Astragalus mongholicus cultivation method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of astragalus membranaceus cultivation, in particular to an astragalus membranaceus cultivation method which comprises the steps of land selection and preparation, seed treatment, seedling culture, field management and pest control, and land selection and preparation comprises the following steps: S1, selecting sandy loam which is fertile in soil, sufficient in sunlight and convenient to irrigate, deeply ploughing for 30-45 cm, turning out the soil, scattering quicklime for disinfection per mu, and applying soil to the field; then 500 to 600 kg of base fertilizer farmyard manure, 160 to 170 kg of granular potash fertilizer, 65 to 70 kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 55 to 60 kg of ammonium sulfate, 105 to 115 kg of EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid) chelated iron, 65 to 75 kg of sodium selenite and 32 to 40 kg of bacillus are applied per mu; according to the method, the seeds can be treated twice, so that the quality during seed selection can be improved, the death rate of astragalus membranaceus seedlings during subsequent astragalus membranaceus seed cultivation is reduced, meanwhile, the astragalus membranaceus seedlings are protected more comprehensively during seedling cultivation, the survival rate of the astragalus membranaceus seedlings is further increased, and the practicability of astragalus membranaceus cultivation is higher; meanwhile, the nutrition intake of the astragalus membranaceus seeds can be further increased during field management.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of Astragalus cultivation technology, specifically to a method for cultivating Astragalus. Background Technology

[0002] Astragalus is a Chinese medicinal herb. This product is the root of *Astragalus membranaceus*, a plant in the legume family. It is harvested in spring and autumn, the soil, fibrous roots, and root heads are removed, and it is sun-dried until it is 60-70% dry. It is then straightened, bundled, and sun-dried again. Its functions and indications are: tonifying qi and strengthening the exterior, promoting pus drainage, diuresis, and tissue regeneration. It is used for qi deficiency and fatigue, chronic diarrhea and rectal prolapse, spontaneous sweating, edema, uterine prolapse, proteinuria in chronic nephritis, diabetes, and slow-healing sores. It is a perennial herb. The stem is erect and branched in the upper part. The odd-pinnate compound leaves are alternate, with 12-18 pairs of leaflets; the leaflets are broadly elliptic or elliptic, pubescent on the underside; the stipules are lanceolate. The racemes are axillary; the calyx is campanulate, densely pubescent, with 5 calyx teeth; the corolla is yellow, the standard is oblong-obovate, the wings and keel have long claws; there are 10 stamens, diadelphous; the ovary has a long stalk. The pod is membranous, semi-ovoid, and glabrous. Flowering period is from June to July, and fruiting period is from July to September. Appropriate cultivation methods are required when planting Astragalus membranaceus.

[0003] Traditional cultivation methods have certain shortcomings. The methods for raising astragalus seedlings and treating astragalus seeds are relatively simple. If the astragalus seeds are not treated thoroughly, non-compliant seeds may enter the field, resulting in a lower germination rate and thus reducing the growth effect of astragalus. Furthermore, the protection of astragalus seedlings is poor, which may lead to the death of astragalus before germination, thus limiting the practicality of astragalus cultivation methods. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0006] A method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus includes site selection and land preparation, seed treatment, seedling raising, field management, and pest and disease control. The site selection and land preparation includes the following steps:

[0007] S1. Select fertile, sunny, and easily irrigated sandy loam soil. Deeply plow to a depth of 30-45cm, turn over the soil, and disinfect it by spreading quicklime per acre. Then apply 500-600kg of farmyard manure, 160-170kg of granular potassium fertilizer, 65-70kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 55-60kg of ammonium sulfate, 105-115kg of EDTA chelated iron, 65-75kg of sodium selenite, 32-40kg of Bacillus subtilis, 65-75kg of zinc gluconate, and 57-67kg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate per acre. Prepare the land and make ridges with a ridge width of 85-95cm. Dig drainage ditches between adjacent ridges with a ditch width of 27-32cm.

[0008] The seed treatment includes the following steps:

[0009] S2. Place the seeds in a seed treatment solution with an initial temperature of 25±2℃ and treat them with ultrasonic waves at a power of 100W and a frequency of 30-35kHZ for 9-12 minutes. After removing the seeds and washing them, you will get the first-treated seeds.

[0010] S3. The seed treatment solution is a mixed solution of folic acid and ferrous sulfate, wherein the concentration of folic acid is 12-15 mg / L and the concentration of ferrous sulfate is 4-6 mg / L;

[0011] S4. Mix the seeds treated once with wet sand with a moisture content of 36-45% evenly, keep at 9-12℃ for 5-7 hours, then raise the temperature to 26-28℃, and keep at a constant temperature until the seeds show white, to obtain the seeds treated twice. Keep the seeds obtained in the second treatment for later use.

