Cyclobalanopsis glauca cut-log ganoderma lucidum selenium-rich planting method and sporocarp and spore harvesting and grading method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of ganoderma lucidum selenium-rich planting, and discloses a cyclobalanopsis glauca cut-log ganoderma lucidum selenium-rich planting method and a sporocarp and spore harvesting and grading method thereof, and the method comprises the step of soaking and / or spraying a selenium fertilizer in a mushroom stick sterilization and ganoderma lucidum growing management stage. According to the scheme, a 0.2% selenium fertilizer foliage spraying mode is adopted, and spraying is conducted in the ganoderma lucidum growth rapid period, so that the total selenium content and the organic selenium content in ganoderma lucidum spore powder meet the requirement (larger than or equal to 0.15 mg / kg) of selenium-rich agricultural products (Chongqing local standard DB50 / T 705-2016). A selenium-rich ganoderma lucidum spore powder cultivation technology is researched, so that the quality and efficacy of ganoderma lucidum can be improved; through standardized planting demonstration and popularization of selenium-rich ganoderma lucidum, the ganoderma lucidum planting level and the quality of ganoderma lucidum and spore powder raw materials are improved; the method can guide farmers to implement a ganoderma lucidum grading system, and plays a positive role in improving planting benefits, promoting farmer income increase, and developing rural industry, traditional Chinese medicine industry, tourism industry and healthy industry.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of Ganoderma lucidum selenium-enriched cultivation technology, specifically to a method for cultivating Ganoderma lucidum in selenium-enriched form on oak logs and a method for harvesting and grading fruiting bodies and spores. Background Technology

[0002] Selenium is an essential trace element for the human body, possessing various physiological functions such as preventing and treating myopia and cataracts, protecting the heart, preventing liver necrosis, and fighting cancer. It also enhances immunity, detoxifies, delays aging, and strengthens reproductive function, earning it the titles of "King of Anti-Cancer Agents," "Guardian of the Heart," and "Spark of Life." However, the daily selenium intake of adults in my country is only 26-32 μg, far below the 50 μg recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society and the 60 μg recommended by international societies. Furthermore, approximately 75% of regions in my country suffer from selenium deficiency. With the accelerating aging of the population and a deeper understanding of the physiological functions of selenium, the market demand for safe and effective selenium-enriched products is increasing year by year, making scientific selenium supplementation an important need for safeguarding public health. To meet the demand for selenium supplementation, existing technologies have led to several research directions: In terms of supplementation methods, these include drug-based selenium supplementation, inorganic selenium supplementation, and bio-based selenium supplementation. Among these, bio-based selenium supplementation converts inorganic selenium into organic selenium through the consumption of selenium-rich agricultural products, which is convenient, safe, and economical, and is currently the mainstream research direction. In terms of carrier selection, Ganoderma lucidum, as a traditional medicinal fungus, has high nutritional value, and the technology for Ganoderma lucidum log cultivation has matured. For example, the Ganoderma lucidum log cultivation demonstration project of Chongqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd. has reached a considerable scale in many parts of Chongqing, providing a technical foundation for the cultivation of selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum. However, existing technologies still have key shortcomings: (1) drug selenium supplementation is costly and difficult for ordinary consumers to accept; (2) inorganic selenium supplementation has the risk of low absorption efficiency and easy poisoning; (3) although there is technical accumulation in bio-based selenium supplementation and Ganoderma lucidum log cultivation, the technology for selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum cultivation using oak logs as a specific carrier has not yet been systematized, and there is a lack of supporting standards for the harvesting and grading of fruiting bodies and spores. This makes it impossible to achieve precise synergy between selenium and Ganoderma lucidum efficacy, and it is also difficult to effectively guide the development of regional selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum industry (such as Chongqing area), and it cannot fully meet the market demand for high-quality selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum products and the industrial goal of increasing farmers' income. Therefore, it is urgent to construct a complete technical solution for selenium-enriched cultivation and harvesting and grading of oak log Ganoderma lucidum. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The present invention aims to provide a method for cultivating selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum on oak logs and a method for harvesting and grading fruiting bodies and spores, in order to solve the technical problem that the existing technology for cultivating selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum using oak logs as carriers is not mature enough and thus affects the selenium content in the cultivated Ganoderma lucidum.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a method for cultivating selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum on oak logs and a method for harvesting and grading fruiting bodies and spores, comprising: tree species selection → felling → cutting → bagging → sterilization → cooling → inoculation → mycelial growth → removing bags → burying → Ganoderma lucidum emergence → Ganoderma lucidum management → spore powder cultivation in bags and sleeves → spore powder cultivation management → spore powder harvesting → fruiting body harvesting → drying of fruiting bodies and spore powder → Ganoderma lucidum grading → spore powder sieving → storage; including the following steps: S1. Tree species selection: Select oak trees with uniform thickness; S2. Felling: Felling qualified oak logs; S3. Cutting: Cut the oak logs into sections and remove impurities; S4. Bagging: Put the cut logs directly into heat-resistant mushroom bags, and tie the bag opening tightly with a rope or seal it with a ring. S5. Sterilization: Sterilize the mushroom sticks; this stage also includes soaking and spraying the logs with selenium fertilizer; S6. Cooling and cooling down: The sterilized mushroom logs are allowed to cool naturally to room temperature; S7. Inoculation procedure: In a sterile environment, inoculate the Ganoderma lucidum spawn into the cooled spawn bag and reseal the bag. S8. Spawn culture: Transfer the inoculated spawn sticks to the spawn culture room, stack them, and then culture them. S9. Bag removal treatment: After the mycelium has fully grown on the log, open the bag or remove the bag completely to expose the surface of the log. S10. Soil planting: Select a loose, fertile, and well-drained plot of land, dig a deep trench, place the logs after removing the bags horizontally into the trench, cover with soil, and water thoroughly to settle the roots. S11, Induction of seed emergence: Keep the soil moist after burying and provide diffused light; S12. Post-harvest management: Regularly spray water to maintain humidity, and regularly ventilate; S13. Cultivating spore powder by sealing bags and sleeves: When the edge of the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body cap stops growing and spores begin to be released, cover the cap with a sterile sleeve and seal the bag tightly. S14. Spore powder cultivation management: Maintain temperature, reduce watering, ventilate regularly, and maintain diffused light; S15. Spore powder harvesting: After a period of time in the sleeve, open the sleeve and gently brush the spore powder on the surface of the cap and the inner wall of the sleeve with a brush, and collect it into a sterile container. S16. Harvesting of fruiting bodies: After the spores are harvested, wait until the Ganoderma lucidum cap is fully expanded, the color deepens, and the tubes become lignified, then cut it off from the base of the stipe with scissors. S17. Drying treatment: Low-temperature drying of fruiting body spore powder; S18. Ganoderma lucidum grading: Based on the size, shape, color, and absence of damage or mold of the fruiting body, it is divided into Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3. S19. Sieving of spore powder: The dried spore powder is sieved to remove impurities and obtain pure spore powder; S20. Storage and preservation: After vacuum sealing, place the fruiting bodies in a cool and dry place. Store the spore powder in a cool and dry place or refrigerate it. Check regularly.

