VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test and detection method

Abstract

The invention discloses a VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multiple DUT tests and a detection method. The VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system comprises a detector and an expansion box. The expansion box constructs a star topology structure to expand the number of tested devices, and comprises a backboard integration module, a plurality of channel modules and a test resource board. The detector is used for controlling the expansion box and completing the detection task of a single detected object in a time-sharing manner; each channel module comprises a power supply, a voltage and current acquisition sub-module, a matrix plate and a channel interface sub-module; the power supply in each channel module is electrically connected with the corresponding voltage and current acquisition sub-module and the matrix plate all the time; the matrix board is in circuit connection with the test resource board and is used for being connected or disconnected with the detector and being connected or disconnected with the connector according to an instruction of the detector; the detector, the test resource board and the backboard integration module cooperate with each other, and test resources are adjusted according to user requirements under the condition that the system is not interrupted in operation. According to the invention, a star topology structure is adopted, and high reuse of test resources is realized.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of avionics testing, in particular to a VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system and detection method for multi-DUT testing. BACKGROUND

[0002] In the traditional testing scheme of an intelligent system in the avionics field, the "one machine-one test" mode is usually adopted, with up to hundreds of test channels and up to hundreds or even thousands of test interfaces, and the tested product needs to occupy independent test resources for a long time, resulting in low resource utilization and other problems. VPX is a high-performance modular computer bus standard for military, aerospace and other fields, supporting high-speed serial communication and reliable embedded computing in harsh environments. The current VPX test system mainly has the following defects:

[0003] ‌Low resource utilization‌: The traditional VPX test platform usually adopts the "one machine-one test" mode, and each tested product needs to occupy independent test resources, resulting in large equipment size and high test cost;

[0004] ‌Rough power supply control‌: Although the traditional scheme can realize multi-DUT (multiple tested products tested simultaneously) power supply, it cannot perform precise time-sharing control under the condition of maintaining synchronous power-on state, and there is a risk of surge current superposition;

[0005] ‌Testing efficiency bottleneck‌: Although the parallel test system supports multi-DUT simultaneous testing, the test resources cannot be dynamically reconstructed, making it difficult to meet the demand for sudden fault detection.

[0006] With the improvement of multi-working-condition accelerated testing requirements of the tested product environmental test standards, a new test architecture is needed that can realize real-time monitoring and independent control of multi-DUT power supply state, time-sharing reuse of high-value test resources, automatic isolation of faulty equipment, and dynamic optimization of test queues in a limited space. SUMMARY

[0007] In order to solve the defects of the prior art, the present application provides a VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system and detection method for multi-DUT testing.

[0008] The present application relates to the following terms:

[0009] Heterogeneous resource pool: refers to a system that integrates multiple test resources and realizes efficient collaborative testing through unified resource management and scheduling.

[0010] Dynamic reconstruction: refers to the adjustment of test resources and network topology at any time to adapt to different test tasks through software control without interrupting the operation of the system.

[0011] The first aspect of the present application is to provide a VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT testing, comprising a tester and an extension box; the extension box is used to expand the number of devices under test of the tester, comprising a backplane integration module, a plurality of channel modules and a test resource board; each channel module is connected with one device under test; the tester is used to complete the detection task of a single device under test in time and control the extension box;

[0012] The test resource board is used to connect the tester and each channel module, transmit the power-on instruction and / or detection instruction to the channel module according to the pre-set address of the channel module, and transmit the feedback information from the channel module to the tester;

[0013] The backplane integration module is used to connect the plurality of channel modules and the tester, and construct a star topology;

[0014] Each channel module comprises a power supply, a voltage and current acquisition submodule, a matrix board and a channel interface submodule; the power supply in each channel module is always electrically connected with the corresponding voltage and current acquisition submodule and matrix board; one end of the voltage and current acquisition submodule is connected with the corresponding power supply, and the other end is connected with the tester through the test resource board to transmit the collected voltage and current results to the tester; one end of the matrix board is connected with the corresponding power supply, and the other end is connected with the channel interface submodule, and the matrix board is connected with the test resource board in line to be turned on or turned off with the tester and be connected or disconnected with the connector according to the instruction of the tester;

