Manufacturing and using method of in-vitro tooth jaw model for experiment teaching

Abstract

The invention provides a manufacturing and using method of an in-vitro tooth jaw model for experiment teaching. The manufacturing and using method comprises the following steps: step 1, manufacturing the in-vitro tooth jaw model for experiment teaching; 2, fixing the extracted tooth; the method comprises the following steps of: cleaning and disinfecting isolated teeth required by experiment teaching, ultrasonically removing tartar, selecting 5-10g of proper heat-sensitive high polymer material, putting the selected heat-sensitive high polymer material into a 5-10ml injector, immersing the injector in a water bath, injecting the injector into a hollow cavity of the 3D printed isolated tooth jaw model after the injector is melted, then inserting the cleaned isolated teeth at corresponding tooth positions, and finally carrying out 3D printing on the 3D printed isolated tooth jaw model to obtain the 3D printed isolated tooth jaw model. After the temperature is reduced, the heat-sensitive polymer is solidified, so that the fixation of the extracted tooth required by experiment teaching is realized; 3, performing experimental training by an operator; 4, taking out the extracted tooth; and 5, carrying out subsequent treatment. The problems that a traditional gypsum model is serious in consumable loss, tedious in operation process, time-consuming, non-reusable in teaching resources and the like in tooth and dental pulp experiment teaching are solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the bio-industry, and more particularly to the method of fabricating and using extracted tooth jaw models for experimental teaching. Background Technology

[0002] Oral medicine is a highly operational and practical discipline, making clinical laboratory teaching paramount. Students need extensive and intensive training in oral laboratory courses to improve their clinical operational skills, clinical reasoning, and judgment, laying a solid foundation of manual dexterity for clinical internships, residency training, and clinical work. Currently, domestic and international clinical oral teaching often uses the method of pouring ordinary or super-hard plaster into negative molds to fix extracted teeth and create plaster models. Generally speaking, plaster, as a modeling material, has good fluidity and plasticity, low expansion rate, high strength, and good reproducibility, making it one of the most commonly used modeling materials in dentistry.

[0003] However, plaster models have many drawbacks in their production and use: plaster model casting requires prior skill training, and beginners' lack of experience can lead to a large number of discarded models. Furthermore, after the plaster is cast into a negative mold, it requires a considerable amount of time to solidify (approximately 2-24 hours), making model production time-consuming and material-intensive. Plaster is a brittle material and is easily broken by impacts. The fixation effect of plaster on extracted teeth is unstable; sometimes the extracted tooth on the model will fall off during tooth preparation, while at other times the extracted tooth cannot be removed from the plaster coating. Physical and mechanical removal can easily damage the tooth structure, making it impossible to perform imaging examinations in the later stages of root canal treatment. In addition, plaster models are disposable products that cannot be reused, resulting in a large number of discarded models that pollute the environment. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention aims to solve the problems of serious material consumption, cumbersome operation procedures, time consumption, and non-reusability of teaching resources in traditional plaster models for dental pulp experiments.

[0005] To overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies, this paper provides a method for fabricating and using extracted tooth jaw models for experimental teaching. By designing modular 3D-printed jaw models, personalized customization for teaching can be supported. A heat-sensitive polymer material is used as a smart adhesive to encapsulate and fix the extracted tooth. This model achieves the fabrication effects of on-demand positioning, stable fixation, and non-destructive, rapid disassembly of the extracted tooth.

