Super-amphiphobic flame-retardant ice-resistant coating and preparation method and application of multi-level surface coating of super-amphiphobic flame-retardant ice-resistant coating

Abstract

The invention discloses a super-amphiphobic flame-retardant ice-resistant coating as well as a preparation method and application of the super-amphiphobic flame-retardant ice-resistant coating with a multi-layer surface coating, and belongs to the technical field of functional materials of electrical equipment. The coating comprises micron-sized ammonium polyphosphate, a nano-sized inorganic filler, fluorinated alkyl silane and a fluorine surfactant, the super-amphiphobic, flame-retardant and ice-resistant coating is constructed through multi-scale components, and the super-amphiphobic, flame-retardant and ice-resistant coating is spontaneously assembled on the surface of a base material in the coating process to form a coating surface with a molecular nanometer, micrometer and macroscopic multi-level structure; the coating shows good super-amphiphobic characteristics, the contact angle of the structure surface after long-time placement under the room temperature condition is basically kept unchanged, the contact angle to water and oil is still larger than 150 degrees after multiple times of cyclic friction and washing, meanwhile, the coating has excellent flame retardance, ice resistance and wear resistance, the icing delay time is greatly prolonged, and the coating has the good anti-freezing effect. And no open fire is generated when the cable is in contact with an external fire source, so that the cable has important engineering application value for electric power facilities under harsh environmental conditions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of functional materials technology for electrical equipment, specifically relating to a superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating and its preparation method and application of a multi-layer surface coating. Background Technology

[0002] Superhydrophobic coatings, as functional materials with extreme water and oil repellency, exhibit a water / oil contact angle greater than 150° and a roll-off angle less than 10°, showing broad application prospects in fields such as power energy, transportation, and safety-critical infrastructure. In the power energy sector, for example, superhydrophobic coatings can significantly improve the anti-icing and anti-flashover performance of insulators. By reducing surface adhesion, they delay ice crystal formation and utilize self-cleaning effects to reduce contaminant accumulation, thereby ensuring the stable operation of the power grid in harsh environments. Applying such coatings to high-speed trains, aircraft wings, or ship hulls can significantly reduce fluid resistance, prevent oil adhesion, and inhibit icing, which is of great significance for improving operational efficiency and safety. Therefore, the development of high-performance superhydrophobic coating materials has become one of the research hotspots in the field of functional surface engineering.

[0003] However, the practical application of superhydrophobic coatings still faces limitations in both material design and functionality. Early superhydrophobic technologies mainly relied on single-dimensional surface roughening or low surface energy materials, which had significant limitations. First, single-layer micro / nano structures have poor mechanical durability and are prone to failure under wear or external forces. Second, these coatings lack sufficient repellency against low surface tension liquids such as greases and organic solvents, failing to meet the requirements of superhydrophobicity in complex environments. Furthermore, traditional high-viscosity coatings are difficult to achieve structural uniformity and stability through simple spraying or dipping processes. While existing advanced technologies have improved performance through material innovation, bottlenecks remain, such as complex and costly preparation processes, or insufficient long-term chemical stability and weather resistance of the coatings, especially their susceptibility to degradation in acidic, alkaline, or high-temperature environments.

[0004] Furthermore, many outdoor applications require materials to possess resistance to chemical corrosion, high temperatures, and ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, chemical and physical stability is crucial when designing multifunctional coating materials. As research progresses, researchers have begun exploring the construction of composite rough structures to enhance mechanical stability and hydrophobic properties. Simultaneously, the introduction of inorganic nanoparticles or two-dimensional materials for composite reinforcement has improved the abrasion resistance and chemical stability of coatings to some extent. In terms of functional integration, research has also emerged on introducing flame retardants into coating systems to obtain flame-retardant and hydrophobic bifunctional materials. These emerging technologies represent significant advancements in this field.

