] First, refer to Figure 10 curve (R) PA_1 ) is an example of the active material profile of the first positive electrode active material, and curve (R) PA_2 ( ) is an example of the active material profile of the second positive electrode active material. The first positive electrode active material can be an NMC positive electrode material, and the second positive electrode active material can be an LMFP positive electrode material. The usable capacity per unit weight of the first and second positive electrode active materials can be known values.

[0132] The active material profile of a specific positive electrode active material represents the capacity-potential characteristics of a positive electrode half-monomer manufactured to contain only a predetermined weight of a specific positive electrode active material as the positive electrode active material. Active material profile (R PA_1 The capacity-potential of the positive electrode half-monomer can be predetermined through a capacity-potential measurement process using a first weight of the first positive electrode active material. The active material profile (R...) PA_2 The capacity-potential of the positive electrode half-monomer can be predetermined through a capacity-potential measurement process using a second positive electrode active material of a second weight. For ease of understanding, the cross-sections of the two active materials (R...) are shown. PA_1 R PA_2 ) are shown as being normalized so that their capacity ranges match each other as 0 to Q. P_BOL / 2[Ah].

[0133] Assuming the target monomer BC's cathode material comprises two cathode active materials (a first cathode active material and a second cathode active material), when the cross-sections of the two active materials (R...) PA_1 R PA_2 When synthesized, the positive electrode profile of the target monomer BC can be obtained. The positive electrode profile (Rp[w]) is obtained by synthesizing two active material profiles (R) in a 1:1 ratio. PA_1 R PA_2The result is as follows. When w is a natural number less than or equal to m, the positive electrode profile (Rp[w]) can be any one of the m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]).

[0134] Next, refer to Figure 11 curve (R) NA_1 ) is an example of the active material profile of the first negative electrode active material, and curve (R) NA_2 ( ) is an example of a cross-section of the active material of the second negative electrode active material. The first negative electrode active material can be graphite, and the second negative electrode active material can be SiO. The usable capacity per unit weight of the first and second negative electrode active materials can be known values.

[0135] The active material profile of a specific negative electrode active material represents the capacity-potential characteristics of the negative electrode half-monomer manufactured to contain only a predetermined weight of a specific negative electrode active material as the negative electrode active material. Active material profile (R NA_1 The capacitance-potential of the negative electrode half-monomer can be predetermined through a capacity-potential measurement process using a third weight of the first negative electrode active material. The active material profile (R...) NA_2 The capacitance-potential of the negative electrode half-monomer can be predetermined through a capacity-potential measurement process using a second negative electrode active material of the fourth weight. For ease of understanding, the cross-sections of the two active materials (R...) are shown. NA_1 R NA_2 ) are shown as being normalized so that their capacity ranges match each other as 0 to Q. N_BOL / 2[Ah].

[0136] Assuming the target monomer BC's anode material comprises two anode active materials (a first anode active material and a second anode active material), when the cross-sections of the two active materials (R...) NA_1 R NA_2 When synthesized, the negative electrode profile of the target monomer BC can be obtained. The negative electrode profile (Rn[u]) is obtained by synthesizing two active material profiles (R) in a 1:1 ratio. NA_1 R NA_2 The result is as follows. When u is a natural number less than or equal to n, the negative pole profile (Rn[u]) can be any one of the n reference negative pole profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]).

[0137] When an electrode profile of a specific electrode is generated by synthesizing any two active material profiles of a specific electrode in the positive and negative electrodes, the capacity of the electrode profile at a specific potential can be equal to the sum of the two capacity values ​​of the two active material profiles at the specific potential.

[0138] To summarize this, when the positive or negative electrode material comprises first to s active materials (s is a natural number of 2 or greater), the capacity-potential characteristics of the electrode profile generated by the process of synthesizing first to s active material profiles individually associated with the first to s active materials in a first to s ratio can follow the following relational expression.

[0139]

[0140] In the above relational expression, V E It can be electric potential, Q E (V E It can be related to the electric potential V E The electrode capacity of the corresponding electrode profile (e.g., Rp[w], Rn[u]), and Q EA_h (V E It can be related to the electric potential V E The corresponding capacity of the h-th active material profile, and G h It can be a synthesis coefficient representing the composition ratio of the h-th active material profile. h It can be a positive number less than 1. G1 to G s The sum can be 1.

[0141] Figure 12 This is a graph used to describe an example of each of the reference positive and reference negative electrode profiles. Figure 12 In the graph, the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah), and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage. For ease of explanation, assume that... Figure 12 and Figures 14 to 20 In the graph, the numbers marked on the horizontal axis (X-axis) represent the total capacity of a single cell during the charging process.

[0142] refer to Figure 12 The memory unit 330 can store the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]).

[0143] When i is a natural number less than or equal to m, the reference positive pole profile (Rp[i]) is Figure 8 One of the m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) shown in the figure. When j is a natural number less than or equal to n, the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) is Figure 9 One of the n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) shown in the figure.

[0144] When m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]) are combined, there are a total of m×n pairs, which will be referred to as the first to the m×n electrode profile pairs. For example, if m = 20 and n = 10, the first to the 200th electrode profile pairs can be determined according to the electrode profile diagram.

[0145] The reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) can be two electrode profiles included in the k-th electrode profile pair among the first to m×n profile pairs. k can be a natural number less than or equal to m×n and can be the same as i×j. As an example, if i = 3 and j = 2, then k = 6. As another example, if i = 2 and j = 1, then k = 2.

[0146] The reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) can be a profile representing the relationship between the positive electrode voltage and the positive electrode capacity of a reference cell. The positive electrode voltage of the reference cell refers to the potential difference between the potential of the reference electrode (not shown) and the potential of the positive electrode of the reference cell. The positive electrode profile can also be called the positive half-cell profile.

[0147] The reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) can be a profile representing the relationship between the negative electrode voltage and the negative electrode capacity of a reference cell. The negative electrode voltage of a reference cell refers to the potential difference between the potential of the reference electrode and the potential of the negative electrode. The negative electrode profile can also be called the negative electrode half-cell profile.

[0148] The potential of the reference electrode (not shown) can be, for example, the redox potential of lithium. The positive electrode voltage can be simply referred to as the positive electrode potential, and the negative electrode voltage can be simply referred to as the negative electrode potential.

[0149] Each of the positive and negative voltages can be either an open-circuit voltage (OCV) or a closed-circuit voltage (CCV).

[0150] In this specification, a first electrical stimulation refers to an electrical stimulation that causes the difference between the OCV and CCV in a single battery cell to be equal to or less than a reference value, and a second electrical stimulation refers to an electrical stimulation that causes the difference between the OCV and CCV in a single battery cell to be greater than the reference value. For example, the first electrical stimulation may be charging using a first current rate, and the second electrical stimulation may be charging using a second current rate greater than the first current rate. As another example, the first electrical stimulation may be discharging using a first current rate, and the second electrical stimulation may be discharging using a second current rate greater than the first current rate.

[0151] At least one of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) can be aligned along the horizontal axis, such that the common capacity range of the two profiles (Rp[i], Rn[j]) is ( Figure 12 The synthesis results of a portion of the monomers (5 to 50 Ah) matched the reference full monomer profile (R[k]). Figure 12 An example is shown in which the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) is aligned by shifting to the right based on the starting point (corresponding to the point with capacity 0) which is one of the two endpoints of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]).

[0152] from Figure 12 It can be observed that the two ends of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) are offset from each other. In other words, the capacity range of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the capacity range of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) do not match and only partially overlap. Therefore, the reference full-cell profile (R[k]) indicates the full-cell voltage of the reference cell within a portion of the common capacity range of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]). In other words, the reference full-cell profile (R[k]) is an example of a full-cell voltage profile obtained by directly subtracting a portion of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) from a portion of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]).

[0153] The reference full cell profile (R[k]) can represent the relationship between full cell capacity and full cell voltage when a new cell that has been verified as a good product is forced to degrade under arbitrary cycling conditions.

[0154] A reference full-cell profile (R[k]) can represent the voltage-capacity relationship of a reference cell within at least the voltage range of interest (e.g., 3.0 V to 4.0 V). The lower and upper limits of the voltage range of interest can be a first set voltage ( Figure 12 3.0V in the middle) and the second set voltage ( Figure 12 (4.0V in the middle).