[0005] Preferably, as an improvement, S5 sterilization includes the following: S5-1. Diluting selenium fertilizer: Take 200mL of liquid selenium fertilizer and add 20~40mL of water to prepare a diluent; S5-2, Immersion sterilization: Place several bagged mushroom sticks into the above-mentioned diluted solution and sterilize them simultaneously. S5-3. Spraying the remaining selenium fertilizer: After soaking, spray the remaining diluted selenium fertilizer solution in the container evenly onto the surface of the mushroom sticks.

[0006] Preferably, as an improvement, in the S12 Ganoderma lucidum management, the process of spraying water also includes adding selenium fertilizer, and the selenium fertilizer is sprayed during the rapid growth period of Ganoderma lucidum.

[0007] Preferably, as an improvement, in the S12 selenium management, the selenium fertilizer is selenium-enriched nutrient solution or home-grown liquid selenium fertilizer.

[0008] Preferably, as an improvement, when the selenium fertilizer is Selenium Source Selenium-enriched Nutrient Solution, it should be diluted 450-500 times before spraying; when the selenium fertilizer is Jiajiafa Liquid Selenium Fertilizer, it should be diluted 250-300 times before spraying.

[0009] Preferably, as an improvement, the S10 soil-burying planting includes the following: select a loose, fertile, and well-drained plot, dig a trench 15-20cm deep, place the removed logs horizontally into the trench, cover with 5-8cm of fine soil, and water thoroughly to settle the roots; burying the logs helps maintain humidity and provide trace elements, and the logs should be spaced 20-30cm apart to facilitate subsequent ventilation and light penetration.

[0010] Preferably, as an improvement, the S11 induction of Ganoderma lucidum growth includes the following: after burying the soil, maintain soil moisture of 70-80%, air humidity of 85-90%, temperature of 25-30℃, and provide 2-3 hours of diffused light per day; 10-15 days after the environmental conditions meet the standards, when small protrusions of Ganoderma lucidum primordia will sprout on the surface of the log, it is marked as the start of Ganoderma lucidum growth.