[0012] S5. Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water for 12 hours or in 50℃ warm water for 6-12 hours, dry them, mix them with sand, and then sow them to improve the germination rate.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the seedling cultivation includes the following steps:

[0014] S6. Take the seedling tube and sterilize it. Add an appropriate amount of fungicide to the base fertilizer, fill the seedling tube with base fertilizer, and tamp it down.

[0015] S7. Thoroughly water the base fertilizer in the seedling tray, then press a pit on the surface of the base fertilizer to leave a seed for sowing. Sow 5-6 seeds in each seedling tray, and cover the seeds with a layer of mulch after sowing.

[0016] S8. After the seeds germinate, seedlings are obtained. When the germination rate reaches 76-85%, the covering film is removed and water is added. When the temperature is above 32 degrees Celsius, the seedlings are shaded and ventilation is provided as needed.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the field management includes the following steps:

[0018] S9. Apply urea when the seedlings are 10 cm tall, and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer before flowering; drain water in time during the rainy season to prevent root rot.

[0019] S10. Keep the soil moist during the seedling stage, and regularly cultivate and weed to promote root development.

[0020] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the field management includes the following steps:

[0021] S11. After transplanting the Astragalus plants, water the roots thoroughly. Irrigate and drain appropriately according to the amount of water in the field to keep the soil around the roots of the fruit trees moist at 70%-80%. Apply fertilizer three times during the growth period of Astragalus. The fertilizer should be 310-400 kg of chicken manure, 210-260 kg of edible fungus residue, 56-65 kg of ginkgo leaf extract, 190-210 kg of humus, 140-170 kg of molasses, 65-75 kg of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and 78-88 kg of zinc sulfate per mu.

[0022] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pest and disease control includes the following steps:

[0023] S12. Before or at the early stage of powdery mildew, spray twice every 20 days with lime sulfur solution at 0.6 Baume or spray with 50% carbendazim at a dilution of 1100-1400 times, twice every 20 days, for 4-6 consecutive times; for root rot, promptly remove diseased plants and disinfect the diseased holes with lime; when preparing the land, apply 2 kg of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene per acre for soil disinfection; and apply 30-45 kg of calcium cyanamide as base fertilizer.

[0024] S13. For white mold disease, use 50% mixed sulfur or 30% thiophanate-methyl suspension at 600 times dilution, or 20% triadimefon EC at 2000 times dilution, and apply one of these solutions twice every 7-9 days. Alternatively, use 20% thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times dilution to drench or spray the affected area 2-3 times at the initial stage of the disease, and treat twice every 15-20 days. For insect pests, spray with 40% dimethoate EC at 2100-2500 times dilution or 50% fenitrothion at 1100 times dilution, once every 5 days.

[0025] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: organic fertilizer: 120-150 parts; phosphate fertilizer: 2-3.5 parts; nitrate fertilizer: 1.5-1.9 parts.

[0026] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when the seedlings grow to more than 3 leaves, they should be thinned out and sprayed with fertilizer and water.

[0027] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0028] 1. In this invention, by combining seed treatment, seedling raising, and field management, seeds can be treated twice, thereby improving the quality of seed selection and reducing the mortality rate of Astragalus seedlings during subsequent cultivation. At the same time, the seedlings are more comprehensively protected during seedling raising, further improving their survival rate and making Astragalus cultivation more practical. Additionally, field management can further increase the nutrient intake of Astragalus seeds.

[0029] 2. In this invention, by setting up pest and disease control measures, the Astragalus seedlings can be protected from pests and diseases during cultivation, thereby improving their survival rate and preventing seedling death. Furthermore, multiple sprayings can enhance the protection of the seedlings, making the cultivation method more applicable. Attached Figure Description

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the seedling cultivation method of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating pest and disease control according to the present invention;