[0005] For example, Chinese patent CN118027781A, filed on February 4, 2024, discloses a flame-retardant super-amphihydrophobic metal corrosion-inhibiting coating material and its preparation method. This coating is made of a flame-retardant epoxy underlayer and a super-amphihydrophobic toplayer. The flame-retardant epoxy underlayer is composed of waterborne epoxy resin, waterborne epoxy curing agent, DOPO, perfluorosilane-modified nano-Al2O3 particles, and benzotriazole. The super-amphihydrophobic toplayer is composed of waterborne epoxy resin, waterborne epoxy curing agent, and perfluorosilane-modified nano-Al2O3 particles. The DOPO added to the flame-retardant epoxy underlayer has good compatibility with the epoxy resin, not only giving the epoxy flame-retardant properties but also improving the coating's corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the added perfluorosilane-modified nano-Al2O3 particles and benzotriazole can effectively control the microscopic voids in the structure of the cured epoxy resin, enhancing the epoxy's corrosion resistance. However, this coating requires the preparation and application of a flame-retardant epoxy base layer first, and then the construction of a super-dual-hydrophobic layer on top of it. This is a multi-step layered construction process, which not only increases the production steps and time costs, but also the interfacial bonding strength between the two layers directly affects the overall mechanical durability of the coating. There may be a risk of interlayer delamination during long-term use or thermal cycling.

[0006] Chinese patent application dated September 30, 2022, publication number CN115948118A, discloses an environmentally adaptable waterborne superhydrophobic flame-retardant coating, its preparation method, and the coating itself. By weight percentage, it comprises: 0.1–5% micro / nano particles, 0.1–5% flame retardant, 0.4–20% a two-component low surface energy substance, with the balance being solvent. The two-component low surface energy substance includes component A and component B. Component A is a fluorinated or carbon-containing surfactant, and component B is a fluorinated low surface energy substance. Component A accounts for at least 10% of the mass of the two-component low surface energy substance. This invention, through the design of the two-component low surface energy substance, ensures the stable dispersion of the fluorinated or carbon-containing surfactant in component A (fluorinated silane coupling agent) in water. Components A and B synergistically reduce the surface energy of the coating, improving its hydrophobic and oleophobic properties while maintaining flame retardancy and stability. However, the flame retardant in this scheme may only exist in the form of physical filler, which does not solve the inherent compatibility contradiction between the flame retardant and the superhydrophobic low surface energy system. It is difficult to ensure that the flame retardant will not be exposed and damage the superhydrophobic properties of the coating under long-term use or friction.

[0007] Therefore, developing a multifunctional integrated coating that combines excellent and durable superhydrophobic and dihydrophobic properties, high-efficiency flame retardancy, good mechanical and environmental durability, and simple and cost-effective preparation process is key to promoting this technology from the laboratory to a wide range of engineering applications. This is not only an innovation in the design concept of functional materials, but also meets the urgent needs of the power, transportation, and defense industries for long-term protection of high-end equipment surfaces in extreme environments. It has important scientific research significance and engineering application value. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a super-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating and its preparation method and application in a multi-level surface coating. The super-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating can construct a multi-level structured surface and, combined with low surface energy modification, achieve stable super-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing performance. At the same time, it solves the problems of poor wear resistance and high cost of traditional coating materials, and has important engineering application value for improving the safety and durability of major infrastructure.

[0009] The technical solution of the present invention is as follows: One of the objectives of this invention is to provide a superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating, comprising ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 1-100 μm, inorganic filler with a particle size of 20-50 nm, fluorinated alkyl silane with a particle size of 2-10 nm, and fluorinated surfactant. The fluorinated alkylsilane is any one or a combination of perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane. The inorganic filler is any one of nano-silica, nano-mica powder, and nano-calcium carbonate. The fluorinated surfactant is a fluorinated polymer type aqueous anionic fluorinated surfactant.

[0010] Furthermore, the coating is an aqueous dispersion containing 1-2 wt% ammonium polyphosphate, 1-2 wt% inorganic filler, 0.5-1 wt% fluorinated alkyl silane, and 0.2-0.5 wt% fluorinated surfactant.

[0011] Furthermore, both the ammonium polyphosphate and the inorganic filler are sequentially modified with a fluorinated surfactant and the fluorinated alkyl silane to form modified particles with low surface energy fluorinated alkyl chains coated on their surface.

[0012] A second objective of this invention is to provide a method for preparing a multi-layer surface coating, comprising the following steps: S1. Use sandpaper to polish the substrate to remove the oxide layer and contaminants on the surface, and then place it in a solvent for ultrasonic cleaning. S2. The ammonium polyphosphate and inorganic filler of the specified size are dispersed in deionized water, and a fluorinated surfactant is introduced to modify the ammonium polyphosphate and inorganic filler with fluorinophilic properties. Then, fluorinated alkylsilane is added dropwise to obtain a uniform super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. S3. Apply the super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating prepared by S2 to the surface of the substrate treated by S1 to form a coating with a multi-level surface.

