Method and device for data transmission and computer readable storage medium

Abstract

Exemplary embodiments provide a new modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for wireless transmissions based on geometrically shaped constellations (including cases of multi-dimensional constellations), and further optimize the code rate. According to the method, a constellation based on mutual information (MI) maximization is provided.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The exemplary embodiments of this application relate generally to the field of telecommunications, and more specifically to a method, device and computer readable storage medium for data transmission. BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless technology (5th generation (5G) and 6th generation (6G) cellular technology, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) technology, etc.) is a promising and widely applied technology. Existing wireless technology uses a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) based on quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and the constellation points thereof are uniformly distributed. Today, signal shaping technology is widely used in optical and advanced television system committee (ATSC) broadcasting, while wireless communication systems still use standard QAM constellations.

[0003] Signal shaping technology can reduce information loss during transmission. In 1948, Shannon published Mathematical Theory of Communication, which revealed the information transmission theory limit caused by information loss. The current QAM standard has a loss of up to 9% compared to this limit. Therefore, how to apply signal shaping to wireless communication systems has become a problem to be solved. SUMMARY

[0004] Generally, the exemplary embodiments of this application provide a scheme for transmitting information using a new MCS system based on a new constellation (including the case of a multi-dimensional constellation).

[0005] In a first aspect, a method performed by a first device is provided. The method comprises: modulating, by the first device, data according to a constellation to obtain modulated data, wherein the constellation is geometrically shaped according to maximization of mutual information (MI) between the first device and a second device; and transmitting the modulated data to the second device. In this way, the first device can modulate data according to a geometrically shaped constellation.

[0006] In some embodiments of the application, the method further comprises determining a modulation order for the data according to the constellation, wherein the order is a number of data bits. In this way, the first device can determine a modulation order.

[0007] In some embodiments of the application, the method further comprises determining a code rate and a target block error rate (tBLER) for the modulated data according to the constellation. In this way, the first device can determine a code rate and a tBLER.

[0008] In some embodiments of the application, the method further comprises determining a forward error correction (FEC) for the modulated data according to the code rate. In this way, the first device can determine an FEC.

[0009] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of: {angle, radius, label}: {–1.56, 0.75, 0000}; {2.67, 0.75, 0001}; {–0.48, 0.75, 0010}; {1.58, 0.75, 0011}; {–1.42, 1.85, 0100}; {2.54, 1.85, 0101}; {–0.61, 1.85, 0110}; {1.71, 1.85, 0111}; {–2.05, 0.75, 1000}; {–3.13, 0.75, 1001}; {0.02, 0.75, 1010}; {1.10, 0.75, 1011}; {–2.18, 1.85, 1100}; {–2.99, 1.85, 1101}; {0.15, 1.85, 1110}; {0.96, 1.85, 1111}. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, “angle” represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, “radius” represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the “radius” and rotated by the value of the “angle”, and the label is defined under any arrangement of bits. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of each point of the constellation and the label.

[0010] {1.24,0.57,000000}; {1.45,2.08,000001}; {1.42,1.01,000010}; {1.32,1.51,000011}; {1.22,0.26,000100}; {1.68,2.13,000101}; {1.72,1.12,000110}; {1.69,1.57,000111}; {0.85,0.69,001000}; {0.90,2.05,001001}; {0.86,1.04,001010}; {0.87,1.47,001011}; {0.62,0.59,001100}; {0.54,2.05,001101}; {0.55,1.05,001110}; {0.55,1.48,001111}; {–0.47,0.57,010000}; {–0.25,2.08,010001}; {–0.38,1.01,010010}; {–0.29,1.51,010011}; {–0.19,0.26,010100}; {–0.65,2.13,010101}; {–0.69,1.12,010110}; {–0.66,1.57,010111}; {–0.08,0.69,011000}; {–0.13,2.05,011001}; {–0.07,1.04,011010}; {–0.10,1.47,011011}; {–0.44,0.59,011100}; {–0.52,2.05,011101}; {–0.51,1.05,011110}; {–0.51,1.48,011111}; {–2.67,0.57,100000}; {–2.89,2.08,100001}; {–2.76,1.01,100010}; {–2.86,1.51,100011}; {–2.95,0.26,100100}; {–2.49,2.13,100101}; {–2.46,1.12,100110}; {–2.48,1.57,100111}; {3.06,0.69,101000}; {3.01,2.05,101001}; {3.07,1.04,101010}; {3.05,1.47,101011}; {2.70,0.59,101100}; {2.62,2.05,101101}; {2.63,1.05,101110}; {2.63,1.48,101111}; {1.24,0.57,110000}; {1.45,2.08,110001}; {1.42,1.01,110010}; {1.32,1.51,110011}; {1.22,0.26,110100}; {1.68,2.13,110101}; {1.72,1.12,110110}; {1.69,1.57,110111}; {0.85,0.69,111000}; {0.90,2.05,111001}; {0.86,1.04,111010}; {0.87,1.47,111011}; {0.62,0.59,111100}; {0.54,2.05,111101}; {0.55,1.05,111110}; {0.55,1.48,111111}.57, 1100000}; {1.46, 2.08, 110001}; {1.33, 1.01, 110010}; {1.43, 1.51, 110011}; {1.52, 0.26, 110100}; {1.06, 2.13, 110101}; {1.02, 1.12, 110110}; {1.05, 1.57, 110111}; {1.79, 0.69, 111000}; {1.84, 2.05, 111001}; {1.78, 1.04, 111010}; {1.81, 1.47, 111011}; {2.15, 0.59, 111100}; {2.23, 2.05, 111101}; {2.22, 1.05, 111110}; {2.22, 1.48, 111111}. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation multiplies the value of the "radius" and rotates with the value of the "angle", the definition of the label is true under any arrangement of bits. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of each point of the constellation and the label.

[0011] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of the following: {angle, radius, label}: {0.43, 0.25, 00000000}; {0.00, 2.36, 00000001}; {0.03, 1.09, 00000010}; {0.01, 1.35, 00000011}; {0.12, 0.59, 00000100}; {0.00, 1.92, 00000101}; {0.06, 0.86, 00000110}; {0.00, 1.60, 00000111}; {-0.63, 0.25, 00001000}; {-0.20, 2.36, 00001001}; {-0.24, 1.09, 00001010}; {-0.21, 1.35, 00001011}; {-0.32, 0.59, 00001100}; {-0.20, 1.92, 00001101}; {-0.26, 0.86, 00001110}; {-0.21, 1.60, 00001111}; {2.51, 0.25, 00010000}; {2.94, 2.36, 00010001}; {2.91, 1.09, 00010010}; {2.93, 1.35, 00010011}; {2.82, 0.59, 00010100}; {2.95, 1.92, 00010101}; {2.88, 0.86, 00010110}; {2.94, 1.60, 00010111}; {-2.71, 0.25, 00011000}; {3.14, 2.36, 00011001}; {-3.11, 1.09, 00011010}; {-3.13, 1.35, 00011011}; {-3.03, 0.59, 00011100}; {3.14, 1.92, 00011101}; {-3.08, 0.86, 00011110}; {-3.14, 1.60, 00011111}; {1.21, 0.44, 00100000}; {1.37, 2.33, 00100001}; {1.33, 1.10, 00100010}; {1.36, 1.35, 00100011}; {1.26, 0.66, 00100100}; {1.37, 1.90, 00100101}; {1.31, 0.91, 00100110}; {1.36, 1.58, 00100111}; {-1.41, 0.44, 00101000}; {-1.57, 2.33, 00101001}; {-1.53, 1.10, 00101010}; {-1.55, 1.35, 00101011}; {-1.46, 0.66,00101100}；{–1.57,1.90,00101101}；{–1.51,0.91,00101110}；{–1.56,1.58,00101111}；{1.73,0.44,00110000}；{1.57,2.33,00110001}；{1.60,1.10,00110010}；{1.58,1.35,00110011}；{1.69,0.66,00110100}；{1.57,1.90,00110101}；{1.63,0.91,00110110}；{1.57,1.58,00110111}；{–1.94,0.44,00111000}；{–1.77,2.33,00111001}；{–1.81,1.10,00111010}；{–1.78,1.35,00111011}；{–1.89,0.66,00111100}；{–1.77,1.90,00111101}；{–1.83,0.91,00111110}；{–1.77,1.58,00111111}；{0.52,0.25,01000000}；{0.58,2.36,01000001}；{0.51,1.09,01000010}；{0.55,1.35,01000011}；{0.42,0.59,01000100}；{0.58,1.92,01000101}；{0.47,0.86,01000110}；{0.57,1.60,01000111}；{–0.71,0.25,01001000}；{–0.78,2.36,01001001}；{–0.71,1.09,01001010}；{–0.75,1.35,01001011}；{–0.62,0.59,01001100}；{–0.77,1.92,01001101}；{–0.68,0.86,01001110}；{–0.77,1.60,01001111}；{2.43,0.25,01010000}；{2.36,2.36,01010001}；{2.43,1.09,01010010}；{2.40,1.35,01010011}；{2.52,0.59,01010100}；{2.36,1.92,01010101}；{2.47,0.86,01010110}；{2.37,1.60,01010111}；{–2.62,0.25,01011000}；{–2.56,2.36,01011001}；{–2.63,1.09,01011010}；{–2.60,1.35,01011011}；{–2.73,0.59,01011100}；{–2.57,1.92,01011101}；{–2.67,0.86,01011110}；{–2.57,1.60,01011111}；{1.04,0.44,01100000}；{0.78,2.33,01100001}；{0.78,1.10,01100010}；{0.76,1.35,01100011}；{0.86,0.66,01100100}；{0.78,1.90,01100101}；{0.79,0.91,01100110}；{0.77,1.58,01100111}；{–1.24,0.44,01101000}；{–0.98,2.33,01101001}；{–0.98,1.10,01101010}；{–0.96,1.35,01101011}；{–1.06,0.66,01101100}；{–0.97,1.90,01101101}；{–1.00,0.91,01101110}；{–0.96,1.58,01101111}；{1.90,0.44,01110000}；{2.16,2.33,01110001}；{2.17,1.10,01110010}；{2.19,1.35,01110011}；{2.07,0.66,01110100}；{2.17,1.90,01110101}；{2.15,0.91,01110110}；{2.18,1.58,01110111}；{–2.11,0.44,01111000}；{–2.36,2.33,01111001}；{–2.37,1.10,01111010}；{–2.38,1.35,01111011}；{–2.27,0.66,01111100}；{–2.37,1.90,01111101}；{–2.35,0.91,01111110}；{–2.37,1.58,01111111}；{0.44,0.25,10000000}；{0.19,2.36,10000001}；{0.13,1.09,10000010}；{0.16,1.35,10000011}；{0.12,0.59,10000100}；{0.19,1.92,10000101}；{0.10,0.86,10000110}；{0.18,1.60,10000111}；{–0.63,0.25,10001000}；{–0.39,2.36,10001001}；{–0.33,1.09,10001010}；{–0.37,1.35,10001011}；{–0.33,0.59,10001100}；{–0.39,1.92,10001101}；{–0.31,0.86,10001110}；{–0.38,1.60,10001111}；{2.51,0.25,10010000}；{2.75,2.36,10010001}；{2.81,1.09,10010010}；{2.78,1.35,10010011}；{2.81,0.59,10010100}；{2.75,1.92,10010101}；{2.83,0.86,10010110}；{2.76,1.60,10010111}；{–2.70,0.25,10011000}；{–2.95,2.36,10011001}；{–3.01,1.09,10011010}；{–2.97,1.35,10011011}；{–3.02,0.59,10011100}；{–2.95,1.92,10011101}；{–3.04,0.86,10011110}；{–2.96,1.60,10011111}；{1.21,0.44,10100000}；{1.18,2.33,10100001}；{1.18,1.10,10100010}；{1.16,1.35,10100011}；{1.23,0.66,10100100}；{1.17,1.90,10100101}；{1.21,0.91,10100110}；{1.16,1.58,10100111}；{–1.41,0.44,10101000}；{–1.38,2.33,10101001}；{–1.38,1.10,10101010}；{–1.36,1.35,10101011}；{–1.42,0.66,10101100}；{–1.37,1.90,10101101}；{–1.40,0.91,10101110}；{–1.36,1.58,10101111}；{1.74,0.44,10110000}；{1.77,2.33,10110001}；{1.76,1.10,10110010}；{1.78,1.35,10110011}；{1.72,0.66,10110100}；{1.77,1.90,10110101}；{1.73,0.91,10110110}；{1.78,1.58,10110111}；{–1.93,0.44,10111000}；{–1.96,2.33,10111001}；{–1.96,1.10,10111010}；{–1.98,1.35,10111011}；{–1.92,0.66,10111100}；{–1.97,1.90,10111101}；{–1.94,0.91,10111110}；{–1.98,1.58,10111111}；{0.50,0.25,11000000}；{0.39,2.36,11000001}；{0.40,1.09,11000010}；{0.39,1.35,11000011}；{0.40,0.59,11000100}；{0.38,1.92,11000101}；{0.41,0.86,11000110}；{0.38,1.60,11000111}；{–0.67,0.25,11001000}；{–0.59,2.36,11001001}；{–0.60,1.09,11001010}；{–0.58,1.35,11001011}；{–0.61,0.59,11001100}；{–0.59,1.92,11001101}；{–0.61,0.86,11001110}；{–0.58,1.60,11001111}；{2.44,0.25,11010000}；{2.55,2.36,11010001}；{2.55,1.09,11010010}；{2.56,1.35,11010011}；{2.54,0.59,11010100}；{2.56,1.92,11010101}；{2.53,0.86,11010110}；{2.56,1.60,11010111}；{–2.66,0.25,11011000}；{–2.75,2.36,11011001}；{–2.74,1.09,11011010}；{–2.76,1.35,11011011}；{–2.74,0.59,11011100}；{–2.76,1.92,11011101}；{–2.73,0.86,11011110}；{–2.76,1.60,11011111}；{1.05,0.44,11100000}；{0.98,2.33,11100001}；{0.90,1.10,11100010}；{0.94,1.35,11100011}；{0.89,0.66, 11100100}; {0.97, 1.90, 11100101}; {0.88, 0.91, 11100110}; {0.96, 1.58, 11100111}; {-1.24, 0.44, 11101000}; {-1.18, 2.33, 11101001}; {-1.1, 1.10, 11101010}; {-1.14, 1.35, 11101011}; {-1.09, 0.66, 11101100}; {-1.17, 1.90, 11101101}; {-1.08, 0.91, 11101110}; {-1.16, 1.58, 11101111}; {1.89, 0.44, 11110000}; {1.96, 2.33, 11110001}; {2.03, 1.10, 11110010}; {2.00, 1.35, 11110011}; {2.05, 0.66, 11110100}; {1.97, 1.90, 11110101}; {2.06, 0.91, 11110110}; {1.99, 1.58, 11110111}; {-2.10, 0.44, 11111000}; {-2.16, 2.33, 11111001}; {-2.23, 1.10, 11111010}; {-2.20, 1.35, 11111011}; {-2.25, 0.66, 11111100}; {-2.17, 1.90, 11111101}; {-2.26, 0.91, 11111110}; {-2.18, 1.58, 11111111}. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, the "angle" represents the rotation of the points in the polar coordinates, the "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of the label is valid under any permutation of the bits. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation and the label.