[0015] The channel interface submodule further comprises a branch control switch, and the branch control switch is controlled by the user to be turned on or turned off; the turn-on of the channel interface submodule and the device under test is controlled by the corresponding matrix board and branch control switch respectively;

[0016] The voltage and current acquisition submodule is distinguished by address and arranged in time sequence in the form of host polling;

[0017] The tester, the test resource board and the backplane integration module cooperate together to adjust the test resources according to the user's demand without interrupting the operation of the system.

[0018] The second aspect of the present application is to provide a detection method using the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT testing, comprising:

[0019] Step one: the channel interface submodule of the extension box is connected with the device under test through a cable in advance; the extension box is connected with the tester through a communication bus at the same time;

[0020] In the system starting stage, each voltage and current acquisition submodule starts to collect the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply in a polling manner;

[0021] Step two: first, the matrix board of all channel modules is connected to the tester through the test resource board line, and the corresponding matrix board address and power-on instruction of the measured product are sent to the test resource board first; according to the power-on instruction of the corresponding address, the matrix board is connected to the channel interface submodule, and when the branch control switch is also in the open state, the measured product is powered on, which is equivalent to the power supply connecting the measured product through the matrix board and the channel interface submodule. At this time, the measured product is powered on;

[0022] Step three: according to the user's selection of one measured product, the corresponding matrix board address and detection instruction of the measured product are sent to the test resource board; according to the detection instruction of the corresponding address, the matrix board is connected to the channel interface submodule, and when the branch control switch is also in the open state, the corresponding measured product is connected to the tester through the channel interface submodule, the matrix board and the test resource board; other measured products are disconnected from the tester;

[0023] Step four: then the tester detects the connected measured product according to the demand; after the detection is completed, the current measured product is disconnected from the tester; the detection instruction is sent to the next measured product selected by the user, and the above step three is repeated to connect the measured product to the tester for detection; until the detection of all user requirements is completed.

[0024] Further, during the system startup phase, each voltage and current acquisition submodule starts to collect the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply in a polling manner, which specifically includes:

[0025] First, the voltage and current acquisition submodule corresponding to a certain address collects the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply, and feeds back the received voltage and current to the tester;

[0026] The tester judges according to the collected voltage and current. If the received voltage is 0 or exceeds the rated voltage, it is considered that the power supply is abnormal, and the next step will be continued after the detection is qualified;

[0027] According to the timing, the host computer is polled in turn to instruct the voltage and current acquisition submodule corresponding to the address to collect the power supply; after collecting all power supplies, the polling method is used to collect again.

[0028] Further, the step two further includes:

[0029] The measured product transmits the power-on instruction execution result of the corresponding channel module to the tester to determine whether it is connected to the corresponding measured product;

[0030] If the feedback result is not connected, the user is prompted that the power-on is abnormal, and the user is prompted to detect and then test; if the feedback result is connected, the next step is continued.

[0031] Further, the step three further includes:

[0032] The feedback is the conduction result of the detection instruction of the measured product and the corresponding channel module to the detector, whether the corresponding measured product is powered on is judged, if the feedback result is the on state, the next step is continued, if the feedback result is not on, the system stops running, whether the current channel module is abnormal is detected, and the next step is continued after adjustment.

[0033] The third aspect of the application provides a computer readable storage medium, the computer readable storage medium stores a computer program, and the program is executed by a processor to realize the detection method of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test.

[0034] The fifth aspect of the application provides a computer program product, comprising a computer program, the computer program is executed to realize the detection method of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test.

[0035] Compared with the prior art, the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test and the detection method have the following beneficial effects:

[0036] The application realizes the high reuse of test resources by adopting the star topology structure of "1 (backplane integrated module) + 4 (channels)", reduces the number of test equipment to be purchased, significantly reduces the cost of test resources, and improves the economy of the test system.