[0006] A method for fabricating and using an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching, characterized by comprising the following steps: Step 1: Construct an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching; The extracted tooth jaw model used for experimental teaching is a fixed extracted tooth model based on 3D printing technology. The extracted tooth jaw model used for experimental teaching includes a crown and a gingival base. The crown and gingival base are three-dimensional solid structures, which include a hollow design of some required tooth positions, referred to as hollow tooth positions. Step 2: Fix the extracted tooth; The extracted teeth required for experimental teaching are cleaned, disinfected, and have tartar removed by ultrasound. 5-10g of a suitable heat-sensitive polymer material is selected and placed into a 5-10ml syringe. The syringe is immersed in a water bath and, after melting, it is injected into the hollow cavity of the 3D-printed extracted tooth jaw model. Then, the cleaned extracted tooth is inserted into the corresponding tooth position. After the temperature drops, the heat-sensitive polymer solidifies, thus fixing the extracted tooth required for experimental teaching. Step 3: Operator training; Fix the extracted tooth jaw model onto the simulated head model, and the operator trains in cavity preparation and root canal treatment; Step 4: Remove the extracted tooth; after training, immerse the 3D-printed extracted tooth jaw model in 100°C water. o After melting the heat-sensitive polymer in a water bath for 3-5 minutes, remove the extracted tooth. Step 5: Post-treatment: Rinse with warm water, peel off and recover the heat-sensitive polymer embedded in the specific tooth position, and perform X-ray examination and scoring on the extracted tooth after root canal treatment.

[0007] As a further improvement of the present invention, the heat-sensitive polymeric material includes, but is not limited to, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyolefin elastomer (POE), polyurethane elastomer (TPU), polylactic acid (PLA), and their corresponding mixtures, with a melting point of 100-170°C. o C; Add polyacetylated tributyl citrate (ATBC) and butylene succinate (PBS) in specific mass ratios to adjust the melting point of the polymer to 60-100°C. o C.

[0008] As a further improvement of the present invention, a certain mass ratio is m(PLA):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-80:15-20:5-10; or: a certain mass ratio is m(PCL):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-80:0-5:5-10; or: a certain mass ratio is m(POE):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-90:0-5:3-5.

[0009] As a further improvement to the present invention, in step 2, immersing the syringe in a water bath specifically means: immersing the syringe in a 100°C solution. o Place in a water bath for 1-3 minutes.

[0010] As a further improvement of the present invention, the extracted tooth fixation model based on 3D printing technology is fixed to the teaching oral simulation head model by bottom screws or magnetic attraction.

[0011] As a further improvement of the present invention, a dental model is obtained by printing with a 3D printer using MED610 photosensitive resin as raw material. MED610 is a model name of a photosensitive resin.

[0012] As a further improvement of the present invention, the hollow tooth position is provided with a tenon and mortise structure. The tenon and mortise structure is a groove reserved at the bottom of the tooth root of a specific tooth position. Its shape is a cuboid: 10-14mm in length, 1-5mm in width, and 1-6mm in height.

[0013] As a further improvement of the present invention, the method for making an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching in step 1 specifically includes the following steps: Step 1.1: CT scan: Obtain three-dimensional model data by CT scanning of the standard upper and lower jaw dental models, usually in DCM format; Step 1.2: Import the digital model: Import the DCM format file obtained from the CT scan into the engineering software and convert it into an STL format file; Step 1.3: Hollowing out: Use engineering software to "hollow out" specific tooth positions on the upper and lower jaw models, and set an irregular cube hollowing structure for the root shape to simulate the irregular cube of the root. Volume requirement: The total internal volume of this irregular cube must be greater than the volume of the crown and gingival margin. Inside the irregular cube, a hollow structure of "inverted trapezoidal buckle" needs to be machined, that is, a hollow area of ​​"inverted trapezoidal buckle" is formed by penetrating from the inside of the cube. Step 1.4: Save the three-dimensional digital upper and lower jaw models obtained after the hollowing process in Step 1.3 as a universal format file that can be recognized by industrial 3D printers; Step 1.5: 3D Printing: Import the 3D printing format file of the upper and lower jaw model obtained in Step 1.4 into the 3D printer. Select the appropriate printing material for the model in the printer software that comes with the 3D printer, and set the corresponding printing parameters according to the characteristics of the material. Then start the 3D printer to print. After printing is completed, take out the 3D printed jaw model for post-processing to finally obtain the required 3D printed upper and lower jaw model.

[0014] As a further improvement of the present invention, in step 1.3, the key dimensions of the irregular cube in the three dimensions are: mesial-distal diameter of 8-14 mm; buccal-tongue diameter of 11-13 mm; and height of 16-25 mm.