[0012] In some embodiments of the application, the code rate and the target block error rate (tBLER) are determined according to any of the following tables:

[0013] MCS Order Code rate tBLER SE 5 4 0.43 13.8％ 1.48 6 4 0.46 11.4％ 1.64 7 4 0.51 9.2％ 1.85 8 4 0.56 8.1％ 2.06 9 4 0.61 6.6％ 2.28 10 4 0.65 6.8％ 2.43 11 6 0.48 5.5％ 2.69 12 6 0.52 6.5％ 2.95 13 6 0.57 5.7％ 3.25 14 6 0.62 4.8％ 3.55 15 6 0.69 7.1％ 3.85 16 6 0.72 4.8％ 4.12 17 6 0.76 3.8％ 4.41 18 6 0.81 4.3％ 4.67 19 6 0.85 3.5％ 4.93 20 8 0.70 3.6％ 5.37 21 8 0.71 3.4％ 5.52 22 8 0.77 5.0％ 5.82 23 8 0.78 2.3％ 6.08 24 8 0.81 2.3％ 6.34

[0014] "MCS" represents modulation coding scheme, and "SE" represents spectral efficiency. In this way, the first device can determine the code rate and the tBLER.

[0015] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of the following tables:

[0016] Constellation X1 X2 GS16 MCS 5 ±0.316 ±0.949 GS16 MCS 6 ±0.297 ±0.955 GS16 MCS 7 ±0.290 ±0.957 GS16 MCS 8 ±0.286 ±0.958 GS16 MCS 9 ±0.287 ±0.958 GS16 MCS 10 ±0.289 ±0.957

[0017] "MCS" denotes modulation coding scheme, "GS" denotes geometric shaping, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2}, m e {1,2}, the explicit formula for QAM 16 is: {X1+iX1, X1+iX2, X2+iX1, X2+iX2}; the points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 16 baseline; the points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of the QAM 16. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation.

[0018] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are any of the following table:

[0019] Constellation X1 X2 X3 X4 GS 64 MCS 11 ±0.161 ±0.408 ±0.748 ±1.118 GS 64 MCS 12 ±0.153 ±0.421 ±0.742 ±1.117 GS 64 MCS 13 ±0.150 ±0.431 ±0.739 ±1.116 GS 64 MCS 14 ±0.149 ±0.438 ±0.740 ±1.113 GS 64 MCS 15 ±0.149 ±0.443 ±0.742 ±1.110 GS 64 MCS 16 ±0.149 ±0.447 ±0.746 ±1.105 GS 64 MCS 17 ±0.150 ±0.450 ±0.750 ±1.101 GS 64 MCS 18 ±0.151 ±0.452 ±0.754 ±1.098 GS 64 MCS 19 ±0.151 ±0.454 ±0.757 ±1.094

[0020] "MCS" denotes modulation coding scheme, "GS" denotes geometric shaping, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2,3,4}, m e {1,2,3,4}; the points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 64 baseline; the points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of the QAM 64. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation.

[0021] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of the following table:

[0022] Constellation X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 GS256 MCS 20 ±0.076 ±0.225 ±0.378 ±0.526 ±0.679 ±0.827 ±0.983 ±1.188 GS256 MCS 21 ±0.076 ±0.226 ±0.378 ±0.528 ±0.681 ±0.830 ±0.983 ±1.184 GS256 MCS 22 ±0.076 ±0.227 ±0.379 ±0.530 ±0.682 ±0.833 ±0.985 ±1.179 GS256 MCS 23 ±0.076 ±0.227 ±0.379 ±0.531 ±0.683 ±0.834 ±0.987 ±1.175 GS256 MCS 24 ±0.076 ±0.228 ±0.380 ±0.532 ±0.684 ±0.836 ±0.988 ±1.171

[0023] "MCS" denotes modulation coding scheme, "GS" denotes geometric shaping, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, m e {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}; the points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 256 baseline; the points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of the QAM 256. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation.

[0024] In some embodiments of the application, the parameters of the constellation are determined according to the following table:

[0025]

[0026] a0 to a7 represent different parameters of the constellation coordinates of the points of the constellation correspond to 8-bit sequences and are determined by It is obtained that the definition accuracy of the parameters is up to 0.005 when the SINR is 1 to 5. In this way, the first device can determine the parameters of the constellation.

[0027] In a second aspect, a first device is provided. The first device comprises a communication interface; at least one processor coupled to the communication interface; a memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing programming instructions for execution by the at least one processor, wherein the programming instructions instruct the at least one processor to: modulate data according to a constellation to obtain modulated data, wherein the constellation is geometrically shaped according to maximization of mutual information (MI) between the first device and a second device; and send the modulated data to the second device. In this way, the first device can modulate data according to a geometrically shaped constellation.

[0028] In some embodiments of the application, the device is further configured to determine a modulation order for the data according to the constellation, wherein the order is a number of data bits. In this way, the first device can determine a modulation order.

[0029] In some embodiments of the application, the device is further configured to determine a code rate and a target block error rate (tBLER) for the modulated data according to the constellation. In this way, the first device can determine a code rate and a tBLER.

[0030] In some embodiments of the application, the device is further configured to determine a forward error correction (FEC) for the modulated data according to the code rate. In this way, the first device can determine an FEC.

[0031] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of the following: {angle, radius, label}: {-1.56, 0.75, 0000}; {2.67, 0.75, 0001}; {-0.48, 0.75, 0010}; {1.58, 0.75, 0011}; {-1.42, 1.85, 0100}; {2.54, 1.85, 0101}; {-0.61, 1.85, 0110}; {1.71, 1.85, 0111}; {-2.05, 0.75, 1000}; {-3.13, 0.75, 1001}; {0.02, 0.75, 1010}; {1.10, 0.75, 1011}; {-2.18, 1.85, 1100}; {-2.99, 1.85, 1101}; {0.15, 1.85, 1110}; {0.96, 1.85, 1111}. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", the definition of the "label" is valid under any permutation of bits. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of each point of the constellation and the label.

[0032] {1.24,0.57,000000}; {1.45,2.08,000001}; {1.42,1.01,000010}; {1.32,1.51,000011}; {1.22,0.26,000100}; {1.68,2.13,000101}; {1.72,1.12,000110}; {1.69,1.57,000111}; {0.85,0.69,001000}; {0.90,2.05,001001}; {0.86,1.04,001010}; {0.87,1.47,001011}; {0.62,0.59,001100}; {0.54,2.05,001101}; {0.55,1.05,001110}; {0.55,1.48,001111}; {–0.47,0.57,010000}; {–0.25,2.08,010001}; {–0.38,1.01,010010}; {–0.29,1.51,010011}; {–0.19,0.26,010100}; {–0.65,2.13,010101}; {–0.69,1.12,010110}; {–0.66,1.57,010111}; {1.08,0.69,011000}; {1.13,2.05,011001}; {1.07,1.04,011010}; {1.10,1.47,011011}; {1.44,0.59,011100}; {1.52,2.05,011101}; {1.51,1.05,011110}; {1.51,1.48,011111}; {–1.67,0.57,100000}; {–1.89,2.08,100001}; {–1.76,1.01,100010}; {–1.86,1.51,100011}; {–1.95,0.26,100100}; {–1.49,2.13,100101}; {–1.46,1.12,100110}; {–1.48,1.57,100111}; {–2.06,0.69,101000}; {–2.01,2.05,101001}; {–2.07,1.04,101010}; {–2.05,1.47,101011}; {–1.70,0.59,101100}; {–1.62,2.05,101101}; {–1.63,1.05,101110}; {–1.63,1.48,101111}; {–3.24,0.57,110000}; {–3.46,2.08,110001}; {–3.33,1.01,110010}; {–3.43,1.51,110011}; {–3.52,0.26,110100}; {–3.06,2.13,110101}; {–3.09,1.12,110110}; {–3.07,1.57,110111}; {4.35,0.69,111000}; {4.30,2.05,111001}; {4.36,1.04,111010}; {4.34,1.47,111011}; {4.09,0.59,111100}; {4.01,2.05,111101}; {4.02,1.05,111110}; {4.02,1.48,111111}.57, 1100000}; {1.46, 2.08, 1100010}; {1.33, 1.01, 1100100}; {1.43, 1.51, 1100110}; {1.52, 0.26, 1101000}; {1.06, 2.13, 1101010}; {1.02, 1.12, 1101100}; {1.05, 1.57, 1101110}; {1.79, 0.69, 1110000}; {1.84, 2.05, 1110010}; {1.78, 1.04, 1110100}; {1.81, 1.47, 1110110}; {2.15, 0.59, 1111000}; {2.23, 2.05, 1111010}; {2.22, 1.05, 1111100}; {2.22, 1.48, 1111110}. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation multiplies the value of the "radius" and rotates with the value of the "angle", the definition of the label is true under any arrangement of bits. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of each point of the constellation and the label.