[0155] If the total voltage of any battery cell (including the reference cell) equals a first set voltage, the State of Charge (SOC) can be set to 0%. When the total voltage of any battery cell (including the reference cell) equals a second set voltage, the SOC can be set to 100%. Figure 12 The reference cell can be fully charged from a fully discharged state (SOC 0%) to a fully charged state (SOC 100%) through a charging capacity of 45Ah.

[0156] In this specification, the positive electrode participation start point on the positive electrode profile of any battery cell indicates the positive electrode voltage and positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) when the total voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches a first preset voltage. Similarly, the negative electrode participation start point on the negative electrode profile of a corresponding battery cell indicates the negative electrode voltage and negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) when the total voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches a first preset voltage. Therefore, the voltage difference between the positive electrode participation start point and the negative electrode participation start point can be equal to the first preset voltage.

[0157] Furthermore, the positive electrode participation endpoint on the positive electrode profile of any battery cell indicates the positive electrode voltage and positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) when the total voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the second set voltage. Similarly, the negative electrode participation endpoint on the negative electrode profile of the corresponding battery cell indicates the negative electrode voltage and negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) when the total voltage of the corresponding battery cell matches the second set voltage. Therefore, the voltage difference between the positive electrode participation endpoint and the negative electrode participation endpoint can be equal to the second set voltage.

[0158] In this specification, at least one of the positive electrode participation start point and the positive electrode participation end point may be simply referred to as the positive electrode point, and at least one of the negative electrode participation start point and the negative electrode participation end point may be simply referred to as the negative electrode point. Furthermore, the positive electrode capacity (capacity value) at a specific point on the positive electrode profile of a particular battery cell may refer to the capacity difference between either of the two endpoints of the positive electrode profile and the specific point. The positive electrode SOC at a specific point on the positive electrode profile of any battery cell may refer to the ratio of the capacity difference between either of the two endpoints of the positive electrode profile (e.g., the low capacity point) and the specific point to the capacity difference between the two endpoints of the positive electrode profile. The capacity difference between the two endpoints of the positive electrode profile may be referred to as the total positive electrode capacity.

[0159] Similarly, the negative electrode capacity (capacity value) at a specific point on the negative electrode profile of any battery cell can be defined as the capacity difference between either of the two endpoints of the negative electrode profile (or positive electrode profile) and that specific point. The negative electrode SOC at a specific point on the negative electrode profile of any battery cell can be defined as the ratio of the capacity difference between either of the two endpoints of the negative electrode profile (or positive electrode profile) (e.g., the low-capacity point) and that specific point to the capacity difference between the two endpoints of the negative electrode profile. The capacity difference between the two endpoints of the negative electrode profile can be referred to as the total negative electrode capacity.

[0160] In memory cell 330, information indicating the voltage at each of the reference positive electrode participation start point (pi0), reference positive electrode participation end point (pf0), reference negative electrode participation start point (ni0), and reference negative electrode participation end point (nf0) can be pre-recorded. The reference positive electrode participation start point (pi0) and reference positive electrode participation end point (pf0) are the positive electrode participation start point and positive electrode participation end point on the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]), respectively. The reference negative electrode participation start point (ni0) and reference negative electrode participation end point (nf0) are the negative electrode participation start point and negative electrode participation end point on the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]), respectively.

[0161] The voltage difference between the reference positive electrode participation start point (pi0) and the reference negative electrode participation start point (ni0) can be equal to a first set voltage (e.g., 3.0V). The voltage difference between the reference positive electrode participation end point (pf0) and the reference negative electrode participation end point (nf0) can be equal to a second set voltage (e.g., 4.0V).

[0162] Figure 13 and Figure 14 This is a graph used as an example to describe the process of obtaining a full-body profile measurement.

[0163] Figure 13 The graph depicted illustrates an example of the change in the overall cell voltage of the target cell over time due to the intermittent application of a second electrical stimulus. The target cell is the battery cell to be diagnosed by a battery diagnostic device. The target cell can be a new battery cell that needs to be verified as a good product, or a battery cell that has been verified as a good product but is no longer a new product due to degradation.

[0164] refer to Figure 13 The processor 320 can control the stimulation application device 301 to intermittently apply a second electrical stimulus to the target monomer BC.

[0165] The process for controlling the stimulation application device 301 to diagnose the target monomer BC can be performed during a state change period until the electrical state (e.g., total monomer voltage) of the target monomer BC changes from an initial state (e.g., a first set voltage) to a target state (e.g., a second set voltage).

[0166] refer to Figure 13 The graph shows that the total voltage of target cell BC exhibits an upward trend during the repetitive sawtooth pattern. Each sawtooth voltage rise is caused by the application of a second electrical stimulus, and the voltage drop is caused by the interruption of the second electrical stimulus. In other words, each voltage drop represents the change in the total voltage of target cell BC during each rest period within the state-changing period. During each rest period, target cell BC is placed in an unloaded state without charging or discharging.

[0167] During the state change period, the processor 320 can repeatedly record the current measurement value of the target cell BC to generate current measurement information. The capacity of the target cell BC is based on the ampere count of the current measurement value, therefore the current measurement information can refer to capacity measurement information.

[0168] The processor 320 can control the stimulation application device 301 to initiate a rest period for the second electrical stimulation whenever a predetermined rest condition is met during a state change period. In other words, the application of the second electrical stimulation can be temporarily stopped when the rest condition is met. For example, at least one of (i) a change in the current integral value to the threshold integral value, (ii) a change in the state of charge (SOC) to the threshold SOC, and (iii) the duration of the application of the second electrical stimulation reaching a threshold time can be preset as a rest condition. For example, if the total current integral value during the state change period is 40 Ah and the threshold integral value is 2 Ah, then a total of 20 rest periods can be permitted during the state change period.

[0169] Processor 320 can determine at least one of a threshold integral value, a threshold SOC, and a threshold time based on the full charge capacity, SOH, or previous diagnostic results of the target cell BC. At least one of the threshold integral value, threshold SOC, and threshold time can have a predetermined positive (or negative) correspondence with the full charge capacity, SOH, or previous diagnostic results, and relational data defining this correspondence (a data table for controlling rest periods) can be pre-stored in memory unit 330. Due to the predetermined positive (or negative) correspondence, as the full charge capacity, SOH, or previous diagnostic results decrease, at least one of the threshold integral value, threshold SOC, and threshold time also decreases. Therefore, as the target cell BC deteriorates over time, rest periods are given at short time intervals during the state change period, thus preventing a reduction in the number of data points included in the voltage measurement information, which indicates the history of the entire cell voltage over time during the rest periods of the state change period.

[0170] Processor 320 can obtain at least one of the following: threshold integral value, threshold SOC, and threshold time, mapped to full charge capacity, SOH, or previous diagnostic results, from a data sheet for rest period control. Processor 320 can use at least one of the threshold integral value, threshold SOC, and threshold time obtained from the data sheet for rest period control to control the intermittent application of the second electrical stimulation during state change periods.

[0171] When a reference time has elapsed since the start of the rest period of the second electrical stimulation, the processor 320 can control the stimulation application device 301 to resume the application of the second electrical stimulation. The reference time can be predetermined so that the polarization caused by the second electrical stimulation can be adequately resolved. For example, the reference time, which is the length of the rest period, can be the time required for the polarization at the start of the rest period to become 10% or less.

[0172] During each rest period of the second electrical stimulation, the whole-cell voltage of the target cell BC is measured at least once. As an example, the processor 320 can record the measured whole-cell voltage at the end of each rest period of the second electrical stimulation as the OCV of the target cell BC. As another example, the whole-cell voltage can be measured at least three times during each rest period of the second electrical stimulation, and the processor 320 can estimate the OCV of the target cell BC for each rest period based on the three whole-cell voltage measurements for each rest period.

[0173] Therefore, voltage measurement information can be generated by recording the OCV multiple times with time differences during the state change period. Figure 13 Each OCV point (D) marked in the middle OCV () is an example of a data point representing an OCV measurement value that indicates voltage measurement information.