[0037] The system supports multi-DUT synchronous aging test in an environment where the measured product is inconvenient to replace, overcomes the test interruption problem caused by equipment replacement in the traditional test scheme, and improves the continuity and stability of the test.

[0038] The system realizes the high automation of the test system through the design of the backplane integrated independent module, can quickly adapt to the change of test demand, and has strong expansibility and maintainability. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0039] Figure 1 The star topology structure of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test is shown in the figure;

[0040] Figure 2 The connection relationship between the detector, the expansion box and the test equipment in the system is shown in the figure;

[0041] Figure 3 The structure of the system is shown in the figure;

[0042] Figure 4 The working process of the channel module, the measured product and the detector in the system is shown in the figure;

[0043] Figure 5A flow chart showing polling communication of voltage and current collection sub-modules in each channel module in a VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT testing is shown.

[0044] Figure 6a A first DUT under test is shown for each DUT under test on / off state when detected. Figure 6b A second DUT under test is shown for each DUT under test on / off state when detected. Figure 6c A third DUT under test is shown for each DUT under test on / off state when detected. Figure 6d A fourth DUT under test is shown for each DUT under test on / off state when detected.

[0045] Figure 7 A flow chart for step two in a detection method for a VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT testing is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] In order to make the purposes, technical solutions, beneficial effects and significant progress of the embodiments of the present application clearer, below, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely with reference to the drawings provided in the examples of the present application. Obviously, all the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present application, but not all the embodiments; based on the examples in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor according to the content and embodiments of the present application and the drawings also belong to the scope of protection of the present application.

[0047] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", "third" and the like in the specification and claims of the present application are only used to distinguish different objects, and are not used to describe a specific order.

[0048] It should also be noted that the following specific embodiments can be combined with each other, and some embodiments may not be described again for the same or similar concepts or processes.

[0049] A VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT testing includes a detector and an expansion box.

[0050] The detector is electrically connected to the output end of the expansion box through a test cable, and the input end of the expansion box is electrically connected to the DUT through a cable. The detector supports 1-to-1 testing, and the expansion box expands the number of DUTs supported by the detector to four. The detector can simultaneously power on four DUTs (i.e. DUTs, including a first DUT, a second DUT, a third DUT and a fourth DUT) and detect them one by one.

[0051] As Figure 3As shown, the detector is used to complete the detection task of a single measured product in time, is responsible for controlling the extension box, and realizes communication between the voltage and current acquisition modules in each channel in the extension box and the detector through 1-way RS485. The detector and the measured product inside the extension box are also connected through a product cable, which is used to introduce / lead out test resources.

[0052] As shown in the drawings, Figures 1-2 The extension box includes a system power supply, a backplane integrated module, four channel modules, and a test resource board. A 200mm-deep standard 19-inch vpx case is installed inside the extension box. The device uses the vpx case mounting surface as the front of the whole device, and the vpx case bottom plate is lengthened to 405mm for installing the system power supply and various modules.

[0053] The backplane integrated module is connected to four channel modules and a detector. Each channel module includes a power supply, a voltage and current acquisition submodule, a matrix board, and a channel interface submodule. The extension box has a star topology structure of “1 (backplane integrated module) + 4 (channels)” as shown in the drawings. Figure 1

[0054] The test resource board is used to indicate the power-on or power-off of the measured product and detect the detector according to the pre-set address of the matrix board.

[0055] As shown in the drawings, Figure 3 The channel module includes a first channel module, a second channel module, a third channel module, and a fourth channel module. The first channel module includes a first power supply, a first voltage and current acquisition submodule, a first matrix board, and a first channel interface submodule. The second channel module includes a second power supply, a second voltage and current acquisition submodule, a second matrix board, and a second channel interface submodule. The third channel module includes a third power supply, a third voltage and current acquisition submodule, a third matrix board, and a third channel interface submodule. The fourth channel module includes a fourth power supply, a fourth voltage and current acquisition submodule, a fourth matrix board, and a fourth channel interface submodule.