[0013] Furthermore, in S1, the sandpaper mesh size is 240-1500, and the solvent is any one of acetone, ethanol, or deionized water.

[0014] Furthermore, the substrate can be any one of ceramic, metal, rubber, plastic, glass, and wood.

[0015] Furthermore, the ultrasonic cleaning frequency in S1 is 300-500 W, and the time is 5-20 min.

[0016] Furthermore, in step S2, the introduction of the fluorinated surfactant and the dropwise addition of the fluorinated alkylsilane are both carried out under ultrasonic stirring conditions, with an ultrasonic frequency of 300-500 W and an ultrasonic time of 2-4 h. Furthermore, the coating method in S3 is any one of in-situ immersion on the substrate, spin coating on the substrate surface, or spray coating on the substrate surface.

[0017] Furthermore, when using the in-situ substrate impregnation method, the impregnation ratio is 10-20%, and the impregnation time is 8-12 hours; When using the spin coating method on the substrate surface, the spin coating speed is 1000-2000 rpm, and the single-layer film thickness is 1-3 μm; When using the substrate surface spraying method, the spraying pressure is 0.2-0.4 MPa, and the single-layer film thickness is 1-3 μm.

[0018] Furthermore, the multi-level surface coating constructs molecular / nano / micro / macro structures from molecular to macroscopic levels through multi-scale component design and fluoride-friendly modification strategies. At the molecular scale, the polar head groups of fluorinated surfactants are first adsorbed onto the hydrophilic ammonium polyphosphate and nano-silica surfaces, and then fluorinated alkylsilanes are anchored and coated onto them through strong fluorine-fluorine affinity, forming a dense low surface energy monolayer, thus achieving fluoride-friendly modification of the filler. At the nano and micro scales, the modified nano-SiO2 and micro-APP undergo self-assembly under the induction of solvent evaporation, synergistically forming a micro-nano composite surface structure.

[0019] The third objective of this invention is to provide an application of a super-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating in the preparation of power energy equipment or transportation facilities. Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: 1. This invention discloses for the first time a novel superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. Through multi-scale component design and a fluoride-friendly modification strategy, it achieves the synergistic construction of surface structure and function. This coating utilizes the self-assembly of components at different scales during film formation to form a stable multi-level rough surface ranging from molecules and nanometers to micrometers. Simultaneously, through the bridging effect of fluorinated surfactants, their polar carboxylic acid head groups adsorb onto the surfaces of ammonium polyphosphate and nanofillers, causing the hydrophobic fluorinated tail groups to extend outwards. Subsequently, the fluoroalkyl segments of fluorinated alkylsilanes utilize their strong affinity with the fluorinated tail groups to effectively anchor and coat the particle surface, achieving uniform and stable fluoride-friendly modification of the micro- and nanofillers. The design of this invention, combining multi-scale construction with molecular-level surface energy regulation, uses flame-retardant and liquid-repellent components synergistically as the skeletal units for constructing a multi-level surface structure. This deeply integrates flame-retardant and liquid-repellent functions in terms of physical structure and chemical properties, solving the technical problems of incompatibility between flame-retardant and hydrophobic functions and the susceptibility to damage due to simple structures in traditional coatings.

[0020] 2. The multi-layered surface coating designed in this invention exhibits excellent physicochemical properties and comprehensive application advantages. Firstly, the coating has a contact angle greater than 150° with both water and oil, exhibiting stable superhydrophobic and amphiphilic properties, thus endowing it with significant self-cleaning and anti-fouling capabilities. Secondly, through the rigidity enhancement of inorganic nanofillers, the nitrogen-phosphorus synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of ammonium polyphosphate, and the melting-resistant effect of fluorinated components, the coating achieves multiple fire protections from physical barriers to chemical charring, producing no open flame upon contact with a fire source, demonstrating high flame retardancy. Simultaneously, due to the synergistic effect of extremely low surface energy and multi-scale rough structure, the adhesion of ice crystals is effectively reduced, significantly delaying freezing time and exhibiting excellent anti-icing performance. Experiments show that after undergoing 20 cycles of friction and water washing, the coating retains its superhydrophobic and amphiphilic properties and functional integrity, demonstrating good mechanical durability and environmental stability.