[0174] The inventors of this disclosure have realized through numerous experiments that the voltage measurement information generated using the second electrical stimulation in the manner described above has a high degree of consistency with the voltage measurement information generated when the first electrical stimulation is actually applied to the target monomer BC.

[0175] From this point onward, the advantages of diagnostic methods based on the intermittent application of a second electrical stimulus rather than the continuous application of a first electrical stimulus will be described.

[0176] Assume the following conditions are relevant to the diagnosis of the target monomer BC.

[0177] (i) First electrical stimulation = charging at 0.05 C

[0178] (ii) Second electrical stimulation = charging at 3.0 C

[0179] (iii) The length of the rest period after the second electrical stimulation = 12 minutes

[0180] (iv) Total capacity change during the state change period = 80% of the full charge capacity (FCC) of the target cell BC.

[0181] (v) Threshold integral value = 3% of the full charge capacity of the target cell BC

[0182] Then, the time taken to change the target monomer BC from the initial state to the target state by continuously applying the first electrical stimulation is 1 / 0.05*80%=16 hours.

[0183] In contrast, the time required to increase the charging capacity of target cell BC by the threshold integral value through the second electrical stimulation is 0.03 / 3 * 80% = 0.008 hours. Furthermore, since a rest period is permitted every time the charging capacity increases by 3%, a total of 26 rest periods are permitted during the state change period. Therefore, the time required to change target cell BC from its initial state to its target state through intermittent application of the second electrical stimulation is (0.008 hours + 0.2 hours) * 26 = 5.4 hours.

[0184] In other words, compared with the method of continuously applying the first electrical stimulation, the method of intermittently applying the second electrical stimulation is advantageous in shortening the time required to obtain the full monomer profile.

[0185] exist Figure 14 In the graph, the horizontal axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah), and the vertical axis (Y-axis) represents voltage.

[0186] refer to Figure 14 The processor 320 can generate a measured full-cell profile M representing the correspondence between the capacity and voltage (also referred to as the "full-cell voltage") of the target cell BC based on the capacity measurement information and voltage measurement information of the target cell BC. The measured full-cell profile M can also be referred to as the QV profile or the Q-OCV profile. The measured full-cell profile M can be used as the "first profile" in the claims.

[0187] Here, the total cell voltage is the voltage across the target cell BC, and it is distinct from the positive and negative electrode voltages mentioned above. In other words, the total cell voltage of the target cell BC can be considered as the difference between the positive and negative electrode voltages of the target cell BC.

[0188] To generate a full-cell profile M, current and voltage measurement information mapped to the state change period can be used.

[0189] Specifically, each data point of the current measurement information and voltage measurement information is indexed sequentially over time. Therefore, the processor 320 can generate capacity measurement information by sequentially integrating the data points of the current measurement information. Furthermore, the processor 320 can generate a full-cell measurement profile M, which is the dataset to which the capacity and voltage measurement information are mapped, by applying a curve fitting algorithm to a set of multiple Q-OCV pairs included in the capacity-voltage measurement information. The reference full-cell profile (R[k]), reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]), reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]), and the measurement full-cell profile M can be polynomial equations, where the order of the highest term is predetermined.

[0190] Similar to a reference full-cell profile (R[k]), a measured full-cell profile M can represent the correspondence between the capacity of the target cell BC in at least the voltage range of interest (e.g., 3.0 V to 4.0 V) and the full-cell voltage (e.g., OCV).

[0191] like Figure 14 As shown, there is a certain degree of difference between the measured full-unit profile M and the reference full-unit profile (R[k]). If the reference full-unit profile (R[k]) is adjusted appropriately, the difference between it and the measured full-unit profile M can be reduced.

[0192] At the same time, Figure 12 and Figure 14 In the graph, Ah is used as the unit on the horizontal axis, but this unit can be represented in other forms. For example, the unit on the horizontal axis could be a percentage (%), which represents SOC (State of Charge) instead of Ah.

[0193] Processor 320 can generate multiple comparison profiles based on multiple electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram. Specifically, processor 320 can generate multiple comparison profiles by performing an adjustment process (also referred to as "profile adjustment logic") on each of the multiple electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram according to multiple adjustment levels.

[0194] The profile adjustment logic may include at least one of scaling and shifting operations. When the profile adjustment logic is executed, the processor 320 can generate multiple comparison profiles by repeating the adjustment and synthesis process for each of the two electrode profiles (Rp[i], Rn[j]) of the k-th electrode profile pair according to multiple adjustment levels. The comparison profiles may also be referred to as "comparative full-cell profiles". Here, each comparison profile generated according to the k-th electrode profile pair can be a full-cell profile, where the synthesis (combination) is two adjusted electrode profiles as the result of adjusting each of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]). In other words, when the reference full-cell profile (R[k]) is the result of subtracting a portion of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) from a portion of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]), the comparison profile can be regarded as the result of subtracting a portion of the adjusted negative electrode profile from a portion of the adjusted positive electrode profile. Each comparison profile may be referred to as an "adjusted reference full-cell profile".

[0195] The processor 320 can be configured to generate k-th profile adjustment data by comparing each of the multiple comparison profiles generated according to the k-th electrode profile with the measured whole-monomer profile M.

[0196] Processor 320 can select any comparison profile that has the smallest comparison value with the measured whole-monomer profile M from among multiple comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). Processor 320 can determine the comparison value of each of the multiple comparison profiles for the measured whole-monomer profile M, and determine that the k-th comparison value is equal to the minimum of the multiple comparison values.

[0197] In this regard, various methods known at the time of filing of this application can be used to determine the comparison value between two profiles. For example, the integral value of the absolute value of the region between the two profiles, MSE (mean square error), or RMSE (root mean square error) can be used as the comparison value.

[0198] Processor 320 can generate k-th profile adjustment data associated with the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). The k-th profile adjustment data may include information representing at least one of the following: k-th comparison value, k-th representative profile, k-th adjusted positive electrode profile, and k-th adjusted negative electrode profile. The k-th representative profile is the comparison profile mapped to the minimum comparison value among a plurality of comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]).

[0199] The k-th adjusted positive electrode profile and the k-th adjusted negative electrode profile are two adjusted electrode profiles used to synthesize the k-th representative profile. Information representing the k-th adjusted positive electrode profile includes the k-th adjusted positive electrode profile itself and / or at least one diagnostic factor that can be confirmed based on the k-th adjusted positive electrode profile. Information representing the k-th adjusted negative electrode profile includes the k-th adjusted negative electrode profile itself and / or at least one diagnostic factor that can be confirmed based on the k-th adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0200] When each natural number from 1 to m×n is set to k and the above process is executed a total of m×n times, first to m×n profile adjustment data are generated. The processor 320 can select any one of the first to m×n profile adjustment data as the information that best represents the current charge and discharge performance (current degradation state) of the target cell BC. If the k-th comparison value among the first to m×n comparison values ​​is the smallest, then the k-th representative profile among the first to m×n representative profiles can be used as the "second profile" in the claim.

[0201] According to the configuration disclosed herein, even if the target cell BC is not disassembled or manufactured in the form of a 3-electrode cell, information about the positive and negative electrode profiles of the target cell BC can be estimated accurately and independently.

[0202] If the target cell BC is a new battery cell, it is easier to analyze and utilize the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile to diagnose whether defects have occurred in the target cell BC, and if so, to diagnose what type of defect it is.

[0203] If the battery cell is used after the target cell BC has been verified as a good product, the extent of degradation of the target cell BC can be determined for each diagnostic item indicating the state of degradation by adjusting the positive and negative electrode profiles.

[0204] In the following text, see references Figures 15 to 20 This describes the profile adjustment logic implemented as one of the parameters (diagnostic factors) involved in estimating the current charge and discharge performance of the target cell BC.

[0205] Figures 15 to 17 This is a diagram used to illustrate an example of the process of generating a comparison profile for comparison with a measured whole-cell profile M from the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]).