[0015] As a further improvement of the present invention, in step 1.3, standard model dental data is collected using CT scanning, and digital modeling technology is used to construct dental models with tenon and mortise snap fasteners for tooth positions 16, 26, 36, 46 or tooth positions 14, 24, 34, 44; each snap fastener unit is adapted to the specific anatomical morphology of the tooth position to achieve a positioning accuracy of ±0.1-0.5mm; the hollow shape of the tenon and mortise snap fastener is designed as an inverted trapezoidal snap fastener.

[0016] The effects of this invention are: Reduced consumable costs: The replaceable modular design provides each extracted tooth with an independent fixing unit, reducing the cost of teaching consumables by more than 90% compared to traditional models, and also supports independent replacement of individual teeth. Operational efficiency improved by over 90%: Through the mortise and tenon snap-fit ​​structure (inverted trapezoidal snap-fit ​​design) and heat-sensitive adhesive for dual-effect fixation, the extracted teeth can be quickly disassembled and assembled in 3-5 minutes, which is more than 90% more efficient than traditional bonding methods; Breakthrough in teaching precision: 3D printed models support custom cutouts for any tooth position (adapting to 4-8 standard tooth positions in the maxilla / mandible), and with the simulated head model magnetic / screw fixing system, achieve millimeter-level positioning accuracy; Zero material loss: Thermosensitive polymer materials (60-100℃ triggered phase change) enable non-destructive disassembly of extracted teeth, facilitating X-ray inspection and scoring; Enhanced teaching safety: Modular design eliminates the risk of contamination from debris in traditional plaster models; the curing process of heat-sensitive materials releases no volatile substances, meeting laboratory biosafety standards. Clinical teaching verification shows that after using this system, a single extracted tooth can be used to complete various surgical procedures such as root canal treatment and caries restoration, which significantly improves the utilization rate of teaching resources and training effectiveness. This extracted tooth and jaw model is reusable. This innovative design not only significantly reduces the cost of experimental consumables and shortens the model production time, but also improves teaching efficiency, providing a sustainable solution for dental pulp experimental teaching. It is of great significance for promoting the intelligent development of oral medicine education tools. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a 3D schematic diagram of the overall structure of the extracted tooth jaw model used for experimental teaching in this invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure of the hollowed-out portion of the extracted tooth jaw model used for experimental teaching in this invention; Figure 3 yes Figure 2 Diagram showing the location of dimensions within the structure. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0019] The method for making and using extracted tooth jaw models for experimental teaching includes the following steps: Step 1: Construct an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching; The experimental teaching extracted tooth jaw model includes a crown and a gingival base. The crown and gingival base are three-dimensional solid structures with openings at specific tooth positions to allow the extracted tooth to be fixed at those positions using a heat-sensitive polymer tenon and mortise structure. The specific tooth position opening refers to reserving a cavity area for the crown and part of the gingival base at the tooth position where the extracted tooth needs to be inserted.

[0020] The main body of the extracted tooth jaw model used for experimental teaching is a fixed extracted tooth model based on 3D printing technology, which includes a hollow design for some of the required tooth positions. This model can be fixed to the teaching oral simulation head model by bottom screws or magnetic attachment, making it convenient for operators to perform cavity preparation or root canal treatment operations.

[0021] Import a standard set of upper and lower jaw 3D data into the computer, and use computer design software to cut out the specified tooth positions. Please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 1 Please design a mortise and tenon structure. Figure 2 The method for creating dental jaw models using 3D printing involves printing the base of a pre-designed upper and lower jaw model with specific missing tooth positions. Please refer to [link to documentation]. Figures 1-2 .

[0022] Dental models can be obtained using a 3D printer with MED610 photosensitive resin as the raw material. MED610 is a model name for a photosensitive resin.

[0023] Step 2: Fix the extracted tooth; Clean, disinfect, and ultrasonically remove tartar from the extracted teeth required for experimental teaching. Select 5-10g of a suitable heat-sensitive polymer material and place it into a 5-10ml syringe. Immerse the syringe in 100ml of water. o After melting in a C-water bath for 1-3 minutes, inject it into the hollow cavity of the 3D-printed extracted tooth jaw model. Then, insert the cleaned extracted tooth into the corresponding tooth position and wait for the temperature to drop (<5 minutes) for the heat-sensitive polymer to solidify, thus fixing the extracted tooth required for experimental teaching.