[0021] 3. This innovative superhydrophobic and flame-retardant anti-icing coating exhibits significant application advantages in extreme environmental protection fields such as power energy equipment and transportation facilities. For equipment such as power system insulators and transmission line fittings, applying this coating to form a multi-layered surface coating can greatly improve their anti-icing and anti-pollution performance. By delaying ice crystal formation and reducing pollutant accumulation, it ensures the safe and stable operation of the power grid under severe weather conditions and reduces de-icing maintenance costs and energy consumption. In transportation, when applied to train bodies, aircraft skins, or ship hulls, its superhydrophobic and flame-retardant properties help reduce fluid resistance and prevent oil adhesion, while its anti-icing and flame-retardant functions directly improve operational safety. In addition, this coating can be applied to various substrates such as metals, ceramics, and composite materials through simple processes such as spraying and impregnation. It is flexible in construction and easy to achieve large-area, high-efficiency engineering applications, providing a reliable surface technology solution for the long-term protection of critical infrastructure. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 SEM image of the multi-layer surface coating prepared by the superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating of the present invention; Figure 2 Mapping spectrum of the multi-layer surface coating prepared by the superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating of the present invention; Figure 3 The test results of the original wood and the wood with multi-level surface coating prepared in Example 1 regarding the contact angles with water, edible oil, and glycerin in the performance test of this invention; Figure 4 The figure shows the flame retardant test results of the original wood and the wood with multi-level surface coating prepared in Example 1 in the performance test of this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The present invention will be further described below with reference to preferred embodiments. The endpoints and any values ​​of the ranges disclosed in the present invention are not limited to the precise ranges or values. These ranges or values ​​should be understood to include values ​​close to these ranges or values. For numerical ranges, the endpoint values ​​of the various ranges, the endpoint values ​​of the various ranges and individual point values, and individual point values ​​can be combined with each other to obtain one or more new numerical ranges, which should be regarded as specifically disclosed herein. Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods in the following embodiments are conventional methods, performed in accordance with the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field or in accordance with the product instructions.

[0024] Unless otherwise specified, all materials and reagents used in the following examples are commercially available.

[0025] Example 1 This embodiment provides a superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. The coating is an aqueous dispersion comprising 1.5 wt% ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 40 μm, 1.0 wt% nano-silica with a particle size of 25 nm, 1.0 wt% perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane with a particle size of 5 nm, and 0.2 wt% fluorinated surfactant. The ammonium polyphosphate and nano-silica are both modified sequentially by the fluorinated surfactant and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane to form modified particles with low surface energy fluorinated alkyl chains coated on the surface.

[0026] Example 2 This embodiment provides a superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. The coating is an aqueous dispersion comprising 1.0 wt% ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 80 μm, 1.0 wt% nano-mica powder with a particle size of 45 nm, 1.0 wt% perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane with a particle size of 5 nm, and 0.2 wt% fluorinated surfactant. The ammonium polyphosphate and nano-mica powder are modified sequentially by the fluorinated surfactant and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane to form modified particles with low surface energy fluorinated alkyl chains coated on the surface.

[0027] Example 3 This embodiment provides a superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. The coating is an aqueous dispersion comprising 1.0 wt% ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 1 μm, 1.5 wt% nano-calcium carbonate with a particle size of 20 nm, 0.75 wt% perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane with a particle size of 2 nm, and 0.25 wt% fluorinated surfactant. The ammonium polyphosphate and nano-calcium carbonate are both modified sequentially by the fluorinated surfactant and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane to form modified particles with low surface energy fluorinated alkyl chains coated on the surface.

[0028] Example 4 This embodiment provides a superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. The coating is an aqueous dispersion comprising 2 wt% ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 100 μm, 2 wt% nano-silica with a particle size of 50 nm, 0.5 wt% perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane with a particle size of 2 nm, and 0.5 wt% fluorinated surfactant. The ammonium polyphosphate and nano-silica are both modified sequentially by the fluorinated surfactant and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane to form modified particles with low surface energy fluorinated alkyl chains coated on the surface.

