Composite material

Abstract

The present specification discloses a composite material and a use thereof. The present specification discloses a composite material including a plastic plate and a metal plate bonded to each other while exhibiting excellent bonding force, in which an internal space may be formed at a bonding interface between the plastic plate and the metal plate, and in which excellent airtightness and excellent bonding force are secured. The present specification also discloses a composite material exhibiting excellent binding force and excellent airtightness while having a large area. The invention further discloses application of the composite material.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority based on Korean Patent Application No. 10-2023-0099225 dated July 28, 2023 and Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2023-0143291 and 10-2023-0143278 dated October 24, 2023, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] This specification discloses composite materials and their applications. Background Technology

[0003] Techniques for firmly attaching different materials, such as metals and plastics, without causing visual deformation are useful in a variety of fields.

[0004] Heat dissipation materials, such as radiators, are typically made of metals with high thermal conductivity. However, metals are generally not conducive to weight reduction and have limited shape freedom. Therefore, in heat dissipation materials such as radiators, if the main heat-transferring parts are made of metal and other parts are made of materials such as plastics, it is possible to provide a material that simultaneously satisfies both heat transfer characteristics and lightweight properties, while also offering high design freedom in terms of shape.

[0005] However, it is not easy to attach different materials, such as metal and plastic, firmly and stably.

[0006] For example, even when using adhesive materials, it is not easy to ensure high adhesion and durability between metals and plastics of different materials. This is because adhesive materials that simultaneously exhibit high adhesion to metals and high adhesion to plastics are rare.

[0007] Furthermore, in order to obtain a heat sink, an internal space (cavity) through which the cooling medium can flow must be formed at the interface between different materials. To improve heat dissipation characteristics, the area of ​​the internal space must be increased, but as the internal space increases, the bonding area between the metal and the plastic decreases.

[0008] Manufacturing composite materials that stably bond different materials while including internal spaces is a challenge. In particular, meeting these conditions becomes even more difficult when manufacturing composite materials with large areas.

[0009] In addition, in order to apply composite materials to components such as heat sinks, it is necessary to provide airtightness to the internal space and strong bonding between different materials.

[0010] For cooling and heat dissipation, a cooling medium, such as coolant or air, circulates inside the radiator. Since such a cooling medium is typically a fluid, leakage to the outside can occur if the internal space cannot be kept airtight. Such airtightness cannot be simply ensured directly by guaranteeing high bonding strength. Summary of the Invention

[0011] Technical issues

[0012] This specification discloses composite materials and their applications. It aims to disclose composite materials comprising plastic sheets and metal sheets bonded together, exhibiting excellent bonding strength. This specification aims to disclose composite materials in which an internal space is formed at the interface between the plastic and metal sheets, ensuring excellent airtightness and excellent bonding strength within the internal space. This specification also aims to disclose how excellent airtightness and excellent bonding strength can be ensured even when the composite material is manufactured in a large-area manner. This specification also aims to disclose the applications of the composite material.

[0013] Technical solution

[0014] Unless otherwise stated, the physical properties mentioned in this specification that are affected by temperature are those measured at room temperature.

[0015] The term room temperature is the natural temperature without artificial heating or cooling, meaning any temperature in the range of about 10°C to 30°C, such as about 23°C or about 25°C.

[0016] Unless otherwise specified in this instruction manual, the unit of temperature is °C.

[0017] Unless otherwise stated, the physical properties mentioned in this specification are pressure-affected physical properties measured at normal pressure.

[0018] The term atmospheric pressure is the natural pressure without artificial pressurization or depressurization, and pressures in the range of about 700 mmHg to 800 mmHg are generally referred to as atmospheric pressure.

[0019] Unless otherwise stated, the physical properties mentioned in this specification that are affected by humidity are those measured under standard humidity conditions.

[0020] Standard humidity refers to any humidity in terms of relative humidity, ranging from 40% to 60%, such as a relative humidity of about 40% or 60%.

[0021] This specification discloses composite materials.

[0022] The term composite material refers to a material that comprises at least different materials. For example, a composite material can include plastic sheets and metal sheets that are different materials.

[0023] In composite materials, plastic sheets and metal sheets can be bonded together. The bonding can be a bonding without the use of other materials such as adhesives, wherein at least a portion of the plastic sheet and at least a portion of the metal sheet can be in direct contact with each other.

[0024] For example, the composite material may include: a metal plate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; and a plastic plate having a third surface and a fourth surface opposite to the third surface.

[0025] The first surface of the metal sheet is either the surface of the metal sheet with the largest area or its opposite surface, and the second surface is the surface opposite to the first surface. The first and second surfaces may also have the same area. Similarly, the third surface of the plastic sheet is either the surface of the plastic sheet with the largest area or its opposite surface, and the fourth surface is the surface opposite to the third surface. The third and fourth surfaces may also have the same area.

[0026] For example, in a composite material, the first surface of a metal plate and the third surface of a plastic plate can be bonded to each other. In this structure, no other elements may exist between the first surface of the metal plate and the third surface of the plastic plate. That is, no elements, such as adhesives or pressure-sensitive adhesives, may exist between the metal plate and the plastic plate to bond the two plates together.

[0027] In this specification, the term "bonding area" refers to the area where the metal sheet and the plastic sheet are attached to each other. A certain level or higher of bonding force can be ensured in the bonding area. In one example, the bonding area can be the area where at least one or both of the metal sheet and the plastic sheet are attached to each other while being melted or softened and then cooled again, such as the area where the metal sheet and the plastic sheet are fused together.

[0028] In composite materials, excellent and stable bonding strength can be ensured in the bonding region.

[0029] There are no particular restrictions on the type of plastic sheet included in the composite material. For example, a plastic sheet containing both resin and filler components can be used as the plastic sheet.

[0030] There are no particular restrictions on the type of resin component contained in the plastic sheet. For example, the necessary type can be appropriately selected and used from resin components known to be formable by applying heat, etc.

[0031] For example, thermoplastic polymers can be used as resin components. Types of applicable thermoplastic polymers can include a variety of crystalline or amorphous polymers, and examples can be exemplified as: polyolefin-based polymers, such as PP (polypropylene) or PE (polyethylene); polyoxyalkylene-based polymers, such as mPPO (modified PPO (polyethylene oxide)); polyamide-based polymers, such as PA (polyamide); acetal-based polymers, such as POM (polyoxymethylene); polyester-based polymers, such as PC (polycarbonate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), or PET (polyethylene terephthalate); acrylic polymers, such as PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)); and polystyrene-based polymers, such as PS (polystyrene) or ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene); and so on, but are not limited thereto. The plastic sheet may contain one or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0032] There are no particular limitations on the percentage of resin components in the plastic sheet. For example, based on the total weight of the plastic sheet, the lower limit of the percentage of resin components in the plastic sheet can be approximately 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% by weight, and the upper limit can be approximately 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% by weight. This percentage can be equal to or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being equal to or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When this percentage is close to the value of the composite material exemplified in the examples, further improved effects can be expected.

[0033] Plastic sheets may contain filler components as additional components. For example, such filler components may be included as reinforcing materials.

[0034] There are no particular limitations on the examples of filler components. For example, organic or inorganic fillers, or organic-inorganic fillers, such as glass fillers, carbon fillers, and / or silica fillers, can be used as filler components.

[0035] The shape of the packing material is determined by the purpose and is not particularly limited. For example, the packing material can be granular packing (granular packing with spherical, rectangular, irregular or other shapes), plate packing or fibrous packing.

[0036] There are no particular restrictions on the thickness of the plastic sheet. The thickness can be adjusted to an appropriate level by considering physical properties such as desired strength or bonding force. For example, the lower limit of the plastic sheet thickness can be approximately 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.0 mm, and its upper limit can be approximately 20.0, 19.0, 18.0, 17.0, 16.0, 15.0, 14.0, 13.0, 12.0, 11.0, 10.0, 9.0, 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, or 2.0 mm. The unit of thickness is mm. The thickness can be less than or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above, while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When the thickness range is close to the value of the composite material exemplified in the examples, a further improved effect can be expected.

[0037] There are no particular restrictions on the type of metal plates included in composite materials. The metal plates can be selected based on the application of the composite material. For example, when the composite material is used as a heat dissipation material, metals or metal alloys with a certain level or higher thermal conductivity can be used.

[0038] For example, the lower limit of the thermal conductivity of a metal or metal alloy can be approximately 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, or 200, and its upper limit can be approximately 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, 190, 180, 170, or 160. The unit of thermal conductivity is W / mK. When used as a heat dissipation material, the thermal conductivity can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When the thermal conductivity range is close to the value of the composite material exemplified in the examples, further improved effects can be expected.

[0039] Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, metals such as aluminum, SUS (stainless steel), tungsten, iron, cast iron and / or copper; or metal alloys containing metals.

[0040] Depending on the type of metal, a metal sheet may have a unique melting temperature (Tm). For example, the lower limit of the melting temperature of the metal plate can be around 300℃, 350℃, 400℃, 450℃, 500℃, 550℃, 600℃, 650℃, 700℃, 750℃, 800℃, 850℃, 900℃, 950℃, 1000℃, 1050℃, 1100℃, 1150℃, 1200℃, 1250℃, 1300℃, 1350℃, or 1400℃, and its upper limit can be around 3000℃, 2500℃, 2000℃, 1900℃, 1800℃, 1700℃, 1600℃, 1500℃, 1400℃, 1300℃, 1200℃, 1100℃, 1000℃, 900℃, 850℃, 800℃, 750℃, or 700℃. The melting temperature of the metal sheet can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than, or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can be expected when this melting temperature range is close to the values ​​of the composite material exemplified in the examples.

[0041] There are no particular restrictions on the thickness of the metal sheet. The thickness can be adjusted to a suitable level by considering desired bonding strength, thermal conductivity, and airtightness. For example, the lower limit of the metal sheet thickness can be approximately 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3.0 mm, and the upper limit can be approximately 20.0, 19.5, 19.0, or 18 mm. The thicknesses are approximately 0.5, 18.0, 17.5, 17.0, 16.5, 16.0, 15.5, 15.0, 14.5, 14.0, 13.5, 13.0, 12.5, 12.0, 11.5, 11.0, 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.5, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0 mm. The unit of thickness is mm. The thickness can be less than or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above, while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When this thickness range is close to the values ​​of the composite material exemplified in the examples, further improved effects can be expected.

[0042] In composite materials, the plastic sheet and / or metal sheet can have an uneven shape. In this case, an internal space can be formed at the joint interface between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet by the uneven shape.