[0011] Preferably, as an improvement, this solution also provides a method for harvesting and grading the fruiting bodies and spores of *Ganoderma lucidum* after cultivation, using the above method to cultivate *Ganoderma lucidum*; the harvesting of S15 spore powder includes the following: S15-1. Harvesting time: Harvest should be carried out 3-5 days before the color of the bottom of the cap turns dark brown and the powdery shedding stops; the sleeve time should not exceed 40 days, and harvesting should be carried out in stages to ensure the freshness of the spores; S15-2. Staged harvesting: The first pollen collection is carried out about 30 days after the start of the harvest. The method of collection is as follows: Open the cover plate, remove the sleeve, brush off the powder accumulated on the cap, tie the powder in the bag, hold the top of the bag with one hand and pull it to the side to form an opening, and use a round spoon to take out the spore powder in the bag with the other hand; put the paper tube back on, cover the cover plate, and continue to cultivate spores. S15-3. Final Harvest: On a sunny day, lift the cover, remove the sleeve, cut off the top of the Ganoderma lucidum stem (which is free of sand), remove the Ganoderma lucidum, and brush off the spore powder accumulated on the cap; for the spore powder inside the bag, hold the bag by the connection between the bag and the stem and the top of the bag, detach it from the ground stem, and wipe away the mud and impurities outside the bag. Turn the bag upside down and pour out the spore powder inside.

[0012] Preferably, as an improvement, in the S17 drying process, the spore powder drying includes the following steps: S17-1. Build a windproof and rainproof drying shed. Select a sunny plot of land next to the planting base; clear the surrounding weeds, lay nylon on the ground, build an arc-shaped shed frame that is 1-1.2m wide, 2-2.5m long and 1.5m high, cover it with nylon, and set nylon door curtains at both ends to make it a windproof and rainproof drying shed. S17-2. The harvested spores should be spread out in a drying shed and dried for 2-3 sunny days. When the spores are pinched by hand and the moisture content is below 8%, they should be collected and dried. S17-3. Collect and dry the spore powder, put it into nylon bags, and then put it into a woven bag. Leave the bag open for one day to let it cool down, then tie and seal it. S17-4. Sifting and storage: Dry spore powder is sieved through a 300-mesh sieve, packaged in nylon bags with an outer woven bag or cardboard box, and stored at low temperature, in a dry place, away from light. The drying of fruiting bodies includes the following steps: individual Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies are cut off, arranged on a sieve with the cap side facing up, and placed in a drying room for drying. The drying temperature starts at 35℃, and is maintained for 1-2 hours for every 5℃ increase, until the fruiting body moisture content reaches 11%-12% at 55℃, at which point the drying is complete.

[0013] Preferably, as an improvement, the harvesting of S16 fruiting bodies includes the following steps: S16-1. Harvest when the Ganoderma lucidum cap stops growing, the edge of the cap has a rolled edge with the same color as the cap, i.e., 4-5 thickening lines, and the back of the cap is golden yellow. S16-2. When harvesting, use fruit tree shears to cut off the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Do not touch the underside of the cap with your hands after cutting off the fruiting bodies, and do not allow the fruiting bodies to collide with each other; the fruiting bodies should not be washed with water.

[0014] The principle and advantages of this scheme are: This plan utilizes foliar spraying of 0.2% selenium fertilizer during the rapid growth stage of Ganoderma lucidum to ensure that the total selenium and organic selenium content in Ganoderma lucidum spore powder meets the requirements of "Selenium-Enriched Agricultural Products" (Chongqing Local Standard DB50 / T 705-2016) (≥0.15mg / kg). Researching selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum spore powder cultivation techniques can improve the quality and medicinal efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum. Through standardized demonstration and promotion of selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, it can improve the level of Ganoderma lucidum cultivation and the quality of Ganoderma lucidum and spore powder raw materials. Guiding farmers to implement a Ganoderma lucidum grading system will have a positive impact on improving planting efficiency, increasing farmers' income, and developing rural industries, the traditional Chinese medicine industry, the tourism industry, and the health industry. Detailed Implementation

[0015] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments, but the implementation of the present invention is not limited thereto. Unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the following embodiments and experimental examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, and the materials and reagents used can all be obtained commercially.

[0016] Example Using Ganoderma lucidum grown on oak logs as a selenium-enriched raw material, this study investigated the effects of two Ganoderma lucidum strains and two types of selenium fertilizers on the yield, total selenium content, and organic selenium content of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. A method for determining the total selenium and organic selenium content of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was established, and a cultivation technique for selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was developed.

