Skin care essential oil as well as preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses skin care essential oil as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The skin care essential oil is prepared from the following components in parts by mass: 20 to 40 parts of jasmine flower essential oil nano-liposome, 5 to 11 parts of sandalwood essential oil, 10 to 15 parts of cananga odorata essential oil, 55 to 75 parts of rose essential oil, 4 to 9 parts of beta-glucan, 3 to 12 parts of 1, 2-hexanediol and 3 to 7 parts of strawberry seed oil. The jasmine flower essential oil is loaded in the nano-liposome, so that the skin feeling of the jasmine flower essential oil is improved, the greasy and heavy feeling is reduced, the jasmine flower essential oil can be protected from being oxidized and deteriorated easily, the efficacy stability of the jasmine flower essential oil is improved, the permeability and bioavailability of the jasmine flower essential oil can be improved, and the jasmine flower essential oil can be absorbed and utilized by the skin more easily; meanwhile, the jasmine flower essential oil nano-liposome is compounded with sandalwood essential oil, cananga odorata essential oil, rose essential oil, beta-glucan and polyhydric alcohol, the beta-glucan can cooperate with the liposome to promote percutaneous absorption of the jasmine flower essential oil, and percutaneous absorption of other active components is further promoted.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of essential oil preparation technology, and in particular to a skin care essential oil, its preparation method and its application. Background Technology

[0002] As people's living standards continue to improve, consumers have increasingly higher demands for daily beauty and skincare products. Natural plant essential oil skincare products are gaining popularity, and more and more skincare products are incorporating plant essential oils to enhance their skincare benefits. Essential oils in skincare products are mainly divided into two types: floral essential oils and herbal essential oils. Herbal essential oils have specific effects, but their odor is often unpleasant and can be more irritating to the skin, so they are rarely added to skincare products. Floral essential oils, on the other hand, have a pleasant fragrance, are less irritating, and are more readily accepted by consumers, making them widely used in skincare products. Furthermore, most essential oil products on the market currently offer only one effect, lacking significant results and failing to provide comprehensive protection and repair for the skin. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide a skincare essential oil and its formulation method. Jasmine essential oil is loaded into nanoliposomes, which not only improves the skin feel of the jasmine essential oil, reducing its greasiness and heaviness, but also protects it from oxidation and deterioration, improving its efficacy stability. Furthermore, it enhances the permeability and bioavailability of the jasmine essential oil, making it easier for the skin to absorb and utilize. Simultaneously, this jasmine essential oil nanoliposome is compounded with sandalwood essential oil, ylang-ylang essential oil, rose essential oil, β-glucan, and polyols. β-glucan synergistically promotes the transdermal absorption of jasmine essential oil with the liposomes, further promoting the transdermal absorption of other active components and enhancing the moisturizing and skincare effects of the jasmine essential oil.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the main technical solutions adopted by the present invention include:

[0005] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a skin care essential oil comprising, by weight parts:

[0006] Jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes 20-40 parts, sandalwood essential oil 5-11 parts, ylang-ylang essential oil 10-15 parts, rose essential oil 55-75 parts, β-glucan 4-9 parts, 1,2-hexanediol 3-12 parts, strawberry seed oil 3-7 parts.

[0007] The aforementioned skincare essential oils contain, but are not limited to, glycerin and sorbitol.

[0008] The aforementioned skincare essential oils, by weight, include the following components:

[0009] 30 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil.

[0010] Secondly, the present invention provides a method for preparing the skin care essential oil described in the first aspect, comprising the following steps:

[0011] S1. First, heat the rose essential oil provided by the present invention, and then mix it with sandalwood essential oil and ylang-ylang essential oil until evenly mixed.

[0012] S2. Add β-glucan, 1,2-hexanediol and glycerol to the uniformly mixed solution in S1, mix and stir to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed, and then cool the mixed solution.