[0033] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of the following: {angle, radius, label}: {0.43, 0.25, 00000000}; {0.00, 2.36, 00000001}; {0.03, 1.09, 00000010}; {0.01, 1.35, 00000011}; {0.12, 0.59, 00000100}; {0.00, 1.92, 00000101}; {0.06, 0.86, 00000110}; {0.00, 1.60, 00000111}; {-0.63, 0.25, 00001000}; {-0.20, 2.36, 00001001}; {-0.24, 1.09, 00001010}; {-0.21, 1.35, 00001011}; {-0.32, 0.59, 00001100}; {-0.20, 1.92, 00001101}; {-0.26, 0.86, 00001110}; {-0.21, 1.60, 00001111}; {2.51, 0.25, 00010000}; {2.94, 2.36, 00010001}; {2.91, 1.09, 00010010}; {2.93, 1.35, 00010011}; {2.82, 0.59, 00010100}; {2.95, 1.92, 00010101}; {2.88, 0.86, 00010110}; {2.94, 1.60, 00010111}; {-2.71, 0.25, 00011000}; {3.14, 2.36, 00011001}; {-3.11, 1.09, 00011010}; {-3.13, 1.35, 00011011}; {-3.03, 0.59, 00011100}; {3.14, 1.92, 00011101}; {-3.08, 0.86, 00011110}; {-3.14, 1.60, 00011111}; {1.21, 0.44, 00100000}; {1.37, 2.33, 00100001}; {1.33, 1.10, 00100010}; {1.36, 1.35, 00100011}; {1.26, 0.66, 00100100}; {1.37, 1.90, 00100101}; {1.31, 0.91, 00100110}; {1.36, 1.58, 00100111}; {-1.41, 0.44, 00101000}; {-1.57, 2.33, 00101001}; {-1.53, 1.10, 00101010}; {-1.55, 1.35, 00101011}; {-1.46, 0.66,00101100}；{–1.57,1.90,00101101}；{–1.51,0.91,00101110}；{–1.56,1.58,00101111}；{1.73,0.44,00110000}；{1.57,2.33,00110001}；{1.60,1.10,00110010}；{1.58,1.35,00110011}；{1.69,0.66,00110100}；{1.57,1.90,00110101}；{1.63,0.91,00110110}；{1.57,1.58,00110111}；{–1.94,0.44,00111000}；{–1.77,2.33,00111001}；{–1.81,1.10,00111010}；{–1.78,1.35,00111011}；{–1.89,0.66,00111100}；{–1.77,1.90,00111101}；{–1.83,0.91,00111110}；{–1.77,1.58,00111111}；{0.52,0.25,01000000}；{0.58,2.36,01000001}；{0.51,1.09,01000010}；{0.55,1.35,01000011}；{0.42,0.59,01000100}；{0.58,1.92,01000101}；{0.47,0.86,01000110}；{0.57,1.60,01000111}；{–0.71,0.25,01001000}；{–0.78,2.36,01001001}；{–0.71,1.09,01001010}；{–0.75,1.35,01001011}；{–0.62,0.59,01001100}；{–0.77,1.92,01001101}；{–0.68,0.86,01001110}；{–0.77,1.60,01001111}；{2.43,0.25,01010000}；{2.36,2.36,01010001}；{2.43,1.09,01010010}；{2.40,1.35,01010011}；{2.52,0.59,01010100}；{2.36,1.92,01010101}；{2.47,0.86,01010110}；{2.37,1.60,01010111}；{–2.62,0.25,01011000}；{–2.56,2.36,01011001}；{–2.63,1.09,01011010}；{–2.60,1.35,01011011}；{–2.73,0.59,01011100}；{–2.57,1.92,01011101}；{–2.67,0.86,01011110}；{–2.57,1.60,01011111}；{1.04,0.44,01100000}；{0.78,2.33,01100001}；{0.78,1.10,01100010}；{0.76,1.35,01100011}；{0.86,0.66,01100100}；{0.78,1.90,01100101}；{0.79,0.91,01100110}；{0.77,1.58,01100111}；{–1.24,0.44,01101000}；{–0.98,2.33,01101001}；{–0.98,1.10,01101010}；{–0.96,1.35,01101011}；{–1.06,0.66,01101100}；{–0.97,1.90,01101101}；{–1.00,0.91,01101110}；{–0.96,1.58,01101111}；{1.90,0.44,01110000}；{2.16,2.33,01110001}；{2.17,1.10,01110010}；{2.19,1.35,01110011}；{2.07,0.66,01110100}；{2.17,1.90,01110101}；{2.15,0.91,01110110}；{2.18,1.58,01110111}；{–2.11,0.44,01111000}；{–2.36,2.33,01111001}；{–2.37,1.10,01111010}；{–2.38,1.35,01111011}；{–2.27,0.66,01111100}；{–2.37,1.90,01111101}；{–2.35,0.91,01111110}；{–2.37,1.58,01111111}；{0.44,0.25,10000000}；{0.19,2.36,10000001}；{0.13,1.09,10000010}；{0.16,1.35,10000011}；{0.12,0.59,10000100}；{0.19,1.92,10000101}；{0.10,0.86,10000110}；{0.18,1.60,10000111}；{–0.63,0.25,10001000}；{–0.39,2.36,10001001}；{–0.33,1.09,10001010}；{–0.37,1.35,10001011}；{–0.33,0.59,10001100}；{–0.39,1.92,10001101}；{–0.31,0.86,10001110}；{–0.38,1.60,10001111}；{2.51,0.25,10010000}；{2.75,2.36,10010001}；{2.81,1.09,10010010}；{2.78,1.35,10010011}；{2.81,0.59,10010100}；{2.75,1.92,10010101}；{2.83,0.86,10010110}；{2.76,1.60,10010111}；{–2.70,0.25,10011000}；{–2.95,2.36,10011001}；{–3.01,1.09,10011010}；{–2.97,1.35,10011011}；{–3.02,0.59,10011100}；{–2.95,1.92,10011101}；{–3.04,0.86,10011110}；{–2.96,1.60,10011111}；{1.21,0.44,10100000}；{1.18,2.33,10100001}；{1.18,1.10,10100010}；{1.16,1.35,10100011}；{1.23,0.66,10100100}；{1.17,1.90,10100101}；{1.21,0.91,10100110}；{1.16,1.58,10100111}；{–1.41,0.44,10101000}；{–1.38,2.33,10101001}；{–1.38,1.10,10101010}；{–1.36,1.35,10101011}；{–1.42,0.66,10101100}；{–1.37,1.90,10101101}；{–1.40,0.91,10101110}；{–1.36,1.58,10101111}；{1.74,0.44,10110000}；{1.77,2.33,10110001}；{1.76,1.10,10110010}；{1.78,1.35,10110011}；{1.72,0.66,10110100}；{1.77,1.90,10110101}；{1.73,0.91,10110110}；{1.78,1.58,10110111}；{–1.93,0.44,10111000}；{–1.96,2.33,10111001}；{–1.96,1.10,10111010}；{–1.98,1.35,10111011}；{–1.92,0.66,10111100}；{–1.97,1.90,10111101}；{–1.94,0.91,10111110}；{–1.98,1.58,10111111}；{0.50,0.25,11000000}；{0.39,2.36,11000001}；{0.40,1.09,11000010}；{0.39,1.35,11000011}；{0.40,0.59,11000100}；{0.38,1.92,11000101}；{0.41,0.86,11000110}；{0.38,1.60,11000111}；{–0.67,0.25,11001000}；{–0.59,2.36,11001001}；{–0.60,1.09,11001010}；{–0.58,1.35,11001011}；{–0.61,0.59,11001100}；{–0.59,1.92,11001101}；{–0.61,0.86,11001110}；{–0.58,1.60,11001111}；{2.44,0.25,11010000}；{2.55,2.36,11010001}；{2.55,1.09,11010010}；{2.56,1.35,11010011}；{2.54,0.59,11010100}；{2.56,1.92,11010101}；{2.53,0.86,11010110}；{2.56,1.60,11010111}；{–2.66,0.25,11011000}；{–2.75,2.36,11011001}；{–2.74,1.09,11011010}；{–2.76,1.35,11011011}；{–2.74,0.59,11011100}；{–2.76,1.92,11011101}；{–2.73,0.86,11011110}；{–2.76,1.60,11011111}；{1.05,0.44,11100000}；{0.98,2.33,11100001}；{0.90,1.10,11100010}；{0.94,1.35,11100011}；{0.89,0.66, 11100100}; {0.97, 1.90, 11100101}; {0.88, 0.91, 11100110}; {0.96, 1.58, 11100111}; {-1.24, 0.44, 11101000}; {-1.18, 2.33, 11101001}; {-1.1, 1.10, 11101010}; {-1.14, 1.35, 11101011}; {-1.09, 0.66, 11101100}; {-1.17, 1.90, 11101101}; {-1.08, 0.91, 11101110}; {-1.16, 1.58, 11101111}; {1.89, 0.44, 11110000}; {1.96, 2.33, 11110001}; {2.03, 1.10, 11110010}; {2.00, 1.35, 11110011}; {2.05, 0.66, 11110100}; {1.97, 1.90, 11110101}; {2.06, 0.91, 11110110}; {1.99, 1.58, 11110111}; {-2.10, 0.44, 11111000}; {-2.16, 2.33, 11111001}; {-2.23, 1.10, 11111010}; {-2.20, 1.35, 11111011}; {-2.25, 0.66, 11111100}; {-2.17, 1.90, 11111101}; {-2.26, 0.91, 11111110}; {-2.18, 1.58, 11111111}. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, the "angle" represents the rotation of the points in the polar coordinates, the "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of the label is valid under any permutation of the bits. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation and the label.

[0034] In some embodiments of the application, the code rate and the target block error rate (tBLER) are determined according to any of the following tables:

[0035] MCS Order Code rate tBLER SE 5 4 0.43 13.8％ 1.48 6 4 0.46 11.4％ 1.64 7 4 0.51 9.2％ 1.85 8 4 0.56 8.1％ 2.06 9 4 0.61 6.6％ 2.28 10 4 0.65 6.8％ 2.43 11 6 0.48 5.5％ 2.69 12 6 0.52 6.5％ 2.95 13 6 0.57 5.7％ 3.25 14 6 0.62 4.8％ 3.55 15 6 0.69 7.1％ 3.85 16 6 0.72 4.8％ 4.12 17 6 0.76 3.8％ 4.41 18 6 0.81 4.3％ 4.67 19 6 0.85 3.5％ 4.93 20 8 0.70 3.6％ 5.37 21 8 0.71 3.4％ 5.52 22 8 0.77 5.0％ 5.82 23 8 0.78 2.3％ 6.08 24 8 0.81 2.3％ 6.34

[0036] "MCS" represents modulation coding scheme, and "SE" represents spectral efficiency. In this way, the first device can determine the code rate and the tBLER.

[0037] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of the following tables:

[0038] Constellation X1 X2 GS16 MCS 5 ±0.316 ±0.949 GS16 MCS 6 ±0.297 ±0.955 GS16 MCS 7 ±0.290 ±0.957 GS16 MCS 8 ±0.286 ±0.958 GS16 MCS 9 ±0.287 ±0.958 GS16 MCS 10 ±0.289 ±0.957

[0039] "MCS" means modulation coding scheme, "GS" means geometric shaping, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2}, m e {1,2}, the explicit formula for QAM 16 is: {X1+iX1, X1+iX2, X2+iX1, X2+iX2}; the points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 16 baseline; the points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of the QAM 16. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation.

[0040] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are any of the following table:

[0041]

[0042]

[0043] "MCS" means modulation coding scheme, "GS" means geometric shaping, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2,3,4}, m e {1,2,3,4}; the points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 64 baseline; the points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of the QAM 64. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation.

[0044] In some embodiments of the application, the coordinates of a point of the constellation are any of the following table:

[0045] Constellation X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 GS256 MCS 20 ±0.076 ±0.225 ±0.378 ±0.526 ±0.679 ±0.827 ±0.983 ±1.188 GS256 MCS 21 ±0.076 ±0.226 ±0.378 ±0.528 ±0.681 ±0.830 ±0.983 ±1.184 GS256 MCS 22 ±0.076 ±0.227 ±0.379 ±0.530 ±0.682 ±0.833 ±0.985 ±1.179 GS256 MCS 23 ±0.076 ±0.227 ±0.379 ±0.531 ±0.683 ±0.834 ±0.987 ±1.175 GS256 MCS 24 ±0.076 ±0.228 ±0.380 ±0.532 ±0.684 ±0.836 ±0.988 ±1.171

[0046] "MCS" means modulation coding scheme, "GS" means geometric shaping, the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, m e {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}; the points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 256 baseline; the points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of the QAM 256. In this way, the first device can determine the coordinates of the points of the constellation.

[0047] In some embodiments of the application, the parameters of the constellation are determined according to the following table:

[0048] SINR MCS a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 1 0.978 0.998 0.988 1.007 0.993 1.012 1.003 1.021 1.25 0.908 0.976 0.957 1.030 0.967 1.041 1.021 1.100 1.5 0.704 0.879 0.842 1.098 0.854 1.112 1.058 1.453 1.75 5 0.592 0.798 0.758 1.118 0.771 1.138 1.054 1.772 2 0.547 0.759 0.718 1.114 0.737 1.145 1.040 1.939 2.25 6 0.521 0.735 0.693 1.108 0.717 1.148 1.026 2.052 2.5 0.505 0.718 0.676 1.099 0.708 1.153 1.019 2.122 2.75 7 0.492 0.708 0.664 1.099 0.698 1.159 1.009 2.172 3 0.481 0.700 0.653 1.103 0.686 1.164 0.997 2.215 3.25 8 0.474 0.694 0.646 1.103 0.680 1.168 0.990 2.245 3.5 0.463 0.688 0.638 1.111 0.671 1.177 0.980 2.272 3.75 9 0.458 0.685 0.633 1.112 0.665 1.180 0.976 2.291 4 0.450 0.682 0.628 1.122 0.655 1.188 0.968 2.307 4.25 10 0.444 0.680 0.624 1.132 0.647 1.195 0.962 2.315 4.5 0.438 0.678 0.620 1.145 0.639 1.202 0.955 2.323 4.75 0.431 0.677 0.616 1.157 0.630 1.212 0.951 2.328

[0049] a0 to a7 represent different parameters of the constellation coordinates of the points of the constellation correspond to 8-bit sequences and are derived by It is obtained that the definition accuracy of the parameters is up to 0.005 when SINR is 1 to 5. In this way, the first device can determine the parameters of the constellation.

[0050] In a third aspect, a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions is provided. The instructions, when executed by one or more processors of a computing device, cause the computing device to perform the method recited in any embodiment of the first aspect.

[0051] In a fourth aspect, a chip including one or more execution units is provided. Instructions, when executed by the one or more execution units of the chip, cause the chip to perform the method recited in any embodiment of the first aspect.