[0206] Reference Figures 15 to 17 The explained profile adjustment logic proceeds in the following order: The first routine (see [link to routine]) sets four points (positive participation start point, positive participation end point, negative participation start point, negative participation end point) to correspond to the voltage range of interest. Figure 15The second routine used to perform shift operations (see...) Figure 16 ) and a third routine for performing scaling operations (see Figure 17 In other words, the profile adjustment logic according to one embodiment of this disclosure includes first to third routines.

[0207] First, refer to Figure 15 The reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) are compared with Figure 12 The same as those shown in the image.

[0208] The processor 320 determines the positive electrode participation start point (pi), positive electrode participation end point (pf), negative electrode participation start point (ni), and negative electrode participation end point (nf) on the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]).

[0209] The positive participation start point (pi) and the negative participation start point (ni) depend on the other. As an example, processor 320 can divide the positive voltage range from the start point to the end point (or a second set voltage) of the two endpoints of a reference positive profile (Rp[i]) into multiple small voltage segments, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the positive participation start point (pi). Each small voltage segment can have a predetermined size (e.g., 0.01V). Next, processor 320 can set a point on the reference negative profile (Rn[j]) that is smaller than the positive participation start point (pi) by a first set voltage (e.g., 3V) as the negative participation start point (ni). As another example, processor 320 can divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference negative profile (Rn[j]) into multiple small voltage segments of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the negative participation start point (ni). Next, the processor 320 can search for a point in the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) that is larger than the first set voltage of the negative electrode participation start point (ni), and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation start point (pi).

[0210] The positive terminal participation endpoint (pf) and the negative terminal participation endpoint (nf) depend on the other. As an example, processor 320 can divide the voltage range from the second set voltage to the endpoint of the reference positive terminal profile (Rp[i]) into a plurality of small voltage segments of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point between two adjacent small voltage segments among the plurality of small voltage segments as the positive terminal participation endpoint (pf). Next, processor 320 can set a point on the reference negative terminal profile (Rn[j]) that is lower than the positive terminal participation endpoint (pf) by the second set voltage (e.g., 4V) as the negative terminal participation endpoint (nf). As another example, processor 320 can divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the reference negative terminal profile (Rn[j]) into a plurality of small voltage segments of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point between two adjacent small voltage segments among the plurality of small voltage segments as the negative terminal participation endpoint (nf). Next, the processor 320 can search for a point in the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) that is larger than the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf) by a second set voltage, and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf).

[0211] If the positive electrode participation start point (pi), positive electrode participation end point (pf), negative electrode participation start point (ni), and negative electrode participation end point (nf) are completely determined, then the processor 320 will shift at least one of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) to the left or right along the horizontal axis.

[0212] refer to Figure 16 The processor 320 can shift the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) to the left (towards low capacity) or shift the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) to the right (towards high capacity), or both, so that the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation start point (pi) and the negative electrode participation start point (ni) match on the horizontal axis.

[0213] Alternatively, the processor 320 shifts the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) to the left or the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) to the right, or both, so that the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf) and the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf) match on the horizontal axis.

[0214] and Figure 15 compared to, Figure 16This illustrates the case where only the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is shifted to the left to generate the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]'), and thus, the capacity value of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') matches the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (ni). The adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') is the result of applying the adjustment process of the voltage difference between the left-shifted positive electrode participation start point (pi) and the negative electrode participation start point (ni) to the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]). Therefore, the two points (pi, pi') differ only in capacity value and have the same voltage. The two points (pf, pf') also differ only in capacity value and have the same voltage.

[0215] If at least one of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) is shifted, and the adjusted result profile (Rp[i]', Rn) is ensured, then the processor 320 scales the capacity range of at least one of the adjusted result profiles (Rp[i]', Rn).

[0216] according to Figure 16 In the example shown, processor 320 performs an additional adjustment process to shrink or expand at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) along the horizontal axis.

[0217] refer to Figure 17 The processor 320 can generate an adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") by shrinking or expanding the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]'), such that the size of the capacity range between the two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') matches the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M. At this time, either point (pi') can be fixed. Therefore, the capacity difference between the two points (pi', pf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') can match the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M.

[0218] Furthermore, the processor 320 can generate an adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') by shrinking or expanding the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]), such that the size of the capacity range between two points (ni, nf) of the reference positive electrode profile (Rn[j]) matches the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M. In this case, either point (ni, nf) can be fixed. Therefore, the capacity difference between the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') can match the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M.

[0219] exist Figure 17 In the diagram, the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is a contraction. Figure 16The results of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') are shown in the figure, and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') is an expansion. Figure 16 The results of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) are shown in the figure.

[0220] The positive electrode participation endpoint (pf) on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) corresponds to the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf) on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]'). The negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') corresponds to the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf) on the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]).

[0221] The capacity difference between the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the positive electrode participation end point (pf) of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) corresponds to the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M. Similarly, the capacity difference between the negative electrode participation start point (ni) and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') corresponds to the size of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M.

[0222] Furthermore, the capacity range of the two points (pi', pf) of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) matches the capacity range of the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]').

[0223] Processor 320 can generate a comparison profile S using the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]'). Processor 320 can generate the comparison profile S based on the voltage difference data between the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]") and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]'). The voltage difference data can represent the capacity-voltage difference relationship in the common capacity range of the two profiles (Rp[i]" and Rn[j]'). In other words, processor 320 can generate the comparison profile S by subtracting the profile between the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rn[j]') from the profile between the two points (ni, nf') of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rn[j]').

[0224] The processor 320 can calculate the comparison value between the comparison profile S and the measured full-mono section profile M.

[0225] The processor 320 can map at least two of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]”), adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]'), positive electrode participation start point (pi), positive electrode participation end point (pf”), negative electrode participation start point (ni), negative electrode participation end point (nf'), positive electrode scaling factor, negative electrode scaling factor, comparison profile S and comparison value to each other and record them in the memory unit 330.

[0226] The positive electrode scaling factor can represent the ratio of the capacity difference between the two ends of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) to the capacity difference between the two ends of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]). The positive electrode scaling factor can also represent the ratio of the capacity difference between two points (pi', pf) to the capacity difference between two points (pi0, pf0). Alternatively, the positive electrode scaling factor can represent the ratio of the positive electrode capacity difference between two points (pi', pf) to the positive electrode capacity difference between two points (pi0, pf0). Alternatively, the positive electrode scaling factor can also represent the ratio of the positive electrode SOC difference between two points (pi', pf) to the positive electrode SOC difference between two points (pi0, pf0).

[0227] The negative electrode scaling factor can represent the ratio of the capacity difference between the two ends of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') to the capacity difference between the two ends of the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]). Alternatively, the negative electrode scaling factor can represent the ratio of the capacity difference between two points (ni, nf') to the capacity difference between two points (ni0, nf0). Alternatively, the negative electrode scaling factor can represent the ratio of the negative electrode capacity difference between two points (ni, nf') to the negative electrode capacity difference between two points (ni0, nf0). Alternatively, the negative electrode scaling factor can represent the ratio of the negative electrode SOC difference between two points (ni, nf') to the negative electrode SOC difference between two points (ni0, nf0).

[0228] Meanwhile, as mentioned above, when the positive voltage range of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is divided into multiple small voltage segments, the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments can be set as the positive electrode participation start point (pi).

[0229] For example, if the positive voltage range of the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) is divided into 100 smaller voltage ranges, then there can be 100 boundary points that can be set as the positive electrode participation start point (pi). Furthermore, if the voltage range in the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) that is greater than or equal to the second set voltage is divided into 40 smaller voltage ranges, then there can be 40 boundary points that can be set as the positive electrode participation end point (pf). In this case, at least 4000 different comparison profiles can be generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]).

[0230] Of course, those skilled in the art will readily understand that as the size of the small voltage segment decreases, the maximum number of comparison profiles that can be generated increases, and conversely, as the size of the small voltage segment increases, the maximum number of comparison profiles that can be generated decreases.

[0231] As described above, processor 320 can generate k-th profile adjustment data associated with a k-th representative profile having the smallest k-th comparison value among multiple comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). The k-th profile adjustment data can be recorded in memory unit 330.