[0056] ​Each power supply is electrically connected with its corresponding voltage and current acquisition sub-module and matrix board, and each power supply is always electrically connected with its corresponding matrix board. The voltage and current acquisition sub-module is used to acquire the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply, and the matrix board is turned on or turned off according to the instruction of the detector. The input end of the voltage and current acquisition sub-module in each channel module is connected with the corresponding power supply, and is used to acquire the voltage and current information of the power supply; the output end of each voltage and current acquisition sub-module is connected with the test resource board through the RS485 communication bus, and then the acquired results are transmitted to the detector through the RS485 communication bus; the measured product is connected with the corresponding channel interface sub-module through a line, and the other end of the channel interface sub-module is connected with the first / second / third / fourth matrix board.

[0057] The first, second, third and fourth channel interface sub-modules each include a branch control switch, a gating indicator lamp and a connector. The connector is used to connect the measured product. The branch control switch is a hard power supply switch. Only when the corresponding matrix board is in a power supply on state and the branch control switch is in an on state, the matrix board is connected with the measured product, and the gating indicator lamp is lighted when connected with the measured product and is not lighted when disconnected.

[0058] The address of the first voltage and current acquisition sub-module is 0x01, the address of the second voltage and current acquisition sub-module is 0x02, the address of the third voltage and current acquisition sub-module is 0x03, and the address of the fourth voltage and current acquisition sub-module is 0x04. The first, second, third and fourth voltage and current acquisition sub-modules are respectively mounted under the RS485 communication bus, each voltage and current acquisition sub-module is distinguished by address, and the timing arrangement is in the form of host polling. Table 1 shows the address of the voltage and current acquisition sub-module corresponding to the address module.

[0059] Table 1: Address module and voltage and current acquisition sub-module address correspondence table

[0060]

[0061] The detection method of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test is used for aging experiment of four measured products. The test resource and network topology can be adjusted as needed to adapt to different test tasks without interrupting the operation of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system. Specifically, the detection method comprises the following steps:

[0062] Step one: the channel interface sub-modules of the expansion box are respectively connected with the four measured products through cables and connected on the connector; the expansion box is connected with the detector through the RS485 communication bus at the same time;

[0063] In the system startup stage, each voltage and current acquisition sub-module starts to acquire the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply in a polling manner, specifically including the following steps:Figure 5 The steps are shown as follows:

[0064] S11: According to the timing, the host is polled in turn to determine that the detector first instructs 01 address to collect, and the first voltage and current collection submodule corresponding to the first 01 address collects the voltage and current of the corresponding first power supply, and feeds back the received voltage and current to the detector;

[0065] The detector judges according to the collected voltage and current, and if the received voltage is 0 or exceeds the rated voltage, it is considered that the power supply is abnormal, and the operation is stopped until the detection is qualified before continuing to the next step;

[0066] S12: The detector continues to instruct 02 address to collect, and the second voltage and current collection submodule corresponding to the 02 address collects the voltage and current of the corresponding second power supply, and feeds back the received voltage and current to the detector;

[0067] The detector judges according to the collected voltage and current, and if the received voltage is 0 or exceeds the rated voltage, it is considered that the power supply is abnormal, and the operation is stopped until the detection is qualified before continuing to the next step;

[0068] S13: The detector continues to instruct 03 address to collect, and the third voltage and current collection submodule corresponding to the 03 address collects the voltage and current of the corresponding third power supply, and feeds back the received voltage and current to the detector;

[0069] The detector judges according to the collected voltage and current, and if the received voltage is 0 or exceeds the rated voltage, it is considered that the power supply is abnormal, and the operation is stopped until the detection is qualified before continuing to the next step;

[0070] S14: The detector continues to instruct 04 address to collect, and the fourth voltage and current collection submodule corresponding to the 04 address collects the voltage and current of the corresponding fourth power supply, and feeds back the received voltage and current to the detector;

[0071] The detector judges according to the collected voltage and current, and if the received voltage is 0 or exceeds the rated voltage, it is considered that the power supply is abnormal, and the operation is stopped until the detection is qualified before continuing to the next step.