[0029] Example 5 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a multi-layer surface coating, including the following steps: S1. Use 1500-grit sandpaper to thoroughly sand and polish the wood substrate with dimensions of 50×50×5 mm to remove the oxide layer and contaminants. Then, place the wood in anhydrous ethanol for ultrasonic cleaning at a frequency of 500 W for 20 minutes to remove organic residues. S2. 0.75 g of ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 55 μm and 0.5 g of silica with a particle size of 35 nm were dispersed in 50 mL of deionized water. Then, 0.1 g of fluorinated surfactant was added, and the mixture was ultrasonically treated at 300 W for 2 h to modify the ammonium polyphosphate and silica. On this basis, perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane was added dropwise to anchor and coat the surface of the surfactant-modified ammonium polyphosphate and silica filler. Then, ultrasonic treatment was continued at 300 W for 2 h to finally obtain a uniform and stable super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. S3. The super-dual-repellent flame-retardant and anti-icing coating described in S2 is sprayed onto the surface of the wood substrate using a substrate surface spraying method. The spraying pressure is 0.3 MPa, the single-layer film thickness is 2 μm, and it is dried at 60 ℃ for 6 h to form a super-dual-repellent flame-retardant and anti-icing functional wood with multi-level surface coating.

[0030] Example 6 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a multi-layer surface coating, including the following steps: S1. Use 1000-grit sandpaper to thoroughly grind and polish the ceramic substrate with dimensions of 50×50×2 mm to remove the oxide layer and contaminants. Then, place the wood in acetone for ultrasonic cleaning at a frequency of 400 W for 5 minutes to remove organic residues. S2. 0.5 g of ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 60 μm and 0.5 g of mica nanoparticles with a particle size of 30 nm were dispersed in 50 mL of deionized water. Then, 0.1 g of fluorinated surfactant was added, and the mixture was ultrasonically treated at 400 W for 3 h to modify the ammonium polyphosphate and mica nanoparticles. On this basis, perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane were added dropwise to anchor and coat the surface of the surfactant-modified ammonium polyphosphate and mica nanoparticle filler. Then, ultrasonic treatment was continued at 400 W for 3 h to finally obtain a uniform and stable super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. S3. The super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating described in S2 is coated on the surface of the ceramic substrate using a spin coating method. The spin coating speed is 1500 rpm and the single-layer film thickness is 2 μm. After curing, a super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing functional ceramic with multi-level surface coatings is formed.

[0031] Depending on the actual operation and implementation, the spin coating speed can be adjusted to 1000 rpm to achieve a single-layer film thickness of 3 μm or to 2000 rpm to achieve a single-layer film thickness of 1 μm.

[0032] Example 7 This embodiment provides a method for preparing a multi-layer surface coating, including the following steps: S1. Use 240-grit sandpaper to thoroughly polish the glass substrate with dimensions of 50×10×3 mm to remove the oxide layer and contaminants. Then, place the wood in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning at a frequency of 300 W for 15 minutes to remove organic residues. S2. 0.5 g of ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 65 μm and 0.75 g of nano-calcium carbonate with a particle size of 40 nm were dispersed in 50 mL of deionized water. Then, 0.1 g of fluorinated surfactant was added, and the mixture was ultrasonically treated at 500 W for 5 h to modify the ammonium polyphosphate and nano-calcium carbonate. On this basis, perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane was added dropwise to anchor and coat the surface of the surfactant-modified ammonium polyphosphate and nano-calcium carbonate filler. Then, the mixture was ultrasonically treated at 500 W for 5 h to finally obtain a uniform and stable super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. S3. The glass surface and cavity are filled with super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating using the in-situ impregnation method. The impregnation ratio is 12%, the impregnation time is 8 h, and the glass is dried at 60 ℃ for 6 h to form a super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing functional glass with multi-level surface coating.

[0033] Depending on the actual operation and implementation, the impregnation ratio can be adjusted to 10% for 12 hours or 20% for 8 hours.

[0034] Performance testing 1. Contact Angle Test Test procedure: The contact angle was measured using an optical contact angle meter. Distilled water, edible oil and glycerin were dropped onto the surface of the original wood and the super-dual-repellent flame-retardant and anti-icing wood with multi-level surface coating in Example 5, respectively. The single drop volume was 4 μL. The static contact angle was then recorded and calculated.

[0035] Test results: as attached Figure 3 As shown, the original wood exhibits small contact angles with all three liquids, demonstrating typical hydrophilicity. However, the functional wood surface treated with the superhydrophobic and superoleophobic flame-retardant anti-icing coating shows significantly larger contact angles with water, edible oil, and glycerin than 150°, exhibiting excellent superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties.

[0036] Conclusion: The test results demonstrate that the multi-level surface constructed in this invention successfully endows the wood substrate with excellent superhydrophobic properties, effectively repelling a variety of liquids, including water and high-viscosity greases.