[0052] It should be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key features or essential features of embodiments of the application, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the application. Other features of the application will be apparent from the description below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0053] Some example embodiments will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0054] Figure 1A An example of a communication system in which some example embodiments of the application can be implemented is shown;

[0055] Figure 1B An example of an architecture of the application is shown;

[0056] Figure 1C An example of a data transmission scheme according to some embodiments of the application is shown;

[0057] Figure 1D An example of LLR estimation according to some embodiments of the application is shown;

[0058] Figure 2A An example of a 4th order NUC optimal constellation proposed according to some embodiments of the application is shown;

[0059] Figure 2B An example of a 6th order NUC optimal constellation proposed according to some embodiments of the application is shown;

[0060] Figure 2C An example of an 8th order NUC optimal constellation proposed according to some embodiments of the application is shown;

[0061] Figure 2D An example of the gain of BICM mutual information according to some embodiments of the application over standard QAM constellations under an AWGN channel is shown;

[0062] Figure 2E Relative SE between new MCS and QAM is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0063] Figure 2F Relative SE between new MCS and QAM is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0064] Figure 2G SE gain over baseline QAM is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0065] Figure 2H PARP CCDF over 16 symbols in time domain is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0066] Figure 2I PARP CCDF over 64 symbols in time domain is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0067] Figure 2J PARP CCDF over 256 symbols in time domain is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0068] Figure 3A Optimal one-sided GS constellation QAM 16 MCS 5 is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0069] Figure 3B Optimal one-sided GS constellation QAM 64 MCS 11 is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0070] Figure 3C Optimal one-sided GS constellation QAM 256 MCS 20 is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0071] Figure 3D BICM mutual information gain over conventional QAM constellation under AWGN channel is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0072] Figure 3E SE gain over conventional QAM constellation under AWGN channel is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0073] Figure 4A Optimal parameters of the constellation proposed according to some embodiments of the application are shown;

[0074] Figure 4B Gain of the proposed constellation over baseline QAM under AWGN scenario is shown according to some embodiments of the application;

[0075] Figure 5One example of a method implemented by a first device according to some embodiments of the application is shown;

[0076] Figure 6 A simplified block diagram of a communication device suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the application is shown.

[0077] Throughout the drawings, identical or similar reference numerals are used to represent identical or similar elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0078] The principles of the application will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to some example embodiments thereof. It should be understood that these embodiments are described for purposes of explanation only and are not intended to limit the scope of the application. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various ways, including ways other than those described below.

[0079] In the following description and claims, unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.

[0080] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", "example embodiment" or similar terms means that a described embodiment might include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment can not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Furthermore, these terms can not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Additionally, the terms "first", "second", and the like can be used herein to describe various elements, but these elements should not be limited by these terms. The terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could later be referred to as a second element without departing from the scope of the example embodiments. The terms "and / or" and / or "at least one of" used in the

[0081] It should be understood that although the terms "first" and "second" can be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the scope of the example embodiments. The terms "and / or" and / or "at least one of" used in the

[0082] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and / or "has", when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0083] The term “communication network” used herein refers to a network complying with any suitable communication standard, such as long term evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), high-speed packet access (HSPA), and narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT), etc. Furthermore, the communication between terminal devices and network devices in the communication network can be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocol, including but not limited to: fourth generation (4G), 4.5G, fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocol that is currently known or developed in the future. Embodiments of the present application can be applied to various communication systems. In view of the rapid development of communication technology, new communication technologies and systems embodying the present application will inevitably appear in the future. The scope of the present application should not be limited to the above-mentioned systems only.

[0084] The term “first device” used herein refers to a node in a communication network through which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services from the network. The network device can refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP), for example, a NodeB (or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), an NR NB (also known as gNB), a Remote Radio Unit (RRU), a radio header (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, a low-power node (such as a femto node, a pico node), etc., depending on the terminology and technology applied.

[0085] The term "second device" as used herein refers to any terminal device capable of wireless communication. By way of example, and without limitation, a terminal device can also be referred to as a communication device, a user equipment (UE), a subscriber station (SS), a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS), or an access terminal (AT). A terminal device can include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smartphone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture terminal device such as a digital camera, a game terminal device, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a USB dongle, a smart device, a wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical appliance or application, such as a remote surgery appliance or application, an industrial appliance or application, such as a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain environment, a consumer electronics, and devices in a business and / or industrial wireless network, etc.

[0086] As mentioned above, the problem is that there is a need to improve spectral efficiency (SE) using a new MCS system based on a new type of multidimensional constellation with probabilistic shaping and optimal FEC code rate, labeling, etc., while considering channel state, target BLER, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), and automatic repeat request (ARQ) procedures, etc. The theoretical limit of information transmission was revealed by Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication." Current QAM standards have a loss of up to 9% compared to this limit. There is a way to improve this situation. That is, by signal shaping to reduce these losses. In optics, probabilistic shaping is commonly used to change the probabilities of the input bits. In ATSC 3.0 TV broadcasting, geometric shaping is used instead.

[0087] In view of the above, several communication schemes for improving SE and minimizing information loss for wireless transmission are proposed. Some embodiments of the present invention propose using a new MCS system to transmit information. The MCS system includes a new type of constellation (set of modulated points) in a multidimensional space, the probabilities of the constellation points, the associated forward error correction (FEC) code rate, labeling, and considers the target block error rate (BLER). The method of constructing the MCS system includes geometric shaping (GS), which needs to be jointly optimized for each channel state with the FEC code rate and other components. The optimization target is the soft bit-interleaved code modulation (BICM) mutual information (also known as MI), and the constraints consider power limitations (average symbol power, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), etc.). The optimization can be achieved by various methods including neural networks.

[0088] Figure 1A An example of a communication system 100 is shown, in which some example embodiments of the present invention can be implemented. In the communication system 100, there is a first device 101, a second device 102. In some embodiments, the first device 101 and the second device 102 can communicate with each other.

[0089] Figure 1BAn example of architecture 120 of the present application is shown. In architecture 110, a first device 101 can communicate with a second device 102. In some embodiments, the first device 101 modulates data according to a constellation. The constellation is geometrically shaped according to mutual information (MI) maximization between the first device 101 and the second device 102. The first device 101 sends the modulated data to the second device 102.

[0090] In some embodiments, the first device 101 has raw data 103 for communication. The raw data 103 is interleaved by interleaver 104. The data is then encoded by FEC 105. The data is modulated 106 according to a constellation 107. The modulated data is sent 108 over a MIMO channel.

[0091] In some embodiments, the second device 102 receives the modulated data from the first device 101. The modulated data is demodulated according to the corresponding constellation 107 and LLR estimation 109. The data is then decoded by decoder 110. The data is de-interleaved 111.

[0092] In some embodiments, the first device 101 determines a modulation order according to a constellation, the order being a number of transmitted bits. The first device 101 determines a code rate and tBLER according to the constellation. The first device 101 determines an FEC method according to the code rate.

[0093] In some embodiments, signal modulation is based on a look-up table, and demodulation is done by computing LLR for each bit. For any new constellation, LLR can be computed once by analytical method (tabulated). GS and labeling should maximize mutual information (MI). Code rate should also consider coding and target BLER.

[0094] Figure 1C An example of a data transmission scheme according to some embodiments of the present application is shown. The first device 101 encodes data for FEC according to a code rate. Geometric shaping 116 is determined for modulation and labeling 115 of the data. The first device 101 then modulates the data and sends over a MIMO channel 117. When the second device 102 receives the data, the second device demodulates and decodes 118. The second device 102 then performs ARQ 119 on the received data. BLER is computed 120. Link adaptation is performed 121 according to the BLER.

[0095] In some embodiments, the constellation, code rate, and tBLER can be optimized according to the following formula:

[0096] V(constell, coderate, tBLER) -> max:

[0097] constell * = argmax constell BICMMI(constell), order = order(constell * ),

[0098] coderate * = argmax coderate order · coderate · (1 - BLER(constell * , coderate)

[0099] tBLER * = BLER(constell * , coderate * )

[0100] BICMMI(constell) = MI(X, Y)

[0101] For any channel X → Y and its input distribution P X (x), consider the set (X, Y) and distribution P (X,Y) (x, y). In this setting, the appropriate information measure is the mutual information (MI):

[0102]

[0103] In the above formula, I(X; Y) is the MI, H(X) is the entropy, and H(X|Y) is the conditional entropy.

[0104] The distribution can be discrete or continuous; the expectation is computed in the form of a sum or an integral, respectively. Shannon's theorem states that I(X; Y) is a strict upper bound on the channel throughput using the optimal code. Modern LDPC codes in the standard belong to suboptimal codes, with predictable imperfections. The theorem states that where m is the number of bits transmitted through a given constellation, B j is a discrete random variable equal to the jth transmitted bit, and Y is a continuous random variable equal to the received point on the complex plane. This formula is correct for any constellation and any type of noise, provided that the sender and the receiver use the same constellation. From this, it follows that an error-correcting code can be used for the entire set of bits without losing information. I(B j ; Y) can be computed according to the following formula.

[0105]

[0106] In the above formula, t = P(bj (x) = 0 | y), called binary cross-entropy. In this way, neural networks can be used for the computation of the optimization. Different MIs correspond to different system architectures. The current system is based on the MI SBMI (e.g., (B j ; Y) is described. More specifically,

[0107]

[0108] In the above formula, x is composed of all the constellation symbols, composed of the symbols where the j-th bit is equal to b.

[0109]

[0110] Given r = llr j (y) is equivalent to given t = P(b j (x) = 0 | y) and 1 - t = P(b j (x) = 1 | y), because For any new constellation, the LLRs can be computed once and for all by an analytical method (tabulated).

[0111] The goal of the present invention is to optimize the modulation part of this scheme, so the channel model is:

[0112]

[0113] According to the MI formula: where, is a random variable equal to the value of the LLR given x e {0,1}. G, H are predefined complex matrices, n is a complex random noise (e.g., Gaussian (0, σ 2 )). The LLR is a function The option where the transmitter and receiver constellations coincide is: The option where the QAM receiver and the variable transmitter constellation are:

[0114] Figure 1D An example of LLR estimation according to some embodiments of the present invention is shown. The X bits sent by the first device 101 are 0010111011011, i.e., a set of independent bits with probability 1 / 2. The corresponding Y LLRs are (llr1, llr2,..., llr n ), i.e., the vector of LLRs after transmission.

[0115] To compute I(B j ; Y), the cross-entropy (of the neural network) is as follows. Assume t = P(b j(x) = 0 | y), then P(b j (x) = 1 | y) = 1 - t, I(B j ; Y) = H(B j ) - H(B j | Y).

[0116] H(B j | Y) = -∫P(y, b j (x) = 0) log P(b j (x) = 0 | y) dy - ∫P(y, b j (x) = 1) log P(b j (x) = 1 | y) dy = -∫P(y) P(b j (x) = 0 | y) log P(b j (x) = 0 | y) dy - ∫P(y) P(b j (x) = 0 | y) log P(b j (x) = 0 | y) dy = -∫P(y) (t log t + (1 - t) log (1 - t) dy) = ∫P Y (y) H2(t) dy

[0117] The explicit formulas are as follows:

[0118]

[0119] Because P(x') are equal to each other.

[0120] In some embodiments, explicit coordinates of the constellation points for each bit (label) sequence are presented. The constellation can be multiplied by any non-zero number and rotated by any angle. The definition accuracy of all coordinates of the points is up to 0.05, which is scaled synchronously with the scaling of the points. The definition of the labeling is valid under any permutation of the bits.

[0121] Table 1 presents the explicit polar coordinates of the proposed 4th order non-uniform constellation (NUC). The 4th order means that the label has 4 bits. Figure 2AThe optimal 4th order NUC constellation is shown. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, "Angle" represents the rotation of each point in polar coordinates, "Radius" represents the radius of each point in polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of "Radius" and rotated by the value of "Angle", the definition of "Label" is valid under any permutation of bits, the definition accuracy of all values of "Angle" and "Radius" is up to 0.05, the accuracy of these values is scaled synchronously with the scaling of each point. In the table, the index corresponds to a point of the constellation. Taking index 0 as an example, the value "-1.56" represents the rotation angle of a certain point in polar coordinates. The value "0.75" represents the radius of the point in polar coordinates. The value "0000" represents the bits represented by the point of the constellation. Table 1 is an example. The actual constellation points can be part of Table 1, or can include other coordinate points in addition to the items in Table 1. The index of the constellation point can also be different from the index in Table 1.

[0122] Table 1

[0123]

[0124]

[0125] Table 2 gives the proposed 6th order NUC polar coordinates. Figure 2B The optimal 6th order NUC constellation is shown. The 6th order means that the label has 6 bits. In the table, the index corresponds to a point of the constellation. Taking index 0 as an example, the value "-1.90" represents the rotation angle of a certain point in polar coordinates. The value "0.57" represents the radius of the point in polar coordinates. The value "000000" represents the bits represented by the point of the constellation. Table 2 is an example. The actual constellation points can be part of Table 2, or can include other coordinate points in addition to the items in Table 2. The index of the constellation point can also be different from the index in Table 2.