[0072] Step two: first, all the first, second, third and fourth matrix plates are connected to the detector through the test resource board line; as Figure 7 As it is an aging detection of all measured products, according to the experimental needs, the detector sends a power-on command to all measured products through RS485, that is, it sends a power-on command to the 11th address, 12th address, 13th address and 14th address;

[0073] Then the first, second, third and fourth matrix plates all receive the power-on command.

[0074] According to the power-on instruction of the 11th address, the first measured product is communicated with the first channel module, so that the first power supply is communicated with the first measured product through the first matrix plate. When the corresponding branch control switch is also in the open state, the corresponding gating indicator of the first matrix plate is lit, indicating that the current first measured product is in the gating state. At this time, the first power supply is communicated with the first measured product through the first matrix plate and is powered on.

[0075] According to the power-on instruction of the 12th address, the second measured product is communicated with the second channel module, so that the second power supply is communicated with the second measured product through the second matrix plate. When the corresponding branch control switch is also in the open state, the corresponding gating indicator of the second matrix plate is lit, indicating that the current second measured product is in the gating state. At this time, the second power supply is communicated with the second measured product through the first matrix plate and is powered on.

[0076] The third measured product and the fourth measured product are communicated and powered on in a similar manner to the first measured product and the second measured product. Thus, all measured products are communicated with the corresponding power supply.

[0077] At the same time, the measured product transmits the execution result of each channel module to the detector to determine whether it is powered on or not.

[0078] If the feedback result is not on, the user is prompted to perform detection before testing. If the feedback result is powered on, the next step is continued.

[0079] Step three: the detector sends the 11th address detection instruction to the measured product through RS485. The first, second, third and fourth matrix plates all receive the detection instruction, and each matrix plate is responsible for whether the corresponding measured product is communicated with the detector.

[0080] According to Table 1, the 11th address corresponds to the first matrix plate, so the detector is communicated with the first measured product for detection according to the 11th address, and the other measured products are all disconnected with the detector. Since the 11th address corresponds to the first matrix plate, when it is judged that the first measured product can communicate with the detector, as shown in Figure 6a , when the first channel module is in the open state, only the first measured product is communicated with the detector, and the other measured products are all disconnected with the detector.

[0081] The specific working process is as follows Figure 4As shown, the measured product is in communication with the first matrix plate and the detector respectively, the measured product sends a detection instruction to the first matrix plate, at this time the first matrix plate is in communication with the first measured product through the connector; while the corresponding branch control switch is also in the open state, the corresponding gating indicator of the first matrix plate is lit (the first power supply and the first matrix plate are always electrically connected), showing that the current first measured product is in the gating state, at this time the detector is in conduction through the connector, the first matrix plate, and the test resource board and the first measured product;

[0082] Step four: feedback the conduction result of the first measured product and the first channel module to the detector; if the feedback result is in conduction state, continue to the next step; if the feedback result is not in conduction, the system stops running, and detects whether the first channel module is abnormal;

[0083] Step five: then the detector starts to detect the first measured product; after the detection is completed, the current first measured product is disconnected with the detector; since it is an aging experiment, the first matrix plate and the first power supply are still in power supply, maintaining the connection; the detection instruction is sent to the next measured product selected by the user, and the above steps two to three are repeated to make the selected measured product in communication with the detector for detection; until the detection of all user requirements is completed.

[0084] Similar to the above steps, when the detector decides to send a detection instruction to the measured product corresponding to the second / third / fourth channel module, the communication / non-communication state of each measured product is as shown in Figure 6b , 6c and Figure 6d .

[0085] Moreover, during the system operation, as shown in Figure 5 , each voltage and current acquisition module maintains the polling acquisition of the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply; the basic steps are similar to step one, except that the detection threshold of voltage and current changes.