[0032] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the seed processing of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0034] For examples, please refer to Figures 1-3 The present invention provides a technical solution: A method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus includes site selection and land preparation, seed treatment, seedling raising, field management, and pest and disease control. Site selection and land preparation includes the following steps: S1. Select fertile, sunny, and easily irrigated sandy loam soil. Deeply plow to a depth of 30-45cm, turn over the soil, and disinfect it by spreading quicklime per acre. Then apply 500-600kg of farmyard manure, 160-170kg of granular potassium fertilizer, 65-70kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 55-60kg of ammonium sulfate, 105-115kg of EDTA chelated iron, 65-75kg of sodium selenite, 32-40kg of Bacillus subtilis, 65-75kg of zinc gluconate, and 57-67kg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate per acre. Prepare the land and make ridges with a ridge width of 85-95cm. Dig drainage ditches between adjacent ridges with a ditch width of 27-32cm. Seed treatment includes the following steps: S2. Place the seeds in a seed treatment solution with an initial temperature of 25±2℃ and treat them with ultrasonic waves at a power of 100W and a frequency of 30-35kHZ for 9-12 minutes. After removing the seeds and washing them, you will get the first-treated seeds. S3. The seed treatment solution is a mixed solution of folic acid and ferrous sulfate, wherein the concentration of folic acid is 12-15 mg / L and the concentration of ferrous sulfate is 4-6 mg / L; S4. Mix the seeds treated once with wet sand with a moisture content of 36-45% evenly, keep at 9-12℃ for 5-7 hours, then raise the temperature to 26-28℃, and keep at a constant temperature until the seeds show white, to obtain the seeds treated twice. Keep the seeds obtained in the second treatment for later use. S5. Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water for 12 hours or in 50℃ warm water for 6-12 hours, dry them, mix them with sand, and then sow them to improve the germination rate.

[0042] This method allows for two treatments of the seeds, which can improve the quality of seed selection, reduce the mortality rate of Astragalus seedlings during subsequent cultivation, provide more comprehensive protection for Astragalus seedlings during seedling raising, further improve the survival rate of Astragalus seedlings, enhance the practicality of Astragalus cultivation, and further increase the nutrient intake of Astragalus seeds during field management.

[0043] Seedling cultivation includes the following steps:

[0044] S6. Take the seedling tube and sterilize it. Add an appropriate amount of fungicide to the base fertilizer, fill the seedling tube with base fertilizer, and tamp it down.

[0045] S7. Thoroughly water the base fertilizer in the seedling tray, then press a pit on the surface of the base fertilizer to leave a seed for sowing. Sow 5-6 seeds in each seedling tray, and cover the seeds with a layer of mulch after sowing.

[0046] S8. After the seeds germinate, seedlings are obtained. When the germination rate reaches 76-85%, the covering film is removed and water is added. When the temperature is higher than 32 degrees Celsius, the seedlings are shaded and ventilated as needed.

[0047] Field management includes the following steps:

[0048] S9. Apply urea when the seedlings are 10 cm tall, and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer before flowering; drain water in time during the rainy season to prevent root rot.

[0049] S10. Keep the soil moist during the seedling stage, and regularly cultivate and weed to promote root development;

[0050] Field management includes the following steps:

[0051] S11. After transplanting the Astragalus plants, water the roots thoroughly. Irrigate and drain appropriately according to the amount of water in the field to keep the soil around the roots of the fruit trees moist at 70%-80%. Apply fertilizer three times during the growth period of Astragalus. The fertilizer should be 310-400 kg of chicken manure, 210-260 kg of edible fungus residue, 56-65 kg of ginkgo leaf extract, 190-210 kg of humus, 140-170 kg of molasses, 65-75 kg of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and 78-88 kg of zinc sulfate per mu.

[0052] Pest and disease control includes the following steps:

[0053] S12. Before or at the early stage of powdery mildew, spray twice every 20 days with lime sulfur solution at 0.6 Baume or spray with 50% carbendazim at a dilution of 1100-1400 times, twice every 20 days, for 4-6 consecutive times; for root rot, promptly remove diseased plants and disinfect the diseased holes with lime; when preparing the land, apply 2 kg of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene per acre for soil disinfection; and apply 30-45 kg of calcium cyanamide as base fertilizer.

[0054] S13. For white mold disease, use 50% mixed sulfur fungicide or 30% thiophanate-methyl suspension at a dilution of 600 times, or 20% triadimefon emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 2000 times, applying one of these solutions twice every 7-9 days. Alternatively, use 20% thiophanate-methyl at a dilution of 1000 times to drench or spray the affected area 2-3 times at the initial stage of the disease, applying the solution twice every 15-20 days. For insect pests, spray with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 2100-2500 times or 50% fenitrothion at a dilution of 1100 times, once every 5 days.

[0055] The base fertilizer includes the following raw materials in parts by weight: organic fertilizer: 120-150 parts; phosphate fertilizer: 2-3.5 parts; nitrate fertilizer: 1.5-1.9 parts. When the seedlings grow to more than 3 leaves, they should be thinned out and sprayed with fertilizer and water.