[0126] Table 2

[0127] Index Angle Radius Label Index Angle Radius Label 0 –1.90 0.57 000000 32 –2.67 0.57 100000 1 –1.69 2.08 000001 33 –2.89 2.08 100001 2 –1.82 1.01 000010 34 –2.76 1.01 100010 3 –1.72 1.51 000011 35 –2.86 1.51 100011 4 –1.62 0.26 000100 36 –2.95 0.26 100100 5 –2.08 2.13 000101 37 –2.49 2.13 100101 6 –2.12 1.12 000110 38 –2.46 1.12 100110 7 –2.09 1.57 000111 39 –2.48 1.57 100111 8 –1.35 0.69 001000 40 3.06 0.69 101000 9 –1.30 2.05 001001 41 3.01 2.05 101001 10 –1.36 1.04 001010 42 3.07 1.04 101010 11 –1.34 1.47 001011 43 3.05 1.47 101011 12 –0.99 0.59 001100 44 2.70 0.59 101100 13 –0.91 2.05 001101 45 2.62 2.05 101101 14 –0.92 1.05 001110 46 2.63 1.05 101110 15 –0.92 1.48 001111 47 2.63 1.48 101111 16 0.47 0.57 010000 48 1.24 0.57 110000 17 0.25 2.08 010001 49 1.46 2.08 110001 18 0.38 1.01 010010 50 1.33 1.01 110010 19 0.29 1.51 010011 51 1.43 1.51 110011 20 0.19 0.26 010100 52 1.52 0.26 110100 21 0.65 2.13 010101 53 1.06 2.13 110101 22 0.69 1.12 010110 54 1.02 1.12 110110 23 0.66 1.57 010111 55 1.05 1.57 110111 24 –0.08 0.69 011000 56 1.79 0.69 111000 25 –0.13 2.05 011001 57 1.84 2.05 111001 26 –0.07 1.04 011010 58 1.78 1.04 111010 27 –0.10 1.47 011011 59 1.81 1.47 111011 28 –0.44 0.59 011100 60 2.15 0.59 111100 29 –0.52 2.05 011101 61 2.23 2.05 111101 30 –0.51 1.05 011110 62 2.22 1.05 111110 31 –0.51 1.48 011111 63 2.22 1.48 111111

[0128] Table 3 gives the proposed 8th order NUC polar coordinates. Figure 2C The optimal 8th order NUC constellation is shown. The 8th order means that the label has 8 bits. In the table, the index corresponds to a point of the constellation. Taking index 0 as an example, the value "0.43" represents the rotation angle of a certain point in polar coordinates. The value "0.25" represents the radius of the point in polar coordinates. The value "00000000" represents the bits represented by the point of the constellation. Table 3 is an example. The actual constellation points can be part of Table 3, or can include other coordinate points in addition to the items in Table 3. The index of the constellation point can also be different from the index in Table 3.

[0129] Table 3

[0130]

[0131]

[0132]

[0133]

[0134] Table 4 gives the proposed code rates and tBLERs that maximize SE. “MCS” stands for modulation and coding scheme, and “SE” stands for spectral efficiency. In the table, the index corresponds to a modulation and coding scheme, and the corresponding order, code rate, tBLER, and SE. Take MCS-5 as an example. The value “4” stands for the order corresponding to this MCS. The value “0.43” stands for the code rate corresponding to this MCS. The value “13.8%” stands for the target BLER corresponding to this MCS. The value “1.48” stands for the SE corresponding to this MCS. Table 4 is an example. The corresponding order, code rate, tBLER, and SE of the MCSs can be some of the items in Table 4, or can include other values in addition to the items in Table 4. The values of the MCSs can also be different from the indices in Table 4.

[0135] Table 4

[0136] MCS Order Code rate tBLER SE 5 4 0.43 13.8％ 1.48 6 4 0.46 11.4％ 1.64 7 4 0.51 9.2％ 1.85 8 4 0.56 8.1％ 2.06 9 4 0.61 6.6％ 2.28 10 4 0.65 6.8％ 2.43 11 6 0.48 5.5％ 2.69 12 6 0.52 6.5％ 2.95 13 6 0.57 5.7％ 3.25 14 6 0.62 4.8％ 3.55 15 6 0.69 7.1％ 3.85 16 6 0.72 4.8％ 4.12 17 6 0.76 3.8％ 4.41 18 6 0.81 4.3％ 4.67 19 6 0.85 3.5％ 4.93 20 8 0.70 3.6％ 5.37 21 8 0.71 3.4％ 5.52 22 8 0.77 5.0％ 5.82 23 8 0.78 2.3％ 6.08 24 8 0.81 2.3％ 6.34

[0137] Figure 2D The gain of BICM mutual information over standard QAM constellations is shown under AWGN channel. The gain is estimated in a simulator. The following experiments are conducted in the simulator. The system architecture consists of FEC LDPC 5G, bit interleaver, resource grid mapper, LS channel estimator, nearest neighbor demapper, LMMSE equalizer, OFDM modulator, and NUC constellation. The optimization variables are constellation type, bit rate, code rate, BLER, SNR, 5G model, and block size.

[0138] The system provides soft estimates of LLRs for the decoder. The channel model is chosen to be OFDM 5G 2.6GHz with a delay spread of 40ns. The block size ranges from 2880 to 5760 for the first figure and from 576 to 5760 for the second figure, with 100000 Monte-Carlo trials per block. The code source is a random binary tensor.

[0139] The system uses different 3GPP wireless Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) channel models: A, B, C, and Line-of-Sight (LOS): D. The time model performs real-time domain simulation under the premise of considering inter-symbol (IS) and inter-carrier (IC) interference, while the frequency model directly simulates in the frequency domain without considering IS and IC interference.

[0140] Figure 2E The relative SE between the new MCS and QAM is shown. Figure 2E The experimental results show that the proposed new MCS constellation is superior to the baseline QAM, with a performance improvement of 3% to 9% in the LOS model D scenario, and a maximum performance improvement of 2% in the NLOS model A, B, and C scenarios.

[0141] Figure 2G The relative SE between the new MCS and QAM is shown. Figure 2E The experimental results show that the quality of the proposed new MCS remains stable when the block size changes.

[0142] Figure 2G The SE gain relative to the baseline QAM is shown. Figure 2G The quality gain of the optimized constellation points and code rates relative to the baseline QAM scheme is shown. The optimal code rate of the QAM constellation points obtained in the system is also presented for reference.

[0143] In some embodiments, a fixed set of 6 constellations can be used in combination with QPSK to achieve significant MI gain. The proposed new MCS layout of fixed constellations can provide a stable gain of 2% to 6% relative to the QAM system in a larger SINR region.

[0144] In terms of the precision of the Monte Carlo simulation applying inverse FFT on limited block size samples, the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the GS-shaped NUC and the baseline QAM only changes in the frequency domain, while remaining unchanged in the time domain. Since the PAPR of the GS-shaped constellation and the QAM is the same, it can be concluded that the PAPR does not affect the comparison of spectral efficiency of the two algorithms.

[0145] Table 5 gives the PAPR of the constellation in the frequency domain. For example, the value of the number of bits represents the order of the constellation. Taking the value of the number of bits as “4” as an example, the PAPR of the QAM constellation is “1.8”, and the PAPR of the NUC constellation is “1.7”.

[0146] Table 5

[0147] Number of bits 4 6 8 QAM 1.8 2.33 2.65 NUC 1.7 2.26 2.8

[0148] Figure 2H PARP complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) is shown over 16 symbols in time domain. Figure 2I PARP CCDF is shown over 64 symbols in time domain. Figure 2J PARP CCDF is shown over 256 symbols in time domain.

[0149] In some embodiments, X, Y correspond to different constellations (this can be used for systems that employ standardized constellations, e.g., QAM in 3GPP TS 38.211 V17.0.0 (2021-12)).

[0150] Additionally, if only the Tx (e.g., base station) constellation is improved, while the Rx (e.g., mobile phone) is still designed to detect QAM constellations, there is still some gain space. This scheme can be called single-sided GS constellation, which can be achieved through a nonlinear precoding process without changing the 3GPP standard. Fine-tuning of the 5G+ standard can achieve up to 4.5% gain.

[0151] In some embodiments, the Tx constellation is improved to a Cartesian constellation. In this setup, some information is lost when the Rx bits are mixed together for error correction. Additionally, if it is also allowed to separate the bits into several streams with different code rates, higher gain is expected. For QAM16, both the sender and receiver can obtain the same amount of information as the optimal Cartesian constellation.

[0152] Consider a 32-point (5-bit) ID constellation. The Cartesian constellation is the Cartesian product: C_2D = C_1D x C_1D, where C_1D is some ID constellation. The Cartesian constellation corresponds to a first coordinate comprising the first half and a second coordinate comprising the second half, respectively. QPSK and QAM are examples of Cartesian constellations. For example, a 2-bit Cartesian constellation indicates that there is a C_1D comprising 4 points, which gives 4^2 = 16 points in 2D, similar to QAM16. Such constellations can bring significant gain at larger SINR. The optimal constellation tends to be Gaussian distributed for the signal. Grey-labeling also needs to be considered.

[0153] Table 6 gives the coordinates of the points of a one-sided GS constellation including 4 bits. "MCS" denotes modulation coding scheme, "GS" denotes geometric shaping, and the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2}, m e {1,2}, and the explicit formula for QAM 16 is: {X1+iX1, X1+iX2, X2+iX1, X2+iX2}. The points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 16 baseline. The points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of QAM 16. The precision of the values is scaled synchronously with the scaling of the points. Take GS 16 MCS 5 as an example, the points of the constellation are represented by the values of X1 and X2. For example, "0.316" for X1 and "0.949" for X2 represent a point of the constellation "GS 16 MCS 5". Table 6 is an example. The real constellation points can be some of the entries in Table 6 or include other coordinate points in addition to the entries in Table 6.

[0154] Table 6

[0155]

[0156]

[0157] Table 7 gives the coordinates of the points of a one-sided SGA constellation including 6 bits. "MCS" denotes modulation coding scheme, "GS" denotes geometric shaping, and the coordinates of the points of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n e {1,2,3,4}, m e {1,2,3,4}. The points of the constellation are tabulated under scaling and rotation with the QAM 64 baseline. The points of the constellation are labeled in the same way as the points of QAM 64. The definition precision of the values in the above table is up to 0.05. The precision of the values is scaled synchronously with the scaling of the points. Take GS 64 MCS 11 as an example, the points of the constellation are represented by the values of X1, X2, X3 and X4. For example, "0.161" for X1 and "0.408" for X2 represent a point of the constellation "GS 64 MCS 11". Table 7 is an example. The real constellation points can be some of the entries in Table 7 or include other coordinate points in addition to the entries in Table 7.

[0158] Table 7

[0159] Constellation X1 X2 X3 X4 GS 64 MCS 11 ±0.161 ±0.408 ±0.748 ±1.118 GS 64 MCS 12 ±0.153 ±0.421 ±0.742 ±1.117 GS 64 MCS 13 ±0.150 ±0.431 ±0.739 ±1.116 GS 64 MCS 14 ±0.149 ±0.438 ±0.740 ±1.113 GS 64 MCS 15 ±0.149 ±0.443 ±0.742 ±1.110 GS 64 MCS 16 ±0.149 ±0.447 ±0.746 ±1.105 GS 64 MCS 17 ±0.150 ±0.450 ±0.750 ±1.101 GS 64 MCS 18 ±0.151 ±0.452 ±0.754 ±1.098 GS 64 MCS 19 ±0.151 ±0.454 ±0.757 ±1.094

[0160] Table 8 provides the coordinates of a single-sided GS constellation point, comprising 8 bits. "MCS" represents the modulation and coding scheme, and "GS" represents the geometric shape. The coordinates of each point in the constellation are obtained through a Cartesian product: {Xn + iXm}, where n ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} and m ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. The constellation points are tabulated along with the QAM 256 baseline after scaling and rotation. The notation of the constellation points is the same as that of QAM 256 points. The values ​​in the table are defined with a precision of up to 0.05. The precision of each value scales synchronously with the scaling of the point. Taking GS256MCS 20 as an example, the points in the constellation are represented by values ​​from X1 to X8. For example, X1 "0.076" and X2 "0.225" represent a point in the constellation "GS256MCS20". Table 8 is an example. The real constellation points can be some of the items in Table 8, or they can include other coordinate points besides those in Table 8.

[0161] Table 8

[0162] Constellation X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 GS256 MCS 20 ±0.076 ±0.225 ±0.378 ±0.526 ±0.679 ±0.827 ±0.983 ±1.188 GS256 MCS 21 ±0.076 ±0.226 ±0.378 ±0.528 ±0.681 ±0.830 ±0.983 ±1.184 GS256 MCS 22 ±0.076 ±0.227 ±0.379 ±0.530 ±0.682 ±0.833 ±0.985 ±1.179 GS256 MCS 23 ±0.076 ±0.227 ±0.379 ±0.531 ±0.683 ±0.834 ±0.987 ±1.175 GS256 MCS 24 ±0.076 ±0.228 ±0.380 ±0.532 ±0.684 ±0.836 ±0.988 ±1.171

[0163] All coordinates at each point are defined with a precision of up to 0.05. Each point has a symmetrical negative point. Constellations can be multiplied by any positive constant and rotated at any angle. The marking scheme is defined for any arrangement of bits.

[0164] Figure 3A The proposed optimal single-sided GS constellation QAM 16MCS 5 is shown. Figure 3B The proposed optimal single-sided GS constellation QAM 64MCS11 is shown. Figure 3C The proposed optimal single-sided GS constellation QAM 256MCS20 is shown.

[0165] Figure 3D The gain of BICM mutual information relative to a conventional QAM constellation is shown for AWGN channels, applicable to Embodiments 1 and 2. Different bitstreams require the application of separate FECs.

[0166] Table 9 shows the advantages of the one-sided GS method over the QAM baseline. Taking MCS-6 as an example, the SE QAM is 1.546, and the SE one-sided GS is 1.547. Therefore, the SE gain between SE QAM and SE one-sided GS is 0.08%.