[0043] Concave and convex shapes can be formed simultaneously, possessing both convex and concave shapes. Figure 1 This is an example in which, in the case of plastic sheet 100 and metal sheet 200, plastic sheet 100 is formed into a concave-convex shape having a convex shape 1001 and a concave shape 1002, thereby forming an internal space C at the joint interface. In the concave-convex shape, convex shape and concave shape are relative concepts, and in this specification, the shape that forms the surface in contact with another material is referred to as a concave shape. Figure 1 Such a shape can be formed by attaching a plastic sheet 100 with an uneven shape and a metal sheet 200 to each other, such as... Figure 2 As shown.

[0044] exist Figure 1 and Figure 2 In the example, the plastic sheet 100 has an uneven shape, but the metal sheet 200 can also have an uneven shape, and in some cases, both the plastic sheet 100 and the metal sheet 200 can have an uneven shape.

[0045] Composite materials can exhibit excellent airtightness in their internal space.

[0046] For example, when a fluid such as coolant or air is injected into a sealed internal space, airtightness is the property that withstands the pressure of the fluid and prevents the fluid from leaking to the outside. This airtightness cannot be ensured simply by achieving high binding strength.

[0047] The airtightness of such an internal space can be represented by the maximum permissible internal pressure. The maximum permissible internal pressure is the internal pressure achieved by injecting air into the internal space of the composite material (the sealed internal space). It refers to the internal pressure that can be maintained substantially constant (in bar) for a certain period of time (approximately 60 seconds) from the point when the injection of fluid used to achieve the internal pressure stops. The injected fluid can be, for example, air. The condition where the internal pressure remains substantially constant can be represented by the pressure drop over 60 seconds, as described below.

[0048] The method for evaluating such maximum permissible internal pressure is described in "Test Example 4" of this specification. For example, the lower limit of the maximum permissible internal pressure may be approximately 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, or 2.5, and its upper limit may be approximately 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, or 2.5. The unit of maximum permissible internal pressure is bar. The maximum permissible internal pressure may be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or may be less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above, while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When the maximum permissible internal pressure is close to the value of the composite material exemplified in the examples, a further improved effect can be expected.

[0049] The internal space can also exhibit airtightness exhibiting a certain level of pressure drop rate. The pressure drop rate is the rate of pressure decrease measured from the point when fluid injection stops after air has been injected into the internal space of the composite material (in a sealed state) to achieve the maximum permissible internal pressure or higher. The unit is Pa / s. The method for evaluating the pressure drop rate is described in "Test Example 4" of this specification. The upper limit of the pressure drop rate can be approximately 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, or 6, and its lower limit can be approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. The pressure drop rate can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or it can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When this range is close to the values ​​of the composite material exemplified in the examples, further improved effects can be expected.

[0050] The internal space of the composite material can possess airtightness representing a certain level of 60-second pressure drop. The 60-second pressure drop is defined as the value obtained by injecting air into the internal space to achieve a target pressure (P1), and then subtracting the pressure (P2) at the point 60 seconds after the air injection stops from the target pressure (P1). The target pressure can be the maximum permissible internal pressure or a higher pressure. The method for evaluating the 60-second pressure drop is described in "Test Example 4" of this specification. The lower limit of the 60-second pressure drop can be approximately 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4, and its upper limit can be approximately 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, 4, or 3.5. The unit of the 60-second pressure drop is millibars. The 60-second pressure drop can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than, or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can be expected when this range is close to the values ​​of the composite material exemplified in the embodiments.

[0051] The internal space can also exhibit an appropriate level of pressure reduction. Such a level of pressure reduction can be determined according to the following equation I.

[0052] [Equation I]

[0053] LP = 100 × (P 最大 -P 60 ) / P 最大

[0054] In equation I, LP represents the pressure reduction level, and P... 最大 For the maximum permissible internal pressure, and P 60 This is the pressure drop over 60 seconds.

[0055] In measuring P, which is used to determine equation I. 60 At that time, the target pressure is set to the maximum permissible internal pressure. The specific method for determining Equation I is described in "Test Example 4" of this specification.

[0056] The upper limit of the pressure reduction level (LP) can be approximately 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.200, 0.197, 0.194, 0.191, 0.188, 0.185, 0.182, 0.179, 0.176, 0.173, 0.170, 0.167, 0.164, 0.161, 0.158, 0.155, 0.152, 0.149, 0.146, 0.143, or 0.140, and its lower limit can be approximately 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.15. All LP values ​​are percentages (%). The pressure reduction level LP can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than, or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When this range is close to the values ​​of the composite material exemplified in the embodiments, further improved effects can be expected.

[0057] In composite materials, plastic and metal sheets bonded together can exhibit a certain level or even higher bonding strength.

[0058] For example, the upper limit of the bonding force between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet in a composite material can be 200, 150, 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, 80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 4 7, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, or around 40, with lower limits of 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0, 30.0, 31.0, 32.0, 33.0, 33.1, 33.2, 33.3, 33.4, 33.5, 33.6, 33.7, 33.8, 33.9, 34.0, 34.1, 34.2, 34.3, 34.4, 34.5, 34.6, 34.7, 34.8, 34.9, 35.0, 35.1, 35.2, 35.3 Pa, 35.4, 35.5, 35.6, 35.7, 35.8, 35.9, 36.0, 36.1, 36.2, 36.3, 36.4, 36.5, 36.6, 36.7, 36.8, 36.9, 37.0, 37.1, 37.2, 37.3, 37.4, 37.5, 37.6, 37.7, 37.8, 37.9, 38.0, 38.1, 38.2, 38.3, 38.4, 38.5, 38.6, 38.7, 38.8, 38.9, 39.0, 39.1, 39.2, 39.3 Pa, 39.4, 39.5, 39.6, or around 39.7. The bonding strength can be measured in MPa as described in "Test Example 5" of this specification. The bonding strength can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When this range is close to the values ​​of the composite materials exemplified in the examples, further improved effects can be expected.

[0059] In composite materials, the bonding strength between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet can also be represented by the shade ratio, which will be described below.

[0060] For example, the bonding region of a composite material can exhibit a certain level of shading ratio. The shading ratio can be obtained using the following Equation 1.

[0061] [Equation 1]

[0062] G R = 1-(Ga / G u )

[0063] In equation 1, G R For the shading ratio, G a The average gray value of the effective bonding surface area between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet, and G u This represents the average grayscale value of the effective bonding surface area of ​​the reference sample.

[0064] Average gray level G a This can be achieved by illuminating the bonding area with light, reflecting the illuminating light through a metal plate in the bonding area, and then receiving the reflected light. In the grayscale image obtained by taking the second derivative of the grayscale image obtained from the received light, the region between the point with the highest grayscale and the point with the second highest grayscale, or the region between the two points with the highest grayscale, can be designated as the effective bonding surface region. The average grayscale value of the effective bonding surface region can then be designated as G. a .

[0065] Before receiving the reflected light, it can be transmitted to a polarizing plate, and then the reflected light can be received. In this way, irregularities independent of the bonding force exist in the bonding region, and these irregularities can prevent errors in the grayscale image.

[0066] Here, "reference sample" refers to a sample in which plastic and metal sheets, identical to those in a composite material, are laminated together while in contact with each other without any bonding area.

[0067] The shading ratio G in Equation 1 R (Considering the average grayscale value G obtained for this reference sample) u And the average grayscale value G obtained for the binding region a () can represent the binding force of the bonded region.

[0068] Obtain the above G R G a and G u More specific methods are summarized in "Test Example 6" of this manual.

[0069] The shading ratio G of the bonding region in the composite material has been determined. R It is basically proportional to the binding force.

[0070] shading ratio G RThe lower limit can be approximately 0.130, 0.135, 0.140, 0.145, 0.150, 0.155, 0.160, 0.165, 0.170, 0.175, 0.180, 0.185, 0.190, 0.195, 0.200, 0.205, or 0.210, and the upper limit can be approximately 1.0, 0.99, 0.98, or 0. Approximately 97, 0.96, 0.95, 0.94, 0.93, 0.92, 0.91, 0.90, 0.89, 0.88, 0.87, 0.86, 0.85, 0.84, 0.83, 0.82, 0.81, 0.80, 0.89, 0.88, 0.87, 0.86, 0.85, 0.84, 0.83, 0.82, and 0.81. G R The range can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or it can be less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can be expected when this range is close to the values ​​of the composite material exemplified in the embodiments.

[0071] To ensure the bonding strength between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet, or the light-blocking ratio G R In addition to excellent airtightness, several conditions must be met.

[0072] First, in composite materials, the plastic sheet must be formed such that there are no pores or very few pores inside, and it exhibits uniform physical properties overall.

[0073] In addition, the surface of the metal plate that comes into contact with the plastic plate must be properly treated.

[0074] Furthermore, when bonding plastic sheets and metal sheets, process conditions must be controlled according to the characteristics of both the plastic sheets and the metal sheets.

[0075] The content will be explained below.

[0076] As described above, to form the internal space, the plastic sheet can be formed with an uneven shape. There are no particular limitations on the method of forming the uneven shape in the plastic sheet. For example, the uneven shape can be formed by applying known plastic molding methods such as injection molding, vacuum forming, or compression molding. However, during the process of forming the uneven shape in the plastic sheet, uneven pressure may be applied to the plastic sheet at high temperatures, during which pores or bubbles may form inside the plastic sheet, and the likelihood of bubbles or pores may increase further if the plastic sheet contains filler components. However, to ensure airtightness and bonding strength, the formation of bubbles and pores inside the plastic sheet must be prevented; therefore, the conditions used to form the uneven shape must be considered. Furthermore, to ensure airtightness and bonding strength, the plastic sheet itself must have uniformly high strength, and simultaneously have small strength deviations between the convex and concave portions of the uneven shape.

[0077] To manufacture such a plastic sheet, pressure must be applied to both the upper and lower parts of the sheet during the process of forming the embossed shape. For this purpose, the embossed shape can be formed, for example, by a combination of vacuum forming and compression molding.

[0078] For example, when pressure is applied to the upper and lower parts of a plastic sheet while it is heated to a certain temperature, an uneven shape can be formed.

[0079] In this case, the relationship between the heating temperature of the plastic sheet (or the resin component contained therein) and the glass transition temperature can be adjusted. For example, when the heating temperature is T and the glass transition temperature is Tg, the upper limit of the absolute value of the temperature deviation calculated by formula 100×(T-Tg) / Tg can be approximately 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, or 35%, and its lower limit can be approximately 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%. The absolute value of the temperature deviation can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or it can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while being greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. The deviation can be positive or negative. By applying pressure to the heated plastic sheet within such a range to form an uneven shape, a plastic sheet in which the internal pores are minimized and uniform strength is ensured can be provided. This effect can be further improved when the range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0080] Simultaneously, when pressure is applied to create irregularities at this temperature, pressure can be applied to both the upper and lower parts of the plastic sheet. In this case, the magnitude of the pressure applied from the upper part of the plastic sheet is P. U And the magnitude of the pressure applied from below is P LAt that time, through formula 100×(P) U -P L ) / P L The upper limit of the calculated absolute value of the pressure deviation can be approximately 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 28%, 26%, 24%, 22%, or 21%, and its lower limit can be approximately 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20%. The absolute value of the pressure deviation can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or it can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while being greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. The deviation can be positive or negative. By applying pressure to a heated plastic sheet within such a range to form an uneven shape, a plastic sheet in which internal pores are minimized and uniform strength is ensured can be provided. This effect can be further improved when the range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0081] The forming method is illustrated in the embodiments of this specification. However, the methods suitable for achieving concave and convex shapes are not limited to this method.