[0017] This scheme provides a method for cultivating selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum on oak logs, along with a method for harvesting and grading fruiting bodies and spores. The process involves 20 steps: tree species selection → felling → cutting → bagging → sterilization → cooling → inoculation → mycelial growth → bag removal → burying → Ganoderma lucidum emergence → emergence management → bagging and spore cultivation → spore cultivation management → spore harvesting → fruiting body harvesting → drying of fruiting bodies and spores → Ganoderma lucidum grading → spore sieving → storage. This study focuses on the log sterilization process and the emergence management process for selenium-enriched cultivation technology. The specific steps are as follows: S1. Tree species selection: Select oak trees with uniform thickness; S2. Felling: Felling qualified oak logs; S3. Cutting into sections: Cut the oak logs into sections and remove impurities; for specific reference: cut into sections of 15~25cm in length, remove impurities, and ensure uniform thickness; the log sections are the core nutrient carrier of the mushroom substrate, and the section size must be adapted to the specifications of the mushroom bags. S4. Bagging: Directly pack the cut logs into heat-resistant mushroom bags (1-2 logs per bag), and tie the bag opening tightly with rope or seal it with a loop. After bagging, the mushroom logs are formed, laying the foundation for subsequent sterilization, water retention, and contamination prevention. S5. Sterilization: Sterilize the bagged logs; As an improvement, this stage also includes soaking and spraying the logs with selenium fertilizer, as detailed below: S5-1. Selenium fertilizer dilution: Take 200mL of liquid selenium fertilizer (of which, Selenium Source selenium-enriched nutrient solution was purchased from Anhui Selenium Worry-Free Modern Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.; and Jiajiafa liquid selenium fertilizer was purchased from Hubei Nongke Valley Ecological Technology Co., Ltd.), add 20mL, 30mL, and 40mL of water respectively to prepare three different concentrations of dilution solution; control the concentration according to the experimental design to ensure that the dilution ratio of each treatment group is accurate. S5-2, Soaking and Sterilization: Place several 10kg bagged mushroom logs into a selenium fertilizer dilution solution of the corresponding concentration and sterilize them simultaneously; sterilization and selenium fertilizer soaking are completed at the same time, which kills miscellaneous bacteria / insect eggs and allows the logs to initially absorb selenium fertilizer; S5-3. Spraying the remaining selenium fertilizer: After soaking, spray the remaining diluted selenium fertilizer solution in the container evenly onto the surface of the mushroom logs; with the mushroom bags sealed, the diluted solution will seep through the gaps at the bag opening to replenish the selenium absorption of the logs and reduce waste. S6. Cooling and Cooling: After sterilization, the mushroom logs should be allowed to cool naturally to 25-30℃ to avoid high temperatures affecting the activity of subsequent inoculated spores; the cooling process should maintain a clean environment to prevent secondary contamination of the mushroom logs; S7. Inoculation procedure: In a sterile environment, inoculate the Ganoderma lucidum spawn into the cooled spawn bag and reseal the bag. Inoculation is the key to the colonization of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, and a sterile environment can reduce the risk of contamination by other microorganisms.

[0018] The selection of bacterial strains is as follows: (1) The Ganoderma lucidum variety 119 was provided by Chongqing Chengkou County Tianxing Ganoderma lucidum Planting Co., Ltd. The provided mushroom bags were covered with mycelium and could be directly planted in the ground. (2) Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences 119 variety, provided by Xiuying Edible Fungus Professional Cooperative of Longquan City. The provided fungus bags are covered with mycelium and can be directly planted in the ground.

[0019] S8. Mycelium growth and cultivation: Transfer the inoculated spawn to the mycelium growth room, stacking them with a spacing of 5-10cm. Maintain a temperature of 22-28℃ and a humidity of 60-70%, and keep the room dark and well-ventilated. The mycelium needs 1-2 months to fully grow on the spawn. During this period, check regularly and remove contaminated spawn (those with discolored mold spots or odors). S9. Bag removal treatment: After the mycelium has fully colonized the log, open the bag or remove the bag completely to expose the surface of the log. The purpose of removing the bag is to allow the mycelium to come into contact with the soil environment and induce the differentiation of fruiting bodies. Avoid direct sunlight after removing the bag. S10. Soil-burying and planting: Select a loose, fertile, and well-drained plot of land, dig a trench 15-20cm deep, place the logs after removing the bags horizontally in the trench, cover with 5-8cm of fine soil, and water thoroughly to settle the roots; soil burying can maintain humidity and provide trace elements, and the logs should be spaced 20-30cm apart to facilitate subsequent ventilation and light penetration. S11. Induction of Ganoderma lucidum growth: After burying the log, maintain soil moisture of 70-80%, air humidity of 85-90%, and temperature of 25-30℃, and provide diffused light (2-3 hours per day); 10-15 days after the environmental conditions are met, Ganoderma lucidum primordia (small protrusions) will sprout on the surface of the log, which means the growth of Ganoderma lucidum has begun. S12. Management of fruiting bodies: Regularly spray water to maintain humidity (avoid direct rinsing of primordia), ventilate 2-3 times / day (30 minutes each time), and control the temperature to be stable at 25-30℃; remove deformed fruiting bodies in time to prevent diseases and pests (prioritize physical control and avoid pesticide pollution). Specifically, water management should be balanced by comprehensively considering the soil quality, air humidity, temperature changes, and growth status of the planted area. Selenium fertilizer should be added during the watering process according to its type and application method.