[0024] The heat-sensitive polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyolefin elastomers (POE), polyurethane elastomers (TPU), polylactic acid (PLA), and their corresponding mixtures, with melting points ranging from 100 to 170°C. o C. Add polyacetylated tributyl citrate (ATBC) and butylene succinate (PBS) in specific mass ratios to adjust the melting point of the polymer to 60-100°C. o C.

[0025] For example, the specified ratio is m(PLA):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-80:15-20:5-10.

[0026] Alternatively: the specified ratio is m(PCL):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-80:0-5:5-10.

[0027] Alternatively: the specified ratio is m(POE):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-90:0-5:3-5.

[0028] Step 3: The operator undergoes experimental training; the jaw model with the extracted tooth fixed is fixed on the simulated head model, and the operator undergoes training in cavity preparation and root canal treatment.

[0029] Step 4: Remove the extracted tooth; after training, immerse the 3D-printed extracted tooth jaw model in 100°C water. o After melting the heat-sensitive polymer in a water bath for 3-5 minutes, remove the extracted tooth.

[0030] Step 5: Post-treatment: Rinse with warm water, peel off and recover the heat-sensitive polymer embedded in the specific tooth position, and perform X-ray examination and scoring on the extracted tooth after root canal treatment.

[0031] Step 1, the method for creating an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching, specifically includes the following steps: Step 1.1: CT scan: Obtain three-dimensional model data by CT scanning of standard upper and lower jaw dental models, usually in DCM format; CT: such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), panoramic radiograph CT, etc. In a preferred embodiment, the tenon and mortise structure features a specially designed groove at the base of the tooth root in a specific position. The groove is rectangular (10-14mm long, 1-5mm wide, 1-6mm high) to allow heat-sensitive polymer material to be injected into the groove in a viscous flow state. At room temperature, this forms a rectangular plastic block larger than the gingival margin of the 3D model, thus fixing the entire extracted tooth. Figure 3 As shown, Figure 3 The text in the middle shows the position of the length and height, while the width refers to the depth of the section.

[0032] Step 1.2: Import the digital model: Import the DCM format file obtained from the CT scan into engineering software (such as Mimics, Magics, etc.) and convert it into an STL format file; Step 1.3: Hollowing-out Processing: Using engineering software (such as Mimics, Magics, etc.), "hollowing out" processing is performed on specific tooth positions in the upper and lower jaw models. An irregular cubic hollowing-out structure with an irregular root shape is created to simulate the irregular cube shape of the tooth root, such as... Figure 2 .

[0033] Morphological positioning: The overall shape is an "irregular cube," but the outline conforms to the general shape of the tooth root, rather than a standard cube / cubic prism. Key dimensions in three dimensions: Mesiodistal diameter (diameter of the tooth in the anteroposterior direction): 8-14 mm; Buctolingual diameter (diameter of teeth in the direction of inner and outer sides): 11-13 mm; Height (length of tooth root): 16-25mm; Volume requirement: The total internal volume of this irregular cube must be greater than the volume of the crown and gingival margin, such as... Figure 2 The blue area is large enough that it will not fall out of the hole.

[0034] Inside the aforementioned irregular cube, a hollow structure resembling an inverted trapezoidal buckle needs to be machined (i.e., a hollow area forming the inverted trapezoidal buckle is created by penetrating through the cube's interior; the dimensions of the inverted trapezoidal buckle are shown below). Figure 3 .

[0035] Standard model dental data was acquired using CT scans. Digital modeling techniques (such as CAD) were employed to construct dental models with mortise and tenon joints, featuring openwork tooth positions 16, 26, 36, 46 or 14, 24, 34, 44. Each joint unit is adapted to a specific tooth anatomical position, achieving a positioning accuracy of ±0.1-0.5 mm. The openwork shape of the mortise and tenon joints is designed as an inverted trapezoidal shape (e.g.,...). Figure 2 (As shown).