[0013] S3. Add jasmine essential oil liposomes to the cooled mixed solution in S2 and mix evenly at a constant temperature to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0014] In the above-mentioned method for preparing skin care essential oils, the cooling temperature of the mixed solution in step S2 is controlled at 5-20°C.

[0015] In the above-mentioned method for preparing skin care essential oils, the heating temperature of the rose essential oil in step S1 is controlled at 45-60℃.

[0016] In the above-mentioned method for preparing skin care essential oils, the stirring time in step S2 is controlled at 10-20 minutes.

[0017] In the above-mentioned method for preparing skin care essential oils, the mixing temperature in step S3 is controlled between 5 and 20°C.

[0018] Thirdly, the present invention provides an application of the skin care essential oil prepared in the first aspect in the preparation of skin care products with moisturizing and soothing effects.

[0019] Compared with the prior art, the advantages and positive effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0020] 1. This invention loads jasmine essential oil onto nanoliposomes, which not only improves the skin feel of the jasmine essential oil, reducing its greasiness and heaviness, but also protects it from oxidation and deterioration, improving its efficacy stability. Furthermore, it enhances the permeability and bioavailability of the jasmine essential oil, making it easier for the skin to absorb and utilize. Simultaneously, this jasmine essential oil nanoliposome is compounded with sandalwood essential oil, ylang-ylang essential oil, rose essential oil, β-glucan, and polyols. β-glucan synergistically promotes the transdermal absorption of jasmine essential oil with the liposomes, further promoting the transdermal absorption of other active components and enhancing the moisturizing and skin-care effects of the jasmine essential oil.

[0021] 2. The skin care essential oil provided by this invention has excellent skin moisturizing effect. Loading jasmine essential oil into nanoliposomes can improve the permeability and bioavailability of jasmine essential oil, making it easier for the skin to absorb and utilize, thereby improving its moisturizing effect. Jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, sandalwood essential oil, ylang-ylang essential oil and rose essential oil have a potential synergistic effect in moisturizing. Attached Figure Description

[0022] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of this application and form part of this application, illustrate exemplary embodiments and are used to explain this application, but do not constitute an undue limitation of this application. In the drawings:

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the preparation method of the skin care essential oil of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The following will describe in detail the implementation of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, so that the implementation process of how this application uses technical means to solve technical problems and achieve technical effects can be fully understood and implemented accordingly.

[0025] An embodiment of the present invention provides a skin care essential oil comprising, by weight, the following components:

[0026] Jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes 20-40 parts, sandalwood essential oil 5-11 parts, ylang-ylang essential oil 10-15 parts, rose essential oil 55-75 parts, β-glucan 4-9 parts, 1,2-hexanediol 3-12 parts, strawberry seed oil 3-7 parts.

[0027] The preparation method is as follows: First, heat 55-75 parts of rose essential oil at 45-60℃, then mix it with 5-11 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 10-15 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil and stir evenly for 10-20 minutes. Then, add 4-9 parts of β-glucan, 3-12 parts of 1,2-hexanediol and 3-7 parts of strawberry seed oil to the evenly mixed solution and stir to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. Then, cool the mixed solution to 5-20℃. Finally, add jasmine essential oil liposomes to the cooled mixed solution and mix evenly at 5-20℃ to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0028] By employing the above-mentioned technical solutions, the raw materials used in the preparation process, such as rose essential oil, sandalwood essential oil, and ylang-ylang essential oil, are all pure natural ingredients extracted from plants, free of chemical additives, making them safer and healthier. Using such skincare essential oils eliminates concerns about potential side effects from chemical components. Essential oils are small molecules with low surface tension, making them easily absorbed by the skin. Specific preparation steps, such as heating and mixing, and cooling, further promote the penetration of the essential oils, allowing them to quickly penetrate the dermis and exert their effects. This highly effective skincare method allows the skin to experience noticeable improvements in a short time. Furthermore, due to the wide variety of essential oils available, different blends can be selected according to individual skin conditions and preferences to achieve a personalized skincare experience. Whether you have oily, dry, or sensitive skin, you can find an essential oil formula that suits your needs, thus meeting the skincare requirements of different individuals.