[0020] As an improvement, this plan selects the application of selenium fertilizer during the rapid growth period of Ganoderma lucidum in the management process. Selenium-enriched nutrient solution (purchased from Anhui Selenium Worry-Free Modern Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.) is applied at a concentration of 1 mL, diluted with 450 mL, 500 mL, and 550 mL of water respectively. Jiajiafa liquid selenium fertilizer (purchased from Hubei Nongke Valley Ecological Technology Co., Ltd.) is applied at a concentration of 1 mL, diluted with 250 mL, 300 mL, and 350 mL of water respectively. Water is sprayed as needed according to the growth requirements of Ganoderma lucidum, and the selenium content is measured regularly.

[0021] S13. Cultivating spores using a sterile sleeve or special spore collection bag: When the edge of the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body cap stops growing and spores begin to be released, cover the cap with a sterile sleeve (or a special spore collection bag) and tie the bag tightly (leaving a few ventilation holes); the purpose of the sleeve is to collect spores, prevent spores from drifting away and losing, and maintain a local humidity of 40-60%; S14. Spore powder cultivation management: Maintain a temperature of 23-28℃, reduce water spraying (avoid condensation inside the sleeve), ventilate 1-2 times / day (20 minutes each time), and maintain diffused light; avoid excessive environmental humidity to prevent spore powder from clumping and becoming moldy, and regularly check the sleeve's sealing performance; S15. Spore Collection: After a period of time in the sleeve (peak spore release period), open the sleeve and gently brush the spores from the surface of the cap and the inner wall of the sleeve with a brush, collecting them into a sterile container. Harvesting should be done on a sunny morning (when the spores are dry) to avoid damaging the fruiting bodies by squeezing the caps. The specific steps include: S15-1. Harvesting time: Harvest should be carried out 3-5 days before the color of the bottom of the cap turns dark brown and powdery shedding stops. The capping time should not exceed 40 days, and harvesting should be done in stages to ensure the freshness of the spores.

[0022] S15-2. Staged Harvesting: The first pollen collection is conducted approximately 30 days after the start of the growing season. The method is as follows: Open the cover, remove the sleeve, brush off the accumulated pollen from the cap, and collect the pollen from inside the bag. Hold the top of the bag with one hand and pull it towards the side to create an opening. Use a round spoon to scoop out the spore pollen from the bag. Replace the paper tube, close the cover, and continue cultivating the spores.

[0023] S15-3. Final Harvest: On a sunny day, lift the cover, remove the sleeve, cut off the top of the Ganoderma lucidum stem (which should be free of sand), remove the Ganoderma lucidum, and brush off the spore powder accumulated on the cap. Hold the bag by the connection between the bag and the stem, and the top of the bag, detaching it from the ground stem. Wipe away any mud or impurities from the outside of the bag. Turn the bag inside out and pour out the spore powder.

[0024] S16. Harvesting of Fruiting Bodies: After the spores are harvested, wait until the Ganoderma lucidum cap is fully expanded, its color deepens (reddish-brown or purplish-brown), and the tubes become lignified, then cut it off from the base of the stipe with scissors. Retaining some healthy stipe during harvesting can promote secondary fruiting (some varieties can be harvested 2-3 times). The specific steps include: S16-1. Harvest when the Ganoderma lucidum cap stops growing, the edge of the cap has a rolled edge of the same color as the cap, i.e., 4-5 thickening lines, and the back of the cap is golden yellow.

[0025] S16-2. When harvesting, use fruit tree shears to cut off the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Do not touch the underside of the cap with your hands after cutting off the fruiting bodies, and do not allow the fruiting bodies to collide with each other. The fruiting bodies should not be washed with water.

[0026] S17. Drying Process: Fruiting bodies: Cut into 2-3cm thick slices, place in a dryer, and dry at a low temperature of 45-55℃ until the moisture content is ≤13%; Spore powder: Spread evenly on a breathable tray and dry at a low temperature of 35-45℃ until the moisture content is ≤8%; Low-temperature drying can retain the effective ingredients and avoid high temperature damage to Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and triterpenoids; The specific steps for drying spore powder are as follows: S17-1. Construct a windproof and rainproof drying shed. Select a sunny plot of land next to the planting base. Clear the surrounding weeds, lay nylon on the ground, and build an arched shed frame that is 1-1.2m wide, 2-2.5m long, and 1.5m high. Cover it with nylon and install nylon curtains at both ends to create a windproof and rainproof drying shed.

[0027] S17-2. The harvested spores should be spread out in a drying shed and dried for 2-3 sunny days. When the spores are pinched by hand and the moisture content is below 8%, they should be collected and dried.

[0028] S17-3. Collect and dry the spore powder, put it into nylon bags, and then put it into a woven bag. Leave the bag open for one day to let it cool down, then tie and seal it. S17-4. Sieving and Storage. The dried spore powder is sieved through a 300-mesh sieve, packaged in nylon bags and then in woven bags or cartons, and stored at low temperature, in a dry place, away from light.

[0029] The drying of fruiting bodies includes the following steps: individual Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies are cut off, arranged on a sieve with the cap side facing up, and placed in a drying room for drying. The drying temperature starts at 35℃, and is maintained for 1-2 hours for every 5℃ increase, until the fruiting body moisture content reaches 11%-12% at 55℃, at which point the drying is complete.