[0232] Figures 18 to 20 This is a diagram, referenced to describe another example of the process for generating a comparison profile for comparison with a measured full-monomer profile M from the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). For reference, Figures 18 to 20 The embodiments shown are independent of Figures 15 to 17 The embodiments shown are therefore commonly used to describe... Figures 15 to 17 The embodiments shown in the figure and Figures 18 to 20 The terminology or reference numerals used in the embodiments shown should be understood to be limited to each embodiment.

[0233] For reference Figures 18 to 20 Another example of the explained section adjustment logic proceeds in the following order: the fourth routine that performs the scaling operation (see...) Figure 18 The fifth routine sets four points (positive electrode participation start point, positive electrode participation end point, negative electrode participation start point, and negative electrode participation end point) (see...). Figure 19 ) and the sixth routine that performs the shift operation (see Figure 20 That is, the profile adjustment logic according to another embodiment of this disclosure includes fourth to sixth routines.

[0234] refer to Figure 18 The processor 320 generates the adjusted positive profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative profile (Rn[j]') by applying the positive and negative scaling factors selected from the scaling range to the reference positive profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative profile (Rn[j]), respectively.

[0235] The scaling range can be predetermined or vary according to the ratio (R[k]) of the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M to the capacity range of the reference full-cell profile. As an example, suppose the positive and negative scaling factors can be selected from values ​​spaced 0.1% apart within a scaling range (e.g., 90% to 99%), i.e., 90%, 90.1%, 90.2%, ..., 98.9%, 99%, and 91 values ​​can be selected as the positive and negative scaling factors, respectively. In this case, based on 91 × 91 = 8281 adjustment levels (combinations of positive and negative scaling factors), up to 8281 adjusted profile pairs can be generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). An adjusted profile pair refers to a combination of an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0236] refer to Figure 18 The adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') show the results of applying the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor as one of multiple adjustment levels to the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]), respectively.

[0237] When the positive and negative scaling factors are less than 100%, the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') is obtained by shrinking the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) along the horizontal axis, and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') is also obtained by shrinking the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) along the horizontal axis. For ease of understanding, the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) and the reference negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) are shown with their starting points fixed and the remaining portions shrunk to the left along the horizontal axis.

[0238] refer to Figure 19 The processor 320 determines the positive participation start point (pi'), positive participation end point (pf'), negative participation start point (ni'), and negative participation end point (nf') on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rp[i]').

[0239] Either the positive electrode participation start point (pi') or the negative electrode participation start point (ni') can depend on the other. Furthermore, either the positive electrode participation end point (pf') or the negative electrode participation end point (nf') can depend on the other. Additionally, either the positive electrode participation start point (pi') or the positive electrode participation end point (pf') can be set based on the other.

[0240] In other words, if any one of the positive electrode participation start point (pi'), positive electrode participation end point (pf'), negative electrode participation start point (ni'), and negative electrode participation end point (nf') is set, the capacity range of the entire cell profile M can be determined by measuring the first set voltage, the second set voltage, and / or by measuring (e.g., Figure 14 The remaining three points are automatically set using 45Ah-5Ah=40Ah.

[0241] As an example, processor 320 can divide the positive voltage range from the start point to the end point (or the second set voltage) of the adjusted positive profile (Rp[i]') into multiple small voltage segments, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage segments as the positive participation start point (pi'). Next, processor 320 can set the point on the adjusted negative profile (Rn[j]) that is lower than the positive participation start point (pi') by a first set voltage (e.g., 3V) as the negative participation start point (ni').

[0242] As another example, processor 320 can divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') into multiple small voltage segments of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage segments as the negative electrode participation start point (ni'). Next, processor 320 can search for a point in the reference positive electrode profile (Rp[i]) that is larger than the negative electrode participation start point (ni') by a first predetermined voltage, and select the searched point as the positive electrode participation start point (pi').

[0243] As another example, processor 320 can divide the voltage range from the second set voltage to the endpoint of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') into multiple small voltage segments of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage segments among the multiple small voltage segments as the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf'). Next, processor 320 can search for a point in the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') that is smaller than the second set voltage (e.g., 4V) than the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf'), and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf').

[0244] As another example, the processor 320 can divide the negative voltage range from the start point to the end point of the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') into multiple small voltage segments of a predetermined size, and then set the boundary point of two adjacent small voltage segments as the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf'). Next, the processor 320 can search for a point in the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') that is larger than the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') by a second predetermined voltage, and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf').

[0245] If any one of the positive electrode participation start point (pi'), positive electrode participation end point (pf'), negative electrode participation start point (ni'), and negative electrode participation end point (nf') is determined, the processor 320 can additionally determine the remaining three points based on the determined point.

[0246] For example, if the positive electrode participation start point (pi') is determined first, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') with a capacity value that is larger than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation start point (ni'). Furthermore, the processor 320 can search for a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') with a capacity value that is larger than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation start point (ni'). Additionally, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') with a capacity value that is larger than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (ni') and set it as the negative electrode participation end point (nf').

[0247] As another example, when the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') is first determined, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') with a capacity value smaller than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') and the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the positive electrode participation start point (pi'). Furthermore, the processor 320 can search for points on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') that are lower than the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') by a second set voltage, and set the searched point as the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf'). Additionally, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') with a capacity value smaller than the capacity value of the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') and the size of the capacity range of the full-cell profile M as the negative electrode participation start point (ni').

[0248] As another example, when the negative electrode participation start point (ni') is determined, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') with a capacity value that is larger than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (ni') and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation start point (pi'). Additionally, the processor 320 can search for a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') with a capacity value that is larger than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (ni') and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation start point (pi'). Furthermore, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') with a capacity value that is larger than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the negative electrode participation start point (pi') and set it as the positive electrode participation end point (pf').

[0249] As another example, when the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') is determined, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') with a capacity value smaller than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') as the negative electrode participation start point (ni'). Furthermore, the processor 320 can search for a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') that is higher than the negative electrode participation endpoint (nf') by a second set voltage, and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf'). Additionally, the processor 320 can set a point on the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') with a capacity value smaller than the capacity range of the measured full-cell profile M by the capacity value of the positive electrode participation endpoint (pf') as the positive electrode participation start point (pi').

[0250] If the positive electrode participation start point (pi'), positive electrode participation end point (pf'), negative electrode participation start point (ni'), and negative electrode participation end point (nf') are completely determined based on the positive electrode scaling factor and the negative electrode scaling factor, then the processor 320 can shift at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') to the left or right along the horizontal axis, such that the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the negative electrode participation start point (ni') match or the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation start point (pf') and the negative electrode participation start point (nf') match.

[0251] Figure 20 The adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]) shown in the figure is obtained by only using Figure 19 The adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]') shown in the figure is obtained by shifting it to the right. Therefore, the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the negative electrode participation start point (ni") match each other on the horizontal axis. Relatedly, the capacity difference between the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the positive electrode participation end point (pf') is equal to the capacity difference between the negative electrode participation start point (ni') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf'). Therefore, if the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation start point (pi') and the negative electrode participation start point (ni) match each other, then the capacity values ​​of the positive electrode participation end point (pf') and the negative electrode participation end point (nf') also match each other on the horizontal axis.

[0252] refer to Figure 20The processor 320 can generate a comparison profile U using the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]"). The processor 320 can generate the comparison profile U based on the voltage difference data between the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') and the adjusted negative electrode profile (Rn[j]"). The voltage difference data can represent the capacity-voltage difference relationship in the common capacity range of the two profiles (Rp[i]', Rn[j]"). In other words, the processor 320 can generate the comparison profile U by subtracting the profile between the two points (ni", nf) of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rp[i]') from the profile between the two points (ni", nf) of the adjusted positive electrode profile (Rn[j]"). The processor 320 can generate a comparison profile U by subtracting the profile between two points (ni, nf) of the adjusted positive profile (Rp[i]') from the profile between two points (ni, nf) of the adjusted negative profile (Rn[j]").

[0253] The processor 320 can calculate the comparison value between the comparison profile U and the measured full-mono section profile M.