[0036] In dentistry, numerical designations are used to identify the specific location of teeth, using the internationally recognized FDI tooth position notation system (International Dental Federation system). Tooth position numbers mentioned in the document (such as 16, 26, 36, 46 or 14, 24, 34, 44) follow these rules: 1. Numerical Interpretation: The first digit represents the quadrant (oral cavity division) where the tooth is located and the type of permanent / deciduous tooth: Permanent teeth: 1 (upper right quadrant), 2 (upper left quadrant), 3 (lower left quadrant), 4 (lower right quadrant). Deciduous teeth: 5-8 correspond to the same quadrant (but deciduous tooth numbering is not mentioned in the document). The second digit represents the sequence number of the tooth within that quadrant, numbered sequentially from 1 to 8 from the midline (incisors).

[0037] The teeth corresponding to 1-8 are: central incisor (1), lateral incisor (2), canine (3), first premolar (4), second premolar (5), first molar (6), second molar (7), and third molar (wisdom tooth, 8).

[0038] 2. Specific explanation of tooth positions in the above text: 16: right maxillary first molar; 26: left maxillary first molar; 36: left mandibular first molar; 46: right mandibular first molar; 14 / 24 / 34 / 44: correspond to the first premolars of the upper right, upper left, lower left, and lower right mandibles, respectively.

[0039] 3. Why choose these tooth positions? First molars (16 / 26 / 36 / 46): These are the first molars to erupt in the permanent dentition, bearing the main chewing function. Their complex morphology (multiple cusps, diverse root canal systems) makes them commonly used for training in root canal treatment and caries restoration. First premolars (14 / 24 / 34 / 44): These have a double-cusped structure and are often used to simulate premolar preparation and restoration procedures.

[0040] Step 1.4: Save the three-dimensional digital upper and lower jaw models obtained after the hollowing process in Step 1.3 as a universal format file that can be recognized by industrial 3D printers (such as STL format file). Step 1.5: 3D Printing: Import the 3D printing format file of the upper and lower jaw model obtained in Step 1.4 into the 3D printer. In the printer software, select a suitable printing material for the model (such as photosensitive resin MED610), and set the corresponding printing parameters according to the characteristics of the material. For example: MED610 photosensitive resin, working temperature is room temperature, printing speed is 30s / layer, layer thickness is 0.014mm, and infill density is 1.17g / (cm^3). Then start the 3D printer to print. After printing is completed, remove the 3D printed jaw model for post-processing (such as removing residual printing material from the model surface) to finally obtain the required 3D printed upper and lower jaw model.

[0041] The above description, in conjunction with specific preferred embodiments, provides a further detailed explanation of the present invention. It should not be construed that the specific implementation of the present invention is limited to these descriptions. For those skilled in the art, various simple deductions or substitutions can be made without departing from the concept of the present invention, and all such modifications and substitutions should be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for fabricating and using an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Construct an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching; The extracted tooth jaw model used for experimental teaching is a fixed extracted tooth model based on 3D printing technology. The extracted tooth jaw model used for experimental teaching includes a crown and a gingival base. The crown and gingival base are three-dimensional solid structures, which include a hollow design of some required tooth positions, referred to as hollow tooth positions. Step 2: Fix the extracted tooth; The extracted teeth required for experimental teaching are cleaned, disinfected, and have tartar removed by ultrasound. 5-10g of a suitable heat-sensitive polymer material is selected and placed into a 5-10ml syringe. The syringe is immersed in a water bath and, after melting, it is injected into the hollow cavity of the 3D-printed extracted tooth jaw model. Then, the cleaned extracted tooth is inserted into the corresponding tooth position. After the temperature drops, the heat-sensitive polymer solidifies, thus fixing the extracted tooth required for experimental teaching. Step 3: Operator training; Fix the jaw model of the extracted tooth onto the simulated head model, and the operator trains in cavity preparation and root canal treatment; Step 4: Remove the extracted tooth; after training, immerse the 3D-printed extracted tooth jaw model in 100°C water. o After melting the heat-sensitive polymer in a water bath for 3-5 minutes, remove the extracted tooth. Step 5: Post-treatment: Rinse with warm water, peel off and recover the heat-sensitive polymer embedded in the specific tooth position, and perform X-ray examination and scoring on the extracted tooth after root canal treatment.