[0030] S18. Ganoderma lucidum grading: Based on the size of the fruiting body (cap diameter), shape (no deformities), color (uniform and glossy), and absence of damage and mold, it is divided into Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3. Grading facilitates subsequent sales. Grade 1 products require a cap diameter ≥ 8cm, no damage, and uniform color. Specifically, after the fruiting bodies are graded, they are packaged in cardboard boxes or woven bags, with the inner layer of each package sealed in plastic bags, then dried and stored.

[0031] In this scheme, the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body grading system can generally divide Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies into four grades: special grade, first grade, second grade, and third grade. For detailed grading analysis, please refer to Tables 1 to 3.

[0032] Table 1 Appearance and morphology indicators for grading Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies

[0033] Table 2 Physicochemical Indicators for Grading of Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies

[0034] Table 3 Safety Indicators for Grading Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies

[0035] S19. Sieving of spore powder: The dried spore powder is sieved through an 80-100 mesh sieve to remove impurities (fungus debris, dust) and obtain pure spore powder. Sieving can improve the purity of spore powder and avoid impurities from affecting the quality and subsequent storage stability. S20. Storage and preservation: Fruiting bodies: Seal in vacuum packaging bags and place in a cool and dry place (temperature ≤20℃, humidity ≤60%), avoiding direct sunlight; Spore powder: After vacuum sealing, it can be refrigerated (0-5℃) or stored in a cool and dry place; Regularly check the storage environment to prevent moisture, mold, and insect infestation. The shelf life is generally 1-2 years.

[0036] Experiment Example 1: Experimental Results and Discussion Following the above method to cultivate Ganoderma lucidum, only during the sterilization process was the plant soaked and sprayed with selenium-enriched plant nutrient solution. The selenium content in the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder obtained from the cultivation is shown in Table 4.

[0037] Following the above method for cultivating Ganoderma lucidum, only soaking and spraying with domesticated liquid selenium fertilizer during the sterilization process, the selenium content in the resulting Ganoderma lucidum spore powder is shown in Table 5.

[0038] Following the above method for cultivating Ganoderma lucidum, only Selenium Source selenium-enriched plant nutrient solution was sprayed during the Ganoderma lucidum harvesting process. The selenium content in the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder obtained from cultivation is shown in Table 6.

[0039] Following the above method for cultivating Ganoderma lucidum, only the liquid selenium fertilizer was sprayed during the management of the spores. The selenium content in the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder obtained from the cultivation is shown in Table 7.

[0040] Table 4. Selenium enrichment results during the sterilization process of the selenium-enriched plant nutrient solution mushroom sticks.

[0041] Table 5. Selenium enrichment results during the sterilization process of Jiajiafa liquid selenium fertilizer mushroom sticks.

[0042] Table 6. Selenium Source Selenium-Enriched Plant Nutrient Solution Management Process and Selenium Enrichment Results

[0043] Table 7. Selenium Enrichment Results During the Process of Using Liquid Selenium Fertilizer for Seed Extraction

[0044] As can be seen from Tables 4 and 5, regardless of the type of selenium fertilizer and Ganoderma lucidum variety, the amount of selenium fertilizer added has little effect on the selenium content in the spore powder, and none of them meet the standard of "Selenium-Enriched Agricultural Products" (Chongqing Local Standard DB50 / T 705-2016). Therefore, this method is not effective in enriching selenium.

[0045] Table 6 shows that when 1 mL of selenium fertilizer (specifically, Selenium Source selenium-enriched plant nutrient solution) is added to 450-500 mL of water, the selenium content in Ganoderma lucidum spore powder meets the requirements of "Selenium-Enriched Agricultural Products" (Chongqing Local Standard DB50 / T 705-2016). However, as the concentration of selenium fertilizer continues to increase, the increase in selenium content in the spore powder is not significant. When the selenium concentration decreases, the selenium content in the spore powder is low, making it impossible to claim selenium enrichment. Therefore, the recommended dosage of selenium fertilizer added during the Ganoderma lucidum harvesting process using Selenium Source selenium-enriched plant nutrient solution is 1 mL of selenium fertilizer to 450-500 mL of water.

[0046] Table 7 shows that when 250-300 mL of water is added to 1 mL of selenium fertilizer (specifically, Jiajiafa liquid selenium fertilizer), the selenium content in Ganoderma lucidum spore powder meets the requirements of "Selenium-Enriched Agricultural Products" (Chongqing Local Standard DB50 / T 705-2016). However, as the concentration of selenium fertilizer continues to increase, the increase in selenium content in the spore powder is not significant. When the concentration of selenium fertilizer decreases, the selenium content in the spore powder is low, making it impossible to claim selenium enrichment. Therefore, the recommended dosage of selenium fertilizer in the Ganoderma lucidum harvesting process is 1 mL of selenium fertilizer to 250-300 mL of water.