[0029] In this invention, the jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes are mainly products manufactured by Guangzhou Xuanyi Fragrance & Flavor Co., Ltd., the sandalwood essential oil is a product manufactured by Jiangxi Hualong Plant Fragrance Co., Ltd., the ylang-ylang essential oil is a product manufactured by Shenzhen Shanfu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., the rose essential oil is a product manufactured by Shenzhen Shanfu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., the β-glucan is a product manufactured by Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., the 1,2-hexanediol is a product manufactured by Jiangyin Suoteng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the strawberry seed oil is a product manufactured by Shenzhen Shanfu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0030] Example 1

[0031] An embodiment of the present invention provides a skin care essential oil comprising, by weight, the following components:

[0032] The composition includes 30 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil. Among these, the polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0033] The preparation method is as follows: First, 65 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 50°C, and then mixed with 8 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 12 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred evenly for 18 minutes. Then, 6 parts of β-glucan, 5 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the evenly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixed solution is then cooled to 15°C. Finally, jasmine essential oil liposomes are added to the cooled mixed solution and mixed evenly at 15°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0034] Example 2

[0035] An embodiment of the present invention provides a skin care essential oil comprising, by weight, the following components:

[0036] The composition includes 35 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 10 parts sandalwood essential oil, 14 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 75 parts rose essential oil, 9 parts β-glucan, 10 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 7 parts strawberry seed oil. Among these, the polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0037] The preparation method is as follows: First, 75 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 50°C, and then mixed with 10 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 14 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred for 13 minutes. Then, 9 parts of β-glucan, 10 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 7 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the uniformly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixture is then cooled to 10°C. Finally, jasmine essential oil liposomes are added to the cooled mixture and mixed evenly at 10°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0038] Comparative Example 1

[0039] The ingredients include 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil. The polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0040] The preparation method is as follows: First, 65 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 50°C, and then mixed with 8 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 12 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred evenly for 18 minutes. Then, 6 parts of β-glucan, 5 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the evenly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixed solution is then cooled to 15°C. Finally, the cooled mixed solution is mixed evenly at 15°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0041] Comparative Example 2

[0042] The mixture contains 10 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 3 parts sandalwood essential oil, 9 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 50 parts rose essential oil, 3 parts β-glucan, 1 part 1,2-hexanediol, and 1 part strawberry seed oil. The polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0043] The preparation method is as follows: First, heat 50 parts of rose essential oil at 50°C, then mix it with 3 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 9 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil and stir evenly for 18 minutes. Then, add 3 parts of β-glucan, 1 part of 1,2-hexanediol and 1 part of strawberry seed oil to the evenly mixed solution and stir to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. Then, cool the mixed solution to 15°C. Finally, add jasmine essential oil liposomes to the cooled mixed solution and mix evenly at 15°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0044] Comparative Example 3

[0045] The composition includes 70 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 15 parts sandalwood essential oil, 20 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 90 parts rose essential oil, 10 parts β-glucan, 15 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 15 parts strawberry seed oil. Among these, the polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0046] The preparation method is as follows: First, 90 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 50°C, and then mixed with 15 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 20 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred evenly for 13 minutes. Then, 10 parts of β-glucan, 15 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 15 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the evenly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixed solution is then cooled to 10°C. Finally, jasmine essential oil liposomes are added to the cooled mixed solution and mixed evenly at 10°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0047] Comparative Example 4

[0048] The composition includes 30 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil. Among these, the polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0049] The preparation method is as follows: First, 65 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 100℃, and then mixed with 8 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 12 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred evenly for 15 minutes. Then, 6 parts of β-glucan, 5 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the evenly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixed solution is then cooled to 15℃. Finally, jasmine essential oil liposomes are added to the cooled mixed solution and mixed evenly at 15℃ to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0050] Comparative Example 5