[0254] The processor 320 can map at least two of the following to each other in the memory unit 330: positive pole profile (Rp[i]'), adjusted negative pole profile (Rn[j]”), positive pole participation start point (pi'), positive pole participation end point (pf'), negative pole participation start point (ni”), negative pole participation end point (nf ”), positive pole scaling factor, negative pole scaling factor, comparison profile U, and comparison value.

[0255] As described above, processor 320 can generate comparison profiles corresponding to each pair of positive and negative scaling factors selected from the scaling value range. Since there are multiple pairs of positive and negative scaling factors, it is obvious that multiple comparison profiles will also be generated.

[0256] Processor 320 can generate k-th profile adjustment data associated with a k-th representative profile having the smallest k-th comparison value among multiple comparison profiles generated based on the k-th electrode profile pair (Rp[i], Rn[j]). The k-th profile adjustment data can be recorded in memory unit 330.

[0257] The processor 320 can obtain at least one diagnostic factor from any of the profile adjustment data (associated with the second profile) that maps to the minimum comparison value from the first to m×n profile adjustment data.

[0258] Specifically, the profile adjustment data associated with the second profile includes at least one of positive electrode state data and negative electrode state data.

[0259] The positive electrode state data is based on the adjusted positive electrode profile used to generate the second profile. As an example, when... Figure 17 When the comparison profile S shown is determined as the second profile, at least one of the positive pole (pi'), positive pole (pf"), positive scaling factor, and positive load of the adjusted positive pole profile (Rp[i]) can be included in the positive pole state data as a diagnostic factor. As another example, when Figure 20 When the comparison profile U shown is determined as the second profile, at least one of the positive pole (pi'), positive pole (pf'), positive scaling factor, and positive load of the adjusted positive pole profile (Rp[i]') can be included in the positive pole state data as a diagnostic factor.

[0260] The negative electrode state data is based on the adjusted negative electrode profile used to generate the second profile. As an example, when... Figure 17 When the comparison profile S shown is determined as the second profile, at least one of the negative poles (ni), (nf'), negative pole scaling factor, and negative pole load of the adjusted negative pole profile (Rn[i]') can be included as diagnostic factors in the negative pole state data. As another example, when Figure 20 When the comparison profile U shown in the figure is determined as the second profile, at least one of the negative pole (ni”), negative pole (nf”), negative pole scaling factor and negative pole load of the adjusted negative pole profile (Rn[j]) can be included in the negative pole state data as a diagnostic factor.

[0261] For reference, when the target unit BC is in the new product state, when the above-mentioned profile adjustment logic is executed, the value of at least one of the positive electrode participation start point, positive electrode participation end point, negative electrode participation start point, negative electrode participation end point, positive electrode scaling factor and negative electrode scaling factor in the BOL state may have been recorded in the memory unit 330.

[0262] Figure 21 This is a flowchart schematically describing a battery diagnostic method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 21 The battery diagnostic method can be performed by the battery diagnostic device 302.

[0263] refer to Figure 21 In step S2110, the processor 320 acquires a first profile indicating the capacity-voltage relationship of the target monomer BC containing at least two active materials via the data acquisition unit 310 (see...). Figure 14 (M in the attached figure).

[0264] As an example, the first profile M can be generated in the battery system 1 and then sent to the battery diagnostic device 302, and the data acquisition unit 310 can receive the first profile M through a communication channel. Alternatively, the data acquisition unit 310 can generate the first profile M by processing capacity-voltage measurement information of the target cell BC collected from the battery system 1.

[0265] In step S2120, the processor 320 generates multiple comparison profiles based on multiple electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram. That is, as referenced above... Figures 1 to 20 As described, the processor 320 generates multiple comparison profiles from each of the first to the m×n electrode profile pairs through a combination of m reference positive electrode profiles (Rp[1] to Rp[m]) and n reference negative electrode profiles (Rn[1] to Rn[n]). Therefore, the number of comparison profiles generated in step S2120 can be at least twice m×n.

[0266] In step S2130, the processor 320 compares each of the plurality of comparison profiles generated in step S2120 with the first profile, and selects one of the plurality of comparison profiles as the second profile.

[0267] Specifically, the processor 320 generates adjustment data for the first to the m×n electrode profile pairs (see [reference]). Figures 15 to 17 and / or Figures 18 to 20 Next, the processor 320 can select any comparison profile having the smallest comparison value among the first to m×n comparison values ​​indicated by the first to m×n profile adjustment data as the second profile.

[0268] In step S2140, the processor 320 determines at least one diagnostic factor indicating the deterioration state of the target monomer BC based on the second profile.

[0269] Specifically, the processor 320 can determine at least one diagnostic factor indicating the current degradation state of the target unit BC based on profile adjustment data associated with the second profile. As an example, if... Figure 17 If the comparison profile S shown has the minimum comparison value for the first profile M, then in step S2140, the following can be obtained: Figure 17 The terms pi', pf", ni, nf', etc., shown in the text are used as diagnostic factors. As another example, if... Figure 20 If the comparison profile U shown has the minimum comparison value for the first profile M, then in step S2140, the following can be obtained: Figure 20 The pi', pf', ni”, nf”, etc. shown in the figure are used as diagnostic factors.

[0270] In step S2150, processor 320 estimates at least one degradation parameter based on at least one diagnostic factor determined in step S2140. For reference, at least one degradation parameter may be included as a diagnostic factor in the profile adjustment data.

[0271] In step S2160, processor 320 limits at least one of the permissible voltage range and SOC range for target cell BC based on at least one diagnostic factor determined in step S2140. In conjunction with or alternatively to this, the permissible current for target cell BC may be limited (e.g., adjusted downwards).

[0272] In memory unit 330, predetermined positive or negative correlation data indicating the change level of at least one diagnostic factor from the BOL state (e.g., increase, decrease, rate of increase, rate of decrease) and a limit level can be pre-stored. That is, as the change level of at least one diagnostic factor increases, at least one of the permissible voltage range and SOC range for the target cell BC can gradually decrease. A decrease in range means at least one of the lower limit of the range increase and the upper limit of the range decrease. For example, when the positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) at the endpoint of positive electrode participation decreases from its value in the BOL state, the upper limit of the permissible voltage range and / or SOC range for the target cell BC can be limited to a specific level.

[0273] In step S2170, processor 320 may use data acquisition unit 310 to send the diagnostic results of the target cell BC to battery system 1. The diagnostic results include at least one of the following: at least one diagnostic factor acquired in step S2140, at least one degradation parameter estimated in step S2150, and the voltage range and SOC range limited in step S2160. Visual and / or auditory information indicating the diagnostic results may be output to the user via battery system 1.

[0274] At least one of steps S2150, S2160, and S2170 can be derived from... Figure 21 The method is omitted.

[0275] In a computer-readable medium according to this disclosure, information for reference may be stored. Figures 1 to 21 Instructions describing a diagnostic process. When executed by processor 320, the instructions in the computer-readable medium cause processor 320 to perform at least one part of the diagnostic process.

[0276] Figure 22 It is referenced to describe what can be done Figure 21 A diagram illustrating the open-circuit voltage (OCV) estimation process performed in the method shown in the figure. (Reference) Figure 13 as well as Figure 22The processor 320 can estimate the OCV for each voltage drop segment based on voltage measurement information for the state change period.

[0277] Figure 22 The reference numeral 2200 in the attached figure is Figure 13 An enlarged example of one of the voltage drop segments is shown. Voltage measurement information corresponding to a specific voltage drop segment during a specific rest period includes measurements of the full cell voltage taken three or more times during the specific rest period. One of the measurements of the full cell voltage taken three or more times can be D. OCV . t R This indicates the point in time that has elapsed since the start of the rest period, up to the reference time. R The portion is shown with a solid line, and in t R The following section is shown with dashed lines.

[0278] Processor 320 can determine the OCV estimate of the target cell BC for each rest period by applying OCV estimation logic to the measured values ​​of the full cell voltage for each rest period, which differs from D. OCV Therefore, if a total of X rest periods are granted during the state change period and the full cell voltage is measured three times for each rest period, those skilled in the art will readily understand that the voltage measurement information obtained in step S2110 includes 3X full cell voltage measurements, and X OCV estimates can be determined based on the 3X full cell voltage measurements.