[0082] The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the plastic sheet or the resin component contained therein is selected based on the type of plastic sheet used, and there are no particular limitations on it. In one example, the lower limit of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the plastic sheet or the resin component contained therein can be approximately 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, 120°C, 125°C, 130°C, 135°C, 140°C, or 145°C, and its upper limit can be... The glass transition temperature (Tg) is estimated to be around 400℃, 390℃, 380℃, 370℃, 360℃, 350℃, 340℃, 330℃, 320℃, 310℃, 300℃, 290℃, 280℃, 270℃, 260℃, 250℃, 240℃, 230℃, 220℃, 210℃, 200℃, 190℃, 180℃, 170℃, 160℃, or 150℃. The glass transition temperature (Tg) can be greater than or equal to, or greater than, any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than, any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above.

[0083] The resulting plastic sheet can exhibit uniform physical properties while having an uneven structure. For example, even when an uneven shape is formed on the plastic sheet, the physical properties of the convex and concave portions of the shape can be substantially the same. Furthermore, the plastic sheet can exhibit uniform strength while having an uneven structure.

[0084] For example, in a plastic sheet, the deviation between the tensile breaking strength of the concave portion and the tensile breaking strength of the convex portion can be adjusted within a predetermined range. When the tensile breaking strength of the concave portion is S... M And the tensile breaking strength of the protrusion is S P When the tensile breaking strength of the concave and convex parts is 100×(S P -S M ) / S M The absolute value of the calculated value, in units of %.

[0085] The upper limit of the deviation between the tensile breaking strength of the convex and concave portions can be approximately 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, or 4%, and the lower limit can be approximately 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, or 3.5%. The deviation between the tensile breaking strength of the convex and concave portions can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or it can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0086] For example, the lower limit of the tensile breaking strength of the concave or convex portion of the plastic sheet, or the average (arithmetic mean) of the tensile breaking strength of the concave and convex portions, can be approximately 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, or 84, and its upper limit can be approximately 1000, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, or 90. The method for measuring the tensile breaking strength or average value is described in "Test Example 2" of this specification, and the unit is MPa. The tensile breaking strength or average value can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or it can be less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0087] Plastic sheets can exhibit uniform strength overall. When a sheet-like plastic sheet has an edge formed in any first direction, the standard deviation of the tensile breaking strength of each of the upper, middle, and lower ends, obtained by trisecting the molded body in a direction perpendicular to the edge in the first direction, can be controlled to a certain level or less. The first direction is a direction parallel to any edge of the plastic sheet, determined when the sheet-like plastic sheet is viewed along its thickness direction. For example, refer to... Figure 3 If the plastic sheet is like Figure 3 In the case of a rectangle, the direction of either the horizontal side 100 or the vertical side 200 of the relevant rectangle can be the first direction. Figure 3 In the diagram, the dashed lines represent the result of defining the upper end U, the middle part M, and the lower end L by setting the vertical edge 200 as the first direction and dividing and defining the molded body into three equal parts in a direction perpendicular to the first direction. In some cases, when the edges of the plastic sheet are not straight, the two endpoints connecting the relevant edges (in...) Figure 3 In the case of 2001 and 2002, the direction of the imaginary straight line is set as the first direction.

[0088] The case where the plastic sheet is divided into three equal parts along the first direction can mean that the plastic sheet is divided such that the upper part U, the middle part M, and the lower part L have equal areas.

[0089] When the tensile breaking strengths of the upper end, middle part, and lower end are respectively S U S M and S L And when their arithmetic mean is A, the standard deviation is according to {[(S U -A) 2 +(S M -A) 2 +(S L -A) 2 ] / 3} 0.5 The calculated value.

[0090] For example, the lower limit of the arithmetic mean of the tensile breaking strength of the upper, middle, and lower ends of the plastic sheet can be approximately 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, or 86, and the upper limit can be approximately 1000, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, or 90. The method for measuring the tensile breaking strength or average value is described in "Test Example 3" of this specification, and the unit is MPa. The tensile breaking strength can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or it can be less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0091] The upper limit of the standard deviation of the tensile breaking strength of the upper, middle, and lower ends of the plastic sheet can be approximately 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4.5, or 4, and the lower limit can be approximately 0, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, or 3.5. The standard deviation can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or it can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments, further improved effects can occur.

[0092] By applying such plastic sheets, composite materials with desired bonding strength and airtightness can be provided.

[0093] To further ensure bonding strength and airtightness, the metal plate can be properly treated.

[0094] For example, at least one surface of the metal sheet that contacts the plastic sheet and forms a bonding area can be surface-treated. A Per pattern can then be formed on the surface of the surface-treated metal sheet.

[0095] The term Per refers to a shape having grooves and burrs. Here, the term "groove" means a region in a cross-section of a metal sheet that is recessed downwards based on the average surface of the metal sheet, and the term "burr" means a region in a cross-section of a metal sheet that is protruded upwards based on the average surface of the metal sheet.

[0096] Such a Per pattern can be a pattern formed by grooves on the surface of a metal sheet, and when the metal sheet is viewed from the surface, such grooves can appear as lines. For example... Figure 4 As exemplarily illustrated, when viewed in cross-section, Per may include grooves and burrs. The metal sheet surface used as a reference for distinguishing between grooves and burrs can be the metal sheet surface before the Per is formed. The cross-section of the metal sheet observing grooves and burrs is a cross-section of the metal sheet formed in a direction substantially perpendicular to the line shape of the Per as identified when the metal sheet is viewed toward the surface where the Per pattern is formed. If the line of the Per is not straight, the cross-section is a cross-section of the metal sheet formed along the width direction of the groove identified when the metal sheet is viewed toward the surface where the Per pattern is formed.

[0097] Per pattern can be formed at least on the surface of the metal sheet that is in contact with the plastic sheet.

[0098] For example, the lower limit of the ratio of the area on which the Per pattern is formed to the total area of ​​the metal plate can be 14%, 15%, 15.5%, 15.9%, 16%, 16.05%, 16.1%, 16.15%, 16.2%, 16.25%, 16.3%, 16.35%, 16.4%, 16.45%, 16.5%, 16.55%, 16.6%, 16.65%, or 16.7%. 16.75%, 16.8%, 16.85%, 16.9%, 16.95%, 17%, 17.05%, 17.1%, 17.15%, 17.2%, 17.25%, 17.3%, 17.35%, 17.4%, 17.45%, 17.5%, 17.55%, 17.6%, 17.65%, 17.7%, 17.75%, 17.8%, 17.85%, 17.9%, 1 7.95%, 18%, 18.05%, 18.1%, 18.15%, 18.2%, 18.25%, 18.3%, 18.35%, 18.4%, 18.45%, 18.5%, 18.55%, 18.6%, 18.65%, 18.7%, 18.75%, 18.8%, 18.85%, 18.9%, 18.95%, 19%, 19.05%, 19.1%, 19.1% The percentages are approximately 5%, 19.2%, 19.25%, 19.3%, or 19.35%, with upper limits of approximately 40%, 35%, 30%, 29.5%, 29%, 28.5%, 28%, 27.5%, 27%, 26.5%, 26%, 25.5%, 25%, 24.5%, 24%, 23.5%, 23%, 22.5%, 22%, 21.5%, 21%, 20.5%, or 20%. This ratio can be greater than or equal to, or greater than, any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than, any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than, any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0099] The lower limit of the ratio of the area of ​​the metal plate on which the Per pattern is formed to the area of ​​the surface of the metal plate in contact with the plastic plate can be approximately 70%, 72%, 74%, 76%, 78%, 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, 98%, or 100%, and the upper limit can be approximately 100%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, or 90%. This ratio can be greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments, further improved effects can occur.

[0100] Figure 4 This is an exemplary diagram of a cross-section of a Per formed on the surface of a metal sheet. The depth of the groove, the width of the groove, and the height of the burrs in the Per can be adjusted to consider desired bonding strength or airtightness.

[0101] For example, the lower limit of the sum of burr height and groove depth can be approximately 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, or 170, and its upper limit can be approximately 500, 400, 350, 300, 250, 245, 240, 235, 230, 225, 220, 215, 210, 205, 200, 195, 190, 185, 180, 175, 170, 165, 160, 155, 150, 145, or 140. The unit for the sum of burr height and groove depth is μm. The sum of burr height and groove depth can be less than or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above, while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Within this range, the desired bonding strength and airtightness can be ensured more effectively. Further improvements can occur when this range approaches the values ​​applied in the embodiments. The burr height is the shortest distance between the metal plate surface and the most prominent part of the burr, and the groove depth is the shortest distance between the metal plate surface and the deepest part of the groove. In this case, the metal plate surface used as a reference for the height and depth can be the metal plate surface before the groove is formed.

[0102] For example, the lower limit of the groove depth can be approximately 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, or 150 mm, and its upper limit can be approximately 500, 400, 350, 300, 250, 245, 240, 235, 230, 225, 220, 215, 210, 205, 200, 195, 190, 185, 180, 175, 170, 165, 160, 155, 150, 145, or 140 mm. The unit of groove depth is μm. The groove depth can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while being greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Within such a range, the desired bonding strength and airtightness can be more effectively ensured. When this range is close to the value applied in the embodiments, even better results can be achieved.

[0103] For example, the lower limit of the groove width can be approximately 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 160, or 170 mm, and its upper limit can be approximately 1,000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, 190, 180, 170, or 160 mm. The unit of groove width is μm. The groove width can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while being greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Within such a range, the desired bonding strength and airtightness can be more effectively ensured. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments. The groove width is the width at the midpoint of the groove depth.

[0104] For example, the lower limit of the burr height can be approximately 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 55, and its upper limit can be approximately 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, or 30. The unit of burr height is μm. The burr height can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while being greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Within such a range, the desired bonding strength and airtightness can be more effectively ensured. When this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments, even better results can occur.