[0051] The composition includes 30 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil. Among these, the polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0052] The preparation method is as follows: First, 65 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 55°C, and then mixed with 8 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 12 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred evenly for 30 minutes. Then, 6 parts of β-glucan, 5 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the evenly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixed solution is then cooled to 15°C. Finally, jasmine essential oil liposomes are added to the cooled mixed solution and mixed evenly at 15°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0053] Comparative Example 6

[0054] The composition includes 30 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil. Among these, the polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0055] The preparation method is as follows: First, 65 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 50°C, and then mixed with 8 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 12 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred evenly for 18 minutes. Then, 6 parts of β-glucan, 5 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the evenly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixed solution is then cooled to 30°C. Finally, jasmine essential oil liposomes are added to the cooled mixed solution and mixed evenly at 15°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0056] Comparative Example 7

[0057] The composition includes 30 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil. Among these, the polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

[0058] The preparation method is as follows: First, 65 parts of rose essential oil are heated at 50°C, and then mixed with 8 parts of sandalwood essential oil and 12 parts of ylang-ylang essential oil. The mixture is stirred evenly for 18 minutes. Then, 6 parts of β-glucan, 5 parts of 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts of strawberry seed oil are added to the evenly mixed solution and stirred to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed. The mixed solution is then cooled to 15°C. Finally, jasmine essential oil liposomes are added to the cooled mixed solution and mixed evenly at 30°C to obtain the skin care essential oil.

[0059] Testing of skin absorption effect:

[0060] Fifty participants, aged 18-50, were selected and numbered 1-50. Priority was given to those with mildly sensitive skin. The main skin concerns of the participants were tightness, dryness, roughness, and peeling. Participants used the test product three times a day (morning, noon, and evening). Before use, the skin was cleansed, and the product was gently applied to the arms and face. Participants 1-5 used the product of Example 1, 6-10 used the product of Example 2, 11-15 used the product of Comparative Example 1, 16-20 used the product of Comparative Example 2, 21-25 used the product of Comparative Example 3, 26-30 used the product of Comparative Example 4, 31-35 used the product of Comparative Example 5, 36-40 used the product of Comparative Example 6, 41-45 used the product of Comparative Example 7, and 46-50 used commercially available products for sensitive skin. During the product trial period, the subjects believed that the moisturizing and hydrating effects of Example 1 and Example 2 were relatively faster, had a cooling sensation on the skin, and had a good moisturizing effect on dry skin, with Example 2 showing the most obvious effect.

[0061] Moisturizing and hydrating efficacy test

[0062] The electrical conductivity of the subject's forearm skin was measured using a high-frequency conductivity meter. A high conductivity value indicates a high moisture content in the stratum corneum of the skin.

[0063] Test Procedure: After thoroughly cleaning and air-drying the forearm skin, the subjects marked a skin area and applied the composition of the test example or comparative example. The electrical conductivity of the skin area was measured 5 minutes after application, and again at 60 and 120 minutes. Each example or comparative example was tested once on the skin of three different subjects, and the results were averaged. The subjects in each example or comparative example were different. During the test, the ambient temperature was 20-25°C, and the relative humidity was 45-55%.

[0064] Since the conductivity test has a high correlation coefficient of 0.99 with the measured stratum corneum moisture content, it can very sensitively measure the stratum corneum moisture content. Therefore, for the convenience of test statistics, the change in conductivity value is used to characterize the change in skin moisture content.