[0167] Table 9

[0168] MCS SE QAM SE one-sided GS SE gain 5 1.344 1.344 0.00％ 6 1.546 1.547 0.08％ 7 1.727 1.735 0.48％ 8 1.955 1.981 1.33％ 9 2.162 2.201 1.85％ 10 2.317 2.361 1.86％ 11 2.469 2.575 4.31％ 12 2.750 2.853 3.75％ 13 3.002 3.116 3.80％ 14 3.228 3.370 4.41％ 15 3.520 3.664 4.09％ 16 3.790 3.939 3.94％ 17 4.104 4.241 3.35％ 18 4.334 4.480 3.37％ 19 4.618 4.741 2.67％ 20 4.769 4.982 4.46％ 21 5.079 5.253 3.42％ 22 5.334 5.523 3.55％ 23 5.655 5.834 3.17％ 24 5.927 6.106 3.01％

[0169] Figure 3E The gain in spectral efficiency relative to a conventional QAM constellation is shown in the AWGN channel.

[0170] In some embodiments, a family of parameterized constellations is proposed, which depends on 8 parameters a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, and whose performance is more than 2% higher than QAM16 when SINR is from 2 to 6. The coordinates of a certain point corresponding to a given 8-bit sequence b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7 are given as follows:

[0171] (-1)

[0172] The optimal values of the parameters depend on SINR and can be obtained by gradient optimization. The values of the parameters when SINR is from 1 to 5 are defined with a precision of up to 0.005.

[0173] Table 10 gives the optimal parameters of the proposed constellation. a0 to a7 represent different parameters of the constellation coordinates of each point of the constellation corresponding to the 8-bit sequence and obtained by with a definition precision of up to 0.005 when SINR is from 1 to 5. For example, the 5th row in the table, each point of the constellation under MCS-5 and with a SINR value of 1.75 is represented by the values of a0 to a7. Table 10 is an example. The real constellation points can be part of the items in Table 10, or can include other coordinate points in addition to the items in Table 10.

[0174] Table 10

[0175]

[0176]

[0177] Figure 4A The optimal parameters of the proposed constellation are shown. Figure 4B The gain of the proposed constellation relative to the QAM baseline under the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) scenario is shown.

[0178] In some embodiments, four real coordinates are transmitted by amplitude and phase modulation using two RBs (time or frequency division). A method for calculating LLR according to all four coordinates is proposed.

[0179] In some embodiments, the first device and the second device both perform at least one of modulation or demodulation according to the constellation. Therefore, the first device 101 and the second device 102 can correspond to the same constellation.

[0180] In some embodiments, the constellation is a first constellation, the first device 101 performs at least one of modulation or demodulation according to the first constellation, and the second device 102 performs at least one of modulation or demodulation according to a second constellation. Thus, the first device 101 and the second device 102 can correspond to different constellations. The second device 102 can use a standardized constellation.

[0181] Figure 5 An example of a method 500 implemented by the first device 101 according to some example embodiments of the present application is shown. In block 510, the first device 101 modulates data according to a constellation. The constellation is geometrically shaped according to mutual information (MI) maximization between the first device and a second device. In block 520, the first device 101 transmits the modulated data to the second device.

[0182] In some embodiments of the present application, the above method further comprises determining a modulation order for the data according to the constellation, wherein the order is a number of data bits.

[0183] In some embodiments of the present application, the above method further comprises determining a code rate and a tBLER for the modulated data according to the constellation.

[0184] In some embodiments of the present application, the above method further comprises determining a forward error correction (FEC) for the modulated data according to the code rate.

[0185] In some embodiments of the present application, the order is 4, and the coordinates and labels of the points of the constellation are the values in Table 1.

[0186] The coordinates are in polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of the points in polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of "radius" and rotated by the value of "angle", the definition of "label" is true under any arrangement of bits, and the definition accuracy of all values of "angle" and "radius" is up to 0.05, and the accuracy of these values is scaled synchronously with the scaling of the points.

[0187] In some embodiments of the present application, the order is 6, and the coordinates and labels of the points of the constellation are the values in Table 2. The coordinates are in polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of the points in polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of "radius" and rotated by the value of "angle", the definition of "label" is true under any arrangement of bits, and the definition accuracy of all values of "angle" and "radius" is up to 0.05, and the accuracy of these values is scaled synchronously with the scaling of the points.

[0188] In some embodiments of the present application, the order is 8, and the coordinates and labels of the points of the constellation are the values in Table 3.

[0189] The coordinates are polar coordinates, the "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, the "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation multiplies the value of the "radius" and rotates with the value of the "angle", the definition of the "label" is true under any arrangement of the bits, the definition accuracy of the values of all the "angle" and "radius" is up to 0.05, and the accuracy of the values is scaled synchronously with the scaling of each point.

[0190] In some embodiments of the present application, the code rate and tBLER are determined according to Table 4. "MCS" represents a modulation coding scheme, and "SE" represents a spectral efficiency.

[0191] In some embodiments of the present application, the coordinates of each point of the constellation are the values in Table 6. "MCS" represents a modulation coding scheme, and "GS" represents a geometric shaping. The coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2}, m∈{1,2}. The explicit formula of QAM 16 is: {X1+iX1, X1+iX2, X2+iX1, X2+iX2}. Each point of the constellation is tabulated with the QAM 16 baseline under scaling and rotation. The labeling of each point of the constellation is the same as that of QAM 16. The definition accuracy of each value in the above table is up to 0.05. The accuracy of each value is scaled synchronously with the scaling of each point.

[0192] In some embodiments of the present application, the coordinates of each point of the constellation are the values in Table 7. "MCS" represents a modulation coding scheme, and "GS" represents a geometric shaping. The coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2,3,4}, m∈{1,2,3,4}. Each point of the constellation is tabulated with the QAM 64 baseline under scaling and rotation. The labeling of each point of the constellation is the same as that of QAM 64. The definition accuracy of each value in the above table is up to 0.05. The accuracy of each value is scaled synchronously with the scaling of each point.

[0193] In some embodiments of the present application, the coordinates of each point of the constellation are the values in Table 8. "MCS" represents a modulation coding scheme, and "GS" represents a geometric shaping. The coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, m∈{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. Each point of the constellation is tabulated with the QAM 256 baseline under scaling and rotation. The labeling of each point of the constellation is the same as that of QAM 256. The definition accuracy of each value in the above table is up to 0.05. The accuracy of each value is scaled synchronously with the scaling of each point.

[0194] In some embodiments of the present application, the constellation is a first constellation, and parameters of the constellation are determined according to Table 10.

[0195] a0 to a7 represent different parameters of the constellation coordinates of each point of the constellation correspond to 8-bit sequences and are determined by It is obtained that the definition accuracy of the parameters is as high as 0.005 when the SINR is 1 to 5.

[0196] In some embodiments of the application, the method further comprises: the second device receives the modulated data; and demodulates the modulated data according to the constellation.

[0197] In some embodiments of the application, the first device and the second device both perform at least one of modulation and demodulation according to the constellation.

[0198] In some embodiments of the application, the constellation is a first constellation, the first device performs at least one of modulation and demodulation according to the first constellation, and the second device performs at least one of modulation and demodulation according to a second constellation.

[0199] Figure 6 A simplified block diagram of a communication device 600 suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the application is shown. For example, the communication device 600 can be provided to implement Figure 1A the first device 101 and the second network device 102 shown.

[0200] As shown in Figure 6 the communication device 600 includes one or more processors 610, one or more memories 630, and one or more communication interfaces 620. The processor 610 can be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and can include one or more of: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), and processors based on multi-core processor architectures, as non-limiting examples. The communication device 1100 can include multiple processors such as application specific integrated circuit chips that are controlled in time by a clock that is synchronized with the main processor.

[0201] The memory 630 can include one or more non-transitory memories and one or more transitory memories. Examples of non-transitory memories include, but are not limited to, Read Only Memory (ROM), electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM), flash memory, hard disk, compact disc (CD), digital video disk (DVD), and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of transitory memories include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) and other volatile memories that lose data when power is off.

[0202] The communication interface 620 can be used for bidirectional communication. The communication interface 620 can have at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface 620 can represent any interface needed to communicate with other network elements.

[0203] The processor 610 is configured to control the communication interface 620 to receive and send signals. The memory 630 is configured to store computer programs. The processor 610 is configured to call and run the computer programs from the memory 630, so that the communication device 610 can perform corresponding processes and / or operations in various embodiments of the communication method in the present application.

[0204] Those of ordinary skill in the art can understand that, in combination with the units and algorithm steps of the examples described in the embodiments disclosed in the present specification, the present application can be realized by electronic hardware or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether the functions are performed by hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered beyond the scope of the present application.

[0205] Those skilled in the art can clearly understand that, for the convenience and simplicity of description, the specific working processes of the above-mentioned systems, devices and units can refer to the corresponding processes in the above-mentioned method embodiments, which will not be described herein.

[0206] In several embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed system, device and method can be implemented in other manners. For example, the described device embodiment is merely one example. For example, the unit division is merely a logical function division, and there can be other division manners in actual implementation. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not performed. In addition, the displayed or discussed mutual couplings or direct couplings or communication connections can be implemented by using some interfaces. The indirect couplings or communication connections between the apparatuses or units can be implemented in electronic, mechanical or other forms.

[0207] The units described as separated components can or can not be physically separated, and the components displayed as units can or can not be physical units, can be located in one position, or can be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purposes of the embodiments.

[0208] In addition, the functional units in the embodiments of the present application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically as separated, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit.

[0209] When these functions are implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as independent products, these functions can be stored in a computer readable storage medium. Based on such an understanding, the technical solutions of the present application essentially or partially, or parts of the technical solutions can be implemented in the form of a software product. The software product is stored in a storage medium, and includes several instructions for instructing a computer device (which can be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to perform all or part of the steps of the methods described in the embodiments of the present application. The above-mentioned storage medium includes any medium that can store program codes, such as a USB flash disk, a removable hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and the like.

[0210] The above descriptions are merely specific implementation ways of the present application, and are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present application. Any variations or replacements of the technical solutions disclosed in the present application made by those skilled in the art based on the technical concepts of the present application shall fall within the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application should be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for data transmission, characterized in that, include: The first device modulates the data according to the constellation to obtain modulated data, wherein the constellation is geometrically shaped to maximize the mutual information (MI) between the first device and the second device. The modulated data is sent to the second device.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: The modulation order is determined for the data based on the constellation, where the order is the number of data bits.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, Also includes: The code rate and target block error rate (tBLER) are determined for the modulated data based on the constellation.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, Also includes: Forward error correction (FEC) is determined based on the bit rate of the modulated data.

5. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any of the following: {Angle, Radius, Label}: {–1.56, 0.75, 0000}; {2.67, 0.75, 0001}; {–0.48, 0.75, 0010}; {1.58, 0.75, 0011}; {–1.42, 1.85, 0100}; {2.54, 1.85, 0101}; {–0.61, 1.85, 0110}; {1.71, 1.85, 0111};{–2.05,0.75,1000};{–3.13,0.75,1001};{0.02,0.75,1010};{1.10,0.75,1011};{–2.18,1.85,1100};{–2.99,1.85,1101};{0.15,1.85,1110};{0.96,1.85,1111}; The coordinates are polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of "label" holds true in any arrangement of bits.

6. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any of the following: {angle, radius, label}: { -1.90, 0.57, 000000}; { -1.69, 2.08, 000001}; { -1.82, 1.01, 000010}; { -1.72, 1.51, 000011}; { -1.62, 0.26, 000100}; { -2.08, 2.13, 000101}; { -2.12, 1.12, 000110}; { -2.09, 1.57, 000111}; { -1.35, 0.69, 001000}; { -1.30, 2.05, 001001}; { -1.36, 1.04, 001010}; { -1.34, 1.47, 001011}; { -0.99, 0.59, 001100}; { -0.91, 2.05, 001101}; { -0.92, 1.05, 001110}; { -0.92, 1.48, 001111}; { 0.47, 0.57, 010000}; { 0.25, 2.08, 010001}; { 0.38, 1.01, 010010}; { 0.29, 1.51, 010011}; { 0.19, 0.26, 010100}; { 0.65, 2.13, 010101}; { 0.69, 1.12, 010110}; { 0.66, 1.57, 010111}; { -0.08, 0.69, 011000}; { -0.13, 2.05, 011001}; { -0.07, 1.04, 011010}; { -0.10, 1.47, 011011}; { -0.44, 0.59, 011100}; { -0.52, 2.05, 011101}; { -0.51, 1.05, 011110}; { -0.51, 1.48, 011111}; { -2.67, 0.57, 100000}; { -2.89, 2.08, 100001}; { -2.76, 1.01, 100010}; { -2.86, 1.51, 100011}; { -2.95, 0.26, 100100}; { -2.49, 2.13, 100101}; { -2.46, 1.12, 100110}; { -2.48, 1.57, 100111}; { 3.06, 0.69, 101000}; { 3.01, 2.05, 101001}; { 3.07, 1.04, 101010}; { 3.05, 1.47, 101011}; { 2.70, 0.59, 101100}; { 2.62, 2.05, 101101}; { 2.63, 1.05, 101110}; { 2.63, 1.48, 101111}; { 1.24, 0.57, 110000}; { 1.46, 2.08, 110001}; { 1.33, 1.01,110010}；{1.43,1.51,110011}；{1.52,0.26,110100}；{1.06,2.13,110101}；{1.02,1.12,110110}；{1.05,1.57,110111}；{1.79,0.69,111000}；{1.84,2.05,111001}；{1.78,1.04,111010}；{1.81,1.47,111011}；{2.15,0.59,111100}；{2.23,2.05,111101}；{2.22,1.05,111110}；{2.22,1.48,111111}；. The coordinates are polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of "label" holds true in any arrangement of bits.

7. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any of the following: {angle, radius, label}: {0.43, 0.25, 00000000}; {0.00, 2.36, 00000001}; {0.03, 1.09, 00000010}; {0.01, 1.35, 00000011}; {0.12, 0.59, 00000100}; {0.00, 1.92, 00000101}; {0.06, 0.86, 00000110}; {0.00, 1.60, 00000111}; {–0.63, 0.25, 00001000}; {–0.20, 2.36, 00001001}; {–0.24, 1.09, 00001010}; {–0.21, 1.35, 00001011}; {–0.32, 0.59, 00001100}; {–0.20, 1.92, 00001101}; {–0.26, 0.86, 00001110}; {–0.21, 1.60, 00001111}; {2.51, 0.25, 00010000}; {2.94, 2.36, 00010001}; {2.91, 1.09, 00010010}; {2.93, 1.35, 00010011}; {2.82, 0.59, 00010100}; {2.95, 1.92, 00010101}; {2.88, 0.86, 00010110}; {2.94, 1.60, 00010111}; {–2.71, 0.25, 00011000}; {3.14, 2.36, 00011001}; {–3.11, 1.09, 00011010}; {–3.13, 1.35, 00011011}; {–3.03, 0.59, 00011100}; {3.14, 1.92, 00011101}; {–3.08, 0.86, 00011110}; {–3.14, 1.60, 00011111}; {1.21, 0.44, 00100000}; {1.37, 2.33, 00100001}; {1.33, 1.10, 00100010}; {1.36, 1.35, 00100011}; {1.26, 0.66, 00100100}; {1.37, 1.90, 00100101}; {1.31, 0.91, 00100110}; {1.36, 1.58, 00100111}; {–1.41, 0.44, 00101000}; {–1.57, 2.33, 00101001}; {–1.53, 1.10, 00101010}; {–1.55, 1.35, 00101011}; {–1.46, 0.66, 00101100}; {–1.57, 1.90, 00101101}; {–1.51,0.91,00101110}；{–1.56,1.58,00101111}；{1.73,0.44,00110000}；{1.57,2.33,00110001}；{1.60,1.10,00110010}；{1.58,1.35,00110011}；{1.69,0.66,00110100}；{1.57,1.90,00110101}；{1.63,0.91,00110110}；{1.57,1.58,00110111}；{–1.94,0.44,00111000}；{–1.77,2.33,00111001}；{–1.81,1.10,00111010}；{–1.78,1.35,00111011}；{–1.89,0.66,00111100}；{–1.77,1.90,00111101}；{–1.83,0.91,00111110}；{–1.77,1.58,00111111}；{0.52,0.25,01000000}；{0.58,2.36,01000001}；{0.51,1.09,01000010}；{0.55,1.35,01000011}；{0.42,0.59,01000100}；{0.58,1.92,01000101}；{0.47,0.86,01000110}；{0.57,1.60,01000111}；{–0.71,0.25,01001000}；{–0.78,2.36,01001001}；{–0.71,1.09,01001010}；{–0.75,1.35,01001011}；{–0.62,0.59,01001100}；{–0.77,1.92,01001101}；{–0.68,0.86,01001110}；{–0.77,1.60,01001111}；{2.43,0.25,01010000}；{2.36,2.36,01010001}；{2.43,1.09,01010010}；{2.40,1.35,01010011}；{2.52,0.59,01010100}；{2.36,1.92,01010101}；{2.47,0.86,01010110}；{2.37,1.60,01010111}；{–2.62,0.25,01011000}；{–2.56,2.36,01011001}；{–2.63,1.09,01011010}；{–2.60,1.35,01011011}；{–2.73,0.59,01011100}；{–2.57,1.92,01011101}；{–2.67,0.86,01011110}；{–2.57,1.60,01011111}；{1.04,0.44,01100000}；{0.78,2.33,01100001}；{0.78,1.10,01100010}；{0.76,1.35,01100011}；{0.86,0.66,01100100}；{0.78,1.90,01100101}；{0.79,0.91,01100110}；{0.77,1.58,01100111}；{–1.24,0.44,01101000}；{–0.98,2.33,01101001}；{–0.98,1.10,01101010}；{–0.96,1.35,01101011}；{–1.06,0.66,01101100}；{–0.97,1.90,01101101}；{–1.00,0.91,01101110}；{–0.96,1.58,01101111}；{1.90,0.44,01110000}；{2.16,2.33,01110001}；{2.17,1.10,01110010}；{2.19,1.35,01110011}；{2.07,0.66,01110100}；{2.17,1.90,01110101}；{2.15,0.91,01110110}；{2.18,1.58,01110111}；{–2.11,0.44,01111000}；{–2.36,2.33,01111001}；{–2.37,1.10,01111010}；{–2.38,1.35,01111011}；{–2.27,0.66,01111100}；{–2.37,1.90,01111101}；{–2.35,0.91,01111110}；{–2.37,1.58,01111111}；{0.44,0.25,10000000}；{0.19,2.36,10000001}；{0.13,1.09,10000010}；{0.16,1.35,10000011}；{0.12,0.59,10000100}；{0.19,1.92,10000101}；{0.10,0.86,10000110}；{0.18,1.60,10000111}；{–0.63,0.25,10001000}；{–0.39,2.36,10001001}；{–0.33,1.09,10001010}；{–0.37,1.35,10001011}；{–0.33,0.59,10001100}；{–0.39,1.92,10001101}；{–0.31,0.86,10001110}；{–0.38,1.60,10001111}；{2.51,0.25,10010000}；{2.75,2.36,10010001}；{2.81,1.09,10010010}；{2.78,1.35,10010011}；{2.81,0.59,10010100}；{2.75,1.92,10010101}；{2.83,0.86,10010110}；{2.76,1.60,10010111}；{–2.70,0.25,10011000}；{–2.95,2.36,10011001}；{–3.01,1.09,10011010}；{–2.97,1.35,10011011}；{–3.02,0.59,10011100}；{–2.95,1.92,10011101}；{–3.04,0.86,10011110}；{–2.96,1.60,10011111}；{1.21,0.44,10100000}；{1.18,2.33,10100001}；{1.18,1.10,10100010}；{1.16,1.35,10100011}；{1.23,0.66,10100100}；{1.17,1.90,10100101}；{1.21,0.91,10100110}；{1.16,1.58,10100111}；{–1.41,0.44,10101000}；{–1.38,2.33,10101001}；{–1.38,1.10,10101010}；{–1.36,1.35,10101011}；{–1.42,0.66,10101100}；{–1.37,1.90,10101101}；{–1.40,0.91,10101110}；{–1.36,1.58,10101111}；{1.74,0.44,10110000}；{1.77,2.33,10110001}；{1.76,1.10,10110010}；{1.78,1.35,10110011}；{1.72,0.66,10110100}；{1.77,1.90,10110101}；{1.73,0.91,10110110}；{1.78,1.58,10110111}；{–1.93,0.44,10111000}；{–1.96,2.33,10111001}；{–1.96,1.10,10111010}；{–1.98,1.35,10111011}；{–1.92,0.66,10111100}；{–1.97,1.90,10111101}；{–1.94,0.91,10111110}；{–1.98,1.58,10111111}；{0.50,0.25,11000000}；{0.39,2.36,11000001}；{0.40,1.09,11000010}；{0.39,1.35,11000011}；{0.40,0.59,11000100}；{0.38,1.92,11000101}；{0.41,0.86,11000110}；{0.38,1.60,11000111}；{–0.67,0.25,11001000}；{–0.59,2.36,11001001}；{–0.60,1.09,11001010}；{–0.58,1.35,11001011}；{–0.61,0.59,11001100}；{–0.59,1.92,11001101}；{–0.61,0.86,11001110}；{–0.58,1.60,11001111}；{2.44,0.25,11010000}；{2.55,2.36,11010001}；{2.55,1.09,11010010}；{2.56,1.35,11010011}；{2.54,0.59,11010100}；{2.56,1.92,11010101}；{2.53,0.86,11010110}；{2.56,1.60,11010111}；{–2.66,0.25,11011000}；{–2.75,2.36,11011001}；{–2.74,1.09,11011010}；{–2.76,1.35,11011011}；{–2.74,0.59,11011100}；{–2.76,1.92,11011101}；{–2.73,0.86,11011110}；{–2.76,1.60,11011111}；{1.05,0.44,11100000}；{0.98,2.33,11100001}；{0.90,1.10,11100010}；{0.94,1.35,11100011}；{0.89,0.66,11100100}；{0.97,1.90,11100101}；{0.88,0.91,11100110}；{0.96,1.58,11100111}；{–1.24,0.44,11101000}；{–1.18,2.33,11101001}；{–1.1,1.10,11101010}；{–1.14,1.35,11101011}；{–1.09,0.66,11101100}；{–1.17,1.90,11101101}；{–1.08,0.91,11101110}；{–1.16,1.58,11101111}；{1.89,0.44,11110000}；{1.96,2.33,11110001}；{2.03,1.10,11110010}；{2.00,1.35,11110011}；{2.05,0.66,11110100}；{1.97,1.90,11110101}；{2.06,0.91,11110110}；{1.99,1.58,11110111}；{–2.10,0.44,11111000}；{–2.16,2.33,11111001}；{–2.23,1.10,11111010}；{–2.20,1.35,11111011}；{–2.25,0.66,11111100}；{–2.17,1.90,11111101}；{–2.26,0.91,11111110}；{–2.18,1.58,11111111}；. The coordinates are polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of "label" holds true in any arrangement of bits.

8. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that, The bit rate and the target block error rate (tBLER) are determined according to any one of the following tables: "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, and "SE" represents spectral efficiency.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any one of the following items: "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, "GS" represents geometric shaping, and the coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2}, m∈{1,2}, and the explicit formula of QAM 16 is: {X1+iX1,X1+iX2,X2+iX1,X2+iX2}. The points of the constellation are tabulated together with the QAM 16 baseline under scaling and rotation; The marking method for each point of the constellation is the same as the marking method for each point of QAM 16.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any one of the following items: "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, "GS" represents geometric shaping, and the coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2,3,4}, m∈{1,2,3,4}; The points of the constellation are tabulated together with the QAM 64 baseline under scaling and rotation; The marking method for each point in the constellation is the same as that for each point in QAM 64.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any one of the following items: Wherein, "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, "GS" represents geometric shaping, and the coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, m∈{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}; The points of the constellation are tabulated together with the QAM 256 baseline under scaling and rotation; The marking method for each point of the constellation is the same as that for each point of QAM 256.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The parameters of the constellation are determined according to the following table: a0 to a7 represent different parameters of the constellation coordinates of the points in the constellation, corresponding to an 8-bit sequence, and are passed through... It is found that the definition accuracy of the parameter is as high as 0.005 when SINR is 1 to 5.

13. A first device, characterized in that, include: Communication interface; At least one processor coupled to the communication interface; A memory, coupled to the at least one processor and storing programming instructions executable by the at least one processor, wherein the programming instructions instruct the at least one processor to perform the following operations: The first device modulates the data according to the constellation to obtain modulated data, wherein the constellation is geometrically shaped to maximize the mutual information (MI) between the first device and the second device; The modulated data is sent to the second device.

14. The device according to claim 13, characterized in that, Also used for: The modulation order is determined for the data based on the constellation, where the order is the number of data bits.

15. The device according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that, Also used for: The code rate and target block error rate (tBLER) are determined for the modulated data based on the constellation.

16. The device according to claim 15, characterized in that, Also used for: Forward error correction (FEC) is determined based on the bit rate of the modulated data.

17. The device according to any one of claims 14 to 16, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any of the following: {Angle, Radius, Label}: {–1.56, 0.75, 0000}; {2.67, 0.75, 0001}; {–0.48, 0.75, 0010}; {1.58, 0.75, 0011}; {–1.42, 1.85, 0100}; {2.54, 1.85, 0101}; {–0.61, 1.85, 0110}; {1.71, 1.85, 0111};{–2.05,0.75,1000};{–3.13,0.75,1001};{0.02,0.75,1010};{1.10,0.75,1011};{–2.18,1.85,1100};{–2.99,1.85,1101};{0.15,1.85,1110};{0.96,1.85,1111}; The coordinates are polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of "label" holds true in any arrangement of bits.