[0047] Comparing Tables 6 and 7, it was found that using Selenium Source selenium-enriched plant nutrient solution for Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, in terms of both spore yield and selenium content, was superior to using Jiajiafa liquid selenium fertilizer. Furthermore, Selenium Source plant nutrient solution requires less dosage, offering better cost-effectiveness and making it more suitable from the perspective of cost for farmers cultivating Ganoderma lucidum. Therefore, this study ultimately adopted Selenium Source selenium-enriched plant nutrient solution from Anhui Selenium Worry-Free Modern Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. Based on the terrain, climate characteristics, and Ganoderma lucidum growth characteristics of Chongqing, 450-500 mL of water was added per 1 mL of selenium fertilizer. Water was sprayed as needed according to the growth requirements of Ganoderma lucidum, and the selenium content was measured regularly.

[0048] In summary, this plan, through foliar spraying of 0.2% selenium fertilizer during the rapid growth stage of Ganoderma lucidum, ensures that the total selenium and organic selenium content in Ganoderma lucidum spore powder meets the requirements of "Selenium-Enriched Agricultural Products" (Chongqing Local Standard DB50 / T 705-2016) (≥0.15mg / kg). Research on selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum spore powder cultivation technology can improve the quality and medicinal efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum; through standardized cultivation demonstration and promotion of selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum, the cultivation level of Ganoderma lucidum and the quality of Ganoderma lucidum and spore powder raw materials can be improved; guiding farmers to implement a Ganoderma lucidum grading system will have a positive effect on improving planting efficiency, increasing farmers' income, and developing rural industries, traditional Chinese medicine industries, tourism industries, and health industries.

[0049] The above descriptions are merely embodiments of the present invention, and common knowledge such as specific technical solutions and / or characteristics are not described in detail here. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the technical solutions of the present invention, and these should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention. These modifications and improvements will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of the present invention or the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection claimed in this application should be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating selenium-enriched Ganoderma lucidum on oak logs, characterized in that: It comprises the following steps: S1, tree species selection: selecting uniform green oak; S2, felling: felling qualified green oak logs; S3, sectioning: sectioning the green oak logs and removing impurities; S4, bagging: directly loading the sectioned logs into high-temperature-resistant fungus bags, and tightly tying or sealing the bag opening with a ring; S5, sterilization: sterilizing the fungus rods; this stage also includes selenium fertilizer soaking and spraying for the logs; S6, cooling: naturally cooling the sterilized fungus rods to room temperature; S7, inoculation: inoculating ganoderma lucidum into the cooled fungus rods in a sterile environment, and resealing the bag opening; S8, fungus cultivation: moving the inoculated fungus rods to a fungus cultivation room for stacking and cultivation; S9, bag removal: after the mycelium grows on the fungus rods, the bag opening is untied or the fungus bag is completely removed to expose the surface of the logs; S10, soil planting: selecting a plot with loose and fertile soil and good drainage, digging a deep trench, placing the logs horizontally in the trench, and then watering thoroughly to fix the roots; S11, inducing the growth of ganoderma lucidum: keeping the soil moist after planting and giving scattered light; S12, ganoderma lucidum management: regularly spraying water to maintain humidity and regularly ventilating; S13, bagging and sleeving to cultivate spore powder: when the edge of the ganoderma lucidum cap stops growing and spores begin to be released, a sterile sleeve is used to cover the cap and the bag opening is tightly tied; S14, spore powder cultivation management: maintaining temperature, reducing water spraying, regularly ventilating, and maintaining scattered light; S15, spore powder harvesting: after a period of time, the sleeve is opened, and the spore powder on the surface of the cap and the inner wall of the sleeve is gently brushed with a brush and collected into a sterile container; S16, harvesting of fruiting bodies: after spore powder harvesting is completed, when the ganoderma lucidum cap is fully expanded, the color is deepened, and the stipe is lignified, it is cut off from the base with scissors; S17, drying treatment: low-temperature drying of the spore powder of the fruiting body; S18, ganoderma lucidum grading: according to the size, shape, color, and standards of no damage and mold, it is divided into first, second, and third grades; S19, spore powder sieving: sieving the dried spore powder to remove impurities to obtain pure spore powder; S20, storage: after vacuum sealing, the fruiting body is placed in a cool and dry place, the spore powder is refrigerated or stored in a cool and dry place, and regular inspections are made.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: In S5 sterilization, the following contents are included: S5-1, selenium fertilizer dilution: take 200mL liquid selenium fertilizer, add 20~40mL water, and prepare a dilute solution; S5-2, soaking sterilization: place several fungus rods in the above dilute solution for sterilization treatment; S5-3, residual selenium fertilizer spraying: after soaking is completed, the remaining selenium fertilizer dilute solution in the container is evenly sprayed on the surface of the fungus rods.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the method is characterized by: In S12 ganoderma lucidum management, the process of spraying water also includes adding selenium fertilizer, and the selenium fertilizer spraying is selected during the rapid growth period of ganoderma lucidum.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the method is characterized by: In S12 ganoderma lucidum management, the selenium fertilizer is a selenium source rich selenium nutrient solution or a home hair growth liquid selenium fertilizer.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the method is characterized by: When the selenium fertilizer is a selenium source rich selenium nutrient solution, the selenium fertilizer is diluted 450~500 times before spraying; when the selenium fertilizer is a home hair growth liquid selenium fertilizer, the home hair growth liquid selenium fertilizer is diluted 250~300 times before spraying.