[0056] This method can prevent Astragalus seedlings from being attacked by pests and diseases during cultivation, improve the survival rate of Astragalus seedlings, avoid seedling death, and improve the protection effect of seedlings by spraying them multiple times, making the cultivation method more applicable.

[0057] The workflow of this invention: When using the Astragalus cultivation method designed in this scheme, the process includes site selection and land preparation, seed treatment, seedling raising, field management, and pest and disease control. Site selection and land preparation includes the following steps:

[0058] S1. Select fertile, sunny, and easily irrigated sandy loam soil. Deeply plow to a depth of 30-45cm, turn over the soil, and disinfect it by spreading quicklime per acre. Then apply 500-600kg of farmyard manure, 160-170kg of granular potassium fertilizer, 65-70kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 55-60kg of ammonium sulfate, 105-115kg of EDTA chelated iron, 65-75kg of sodium selenite, 32-40kg of Bacillus subtilis, 65-75kg of zinc gluconate, and 57-67kg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate per acre. Prepare the land and make ridges with a ridge width of 85-95cm. Dig drainage ditches between adjacent ridges with a ditch width of 27-32cm.

[0059] Seed treatment includes the following steps: S2. Place the seeds in a seed treatment solution with an initial temperature of 25±2℃ and treat them with ultrasound at a power of 100W and a frequency of 30-35kHz for 9-12 minutes. After removing and rinsing the seeds, obtain the first-treated seeds; S3. The seed treatment solution is a mixed solution of folic acid and ferrous sulfate, wherein the concentration of folic acid is 12-15mg / L and the concentration of ferrous sulfate is 4-6mg / L; S4. Mix the first-treated seeds evenly with moist sand with a moisture content of 36-45%, keep it at 9-12℃ for 5-7 hours, then raise the temperature to 26-28℃, and then keep it at a constant temperature until the seeds show white sprouts, obtain the second-treated seeds, and keep the second-treated seeds for later use; S5. Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water for 12 hours or at 50℃. Soak in warm water for 6-12 hours, dry, mix with sand, and sow to improve germination rate; Seedling raising includes the following steps: S6. Take seedling trays and sterilize them. Add an appropriate amount of fungicide to the base fertilizer, fill the seedling trays with base fertilizer, and compact it; S7. Thoroughly water the base fertilizer in the seedling trays, then press a pit on the surface of the base fertilizer to leave for seeding. Sow 5-6 seeds in each seedling tray, and cover the seeds with a layer of mulch after sowing; S8. After the seeds germinate, seedlings are obtained. When the germination rate reaches 76-85%, remove the mulch and water them. Shade the seedlings when the temperature is above 32 degrees Celsius and ventilate them as needed; Field management includes the following steps: S9. Apply urea when the seedlings are 10 cm tall, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer before flowering; drain water in time during the rainy season to prevent root rot; S10 1. Keep the soil moist during the seedling stage, and regularly cultivate and weed to promote root development. Field management includes the following steps: S11. After transplanting the Astragalus plants, water the roots thoroughly. Irrigate and drain appropriately according to the amount of water available in the field, so that the soil moisture around the roots of the fruit trees is 70%-80%. Apply fertilizer three times during the growth period of Astragalus, with the following fertilizer per mu: 310-400 kg of chicken manure, 210-260 kg of edible fungus residue, 56-65 kg of ginkgo leaf extract, 190-210 kg of humus, 140-170 kg of molasses, 65-75 kg of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and 78-88 kg of zinc sulfate. Pest and disease control includes the following steps: S12. Before or at the early stage of powdery mildew, spray twice every 20 days with lime sulfur solution at 0.6 Baume. For fungicide treatment, spray with 50% thiophanate-methyl at a dilution of 1100-1400 times, twice every 20 days, for 4-6 consecutive times; for root rot, promptly remove diseased plants and disinfect the affected area with lime; when preparing the land, apply 2 kg of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene per acre for soil disinfection; and apply 30-45 kg of calcium cyanamide as base fertilizer; for S13. white mold disease, use 50% mixed sulfur or 30% methyl thiophanate suspension at a dilution of 600 times, or 20% triadimefon EC at a dilution of 2000 times, using one of these, and irrigate twice every 7-9 days; alternatively, use 20% thiophanate-methyl at a dilution of 1000 times to irrigate or drench the affected area 2-3 times at the initial stage of the disease, twice every 15-20 days; for pests, spray with 40% dimethoate EC at a dilution of 2100-2500 times, or 50% fenitrothion at a dilution of 1100 times, once every 5 days.