[0105] For example, the lower limit of the ratio (W / D) of the groove width (W) to the groove depth (D) can be approximately 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3, and the upper limit can be approximately 2.5, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, or 1.1. This ratio can be within a range that is less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Within such a range, the desired bonding strength and airtightness can be more effectively ensured. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0106] For example, the lower limit of the ratio (D / H) of the groove depth (D) to the burr height (H) can be approximately 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, or 4.5, and its upper limit can be approximately 6.0, 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5.0, 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, 3.9, 3.8, or 3.7. This ratio can be within a range that is less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Within this range, the desired bonding strength and airtightness can be more effectively ensured. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0107] There are no particular limitations on the methods for forming Per patterns on metal plates. For example, patterns can be formed by scanning the surface of the metal plate with a laser of appropriate output or by physical scratching.

[0108] For example, the method for forming the Per pattern can be laser processing. There is no particular limitation on the laser scanning speed during laser processing, but for example, the lower limit of the scanning speed can be approximately 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, or 900, and its upper limit can be approximately 1000, 990, 980, 970, 960, 950, 940, 930, 920, 910, or 900. The unit of scanning speed is mm / s. The speed can be less than, equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than, equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When the scanning speed has a lower value within this range, the amount of energy applied for surface treatment can be increased; conversely, when the scanning speed has a higher value, the amount of energy applied can be decreased. Therefore, the scanning speed can be appropriately adjusted to achieve the desired Per pattern. However, the methods for forming the pattern are not limited to this.

[0109] There are no restrictions on the shape of the metal sheet. For example, the metal sheet can be plate-shaped. As mentioned above, the metal sheet can also have an uneven shape if necessary. There are no particular restrictions on the method of giving the metal sheet an uneven shape, and for example, the uneven shape can be formed by properly bending or shaping the metal sheet using known metal forming methods. However, during the process of forming an uneven shape in the metal sheet, it may be difficult to ensure airtightness due to bending portions, etc., which may prevent the uneven shape from being formed in the metal sheet.

[0110] The internal space formed in a composite material can form a flow channel through which a cooling medium, such as a coolant or air, flows.

[0111] The interior space can be formed, for example, by forming an irregular shape on a plastic sheet and / or a metal sheet and combining the plastic sheet and the metal sheet.

[0112] Composite materials in which bonding strength and airtightness are ensured can be obtained by using plastic sheets and metal sheets as described above, and can also be obtained by applying the methods described below to bond the plastic sheets and metal sheets.

[0113] For example, a method for manufacturing composite materials may include the step of manufacturing a laminate by laminating a plastic sheet and a metal sheet. In this process, a Per pattern may be formed at least on the surface of the metal sheet facing the plastic sheet, the surface in contact with the plastic sheet.

[0114] To manufacture composite materials, a process of heating and / or pressurizing the laminate of metal and plastic sheets can be performed. The conditions of the heating and / or pressurizing process can be adjusted to ensure the desired airtightness and bonding strength.

[0115] For example, heating can be performed to meet the following condition 1.

[0116] [Condition 1]

[0117] A×Tg ≤ T P < Tg < T I < Tm

[0118] In condition 1, T P Tg can be the temperature of the plastic sheet in the laminate measured during heating, while Tg can be the glass transition temperature of the plastic sheet or the resin component contained in the plastic sheet. I It can be the interface temperature between the metal plate and the plastic plate of the laminate, which is measured during heating, and Tm can be the melting temperature of the metal plate.

[0119] In condition 1, A is any number, which can be, for example, a number around 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, or 0.6.

[0120] As stated in Condition 1, the temperature T of the plastic sheet in the laminate is measured during heating. P It is controlled to be equal to or greater than A×Tg and less than Tg.

[0121] Temperature T in condition 1 P The temperature is adjusted according to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the plastic sheet or resin component used. For example, temperature Tg... P The lower limit can be approximately 50℃, 52.5℃, 55℃, 57.5℃, 60℃, 62.5℃, 65℃, 67.5℃, 70℃, 72.5℃, 75℃, 77.5℃, 80℃, 82.5℃, 85℃, 87.5℃, or 90℃, and the upper limit can be approximately 200℃, 195℃, 190℃, 185℃, 180℃, 175℃, 170℃, 165℃, 160℃, 155℃, 150℃, 145℃, 130℃, 135℃, 130℃, 120℃, 125℃, 110℃, 105℃, 100℃, 95℃, or 90℃. Temperature T P The range can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0122] The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the plastic sheet or the resin component contained therein is selected based on the type of plastic sheet used and is not particularly limited thereto. In one example, the information regarding the glass transition temperature of the plastic sheet can be applied in the same manner as described above.

[0123] During the heating process that satisfies condition 1, Tg and T can be adjusted. P The ratio Tg / T P For example, the ratio Tg / T P The upper limit can be approximately 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, or 1.65, and the lower limit can be approximately 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, or 1.6. The ratio Tg / T P The range can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when this range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0124] In condition 1, the interface temperature T between the metal plate and the plastic plate is measured during heating. I It is determined by the glass transition temperature Tg and the melting temperature Tm. In one example, the temperature T... I The lower limit can be approximately 100℃, 110℃, 120℃, 130℃, 140℃, 150℃, 160℃, 170℃, or 180℃, and the upper limit can be approximately 300℃, 290℃, 280℃, 270℃, 260℃, 250℃, 240℃, 230℃, 220℃, 210℃, 200℃, 190℃, or 180℃. The interface temperature can be greater than or equal to, or greater than, any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than, any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When the range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments, further improved effects can occur.

[0125] When condition 1 is met, T can be further adjusted. I The ratio of T to Tg I / Tg. For example, the ratio T IThe lower limit of / Tg can be approximately 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, or 1.1, and its upper limit can be approximately 3.0, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, or 1.2. The ratio T I / Tg can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when the range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0126] The melting temperature of the metal sheet is adjusted according to the type of metal, which is determined by the unique melting temperature Tm of the metal sheet. In one example, the information regarding the melting temperature of the metal sheet can be applied in the same way as described above.

[0127] When condition 1 is met, Tm and T can be adjusted. I The ratio Tm / T I For example, Tm / T I The lower limit can be approximately 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, or 7.5, and the upper limit can be approximately 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, or 4. The ratio Tm / T I The range can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when the range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0128] If the conditions described above are maintained during the heating process, the desired composite material can be effectively manufactured. The reason is unclear, but it is speculated that when the temperature is adjusted to meet condition 1 above, the molten state or flowability of the plastic and / or metal sheets is optimized, thus obtaining a composite material with the desired airtightness and bonding strength and no appearance deformation. Furthermore, this effect can be achieved even when the composite material is manufactured with a large area.

[0129] There are no restrictions on the method used to satisfy such conditions during the heating process. For example, heat can be applied from the upper and / or lower part of the laminate. If condition 1 above is satisfied, heat can be applied in either the upper or lower part. However, it is advantageous to apply heat from both the upper and lower parts of the laminate to satisfy the condition more effectively.

[0130] For example, known heaters such as ceramic heaters or coil heaters can be used to apply the heat as described above. For example, when the plastic plate is at the top and the metal plate is at the bottom, the upper heater can be positioned to heat the plastic plate, and the lower heater can be positioned to heat the metal plate, and both the upper and lower heaters can be operated simultaneously. Furthermore, for example, when the metal plate is positioned at the top and the plastic plate at the bottom, the upper heater can be positioned to heat the metal plate, and the lower heater can be positioned to heat the plastic plate, and both the upper and lower heaters can be operated simultaneously.

[0131] In the manufacturing method, pressurization can be performed separately after heating, or it can be performed simultaneously with heating, as described above.

[0132] There are no particular limitations on the method of applying this pressure. For example, pressure can be applied to the laminate of plastic and metal sheets using a suitable mold. In this case, by adjusting the shape of the mold, pressure can also be applied only to the portions of the laminate that do not have protrusions or to the portions where the plastic and metal sheets are in direct contact with each other.

[0133] This pressurization can be applied simultaneously, for example, at the top and bottom of the laminate, or it can be applied only at the top or bottom of the laminate.

[0134] There is no particular limitation on the magnitude of the pressure (P1) applied during pressurization. The pressure can be adjusted to a suitable level according to the purpose. For example, the lower limit of the pressure (P1) can be approximately 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 7500, 7600, 7700, 7800, 7900, 8000, 8100, 8200, 8300, 8400, 8500, 8600, 8700, 8800, 8850, 8900, 8950, 9000, 8950, 9000, 9050, 9100, 9150, or 9200, and its upper limit can be approximately 11000 or 1095. 0, 10900, 10850, 10800, 10750, 10700, 10650, 10600, 10550, 10500, 10450, 10400, 10350, 10300, 10250, 10200, 10150, 10100, 10050, 10000, 9950, 9900, 9850, 9800, 9750, 9700, 9650, 9600, 9550, 9500, 9450, 9400, 9350, 9300, 9250, or approximately 9200. The unit of pressure is gf / cm. 2 The pressure (P1) applied during pressurization can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improvements can occur when the range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0135] The pressurization time is determined by the purpose and is not greatly limited. For example, the lower limit of the pressurization time can be 10, 20, 30, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or about 50 seconds, and the upper limit can be 3600, 3400, 3200, 3000, 2800, 2600, 2400, 2200, 2000, 1800, 1600, 1400, 1200, 1000, 800, 600, 400, 200, 100, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, or about 50 seconds. The pressurization time can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. The pressurization time can also be adjusted appropriately according to the pressure applied during pressurization.

[0136] As mentioned above, heating and pressurization can be performed simultaneously or sequentially.

[0137] For example, heating and pressurization can be carried out in a manner that includes a first step of heating the laminate of plastic sheets and metal sheets and a second step of pressurizing the laminate.

[0138] Under the above conditions, the second step can be performed while condition 1 is met. For example, the first step of heating can be performed to meet condition 1, and then the second step can begin while maintaining this state.

[0139] Methods for manufacturing composite materials may also include a step of cooling the laminate after a heating and pressurizing process.

[0140] To produce the desired composite material, the conditions of the cooling process can be adjusted. For example, the cooling process can also be carried out while a certain level of pressure is applied to the laminate.

[0141] For example, the cooling process can be carried out under pressure conditions in which ΔP in Equation 5 below is within a predetermined range. For example, after the heating and pressurizing process (or the second step), the cooling process can be carried out under conditions in which the pressure applied to the laminate is adjusted such that ΔP in Equation 5 below is within a predetermined range. In one example, the upper limit of ΔP can be approximately 600%, 550%, 500%, 450%, 400%, 350%, 310%, or 300%, and its lower limit can be approximately 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 290%, or 300%. ΔP can be greater than or equal to, or greater than, any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than, any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. Further improved effects can occur when the range is close to the values ​​used in the embodiments.