[0279] During the rest period, the total voltage of the target cell BC gradually converges toward the OCV corresponding to the SOC of the target cell BC. The behavior of the total voltage of the target cell BC during a specific rest period can be equivalent to the voltage response of the primary RC circuit, as shown in Equation 1 below.

[0280] <Formula 1>

[0281]

[0282] In Formula 1, t is the time elapsed since the start of a specific rest period, and V is the time elapsed from the beginning of that rest period. full (t) is the total single-cell voltage at point t, V OCV It is the actual OCV, V S It is the total single-cell voltage at the start of a specific rest period, and τ is a time constant determined by the internal resistance and capacitance of the target single-cell BC.

[0283] In Formula 1, V full (t) is measurable, therefore V OCV V SAnd τ are unknown. Since there are three unknowns, V can be determined based on measurements taken at three different timing points during a specific rest period. full The OCV is estimated using (t). Formula 2 below can be used to estimate the OCV for each rest period.

[0284] <Formula 2>

[0285]

[0286] In Formula 2, t1, t2, and t3 are the timing parameters for the sequential measurement of the entire cell voltage. The time difference between t1 and t2 can be the same as the time difference between t2 and t3. Meanwhile, in Figure 22 In the middle, t R t3 is shown differently from t3, but t R =t3 is also possible. In this case, V full (t3)=D OCV .

[0287] Processor 320 can be coupled with V calculated by Formula 2 OCV Determine D in the same way OCV_C .

[0288] Processor 320 can repeat the three whole-cell voltage measurements (V) for each rest period for all rest periods. full (t1), V full (t2), V full (t3) is replaced with a single OCV value (D) OCV_C The process of determining X OCV estimates is as follows.

[0289] For reference, D OCV It is the measured value of the entire cell voltage at the end of the rest period (before the polarization is completely resolved), while D OCV_C It is the total single-cell voltage (i.e., V) under the condition that polarization is completely resolved. OCV The estimated value of D. Therefore, it can be considered that D... OCV_C Compared to D OCV The actual OCV is closer to that of the target monomer BC.

[0290] In step S2110, the processor 320 can extract voltage measurement information from the capacity-voltage measurement information, and then by using the D value of each rest period indicated by the voltage measurement information... OCV Change (correction) to DO CV_C To generate calibrated voltage measurement information. Processor 320 can apply curve fitting logic to X OCV estimates (i.e., D values) included in the calibrated voltage measurement information. OCV_CThe measurement of the entire unit profile M is generated using data points based on capacity measurement information.

[0291] From now on, the description can be found Figure 21 The degradation parameters are estimated in step S2150. Table 1 below summarizes the degradation parameters and the formulas that can be used to determine each degradation parameter.

[0292] Table 1

[0293]

[0294] Each variable listed in Table 1 is a diagnostic factor that can be obtained in step S2140. The definitions of the degradation parameters and variables in Table 1 can be as follows.

[0295] <Degradation Parameters>

[0296] P SOH : The positive electrode SOH (health status) of the target monomer BC

[0297] N SOH : The negative electrode SOH of the target monomer BC

[0298] L SOH Available lithium SOH for target monomer BC

[0299] F SOH : The total monomer SOH of target monomer BC

[0300] P LOSS : Cathode loss rate of target single cell BC

[0301] N LOSS Negative electrode loss rate of target monomer BC

[0302] L LOSS Available lithium loss rate of target monomer BC

[0303] F LOSS Total monomer loss rate of target monomer BC

[0304] P loading_MOL : Cathode loading of target cell BC

[0305] N loading_MOL The negative electrode loading of the target single cell BC

[0306] As any battery cell deteriorates, at least one of the following: total positive electrode capacity, total negative electrode capacity, available lithium, and total total cell capacity, can gradually decrease from their values ​​in the BOL (Bottom of the Line) state. Total total cell capacity can represent the capacity difference between the two ends of the full cell profile. For example, total total cell capacity can refer to the full charge capacity (FCC). Available lithium can represent the total amount of lithium that can contribute to the charging and discharging of the battery cell. SOH It can represent the retention rate of the total positive electrode capacity. N SOH It can represent the retention rate of the total negative electrode capacity. L SOH It can represent the retention rate of available lithium. F SOH It can represent the maintenance rate of total monomer capacity.

[0307] P SOH With P LOSS sum, N SOH With N LOSS The sum of L SOH With L LOSS The sum of, and F SOH With F LOSS The sum of each can be equal to 1. F LOSS It can be equal to P LOSS With L LOSS sum.

[0308] The positive electrode loading of a specific battery cell represents the amount of positive electrode active material per unit area of ​​the positive electrode of that battery cell. The negative electrode loading of a specific battery cell represents the amount of negative electrode active material per unit area of ​​the negative electrode of that battery cell. The unit of loading can be mAh / cm². 2 or mg / cm 2 In Table 1, P loading_ref This indicates the reference positive electrode load, and N loading_ref This indicates the reference negative electrode load. The reference positive electrode load is intended to represent the positive electrode load when the battery cell is manufactured normally. The reference negative electrode load is intended to represent the negative electrode load when the battery cell is manufactured normally.

[0309] <variable>

[0310] pi BOL When the target single cell BC is in the BOL state, the positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC) at the starting point of the positive electrode participation.

[0311] pi MOL The current positive electrode participation starting point of the target cell BC (e.g., Figure 17 The positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC) of pi' is shown in the figure.

[0312] pf BOLWhen the target single cell BC is in the BOL state, the positive electrode participates in the final positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC).

[0313] pf MOL The current positive electrode of the target cell BC participates in the endpoint (e.g., Figure 17 The positive electrode capacity (positive electrode SOC) is shown in the figure (pf).

[0314] ni BOL When the target monomer BC is in the BOL state, the negative electrode participates in the starting point of the negative electrode capacity (negative electrode SOC).

[0315] ni MOL The current negative electrode participation starting point of the target monomer BC (e.g., Figure 17 The negative electrode capacity (negative electrode SOC) of ni is shown in the figure.

[0316] nf BOL When the target monomer BC is in the BOL state, the negative electrode participates in the final negative electrode capacity (negative electrode SOC).

[0317] nf MOL The current negative electrode of the target monomer BC participates in the endpoint (e.g., Figure 17 The negative electrode capacity (negative electrode SOC) of nf' is shown in the figure.

[0318] ps BOL : Positive scaling factor when the target single cell BC is in the BOL state

[0319] ps MOL : Current positive scaling factor of target cell BC

[0320] ns BOL Negative scaling factor when the target single unit BC is in the BOL state.

[0321] ns MOL : Current negative pole scaling factor of target single cell BC

[0322] The process of determining diagnostic factors using the above-described profile adjustment logic can be repeated periodically or non-periodically throughout the entire lifespan of the target monomer BC. Therefore, when the target monomer BC is in the MOL state, the diagnostic factors (pi) are determined when it is in the BOL state. BOL , pf BOL , ni BOL nf BOL ps BOL ns BOL ) and degradation parameter (P SOH N SOH L SOH F SOH P LOSS NLOSS L LOSS F LOSS P loading N loading At least one of the following may have already been recorded in memory unit 330, etc. For example, diagnostic factors (pi) BOL , pf BOL , ni BOL nf BOL ps BOL ns BOL This can be the value at the time the target unit BC leaves the factory. Furthermore, throughout the entire lifespan of the target unit BC, the processor 320 can detect diagnostic factors (pi). MOL , pf MOL , ni MOL nf MOL ps MOL ns MOL At least one and / or degradation parameter (P) in ) SOH N SOH L SOH F SOH P LOSS N LOSS L LOSS F LOSS P loading_MOL N loading_MOL The change history of at least one of them is stored in memory cell 330.

[0323] With PS MOL proportional P loading_MOL It can be included in the profile adjustment data associated with the second profile as a diagnostic factor rather than as a degradation parameter. Similarly, with ns MOL proportional N loading_MOL It can be included in the profile adjustment data associated with the second profile as a diagnostic factor rather than as a degradation parameter.