[0065] Results analysis:

[0066] Table 1

[0067] experimental group 5min 60min 120min Example 1 44.2 95.3 139.4 Example 2 49.3 101.2 140.9 Comparative Example 1 22.2 40.0 74.7 Comparative Example 2 45.0 79.9 100.4 Comparative Example 3 48.3 85.3 113.2 Comparative Example 4 44.7 78.5 99.5 Comparative Example 5 44.4 82.9 114.5 Comparative Example 6 44.2 85.7 121.1 Comparative Example 7 40.1 77.2 34.2

[0068] As shown in Table 1, the test results indicate that Example 1 is significantly superior to Comparative Example 1 in both short-term hydration and long-term moisturizing effects. Example 2 is significantly superior to Comparative Example 2 in long-term moisturizing effects. Example 1 is significantly superior to Comparative Example 3 in long-term moisturizing effects. Example 1 is significantly superior to Comparative Example 4 in long-term moisturizing effects. Example 1 is significantly superior to Comparative Example 5 in long-term moisturizing effects. Example 1 is significantly superior to Comparative Example 6 in long-term moisturizing effects. Example 1 is significantly superior to Comparative Example 7 in long-term moisturizing effects. In summary, this invention, through precise control of raw material ratios and preparation temperature, ensures effective mixing of each component and skin-care benefits. The stability of essential oils is crucial. Jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes possess moisturizing and soothing effects, while sandalwood, ylang-ylang, and rose essential oils may have whitening, spot-fading, and skin-purifying effects. Components such as β-glucan, 1,2-hexanediol, glycerin, and sorbitol can further enhance the moisturizing, antioxidant, and soothing effects of skincare essential oils. These essential oils also offer multiple benefits including moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and antibacterial properties. For example, rose essential oil effectively fights bacteria, removes excess facial oil, and prevents closed comedones and acne; sandalwood essential oil brightens the complexion; and ylang-ylang essential oil may have whitening and spot-fading effects. By precisely proportioning these essential oils, more significant absorption and moisturizing skincare effects can be achieved for different skin problems.

[0069] The foregoing description illustrates and describes several preferred embodiments of the present invention. However, as previously stated, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the forms disclosed herein and should not be construed as excluding other embodiments. It can be used in various other combinations, modifications, and environments, and can be altered within the scope of the inventive concept described herein through the foregoing teachings or techniques or knowledge in related fields. Any modifications and variations made by those skilled in the art that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be within the protection scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A skin care essential oil characterized in that, It includes the following components by mass parts: Jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes 20-40 parts, sandalwood essential oil 5-11 parts, ylang-ylang essential oil 10-15 parts, rose essential oil 55-75 parts, β-glucan 4-9 parts, 1,2-hexanediol 3-12 parts, strawberry seed oil 3-7 parts.

2. A skin care essential oil as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The polyols include, but are not limited to, glycerol and sorbitol.

3. A skin care essential oil as claimed in claim 2, wherein: It includes the following components by mass parts: 30 parts jasmine essential oil nanoliposomes, 8 parts sandalwood essential oil, 12 parts ylang-ylang essential oil, 65 parts rose essential oil, 6 parts β-glucan, 5 parts 1,2-hexanediol, and 5 parts strawberry seed oil.

4. A method of formulating a skin care essential oil for producing the skin care essential oil according to claims 1 to 3, characterized by: Includes the following steps: S1. First, heat the rose essential oil provided by the present invention, and then mix it with sandalwood essential oil and ylang-ylang essential oil until evenly mixed. S2. Add β-glucan, 1,2-hexanediol and glycerol to the uniformly mixed solution in S1, mix and stir to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed, and then cool the mixed solution. S3. Add jasmine essential oil liposomes to the cooled mixed solution in S2 and mix evenly at a constant temperature to obtain the skin care essential oil.

5. A method of formulating a skin care essential oil according to claim 4, characterized in that: The heating temperature of the rose essential oil in step S1 is controlled at 45-60℃.

6. A method of formulating a skin care essential oil according to claim 4, characterized in that: The cooling temperature of the mixed solution in step S2 is controlled at 5–20°C.

7. A method of formulating a skin care essential oil according to claim 4, characterized in that: The stirring time in step S2 is controlled to be 10-20 minutes.

8. A method of formulating a skin care essential oil according to claim 4, characterized in that: The mixing temperature in step S3 is controlled between 5 and 20°C.

9. The use of the skin care essential oil prepared by any of the formulation methods described in claims 1-3 in the preparation of skin care products with moisturizing and soothing effects.

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