[0142] [Equation 5]

[0143]

[0144] In Equation 5, P2 is the pressure applied to the laminate during the pressurization process prior to cooling (e.g., the second step), and P3 is the pressure applied to the laminate during the cooling process. For example, P2 can be in the same range as the pressure P1 applied during pressurization as described above.

[0145] Cooling of the laminate can be either natural cooling or forced cooling. In the case of natural cooling, it can be carried out while keeping the laminate at a low temperature (e.g., room temperature), while forced cooling can be carried out by contact with a suitable cooling medium (e.g., cooling water).

[0146] Composite materials can be manufactured through the above processes. Methods for manufacturing composite materials may also include any additional steps required by the processes. For example, in the methods, a release step may be performed after the cooling process.

[0147] As mentioned above, in composite materials, plastic sheets and metal sheets can provide an internal space that ensures airtightness while exhibiting excellent bonding strength.

[0148] Such an internal space can form a flow channel through which a cooling medium, such as coolant or air, flows. This flow channel can be designed so that when the cooling medium is applied, it can effectively exchange heat with the heat-generating element.

[0149] For example, the internal space of the interface between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet can form a flow channel through which fluid can move, and in this case, the interface between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet can be formed as an outer interface surface existing outside the flow channel and a plurality of inner interface surfaces existing inside the flow channel.

[0150] The term "internal bonding surface" refers to the area where a plastic sheet and a metal sheet are joined. This means that the bonding surface is formed such that, as fluid moves through the flow channel, the fluid can be separated by the bonding area and then rejoined.

[0151] The term external mating surface refers to the area where the plastic sheet and the metal sheet are joined, which means the area other than the internal mating surface.

[0152] Reference Figure 5 Describe the mating surfaces.

[0153] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the composite material viewed from the front (e.g., in a direction perpendicular to the normal direction of the surface of the plastic sheet), where the inner joint surface 500 and the outer joint surface 600 are indicated by diagonal lines, and the portions not indicated by diagonal lines are flow channels (internal spaces).

[0154] As by Figure 5 The arrow in the image partially indicates that, in relation to Figure 5 In the same form, fluid can be injected into the inlet (in), then move through the flow channel, and can be discharged through the outlet (out).

[0155] As shown in the figure, the fluid encounters the inner joint surface 500 during the movement process, is separated by the inner joint surface 500, and then merges again in the flow channel, but the outer joint surface does not perform this function.

[0156] Such fluid can move through the flow channel while in contact with the metal plate.

[0157] In one example, the flow channel (internal space) can be configured such that fluid injected into the interface between the plastic and metal plates exits after moving through an area equal to or greater than a certain percentage of the total area of ​​the metal (or plastic) plate. This means, for example, that the area of ​​the flow channel occupies a certain percentage or more of the area of ​​the metal plate. For instance, the lower limit of the ratio (100×AF / AM) of the flow channel area (AF) to the area of ​​the metal plate (AM) can be approximately 60%, 62%, 64%, 66%, 68%, 70%, 72%, 74%, 76%, 78%, or 80%, and the upper limit can be approximately 99%, 97%, 95%, 93%, 91%, 89%, 87%, 85%, 83%, or 81%. This ratio (100×AF / AM) is equal to the ratio of the area of ​​the metal (or plastic) plate through which the fluid injected into the interface between the plastic and metal plates moves to the area of ​​the metal (or plastic) plate. The ratios described above can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or can be less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. A higher ratio allows for more efficient heat exchange. However, when the ratio is high, the area of ​​the bonding surface between the plastic and metal plates decreases, and in this case, it is not easy to ensure excellent bonding strength, etc. However, the composite material disclosed in this specification ensures high bonding strength between the plastic and metal plates and airtightness of the internal space (flow channels) while ensuring a ratio of 100×AF / AM as close as possible.

[0158] like Figure 5 As shown, the inner mating surface 500 can be formed within the flow channel, and the density of the inner mating surface 500 can be controlled to achieve effective heat exchange. The density of the inner mating surface is the ratio of the number of inner mating surfaces formed within the flow channel to the total area of ​​the flow channel. The lower limit of the density of the inner mating surface can be approximately 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, or 54, and its upper limit can be approximately 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, or 55. The unit of density is quantity / m³. 2The density can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or it can be less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. The inner bonding surface formed at this density allows fluid moving through the flow channel to move while effectively scanning the entire area of ​​the flow channel, thereby enabling stable and efficient heat exchange. Further improved effects can be expected when this ratio is close to the values ​​exemplified in the composite material of the embodiments.

[0159] The inner mating surface can be designed such that R1 in the following equation 2 is within a certain range.

[0160] [Equation 2]

[0161]

[0162] In Equation 2, A1 is the total area of ​​the flow channel, and A2 is the sum of the areas of the complex inner mating surfaces (total area), and A1 and A2 have the same units.

[0163] The lower limit of R1 in Equation 2 can be approximately 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, or 20, and its upper limit can be approximately 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 23, or 21. R1 can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. An inner mating surface formed to satisfy the R1 range allows fluid moving through the flow channel to move while effectively scanning the entire area of ​​the flow channel, thereby enabling stable and efficient heat exchange. Further improved effects can be expected when the range of this ratio is close to the values ​​in the composite material exemplified in the embodiments.

[0164] The inner mating surface can be designed such that R2 in the following equation 3 is within a certain range.

[0165] [Equation 3]

[0166]

[0167] In Equation 3, A1 is the total area of ​​the flow channel, and A3 is the area of ​​a single inner mating surface (one inner mating surface). For example, if the areas of the multiple inner mating surfaces are not constant, then A3 can be the arithmetic mean of the areas of the multiple inner mating surfaces. The units for A1 and A3 are the same.

[0168] The lower limit of R2 in Equation 3 can be approximately 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, or 165, and its upper limit can be approximately 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 190, 180, or 175. R2 can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. An inner mating surface formed to satisfy the above range of R2 can allow fluid moving through the flow channel to move while effectively scanning the entire area of ​​the flow channel, thereby enabling stable and efficient heat exchange. Further improved effects can be expected when the range of this ratio is close to the values ​​in the composite material exemplified in the embodiments.

[0169] The inner mating surface can be designed such that R3 in Equation 4 below is within a certain range.

[0170] [Equation 4]

[0171]

[0172] In Equation 4, L is the spacing between the multiple inner mating surfaces, and A3 is the area of ​​a single inner mating surface (one inner mating surface).

[0173] Here, the square of L and the unit of A3 are the same.

[0174] Here, the spacing between the multiple inner mating surfaces is the spacing between the centers of adjacent inner mating surfaces (e.g., Figure 5 (L1 and L2 in the equation). For example, when the centers of two arbitrary inner mating surfaces are connected, if there are no other inner mating surfaces on the imaginary line connecting the centers, the two inner mating surfaces can be said to be adjacent to each other. In another instance, when a fluid is separated by an inner mating surface while flowing through a flow channel, then merges again, and there is an inner mating surface that subsequently encounters it, the two inner mating surfaces can be said to be adjacent to each other. Here, the center of the inner mating surface refers to the centroid. Furthermore, when the spacing between the inner mating surfaces is multiple and not constant, the minimum spacing, the longest spacing, or the arithmetic mean of the multiple spacings is applied to Equation 5.

[0175] The lower limit of R3 in Equation 4 can be approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14, and its upper limit can be approximately 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, or 8. R3 can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. An inner mating surface formed to satisfy the above range of R3 can allow fluid moving through the flow channel to move while effectively scanning the entire area of ​​the flow channel, thereby enabling stable and efficient heat exchange. Further improved effects can be expected when the range of this ratio is close to the values ​​in the composite material exemplified in the embodiments.

[0176] The inner mating surface can be designed such that R4 in Equation 5 is within a certain range.

[0177] [Equation 5]

[0178]

[0179] In Equation 5, T is the thickness of the flow channel, and A1 is the total area of ​​the flow channel.

[0180] Here, the square of T and the unit of A1 are the same.

[0181] The lower limit of R4 in Equation 5 can be approximately 5,000, 5,500, 6,000, 6,500, 7,000, 7,500, 8,000, 8,500, or 9,000, and its upper limit can be approximately 50,000, 45,000, 40,000, 35,000, 30,000, 25,000, 20,000, 15,000, 10,000, 9,500, or 9,200. R4 can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while being greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. The inner mating surface formed to satisfy the above R4 range allows the fluid moving through the flow channel to move while effectively scanning the entire area of ​​the flow channel at an appropriate speed, thereby enabling stable and efficient heat exchange. Further improvements can be expected when this ratio is close to the value in the composite material exemplified in the embodiments.

[0182] There are no particular restrictions on the shape of the inner joint surface, and it can be formed in various shapes if the fluid flowing through the flow channel can be properly separated and then recombined as described above.

[0183] In composite materials, the ratio (AT / AA) of the total area (AT) of the composite material relative to the total area (AA) of the inner and outer bonding surfaces can be adjusted. For example, the lower limit of the ratio (AT / AA) can be approximately 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5, and its upper limit can be approximately 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9.5, 9, 8.5, 8, 7.5, 7, 6.5, 6, or 5.5. The ratio can be greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above; or less than, or equal to, or less than any of the upper limits listed above while simultaneously greater than or equal to, or greater than any of the lower limits listed above. When the range of this ratio is close to the value in the composite material illustrated in the examples, a more improved effect can be expected.

[0184] A flow channel designed to meet the aforementioned conditions can enable efficient heat exchange of the fluid moving within it while effectively scanning the entire area of ​​the flow channel at an appropriate speed. However, due to the above design, it may be difficult to ensure the bonding efficiency of the plastic and metal plates.

[0185] This specification also discloses the uses of the composite material. For example, the composite material can be used as a so-called heat sink. As is known, a heat sink is a component capable of absorbing or dissipating heat from another object through direct or indirect thermal contact. Since such a heat sink is advantageous in having the largest possible surface area, it is advantageous to use a composite material comprising a plastic sheet having the aforementioned irregular shape and a surface-treated metal sheet as a heat sink.

[0186] The heat sink may include a plate-shaped plastic sheet having an uneven shape similar to the aforementioned composite material formed thereon. Furthermore, it may also include a metal sheet having a Per pattern similar to the aforementioned composite material formed thereon. Regarding the plastic sheet, for example, information concerning the resin composition and filler composition, or the absolute value of the difference in tensile breaking strength between the recesses and convex portions; the standard deviation of the tensile breaking strength of each of the upper, middle, and lower ends; the thickness of the plate-shaped plastic sheet, etc., can be applied in the same manner as described above. Furthermore, regarding the metal sheet, for example, information concerning the Per pattern, or the thickness, melting temperature, etc., of the metal sheet, can be applied in the same manner as described above.