[0037] 2. Flame retardant test Test Procedure: The flame retardant properties of the raw wood and the super-dual-repellent flame-retardant and anti-icing functional wood with multi-layered surface coatings in Example 5 were verified using the direct open flame contact method. The outer flame of an alcohol lamp was continuously brought into contact with the central area of ​​the surface of the raw wood and functional wood samples for 5 seconds, and then the flame source was removed. The combustion and charring behavior of the samples was observed.

[0038] Test results: as attached Figure 4As shown, the raw wood ignited rapidly upon contact with a fire source and continued to burn, accompanied by obvious flames and smoke. In contrast, the functional wood sample only showed slight localized charring during contact with the fire source, without producing open flames, and the charred areas did not spread after the fire source was removed, exhibiting rapid self-extinguishing characteristics.

[0039] Conclusion: The flame retardant test results fully demonstrate that the coating of this invention imparts excellent flame retardant properties to wood substrates. The flame retardant components such as ammonium polyphosphate in the coating effectively retard flames and prevent charring when heated, achieving "self-extinguishing upon removal of the flame" and significantly improving the fire safety of the substrate.

[0040] The above description is merely an embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent modifications made based on the content of the present invention specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A super-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating, characterized in that, It includes ammonium polyphosphate with a particle size of 1-100 μm, inorganic fillers with a particle size of 20-50 nm, fluorinated alkyl silanes with a particle size of 2-10 nm, and fluorinated surfactants. The fluorinated alkylsilane is any one or a combination of perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane. The inorganic filler is any one of nano-silica, nano-mica powder, and nano-calcium carbonate. The fluorinated surfactant is a fluorinated polymer type aqueous anionic fluorinated surfactant.

2. The super-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating according to claim 1, characterized in that, The coating is an aqueous dispersion containing 1-2 wt% ammonium polyphosphate, 1-2 wt% inorganic filler, 0.5-1 wt% fluorinated alkyl silane, and 0.2-0.5 wt% fluorinated surfactant.

3. The super-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating according to claim 1, characterized in that, Both the ammonium polyphosphate and the inorganic filler are sequentially modified with fluorinated surfactants and fluorinated alkyl silanes to form modified particles with low surface energy fluorinated alkyl chains coated on their surface.

4. A method for preparing a multi-layered surface coating using the superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Use sandpaper to polish the substrate to remove the oxide layer and contaminants on the surface, and then place it in a solvent for ultrasonic cleaning. S2. The ammonium polyphosphate and inorganic filler of the specified size are dispersed in deionized water, and a fluorinated surfactant is introduced to modify the ammonium polyphosphate and inorganic filler with fluorinophilic properties. Then, fluorinated alkylsilane is added dropwise to obtain a uniform super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating. S3. Apply the super-dual-hydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating prepared by S2 to the surface of the substrate treated by S1 to form a coating with a multi-level surface.

5. The method for preparing a multi-level surface coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The sandpaper in S1 has a mesh size of 240-1500, and the solvent is any one of acetone, ethanol, or deionized water.

6. The method for preparing a multi-level surface coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The ultrasonic cleaning frequency in S1 is 300-500 W, and the time is 5-20 min.

7. The method for preparing a multi-level surface coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The introduction of fluorinated surfactants and the dropwise addition of fluorinated alkylsilanes in S2 are both carried out under ultrasonic stirring conditions, with an ultrasonic frequency of 300-500 W and an ultrasonic time of 2-4 h.

8. The method for preparing a multi-level surface coating according to claim 4, characterized in that, The coating method in S3 is any one of in-situ immersion on the substrate, spin coating on the substrate surface, or spray coating on the substrate surface.

9. The method for preparing a multi-level surface coating according to claim 8, characterized in that, When using the in-situ substrate impregnation method, the impregnation ratio is 10-20%, and the impregnation time is 8-12 hours. When using the spin coating method on the substrate surface, the spin coating speed is 1000-2000 rpm, and the single-layer film thickness is 1-3 μm; When using the substrate surface spraying method, the spraying pressure is 0.2-0.4 MPa, and the single-layer film thickness is 1-3 μm.

10. The application of the superhydrophobic flame-retardant and anti-icing coating according to any one of claims 1 to 3 in the preparation of power energy equipment or transportation facilities.

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