[0060] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus, comprising site selection and land preparation, seed treatment, seedling raising, field management, and pest and disease control, characterized in that: The site selection and preparation includes the following steps: S1. Select fertile, sunny, and easily irrigated sandy loam soil. Deeply plow to a depth of 30-45cm, turn over the soil, and disinfect it by spreading quicklime per acre. Then apply 500-600kg of farmyard manure, 160-170kg of granular potassium fertilizer, 65-70kg of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 55-60kg of ammonium sulfate, 105-115kg of EDTA chelated iron, 65-75kg of sodium selenite, 32-40kg of Bacillus subtilis, 65-75kg of zinc gluconate, and 57-67kg of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate per acre. Prepare the land and make ridges with a ridge width of 85-95cm. Dig drainage ditches between adjacent ridges with a ditch width of 27-32cm. The seed treatment includes the following steps: S2. Place the seeds in a seed treatment solution with an initial temperature of 25±2℃ and treat them with ultrasonic waves at a power of 100W and a frequency of 30-35kHZ for 9-12 minutes. After removing the seeds and washing them, you will get the first-treated seeds. S3. The seed treatment solution is a mixed solution of folic acid and ferrous sulfate, wherein the concentration of folic acid is 12-15 mg / L and the concentration of ferrous sulfate is 4-6 mg / L; S4. Mix the seeds treated once with wet sand with a moisture content of 36-45% evenly, keep at 9-12℃ for 5-7 hours, then raise the temperature to 26-28℃, and keep at a constant temperature until the seeds show white, to obtain the seeds treated twice. Keep the seeds obtained in the second treatment for later use. S5. Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water for 12 hours or in 50℃ warm water for 6-12 hours, dry them, mix them with sand, and then sow them to improve the germination rate.

2. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The seedling cultivation includes the following steps: S6. Take the seedling tube and sterilize it. Add an appropriate amount of fungicide to the base fertilizer, fill the seedling tube with base fertilizer, and tamp it down. S7. Thoroughly water the base fertilizer in the seedling tray, then press a pit on the surface of the base fertilizer to leave a seed for sowing. Sow 5-6 seeds in each seedling tray, and cover the seeds with a layer of mulch after sowing. S8. After the seeds germinate, seedlings are obtained. When the germination rate reaches 76-85%, the covering film is removed and water is added. When the temperature is above 32 degrees Celsius, the seedlings are shaded and ventilation is provided as needed.

3. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The field management includes the following steps: S9. Apply urea when the seedlings are 10 cm tall, and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer before flowering; drain water in time during the rainy season to prevent root rot. S10. Keep the soil moist during the seedling stage, and regularly cultivate and weed to promote root development.

4. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The field management includes the following steps: S11. After transplanting the Astragalus plants, water the roots thoroughly. Irrigate and drain appropriately according to the amount of water in the field to keep the soil around the roots of the fruit trees moist at 70%-80%. Apply fertilizer three times during the growth period of Astragalus. The fertilizer should be 310-400 kg of chicken manure, 210-260 kg of edible fungus residue, 56-65 kg of ginkgo leaf extract, 190-210 kg of humus, 140-170 kg of molasses, 65-75 kg of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and 78-88 kg of zinc sulfate per mu.

5. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pest and disease control measures include the following steps: S12. Before or at the early stage of powdery mildew, spray twice every 20 days with lime sulfur solution at 0.6 Baume or spray with 50% carbendazim at a dilution of 1100-1400 times, twice every 20 days, for 4-6 consecutive times; for root rot, promptly remove diseased plants and disinfect the diseased holes with lime; when preparing the land, apply 2 kg of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene per acre for soil disinfection; and apply 30-45 kg of calcium cyanamide as base fertilizer. S13. For white mold disease, use 50% mixed sulfur or 30% thiophanate-methyl suspension at 600 times dilution, or 20% triadimefon EC at 2000 times dilution, and apply one of these solutions twice every 7-9 days. Alternatively, use 20% thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times dilution to drench or spray the affected area 2-3 times at the initial stage of the disease, and treat twice every 15-20 days. For insect pests, spray with 40% dimethoate EC at 2100-2500 times dilution or 50% fenitrothion at 1100 times dilution, once every 5 days.

6. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The base fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: organic fertilizer: 120-150 parts; phosphate fertilizer: 2-3.5 parts; nitrate fertilizer: 1.5-1.9 parts.

7. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus according to claim 2, characterized in that, When the seedlings grow to more than 3 leaves, they should be thinned out and sprayed with fertilizer and water.

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