[0187] Furthermore, in radiators, similar to the composite materials described above, the information regarding the maximum permissible internal pressure, or the pressure drop rate, the pressure drop over 60 seconds, and the pressure reduction level LP according to Equation 1, can be applied in the same manner as described above.

[0188] This specification also discloses an apparatus that includes the composite material.

[0189] For example, the apparatus may include a composite material and a cooling medium. The cooling medium may be present in the flow channels of the composite material, or may be prepared to be injected into the flow channels.

[0190] For example, the device can be a cooling device such as the aforementioned radiator, or a thermal interface material (TIM).

[0191] There are no particular restrictions on the type of cooling medium, and for example, coolants such as water or gases such as air can be used.

[0192] The device may also include a heating element and a composite material. The device may also include a heating element and a cooling device. In this case, the composite material and the heating element may be in thermal contact with each other. In this specification, the term thermal contact means a contact in which heat from the heating element can be transferred to the composite material, and does not necessarily mean that they are in physical contact with each other.

[0193] There are no particular restrictions on the type of heating element. A heating element can be any type of component, element, or device that generates heat during operation or storage, and such heat must be controlled. Examples of such heating elements include, but are not limited to, battery cells, battery modules, or battery packs.

[0194] For example, the device may also include a cooling medium. The cooling medium may be present in the flow channels of the composite material, or may be prepared to be injected into the flow channels.

[0195] Beneficial effects

[0196] This specification discloses composite materials and their applications. In one example, the composite material can be a composite material in which metal plates and plastic plates are bonded together, and can be a composite material in which an internal space exists at the interface between the metal plates and the plastic plates. According to the disclosure in this specification, when the composite material is used as a heat dissipation material (e.g., a radiator) in which a fluid, such as a cooling medium, moves into the internal space, the internal space can be designed to allow stable and efficient heat exchange between the fluid and heat-generating elements, etc. Furthermore, according to the disclosure in this specification, high airtightness can be ensured in the internal space, allowing heat exchange performance to be maintained over a long period without loss. According to the disclosure in this specification, even when the composite material is manufactured in large-area or large-scale processes, it can exhibit excellent heat exchange performance and durability due to its airtightness. This specification also discloses the applications of the composite material. Attached Figure Description

[0197] Figure 1 A diagram showing an example of a cross-section of a composite material.

[0198] Figure 2 To form Figure 1 An exemplary process for composite materials.

[0199] Figure 3 An exemplary process for dividing a plastic sheet into three equal parts.

[0200] Figure 4 This is an exemplary diagram used to illustrate Per.

[0201] Figure 5 This is an exemplary diagram used to illustrate the shape of the flow channel and the mating surfaces.

[0202] Figure 6 A diagram illustrating the process of forming a plastic sheet with an uneven shape.

[0203] Figure 7 A diagram illustrating the process of forming a plastic sheet with an uneven shape.

[0204] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating the laser processing area performed in the embodiments.

[0205] Figure 9 The image shown is an SEM image of a plastic sheet with an uneven shape manufactured in this embodiment.

[0206] Figure 10 The image shown is an SEM image of a plastic sheet with an uneven shape manufactured in this embodiment.

[0207] Figure 11 A diagram illustrating the contents of a sample collected from a plastic sheet.

[0208] Figure 12 This is a view derived from the process of assessing the airtightness of the interior space.

[0209] Figure 13 This is a view derived from the process of assessing the airtightness of the interior space.

[0210] Figure 14 This is a diagram illustrating a specimen used to measure tensile fracture strength.

[0211] Figure 15 A diagram illustrating the process of evaluating the shading ratio.

[0212] Figure 16 This is an example view showing the evaluation results of grayscale.

[0213] Figure 17 To show the Figure 16 A view of the result of differentiating the graph.

[0214] Figure 18 A view showing the relationship between shading ratio and bonding strength. Detailed Implementation

[0215] In the following description, composite materials and the like will be specifically described by way of examples and comparative examples, but the scope of composite materials and the like is not limited to the following examples.

[0216] Example 1

[0217] Manufacturing of plastic sheets

[0218] like Figure 1 As shown, a plastic sheet 100 with an uneven shape was manufactured, the uneven shape having a convex shape 1001 and a concave shape 1002.

[0219] Adjusting the convex shape 1001 and the concave shape 1002 allows for the formation of a shape after the plastic sheet and the metal sheet are joined. Figure 5 The flow channel has the shape shown. The convex shape 1001 and the concave shape 1002 are formed such that, according to... Figure 5 The total area of ​​the formed flow channel is approximately 146,180 mm. 2 The total area of ​​the outer mating surface 600 is approximately 29,308 mm². 2 The total area of ​​the left and right sides, and the inner joint surface 500, is approximately 7,050 mm. 2 Left and right. The inner mating surfaces 500 are formed such that there are a total of eight within the flow channel, each inner mating surface 500 having the same area, and the area of ​​a single inner mating surface is approximately 881.26 mm. 2 Left and right, and the spacing between adjacent inner mating surfaces is 78.38 mm ( Figure 5L2 in the middle) or 114.45 mm ( Figure 5 Approximately L1). Furthermore, the total area of ​​the plastic sheet determined earlier after forming the convex-concave shape is approximately 182,538 mm². 2 Left and right. In addition, the concave shape 1002 is formed with a depth of about 4 mm.

[0220] A plastic sheet (fabric) is prepared in the form of a rectangular plate with a horizontal length of approximately 610 mm, a vertical length of approximately 308 mm, and a thickness of approximately 2 mm. The fabric is manufactured by applying a material in which mPPO (modified PPO (polyethylene oxide)) and glass fiber are blended at a weight ratio of 8:2 (mPPO: filler component) to an extrusion process. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the mPPO, as the resin component, is approximately 145°C. Glass fibers with a cross-sectional diameter of approximately 12.5 μm and an aspect ratio of approximately 24 are used.

[0221] The glass transition temperature was measured using a DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) device (DSC 8000, Perkin Elmer (USA)). During measurement, the temperature range was set from 40°C to 350°C, and the glass transition temperature was measured while determining the heat flow change in a heating and cooling mode with a heating rate and a cooling rate of 10°C. Samples used for the measurement were prepared with a diameter of approximately 2 mm and a weight of approximately 10 mg.

[0222] like Figure 6 As shown, fabric 1000 is placed on a first mold 2000 having an engraved shape corresponding to the desired concave-convex shape. A second mold 3000 having a raised shape corresponding to the concave-convex shape is placed on the upper part of fabric 1000.

[0223] A ceramic heater is used to maintain the surface temperature of fabric 1000 at approximately 195°C. The ceramic heater is located inside the heating device, and with the ceramic heater positioned above the fabric, the temperature is raised to the desired temperature via a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) system. A non-contact infrared thermometer is used to check whether the fabric surface temperature is controlled at the desired temperature.

[0224] Subsequently, while maintaining the temperature, such as Figure 6 As shown, suction L is performed at the bottom of the first mold 2000, and simultaneously the second mold 3000 is moved downwards to achieve the desired effect. Figure 7 Pressure is applied to fabric 1000 in the form of [something].

[0225] The suction L is performed using a pressure gauge with the device 100% open. Based on the rate, the vacuum flow rate of this suction is approximately 1 atmosphere, and the pressure applied to the fabric is approximately 690.2 gf / cm² (applied load approximately 1500 kg). Pressurization of the second mold 3000 applies a pressure of approximately 548.7 gf / cm² (applied load approximately 1000 kg) to the molded body formed by suction.

[0226] After maintaining this state for approximately 10 seconds, the temperature of the fabric 1000 is reduced to approximately 40°C for a cooling process. After the cooling process, the first mold 2000 and the second mold 3000 are separated, and the plastic sheet used as the molded body is recycled.

[0227] Metal sheet manufacturing

[0228] Prepare an aluminum plate in the form of a rectangular plate with a horizontal length of approximately 610 mm, a vertical length of approximately 308 mm, and a thickness of approximately 3 mm (melting temperature of approximately 660.3°C). The melting temperature of the aluminum plate is measured under the same conditions and equipment as those used to measure the glass transition temperature of mPPO.

[0229] The surface of a metal sheet is laser-processed to form a Per pattern. In the manufacturing of the composite material, only the portion of the metal sheet's surface that contacts the plastic sheet is laser-processed. The laser-processed area corresponds to... Figure 8 The area of ​​the diagonal region is approximately 36358.42 mm².

[0230] Laser processing is performed using a laser irradiation device with an fiber optic source (50 W fiber optic marking machine, K2 laser). The surface treatment of the metal plate is achieved by irradiating the metal plate with a laser using this device. Laser irradiation is performed by cross-scanning (grid pattern) the surface to be treated at a scanning rate of approximately 850 mm / s, with each surface being scanned four times. The laser output is set to approximately 50 W and the repetition frequency is set to approximately 70 kHz.

[0231] Through processing, a surface like this is formed on the metal plate. Figure 4 Per is shown in the image. Figure 4 The shape determined when observing the cross-section of a processed aluminum sheet (the surface observed when cut along the normal direction of the aluminum sheet's surface). For example... Figure 4 In this part, Per includes burrs and grooves. The width of the grooves is about 150 μm, the depth of the grooves is about 110 μm to 120 μm, and the height of the burrs is about 30 μm.

[0232] Manufacturing of composite materials

[0233] The prepared plastic sheet 100 and metal sheet 200 are used as follows: Figure 1 The forms shown are laminated and bonded together by heating and pressurization to create composite materials.

[0234] This process is performed using a device (BG-200 (Improved), Sungshin Hydraulic Machinery) that combines the ability to form a sealed internal space, heat the internal space, pressurize the laminate under heating by adjusting the pressure of the internal space, and perform cooling. The laminate is placed inside the internal space of the device (BG-200 (Improved)). The plastic plate 100 of the laminate is placed on top, and the metal plate 200 is placed on the bottom.

[0235] The laminate is heated in this state (heating process). Heating is performed by simultaneously operating the upper heater located on the plastic sheet 100 side and the lower heater located on the metal sheet 200 side of the laminate. Heating continues until the temperature of the plastic sheet 100 reaches (T). P The temperature changes to approximately 90°C, and the interface temperature (T) between the plastic plate 100 and the metal plate 200 changes to approximately 90°C. I The temperature of the plastic sheet changes to approximately 180°C. P The temperature is measured by cross-checking using a TC (thermocouple) and a non-contact infrared thermometer built into the device (BG-200 (improved)), as well as the interface temperature (T) between the plastic plate 100 and the metal plate 200. I This is determined by placing the thermometer (portable temperature loader (terminal coupler)) directly on the interface.