6. The method for cultivating the selenium-enriched Guanga segment Ganoderma lucidum and the method for harvesting and grading the fruiting bodies and spores of the Guanga segment Ganoderma lucidum according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S10, the following steps are included: selecting a plot with loose and fertile soil and good drainage, digging a 15-20 cm deep trench, placing the debagged segments horizontally in the trench, covering with 5-8 cm thick fine soil, and pouring root setting water. Buried soil can maintain humidity and provide trace elements, and the segment spacing is kept at 20-30 cm to facilitate subsequent ventilation and light transmission.

7. The method for cultivating Ganoderma applanatum rich in selenium according to claim 1, wherein the method for harvesting and classifying the fruiting bodies and spores of the Ganoderma applanatum rich in selenium is characterized by comprising the following steps: In S11, the following steps are included: after burying, the soil humidity is maintained at 70-80%, the air humidity is maintained at 85-90%, and the temperature is maintained at 25-30℃, and scattered light is given for 2-3 hours per day; after the environmental conditions meet the standards, 10-15 days later, when the segment surface will germinate Ganoderma original small protrusions, it is recorded as the start of Ganoderma. ​ 8. A method for harvesting and classifying fruiting bodies and spores of cultivated Ganoderma applanatum, characterized by: The method of any one of claims 1-7 is used to plant Ganoderma lucidum segments; in S15, the following steps are included: S15-1, the harvesting time: it should be 3-5 days before the color of the bottom of the cap turns dark and becomes dark brown, and the powder stops scattering; the sleeve time is not more than 40 days, and the powder is collected in stages to ensure the freshness of the spores; S15-2, stage collection: the first time to collect powder is about 30 days after the sleeve, the powder collection method is: lift the cover, remove the sleeve, brush the powder accumulated on the cap, and put the powder in the bag, hold the upper end of the bag with one hand, pull it to the side to form an opening, and use a round spoon to take out the spore powder in the bag; then put on the paper tube, cover the cover, and continue to cultivate spores; S15-3, the last time to collect: choose a sunny day, lift the cover, remove the sleeve, cut off the end of the Ganoderma stem without sand, take off the Ganoderma, brush the spore powder accumulated on the cap, hold the connection between the bag and the stem with one hand, and separate the bag from the ground, then wipe off the dirt outside the bag. Reverse the bag opening to pour out the spore powder in the bag.

9. The method for harvesting and classifying fruiting bodies and spores of Ganoderma applanatum after cultivation according to claim 8, characterized in that: In S17, the spore powder drying includes the following steps: S17-1, build a windproof and rainproof drying shed: choose a sunny plot at the edge of the planting base; clear the surrounding weeds, lay nylon on the ground, build an arc-shaped shed frame with a width of 1-1.2 m, a length of 2-2.5 m, and a height of 1.5 m, cover it with nylon, and set nylon curtains at both ends to build a windproof and rainproof drying shed; S17-2, collect the spore powder and place it in the drying shed for drying, dry for 2-3 sunny days, and use your hands to pinch the spore powder, which will spray from your fingers when the moisture content is below 8%; S17-3, collect the dried spore powder into a nylon bag, add a woven bag outside, and seal the bag after opening the bag opening for a day to dissipate heat S17-4, screen and store: dry the spore powder to 300 mesh, add a woven bag or paper box outside the nylon bag, and store it in a low-temperature, dry, and light-proof environment; The fruit body drying includes the following steps: arrange the cut fruit bodies with the cap facing up on the screen, and place them in the drying room; start the drying temperature at 35℃, increase it by 5℃ every hour, and keep it at 1-2 hours until the fruit body moisture content reaches 11-12% at 55℃.

10. The method for harvesting and classifying fruiting bodies and spores of Ganoderma applanatum after cultivation according to claim 9, characterized in that: In S16, the following steps are included: S16-1, collect when the Ganoderma cap stops growing, the edge of the cap has a rolled edge ring consistent with the color of the cap, which is 4-5 thick lines, and the back of the cap is golden yellow; S16-2, harvest with fruit tree scissors to cut down the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum, the fruit body cut down should not touch the lower cap with hands, and the fruit bodies should not collide with each other; the fruit bodies should not be washed with water.

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