[0086] For example, the first voltage and current acquisition sub-module acquires the voltage and current of the corresponding first power supply; feedbacks the received voltage and current to the detector, and performs system self-checking according to the acquired voltage and current, the normal voltage is between 27-29V, and the current is 0.5-1A, if it is outside the set range, it is displayed as abnormal, prompting under-voltage or over-voltage, indicating that the corresponding matrix plate and power supply are powered off for troubleshooting.

[0087] The above examples are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and are not intended to limit the present application. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing examples, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing examples can be modified, or some or all of the technical features can be replaced equivalently, and these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application. The non-essential improvements, adjustments or replacements made by those skilled in the art according to the content of the present application are within the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT testing, characterized in that, The detection instrument and the extension box are connected through a communication bus; in a system starting stage, each voltage and current acquisition submodule starts to collect voltage and current of the corresponding power supply in a polling mode; the detection instrument and the test resource board and the backplane integrated module cooperate together to adjust the test resource according to the user demand without interrupting the operation of the system.

2. The detection method of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT testing according to claim 1, comprising: Step one: the channel interface submodule of the extension box is connected with the DUT through a cable in advance; the extension box is connected with the detection instrument through a communication bus; in a system starting stage, each voltage and current acquisition submodule starts to collect voltage and current of the corresponding power supply in a polling mode; Step two: first, the matrix board of each channel module is connected with the detection instrument through the test resource board, and then the matrix board address corresponding to the DUT and the power-on instruction are sent to the test resource board; according to the power-on instruction of the corresponding address, the matrix board is connected with the channel interface submodule, and when the branch control switch is also in an open state, the power supply is connected with the DUT through the matrix board and the channel interface submodule, so that the DUT is powered on; Step three: according to the DUT selected by the user, the matrix board address corresponding to the DUT and the detection instruction are sent to the test resource board; according to the detection instruction of the corresponding address, the matrix board is connected with the channel interface submodule, and when the branch control switch is also in an open state, the corresponding DUT is connected with the detection instrument through the channel interface submodule, the matrix board and the test resource board; the remaining DUTs are kept in a disconnected state with the detection instrument. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Step four: then the detector detects the on product according to the demand; after the detection is finished, the current measured product is disconnected with the detector; the detection instruction is sent to the next selected product of the user, and the above step three is repeated to make the measured product and the detector communicate for detection; until the detection of all user requirements is completed.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system is configured for multi-DUT testing. In the system startup phase, each voltage and current acquisition submodule starts polling to collect the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply, which specifically includes: First, the voltage and current acquisition submodule corresponding to a certain address collects the voltage and current of the corresponding power supply, and feeds back the received voltage and current to the detector; The detector judges according to the collected voltage and current, if the received voltage is 0 or exceeds the rated voltage, it is considered that the power supply is abnormal, and the running is stopped until the detection is qualified and then the next step is continued; According to the timing, the host polling mode is used to instruct the voltage and current acquisition submodule of the corresponding address to collect the power supply in turn; after collecting all power supplies, the polling mode is used to collect again.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test is characterized by, The step two also includes: Through the measured product, the power-on instruction execution result of the corresponding channel module is transmitted to the detector to judge whether it is powered on or not; If the feedback result is not on, the user is prompted to test after detection; if the feedback result is on, the next step is continued.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test is characterized by, The step three also includes: The on-off result of the detection instruction of the measured product and its corresponding channel module is fed back to the detector to judge whether it is powered on or not; if the feedback result is on, the next step is continued; if the feedback result is not on, the system stops running, and whether the current channel module is abnormal is detected, and then the next step is continued.

6. A computer readable storage medium, the computer readable storage medium stores a computer program, which is executed by a processor to implement the detection method of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test according to any one of claims 2 to 5.

7. A computer program product, comprising a computer program, which is executed to implement the detection method of the VPX heterogeneous resource pooling system for multi-DUT test according to any one of claims 2 to 5.

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