[0236] When the heater is operated by setting the temperature of the upper heater to 90°C and the temperature of the lower heater to 180°C, the temperature (T) of the plastic plate 100 is determined after approximately 1400 seconds have elapsed since the start of operation. P ) and interface temperature (T I ).

[0237] When the temperature of the plastic sheet is 100 (T) P ) and interface temperature (T I When the temperature is reached, the laminate is pressurized (pressurization process) by adjusting the pressure of the sealed internal space of the device. Pressurization is carried out by applying a load to the plastic sheet using a mold. At this time, pressurization is performed such that the pressure reaches approximately 9,200 gf / cm³. 2 A pressure of approximately 20 tons is applied to the laminate. During pressurization, only the joint portion of the laminate (the surface-treated portion of the plastic sheet 100 and the metal portion 200) is pressurized.

[0238] While maintaining the temperature (T) of the plastic sheet 100 achieved through heating P ) and interface temperature (T I Simultaneously apply pressure for approximately 50 seconds.

[0239] After pressurization, a cooling process is carried out.

[0240] The cooling process is carried out by circulating cooling water around the sealed space. The pressure applied to the laminate is reduced to approximately 2300 gf / cm². 2 Cooling is performed under a load of approximately 5 tons until the temperature of the laminate reaches 100°C (T). P ) and interface temperature (T I The temperature is then reduced to approximately 60°C or lower. After cooling, the laminate is released to recycle the composite material.

[0241] Example 2

[0242] The composite material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the conditions were adjusted during heating and pressurization to ensure that the interface temperature (T) between the plastic sheet 100 and the metal sheet 200 was... I It will change to about 160℃.

[0243] Example 3

[0244] The composite material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the laser scanning speed was changed to about 800 mm / s when processing the metal sheet. In Per, the groove has a width of about 150 μm and a depth of about 140 μm, and the burr has a height of about 30 μm.

[0245] Example 4

[0246] The composite material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the following metal plate was used as the metal plate: wherein a Per pattern was formed by laser processing on an SUS 304 plate (melting temperature about 1400°C) in the form of a rectangular plate with a horizontal length of about 610 mm, a vertical length of about 308 mm and a thickness of about 3 mm, having grooves with a width of about 150 μm and a depth of about 130 μm, and burrs with a height of about 30 μm.

[0247] Comparative Example 1

[0248] The composite material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the following metal plate was used as the metal plate: wherein a Per pattern was formed by laser processing on an SUS 304 plate (melting temperature about 1400°C) in the form of a rectangular plate with a horizontal length of about 610 mm, a vertical length of about 308 mm and a thickness of about 3 mm, having grooves with a width of about 150 μm and a depth of about 95 μm, and burrs with a height of about 10 μm.

[0249] Comparative Example 2

[0250] The composite material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the scanning speed of the laser was adjusted when processing the metal sheet. In Per, the groove has a width of about 150 μm and a depth of about 155 μm, and the burr has a height of about 30 μm.

[0251] Comparative Example 3

[0252] The composite material was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the scanning speed of the laser was adjusted when processing the metal plate. In Per, the groove had a width of about 150 μm and a depth of about 95 μm, and the burr had a height of about 10 μm.

[0253] Test Example 1.

[0254] Cross-sections of the plastic sheet from Example 1 and the reference plastic sheet were photographed using a SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) device (JEOL, JSM-7800F) to assess whether pores had formed. After processing the cross-sections using a TXP pre-processing device, the plastic sheet was photographed using the SEM device. The reference plastic sheet was one in which an uneven structure was formed in the same manner as in Example 1, but without pressure applied through an upper mold. During photography, the BED-C observation mode was applied, and the magnification, working distance, and accelerating voltage were set to 100x, 15 mm (working distance), and 15.0 kV, respectively. Figure 9 The results of the plastic sheet in Example 1, and Figure 10 The results were used as a reference for the plastic sheet. (Through...) Figure 9 and Figure 10 It can be determined that the plastic sheet used in Example 1 has almost no pores inside, while the reference plastic sheet has many pores inside.

[0255] Test Example 2.

[0256] The tensile breaking strength of the plastic sheet of Example 1 and the reference plastic sheet of Test Example 1 with convex and concave shapes was evaluated. Figure 11 This is a photo of the front of the plastic sheet. (For example...) Figure 11 As shown, the concave shape of the plastic sheet ( Figure 11 Rectangles filled with diagonal lines and convex shapes ( Figure 11 Each rectangle (filled with dots) was cut to create a specimen. The specimens were cut using a water jet method, and each specimen was formed with a horizontal length of approximately 45 mm and a vertical length of approximately 12.5 mm. (As shown in the image...) Figure 11 As shown in the rectangle, a total of 32 convex-shaped specimens and a total of 17 concave-shaped specimens were obtained.

[0257] The tensile strength of the specimen was measured using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine) at room temperature (approximately 25°C). The specimen was fixed to the machine at both ends horizontally by approximately 8 mm, and the strength at fracture (tensile strength) was measured while the specimen was uniaxially stretched horizontally (parallel to both ends). The stretching was performed at a constant speed of approximately 50 mm / s.

[0258] The measurement results are summarized and described in Table 1 below.

[0259] [Table 1]

[0260]

[0261] The deviation (%) in Table 1 is obtained by measuring the tensile breaking strength S of the concave shape. M The tensile breaking strength S of a convex shape P Substitute into equation 100×(S) M -S P ) / S P The result of the calculation.

[0262] Test Example 3.

[0263] By comparing the plastic sheet of Example 1 and the reference plastic sheet of Test Example 1 in a vertical direction ( Figure 11 The specimens were divided into three equal parts (in the direction of the arrow in the diagram) to create specimens with the same length at the top, middle, and bottom ends. The tensile strength of each part was then evaluated in the same manner as in Test Example 2. The specimens were cut using a water jet method.

[0264] like Figure 11 As shown, from the convex shape of the plastic sheet ( Figure 11 (a rectangle filled with dots) and a recess ( Figure 11 The specimen is obtained from a rectangle filled with diagonal lines, and is obtained from the top, middle, and bottom ends in the same manner as described above. When cutting the specimen, it is cut such that the TD (transverse direction) of the plastic sheet is horizontal. The TD direction is based on the direction used in the extrusion process for manufacturing the fabric.

[0265] Using the method described, four specimens (a total of eight specimens) are collected from each of the convex and concave shapes at the upper end, and specimens are collected from the middle and lower ends in the same manner.

[0266] For the specimens, the tensile breaking strength was evaluated in the same manner as in Test Example 2, and the results were summarized and described in Table 2.

[0267] The tensile fracture strength in Table 2 below is in MPa and is the average tensile fracture strength measured from specimens collected from each of the upper, middle and lower ends.

[0268] Furthermore, the standard deviation in Table 2 below is calculated by measuring the tensile breaking strength S at the upper end. U Tensile breaking strength S in the middle section M The tensile breaking strength S at the lower end L Substitution formula {[(S U -A) 2 +(S M -A) 2 +(S L -A) 2 ] / 3} 0.5 The value obtained, where A is S U S M and S L The arithmetic mean.

[0269] [Table 2]

[0270]

[0271] Test Example 4.

[0272] The air tightness of the composite material is evaluated. Air tightness is assessed by applying a constant pressure to the internal space formed by the concave shape 1002 of the plastic plate 100 and the metal plate 200, and observing the trend of pressure holding or decreasing.

[0273] In the composite material, there exists an internal space formed by the combination of a plastic plate 100 and a metal plate 200, and this internal space is sealed by the joint of the plastic plate 100 and the metal plate 200. However, there are two channels communicating with the outside within the internal space, and one of the two channels is sealed by a clamp on which a rubber gasket is mounted. Furthermore, the other channel is also sealed by a clamp on which a rubber gasket is mounted, but air can be injected into the channel.

[0274] Air tightness is assessed in the following order.

[0275] Step 1: Inject air until the pressure in the internal space of the composite material reaches the target pressure;

[0276] Step 2: Stabilize, by injecting air, maintain and stabilize the target pressure for 20 seconds from the start of air injection;

[0277] Step 3: After step 2, stop the air injection and check the pressure drop.

[0278] Figure 12 The results of the airtightness assessment of the composite material of Example 1 are shown. Figure 12 The results show that the airtightness assessment was performed while the target pressure was gradually increased to 0.5 bar, 1 bar, 1.5 bar, 2 bar, 2.5 bar and 3.0 bar in steps 1 to 3.

[0279] That is, for composite materials, steps 1 to 3 are performed by first setting the target pressure to 0.5 bar. Then, for composite materials, steps 1 to 3 are performed sequentially by setting the target pressure to 1 bar. The same process is repeated, while increasing the target pressure by 0.5 bar to 1.5 bar, 2 bar, 2.5 bar, and 3.0 bar, respectively.

[0280] look Figure 12 It was determined that during the process, the pressure in the internal space remained stable for approximately 80 seconds until the target pressure of 2.5 bar was reached. However, when the airtightness assessment was performed with the target pressure set at 3.0 bar, the internal pressure could not be maintained, and a rapid pressure drop occurred when the internal pressure reached 2.8 bar. This pressure drop appeared to be caused by factors such as the failure of the bonding interface between the plastic and metal plates in the composite material. Based on these results, the maximum permissible internal pressure of the composite material in Example 1 was determined to be within the range of 2.5 bar or greater but less than 2.8 bar. In the assessments of Examples 2 and 3, the maximum permissible internal pressure was also determined to be within the range of 2.5 bar or greater but less than 2.8 bar.

[0281] Figure 13 This is to determine the pressure drop formed in the internal space after step 2 of the airtightness assessment process, with air injection stopped. Because... Figure 13 The result is the trend in step 3 above, therefore Figure 13 0 seconds on the x-axis is Figure 12 20 seconds on the x-axis. Figure 13 The y-axis represents the rate of pressure drop per unit time at the relevant time point on the x-axis (unit: Pa / second).

[0282] The results of the airtightness assessment are summarized and described in Table 3 below.

[0283] In Table 3, the reference is for the composite material formed in the same manner as in Example 1, but it is the result obtained by applying the reference plastic sheet of Test Example 1 as the plastic sheet of the composite material.

[0284] [Table 3]

[0285]

[0286] In Table 3, P1 represents the maximum permissible internal pressure obtained from measurements, in bar, and P rate represents the pressure drop rate, in Pa / second. Additionally, P2 represents the pressure drop over 60 seconds, in bar, and Q represents the pressure drop level, in percentage (%).