2. The method for fabricating and using the extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: The heat-sensitive polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyolefin elastomers (POE), polyurethane elastomers (TPU), polylactic acid (PLA), and their corresponding mixtures, with melting points ranging from 100 to 170°C. o C; Add polyacetylated tributyl citrate (ATBC) and butylene succinate (PBS) in specific mass ratios to adjust the melting point of the polymer to 60-100°C. o C.

3. The method for fabricating and using the extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 2, characterized in that: A certain mass ratio is m(PLA):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-80:15-20:5-10; Alternatively: a certain mass ratio of m(PCL):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-80:0-5:5-10; or a certain mass ratio of m(POE):m(ATBC):m(PBS) = 100-90:0-5:3-5.

4. The method for fabricating and using the extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2, immersing the syringe in the water bath specifically means: immersing the syringe in a 100... o Place in a water bath for 1-3 minutes.

5. The method for fabricating and using the extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: The extracted tooth fixation model based on 3D printing technology is fixed to the teaching oral simulation head model by bottom screws or magnetic attachment.

6. The method for fabricating and using the extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: Dental models were obtained by printing with a 3D printer using MED610 photosensitive resin, a type of photosensitive resin.

7. The method for fabricating and using an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hollow tooth position is equipped with a tenon and mortise structure. The tenon and mortise structure is a groove reserved at the bottom of the tooth root of a specific tooth position. Its shape is a cuboid: 10-14mm in length, 1-5mm in width, and 1-6mm in height.

8. The method for fabricating and using an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: Step 1, the method for creating an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching, specifically includes the following steps: Step 1.1: CT scan: Obtain three-dimensional model data by CT scanning of the standard upper and lower jaw dental models, usually in DCM format; Step 1.2: Import the digital model: Import the DCM format file obtained from the CT scan into the engineering software and convert it into an STL format file; Step 1.3: Hollowing out: Use engineering software to "hollow out" specific tooth positions on the upper and lower jaw models, and set an irregular cube hollow structure with an irregular root shape to simulate the irregular cube of the tooth root. Volume requirement: The total internal volume of this irregular cube must be greater than the volume of the crown and gingival margin. Inside the irregular cube, a hollow structure of "inverted trapezoidal buckle" needs to be machined, that is, a hollow area of ​​"inverted trapezoidal buckle" is formed by penetrating from the inside of the cube; Step 1.4: Save the three-dimensional digital upper and lower jaw models obtained after the hollowing process in Step 1.3 as a universal format file that can be recognized by industrial 3D printers; Step 1.5: 3D Printing: Import the 3D printing format file of the upper and lower jaw model obtained in Step 1.4 into the 3D printer. Select the appropriate printing material for the model in the printer software that comes with the 3D printer, and set the corresponding printing parameters according to the characteristics of the material. Then start the 3D printer to print. After printing is completed, take out the 3D printed jaw model for post-processing to finally obtain the required 3D printed upper and lower jaw model.

9. The method for fabricating and using an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1.3, the key dimensions of the irregular cube in three dimensions are: mesial-distal diameter of 8-14 mm; buccal-tongue diameter of 11-13 mm; and height of 16-25 mm.

10. The method for fabricating and using an extracted tooth jaw model for experimental teaching according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1.3, standard model dental data is acquired using CT scanning. Digital modeling technology is used to construct dental models with tenon and mortise snap fasteners for tooth positions 16, 26, 36, 46 or 14, 24, 34, 44. Each snap fastener unit is adapted to the specific anatomical morphology of the tooth position to achieve a positioning accuracy of ±0.1-0.5mm. The hollow shape of the tenon and mortise snap fastener is designed as an inverted trapezoidal snap fastener.

Images