[0324] In the following text, assuming that the cathode of the target monomer BC contains manganese-rich material, the diagnostic factors (pi) will be explained in detail. BOL , pf BOL , ni BOL nf BOL ps BOL ns BOL ) and based on the degradation parameter (P) SOH N SOH L SOH F SOH PL OSS N LOSS L LOSS F LOSS Ploading N loading The relationship between ).

[0325] With P LOSS Increase, oxygen redox reactions (oxygen-redox) increase and pf MOL Possibly from pf BOL Decrease. pf MOL The reduction in [the concentration of the positive electrode] can promote an increase in the positive electrode voltage at the endpoint of the positive electrode participation, thereby further increasing the oxygen-redox reaction. Therefore, the processor 320 can be based on [the technology / mechanism]. Figure 21 The method identifies pf MOL The reduction of P in the target monomer BC is used to diagnose the P of the target monomer BC. LOSS It is increasing. Furthermore, processor 320 can respond to pf MOL The reduction in the upper limit of the allowable voltage range for the target monomer BC is reduced to suppress the increase in the positive electrode voltage at the endpoint of participation at the positive electrode, which can slow down the oxygen-redox reaction.

[0326] In the early part of the BOL state, the manganese redox reaction (Mn-redox) increases, so the available lithium quantity may increase compared to the factory condition, and each of the positive electrode capacity (or positive SOC) at the positive electrode participation start point and the negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) at the negative electrode participation start point may decrease compared to the factory condition. The increase in available lithium quantity can lead to an increase in the total total monomer capacity. After the early part of the BOL state, the available lithium quantity stops increasing. Thereafter, each of the positive electrode capacity (or positive electrode SOC) at the positive electrode participation start point and the negative electrode capacity (or negative electrode SOC) at the negative electrode participation start point gradually increases, which is an indicator of degradation indicating that the available lithium quantity is decreasing. Therefore, the processor 320 can be based on the... Figure 21 The method for identifying pi MOL The increase and / or ni MOL The increase in the diagnostic target monomer BC L LOSS and N LOSS At least one of them is increasing. Furthermore, processor 320 can respond to pi MOL The increase and / or ni MOL The increase reduces the upper limit of the voltage range allowed for the target cell BC.

[0327] The redox reactions of oxygen (oxygen-redox) and manganese (Mn-redox) tend to increase together, and as a result, pi MOL With pf MOL The gap between them narrows, and as P... LOSS Add, ps MOL and / or P loading_MOL It may be reduced. The processor 320 can be based on... Figure 21 The method of identifying ps MOL and / or P loading_MOL The reduction of P in the target monomer BC is used to diagnose the P of the target monomer BC. LOSS It's increasing. Furthermore, the processor 320 can respond to ps... MOL and / or P loading_MOL The reduction in voltage range and / or SOC range for the target cell BC is reduced.

[0328] When the negative electrode is exposed to a low potential region by charging and discharging the target monomer BC, the crystal structure of the negative electrode changes, and byproducts of side reactions (e.g., SEI, solid electrolyte interface) accumulate on the surface of the negative electrode, resulting in a decrease in the reactivity of the negative electrode. In other words, N LOSS Decrease, and nf MOL Accordingly, it decreases. MOL The increase and nf MOL The reduction means ns MOL and / or N loading_MOL The reduction. Processor 320 can be based on... Figure 21 The method for identifying nf MOL ns MOL and / or N loadin g _MOL The reduction of N in the target monomer BC is used to diagnose the N LOSS It is increasing. Furthermore, the processor 320 can respond to NF... MOL ns MOL and / or N loading_MOL The reduction in voltage range and / or SOC range for the target cell BC is reduced.

[0329] The embodiments of this disclosure described above can be implemented not only by the apparatus and method, but also by a program that performs functions corresponding to the configuration of the embodiments of this disclosure or a recording medium having a program recorded thereon. Based on the disclosure of the previously described embodiments, those skilled in the art can readily implement such implementations.

[0330] While this disclosure has been described above with respect to a limited number of embodiments and accompanying drawings, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes can be made to it within the technical aspects of this disclosure and within the equivalent scope of the appended claims.

[0331] Furthermore, since those skilled in the art can make many substitutions, modifications and changes to this disclosure without departing from its technical aspects, this disclosure is not limited to the above embodiments and drawings, and some or all of the embodiments can be selectively combined to allow for various modifications.

Claims

1. A battery diagnostic device, comprising: A data acquisition unit configured to acquire a first profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a single battery cell, the single battery cell comprising at least two active materials; as well as A processor configured to generate multiple comparison profiles based on multiple electrode profiles included in an electrode profile diagram. The processor is configured as follows: A comparison section is selected as a second section by comparing each of the plurality of comparison sections with the first section. as well as Based on the second profile, at least one diagnostic factor representing the degradation state of the battery cell is determined.

2. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein, The electrode cross-section includes multiple reference positive electrode cross-sections associated with multiple degradation states of the positive electrode of the battery cell, and The at least two active materials are included in the positive electrode of the battery cell.

3. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 2, wherein, Each of at least two of the plurality of reference positive electrode profiles is a degraded positive electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a positive electrode half-cell.

4. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 3, wherein, The processor is configured to determine a comparison value based on the at least two reference positive electrode profiles, and Wherein, the comparison value is greater than the threshold.

5. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein, The electrode cross-section includes multiple reference negative electrode cross-sections associated with multiple degradation states of the negative electrode of the battery cell, and The at least two active materials are included in the negative electrode of the battery cell.

6. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 5, wherein, Each of at least two of the plurality of reference negative electrode profiles is a degraded negative electrode profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of the negative electrode half-cell.

7. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 6, wherein, The processor is configured to determine a comparison value based on the at least two reference negative pole profiles, the comparison value being greater than a threshold.

8. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein, The processor is configured to generate the plurality of comparison profiles by performing an adjustment process on each of the plurality of electrode profiles according to a plurality of adjustment levels.

9. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 8, wherein, The adjustment process includes at least one of a scaling operation or a shift operation based on the capacity relationship value of the individual battery cells.

10. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 8, wherein, The processor is configured to determine a plurality of comparison values ​​by comparing each of the plurality of comparison profiles with the first profile, and The second profile is associated with the smallest comparison value among the plurality of comparison values.

11. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 10, wherein, The processor is configured to generate profile adjustment data associated with the second profile. The profile adjustment data includes at least one of positive electrode state data associated with the adjusted positive electrode profile and negative electrode state data associated with the adjusted negative electrode profile. The adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile are generated by adjusting two of the plurality of electrode profiles, and The adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile are used to generate the second profile.

12. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 11, wherein, The processor is configured to generate the second profile based on voltage difference data representing the voltage difference between the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile.

13. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 11, wherein, The positive electrode state data includes at least one of the following as the at least one diagnostic factor: first positive electrode point, second positive electrode point, positive electrode scaling factor, and positive electrode load.

14. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 11, wherein, The negative pole status data includes at least one of the following as the at least one diagnostic factor: a first negative pole, a second negative pole, a negative pole scaling factor, and a negative pole load.

15. The battery diagnostic device according to claim 1, wherein, The processor is configured to limit at least one of the voltage range and state of charge range of the battery cell based on the at least one diagnostic factor.

16. A battery pack comprising a battery diagnostic device according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

17. A battery system comprising a battery diagnostic device according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

18. A remote diagnostic server, comprising a battery diagnostic device according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

19. A battery diagnostic method, comprising: Obtain a first profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a single battery cell, wherein the battery cell comprises at least two active materials; Multiple comparison profiles are generated based on multiple electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram; A comparison section is selected as a second section by comparing each of the plurality of comparison sections with the first section. as well as Based on the second profile, at least one diagnostic factor representing the degradation state of the battery cell is determined.

20. A computer-readable medium storing instructions for diagnosing a battery cell, the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, causing the one or more processors to perform operations, the operations including: Obtain a first profile representing the capacity-voltage relationship of a single battery cell, wherein the battery cell comprises at least two active materials; Multiple comparison profiles are generated based on multiple electrode profiles included in the electrode profile diagram; A comparison section is selected as a second section by comparing each of the plurality of comparison sections with the first section. as well as Based on the second profile, at least one diagnostic factor representing the degradation state of the battery cell is determined.

Images