18. The device according to any one of claims 14 to 16, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any of the following: {angle, radius, label}: { -1.90, 0.57, 000000}; { -1.69, 2.08, 000001}; { -1.82, 1.01, 000010}; { -1.72, 1.51, 000011}; { -1.62, 0.26, 000100}; { -2.08, 2.13, 000101}; { -2.12, 1.12, 000110}; { -2.09, 1.57, 000111}; { -1.35, 0.69, 001000}; { -1.30, 2.05, 001001}; { -1.36, 1.04, 001010}; { -1.34, 1.47, 001011}; { -0.99, 0.59, 001100}; { -0.91, 2.05, 001101}; { -0.92, 1.05, 001110}; { -0.92, 1.48, 001111}; { 0.47, 0.57, 010000}; { 0.25, 2.08, 010001}; { 0.38, 1.01, 010010}; { 0.29, 1.51, 010011}; { 0.19, 0.26, 010100}; { 0.65, 2.13, 010101}; { 0.69, 1.12, 010110}; { 0.66, 1.57, 010111}; { -0.08, 0.69, 011000}; { -0.13, 2.05, 011001}; { -0.07, 1.04, 011010}; { -0.10, 1.47, 011011}; { -0.44, 0.59, 011100}; { -0.52, 2.05, 011101}; { -0.51, 1.05, 011110}; { -0.51, 1.48, 011111}; { -2.67, 0.57, 100000}; { -2.89, 2.08, 100001}; { -2.76, 1.01, 100010}; { -2.86, 1.51, 100011}; { -2.95, 0.26, 100100}; { -2.49, 2.13, 100101}; { -2.46, 1.12, 100110}; { -2.48, 1.57, 100111}; { 3.06, 0.69, 101000}; { 3.01, 2.05, 101001}; { 3.07, 1.04, 101010}; { 3.05, 1.47, 101011}; { 2.70, 0.59, 101100}; { 2.62, 2.05, 101101}; { 2.63, 1.05, 101110}; { 2.63, 1.48, 101111}; { 1.24, 0.57, 110000}; { 1.46, 2.08, 110001}; { 1.33, 1.01,110010}；{1.43,1.51,110011}；{1.52,0.26,110100}；{1.06,2.13,110101}；{1.02,1.12,110110}；{1.05,1.57,110111}；{1.79,0.69,111000}；{1.84,2.05,111001}；{1.78,1.04,111010}；{1.81,1.47,111011}；{2.15,0.59,111100}；{2.23,2.05,111101}；{2.22,1.05,111110}；{2.22,1.48,111111}；. The coordinates are polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of "label" holds true in any arrangement of bits.

19. The device according to any one of claims 14 to 16, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any of the following: {angle, radius, label}: {0.43, 0.25, 00000000}; {0.00, 2.36, 00000001}; {0.03, 1.09, 00000010}; {0.01, 1.35, 00000011}; {0.12, 0.59, 00000100}; {0.00, 1.92, 00000101}; {0.06, 0.86, 00000110}; {0.00, 1.60, 00000111}; {–0.63, 0.25, 00001000}; {–0.20, 2.36, 00001001}; {–0.24, 1.09, 00001010}; {–0.21, 1.35, 00001011}; {–0.32, 0.59, 00001100}; {–0.20, 1.92, 00001101}; {–0.26, 0.86, 00001110}; {–0.21, 1.60, 00001111}; {2.51, 0.25, 00010000}; {2.94, 2.36, 00010001}; {2.91, 1.09, 00010010}; {2.93, 1.35, 00010011}; {2.82, 0.59, 00010100}; {2.95, 1.92, 00010101}; {2.88, 0.86, 00010110}; {2.94, 1.60, 00010111}; {–2.71, 0.25, 00011000}; {3.14, 2.36, 00011001}; {–3.11, 1.09, 00011010}; {–3.13, 1.35, 00011011}; {–3.03, 0.59, 00011100}; {3.14, 1.92, 00011101}; {–3.08, 0.86, 00011110}; {–3.14, 1.60, 00011111}; {1.21, 0.44, 00100000}; {1.37, 2.33, 00100001}; {1.33, 1.10, 00100010}; {1.36, 1.35, 00100011}; {1.26, 0.66, 00100100}; {1.37, 1.90, 00100101}; {1.31, 0.91, 00100110}; {1.36, 1.58, 00100111}; {–1.41, 0.44, 00101000}; {–1.57, 2.33, 00101001}; {–1.53, 1.10, 00101010}; {–1.55, 1.35, 00101011}; {–1.46, 0.66, 00101100}; {–1.57, 1.90, 00101101}; {–1.51,0.91,00101110}；{–1.56,1.58,00101111}；{1.73,0.44,00110000}；{1.57,2.33,00110001}；{1.60,1.10,00110010}；{1.58,1.35,00110011}；{1.69,0.66,00110100}；{1.57,1.90,00110101}；{1.63,0.91,00110110}；{1.57,1.58,00110111}；{–1.94,0.44,00111000}；{–1.77,2.33,00111001}；{–1.81,1.10,00111010}；{–1.78,1.35,00111011}；{–1.89,0.66,00111100}；{–1.77,1.90,00111101}；{–1.83,0.91,00111110}；{–1.77,1.58,00111111}；{0.52,0.25,01000000}；{0.58,2.36,01000001}；{0.51,1.09,01000010}；{0.55,1.35,01000011}；{0.42,0.59,01000100}；{0.58,1.92,01000101}；{0.47,0.86,01000110}；{0.57,1.60,01000111}；{–0.71,0.25,01001000}；{–0.78,2.36,01001001}；{–0.71,1.09,01001010}；{–0.75,1.35,01001011}；{–0.62,0.59,01001100}；{–0.77,1.92,01001101}；{–0.68,0.86,01001110}；{–0.77,1.60,01001111}；{2.43,0.25,01010000}；{2.36,2.36,01010001}；{2.43,1.09,01010010}；{2.40,1.35,01010011}；{2.52,0.59,01010100}；{2.36,1.92,01010101}；{2.47,0.86,01010110}；{2.37,1.60,01010111}；{–2.62,0.25,01011000}；{–2.56,2.36,01011001}；{–2.63,1.09,01011010}；{–2.60,1.35,01011011}；{–2.73,0.59,01011100}；{–2.57,1.92,01011101}；{–2.67,0.86,01011110}；{–2.57,1.60,01011111}；{1.04,0.44,01100000}；{0.78,2.33,01100001}；{0.78,1.10,01100010}；{0.76,1.35,01100011}；{0.86,0.66,01100100}；{0.78,1.90,01100101}；{0.79,0.91,01100110}；{0.77,1.58,01100111}；{–1.24,0.44,01101000}；{–0.98,2.33,01101001}；{–0.98,1.10,01101010}；{–0.96,1.35,01101011}；{–1.06,0.66,01101100}；{–0.97,1.90,01101101}；{–1.00,0.91,01101110}；{–0.96,1.58,01101111}；{1.90,0.44,01110000}；{2.16,2.33,01110001}；{2.17,1.10,01110010}；{2.19,1.35,01110011}；{2.07,0.66,01110100}；{2.17,1.90,01110101}；{2.15,0.91,01110110}；{2.18,1.58,01110111}；{–2.11,0.44,01111000}；{–2.36,2.33,01111001}；{–2.37,1.10,01111010}；{–2.38,1.35,01111011}；{–2.27,0.66,01111100}；{–2.37,1.90,01111101}；{–2.35,0.91,01111110}；{–2.37,1.58,01111111}；{0.44,0.25,10000000}；{0.19,2.36,10000001}；{0.13,1.09,10000010}；{0.16,1.35,10000011}；{0.12,0.59,10000100}；{0.19,1.92,10000101}；{0.10,0.86,10000110}；{0.18,1.60,10000111}；{–0.63,0.25,10001000}；{–0.39,2.36,10001001}；{–0.33,1.09,10001010}；{–0.37,1.35,10001011}；{–0.33,0.59,10001100}；{–0.39,1.92,10001101}；{–0.31,0.86,10001110}；{–0.38,1.60,10001111}；{2.51,0.25,10010000}；{2.75,2.36,10010001}；{2.81,1.09,10010010}；{2.78,1.35,10010011}；{2.81,0.59,10010100}；{2.75,1.92,10010101}；{2.83,0.86,10010110}；{2.76,1.60,10010111}；{–2.70,0.25,10011000}；{–2.95,2.36,10011001}；{–3.01,1.09,10011010}；{–2.97,1.35,10011011}；{–3.02,0.59,10011100}；{–2.95,1.92,10011101}；{–3.04,0.86,10011110}；{–2.96,1.60,10011111}；{1.21,0.44,10100000}；{1.18,2.33,10100001}；{1.18,1.10,10100010}；{1.16,1.35,10100011}；{1.23,0.66,10100100}；{1.17,1.90,10100101}；{1.21,0.91,10100110}；{1.16,1.58,10100111}；{–1.41,0.44,10101000}；{–1.38,2.33,10101001}；{–1.38,1.10,10101010}；{–1.36,1.35,10101011}；{–1.42,0.66,10101100}；{–1.37,1.90,10101101}；{–1.40,0.91,10101110}；{–1.36,1.58,10101111}；{1.74,0.44,10110000}；{1.77,2.33,10110001}；{1.76,1.10,10110010}；{1.78,1.35,10110011}；{1.72,0.66,10110100}；{1.77,1.90,10110101}；{1.73,0.91,10110110}；{1.78,1.58,10110111}；{–1.93,0.44,10111000}；{–1.96,2.33,10111001}；{–1.96,1.10,10111010}；{–1.98,1.35,10111011}；{–1.92,0.66,10111100}；{–1.97,1.90,10111101}；{–1.94,0.91,10111110}；{–1.98,1.58,10111111}；{0.50,0.25,11000000}；{0.39,2.36,11000001}；{0.40,1.09,11000010}；{0.39,1.35,11000011}；{0.40,0.59,11000100}；{0.38,1.92,11000101}；{0.41,0.86,11000110}；{0.38,1.60,11000111}；{–0.67,0.25,11001000}；{–0.59,2.36,11001001}；{–0.60,1.09,11001010}；{–0.58,1.35,11001011}；{–0.61,0.59,11001100}；{–0.59,1.92,11001101}；{–0.61,0.86,11001110}；{–0.58,1.60,11001111}；{2.44,0.25,11010000}；{2.55,2.36,11010001}；{2.55,1.09,11010010}；{2.56,1.35,11010011}；{2.54,0.59,11010100}；{2.56,1.92,11010101}；{2.53,0.86,11010110}；{2.56,1.60,11010111}；{–2.66,0.25,11011000}；{–2.75,2.36,11011001}；{–2.74,1.09,11011010}；{–2.76,1.35,11011011}；{–2.74,0.59,11011100}；{–2.76,1.92,11011101}；{–2.73,0.86,11011110}；{–2.76,1.60,11011111}；{1.05,0.44,11100000}；{0.98,2.33,11100001}；{0.90,1.10,11100010}；{0.94,1.35,11100011}；{0.89,0.66,11100100}；{0.97,1.90,11100101}；{0.88,0.91,11100110}；{0.96,1.58,11100111}；{–1.24,0.44,11101000}；{–1.18,2.33,11101001}；{–1.1,1.10,11101010}；{–1.14,1.35,11101011}；{–1.09,0.66,11101100}；{–1.17,1.90,11101101}；{–1.08,0.91,11101110}；{–1.16,1.58,11101111}；{1.89,0.44,11110000}；{1.96,2.33,11110001}；{2.03,1.10,11110010}；{2.00,1.35,11110011}；{2.05,0.66,11110100}；{1.97,1.90,11110101}；{2.06,0.91,11110110}；{1.99,1.58,11110111}；{–2.10,0.44,11111000}；{–2.16,2.33,11111001}；{–2.23,1.10,11111010}；{–2.20,1.35,11111011}；{–2.25,0.66,11111100}；{–2.17,1.90,11111101}；{–2.26,0.91,11111110}；{–2.18,1.58,11111111}；. The coordinates are polar coordinates, "angle" represents the rotation of each point in the polar coordinates, "radius" represents the radius in the polar coordinates, the constellation is multiplied by the value of the "radius" and rotated by the value of the "angle", and the definition of "label" holds true in any arrangement of bits.

20. The device according to any one of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that, The bit rate and the target block error rate (tBLER) are determined according to any one of the following tables: "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, and "SE" represents spectral efficiency.

21. The device according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any one of the following items: "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, "GS" represents geometric shaping, and the coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2}, m∈{1,2}, and the explicit formula of QAM 16 is: {X1+iX1,X1+iX2,X2+iX1,X2+iX2}. The points of the constellation are tabulated together with the QAM 16 baseline under scaling and rotation; The marking method for each point of the constellation is the same as the marking method for each point of QAM 16.

22. The device according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any one of the following items: "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, "GS" represents geometric shaping, and the coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2,3,4}, m∈{1,2,3,4}; The points of the constellation are tabulated together with the QAM 64 baseline under scaling and rotation; The marking method for each point of the constellation is the same as the marking method for each point of QAM 64.

23. The device according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that, The coordinates of a point in the constellation are any one of the following items: "MCS" represents modulation and coding scheme, "GS" represents geometric shaping, and the coordinates of each point of the constellation are obtained by Cartesian product: {Xn+iXm}, n∈{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, m∈{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}; The points of the constellation are tabulated together with the QAM 256 baseline under scaling and rotation; The marking method for each point of the constellation is the same as that for each point of QAM 256.

24. The device according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that, The parameters of the constellation are determined according to the following table: a0 to a7 represent different parameters of the constellation coordinates of the points in the constellation, corresponding to an 8-bit sequence, and are passed through... It is found that the definition accuracy of the parameter is as high as 0.005 when SINR is 1 to 5.

25. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions, characterized in that, When executed by one or more processors of a computing device, the instructions cause the computing device to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

26. A chip comprising one or more execution units, characterized in that, When the instructions are executed by the one or more execution units of the chip, the chip causes the chip to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

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