[0287] Table 3 above, P1 (maximum permissible internal pressure), describes the maximum pressure that can be maintained for approximately 60 seconds or longer from the point when air injection stops, while the airtightness assessment is performed by progressively increasing the target pressure from 0.5 bar to 0.5 bar, 1 bar, 1.5 bar, 2 bar, 2.5 bar, and 3.0 bar in the order of 0.5 bar. Here, maintaining the target pressure means that the pressure measured in bars remains substantially constant. For example, in the cases of Examples 1 to 4, when the target pressure was set to 2.5 bar, the pressure (bars) was maintained for approximately 60 seconds, but when it was set to 3.0 bar, rupture occurred when it exceeded 2.8 bar, thus limiting the maximum permissible pressure to 2.5 bar. Meanwhile, the maximum permissible pressure in Comparative Example 3 was 1 bar to 1.5 bar.

[0288] The P-rate (pressure drop rate) describes the rate and level of pressure drop from the point in time when air injection stops (after stabilizing the target pressure by injecting air in step 2 above to maintain and stabilize it for 20 seconds, and then immediately stopping the air injection). This rate is measured with air injected up to the maximum permissible internal pressure (P1) of each composite material, and then immediately stopped after stabilization, and is evaluated by the point in time when the pressure drops until no further pressure drop occurs.

[0289] In Table 3, the 60-second pressure drop P2 is the difference (P2-P60) between the maximum permissible internal pressure (P1) and the internal pressure (P60) at the point 60 seconds after the air stops during the assessment of the pressure drop rate.

[0290] The pressure drop level Q in Table 3 is the result obtained by substituting the maximum permissible internal pressure P1 and the pressure drop over 60 seconds P2 into the formula 100×{1-(P1-P2) / P1}.

[0291] Test Example 5.

[0292] For the composite materials in the examples or comparative examples, the bonding strength between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet was evaluated. Each composite material was cut to manufacture a product that... Figure 14 The same type of test specimen is used for measurement, and the bonding strength of the specimen is measured. Figure 14 The sample is a laminate of a plastic sheet 100 and a metal sheet 200 obtained from composite materials, and in the sample, the joint portion ( Figure 14 Part B) is approximately 9 mm long, and the unbonded portion of the plastic plate 100 and the metal plate 200 ( Figure 14 The lengths of portions A and C are approximately 36 mm, and the width of the sample is approximately 12.5 mm. This is because it is difficult to cut the sample from the composite material in a way that... Figure 14 In the case of specimens of the same form, the same plastic and metal sheets used in the manufacture of each composite material are applied, and the same bonding method is used to manufacture specimens exhibiting the same characteristics as those used in the manufacture of each composite material. Figure 14 The same type of sample was used in the evaluation.

[0293] The bond strength of the specimens was evaluated. The bond strength evaluated in this test example was measured in a manner corresponding to the measurement method of so-called tensile shear strength. The bond strength was measured at room temperature (approximately 25°C) using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine, Zwick / roell Z030). [The following is a continuation of the previous sentence:] Figure 14 The protruding portions of the metal plate 200 and plastic plate 100 in the sample (made by...) Figure 14 The plastic sheet 100 (shown as A and C in the diagram) was fixed to the device, and the adhesion was evaluated while peeling the plastic sheet 100 from the metal sheet 200. Peeling was performed at a peel angle of approximately 180 degrees (parallel between the metal and plastic material portions) and a peel rate of approximately 50 mm / min. The evaluation results are summarized in Tables 4 and 5 below. In Tables 4 and 5, the unit of adhesion is MPa.

[0294] [Table 4]

[0295]

[0296] [Table 5]

[0297]

[0298] Test Example 6.

[0299] A specimen was manufactured by cutting the joint between the metal plate and the plastic plate in the composite material of Example 1. The specimen was manufactured with a horizontal length of about 12.5 mm and a vertical length of about 9 mm.

[0300] Subsequently, as Figure 15 As shown, the sample is placed on a platform S with an angle A. This placement is such that the metal plate 200 of the sample is positioned closer to platform S than the plastic plate 100. Angle A is approximately 30 degrees. Then, as... Figure 15 As shown, light source L is used to direct the light at an incident angle of approximately 30 degrees. Figure 15 A1) is incident on the surface of the plastic plate 100 of the sample.

[0301] As the light source L, an LED lighting device that emits infrared light with a wavelength of approximately 1550 nm is used.

[0302] When light incident from light source L is reflected by metal plate 200, the reflected light is received by NIR (near-infrared) camera N. An NIR (near-infrared) polarizer (Edmund Optics, #12-475) P is positioned in the path of the reflected light, through which the reflected light is transmitted and then received by the NIR camera N. The NIR polarizer P and the NIR camera N are positioned such that, based on the surface of the measurement sample, they are at an angle of approximately 30 degrees (…). Figure 15 Angle B) Transmission and reception of reflected light. The distance from the light source to the incident point of the light on the measurement sample ( Figure 15 The distance L1 in the image is set to approximately 11 cm, representing the distance from the reflection point to the polarizer P. Figure 15 The L2 value is set to approximately 15 cm, and the distance from the polarizer P to the camera N is also set to... Figure 15 The L3 value is set to approximately 2 cm. As a NIR camera (N), an Aval Global ABA-003VIR is used.

[0303] Through this type of shooting, the ABA-003VIR provides, for example, Figure 16 The grayscale evaluation results are shown in the image. Figure 16 In this context, pixels on the x-axis correspond to points on the sample in the horizontal direction. That is, for example, Figure 16 The 0 point of the pixel on the x-axis can correspond to the leftmost point of the measured sample in the horizontal direction, and the 80 point can correspond to the rightmost point in the horizontal direction.

[0304] Using the Origin program, if for example... Figure 16 Taking the second derivative of the grayscale image in the image, we can obtain the following: Figure 17 The grayscale image in the image. In the obtained second-order differential result, G is obtained by designating the surface between the two points with the highest grayscale (or the point with the highest grayscale and the second highest grayscale) as the effective bonding surface and calculating the average value of the image within the effective bonding surface. a .

[0305] A separate reference specimen was manufactured. The reference specimen was manufactured by cutting plastic and metal sheets identical to those used in the examples to approximately 12.5 mm in horizontal length and approximately 9 mm in vertical length, and then simply laminating the cut plastic and metal sheets. That is, no heating, pressurizing, or cooling process was performed on the reference specimen. The lamination was carried out such that the laser-treated surface of the metal sheet came into contact with the plastic sheet.

[0306] For the reference sample, a grayscale image was obtained using ABA-003VIR in the same manner as in the measurement sample. A second-order differential grayscale image was obtained using the Origin program. Then, in the obtained second-order differential results, G was obtained by designating the surface between the two points with the highest grayscale (or the point with the highest grayscale and the second highest grayscale) as the effective bonding surface and calculating the average value of the image within the effective bonding surface. u .

[0307] The obtained average gray value G a and G u And by substituting the average value into equation G R =1-G a / G u The obtained shading ratio G R The results are summarized and described in Table 6 below.

[0308] Table 6 shows the G measurements for the composite material in Example 1. a G u and G R The results of a total of three trials.

[0309] [Table 6]

[0310]

[0311] Figure 18 To measure the shading ratio G of each composite material R The results were then compared with the bonding forces to summarize the relationships, resulting in a graph. Figure 18 It can be determined from this that the shading ratio G R It is proportional to the binding force. Figure 18 In the figure, when the shading ratio is x and the binding force is y, the relationship between the two is approximately y = 273.13x - 16.015, and it is determined that the data has a high consistency with the trend line, R. 2 It is approximately 0.8727.

Claims

1. A composite material, comprising Plastic and metal sheets joined together At least one of the plastic sheet and the metal sheet has an uneven shape. An internal space is formed at the joint interface between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet by the irregular shape, and The maximum permissible internal pressure of the interior space is 2.0 bar or greater.

2. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the pressure reduction level of the internal space is 0.5% or lower.

3. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the pressure drop rate of the internal space is 20 Pa / second or less.

4. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the bonding force between the plastic plate and the metal plate is 30 MPa or greater.

5. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein G in Equation 1 below... R 0.13 or greater: [Equation 1] G R = 1-(G a / G u ) in, G a The average gray value of the effective bonding surface area between the plastic sheet and the metal sheet, and G. u This represents the average grayscale value of the effective bonding surface area of ​​the reference sample.

6. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the plastic sheet has an edge formed along a first direction, wherein the average tensile breaking strength of the upper end, the middle portion and the lower end is 60 MPa or greater, the upper end, the middle portion and the lower end are defined by dividing the plastic sheet into three equal parts along a direction perpendicular to the edge along the first direction; and wherein the standard deviation of the tensile breaking strength of the upper end, the middle portion and the lower end is 10 or less.

7. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic sheet has the concave-convex shape, the average tensile breaking strength of the concave and convex portions of the concave-convex shape is 50 MPa or greater, and the deviation of the tensile breaking strength of the concave and convex portions is 10% or less.

8. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein a Per pattern is formed on the surface of the metal plate in contact with the plastic plate, and The Per includes a recessed groove region and an upwardly protruding burr region on the surface of the metal plate.

9. The composite material according to claim 8, wherein the area of ​​the metal plate on which the Per pattern is formed is 70% or greater relative to the area of ​​the metal plate in contact with the plastic plate.

10. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the plastic sheet comprises a resin component and a filler component.

11. The composite material according to claim 1, wherein the metal plate is a metal or metal alloy with a thermal conductivity of 5 W / mk or greater.

12. The composite material of claim 1, wherein the internal space is configured to form a flow channel through which fluid can move, and the mating surfaces of the plastic plate and the metal plate include an outer mating surface outside the flow channel and a plurality of inner mating surfaces inside the flow channel.

13. The composite material of claim 12, wherein the inner bonding surface is formed such that the fluid is separated by the inner bonding surface and then rejoins during fluid movement.

14. The composite material of claim 12, wherein the density of the inner bonding surface relative to the entire area of ​​the flow channel is 10 particles / m². 2 Up to 500 / m 2 Within the range.

15. The composite material according to claim 12, wherein R1 in equation 2 is in the range of 2 to 90, and R2 in equation 3 is in the range of 95 to 500: [Equation 2] R1 = A1 / A2 [Equation 3] R2 = A1 / A3 in, A1 is the total area of ​​the flow channel, A2 is the total area of ​​the inner mating surfaces, and A3 is the area of ​​a single inner mating surface.

16. The composite material according to claim 12, wherein R3 in the following equation 4 is in the range of 1 to 50: [Equation 4] R3 = L 2 / A3 in, L is the spacing between the inner mating surfaces, and A3 is the area of ​​a single inner mating surface.

17. The composite material of claim 12, wherein the ratio (AT / AA) of the total area (AT) of the composite material to the total area (AA) of the outer mating surface and the inner mating surface is in the range of 1.5 to 50.

18. A cooling device, comprising: The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 17; and A cooling medium, which is located in the internal space of the composite material or is prepared to be injected into the internal space.

19. An apparatus comprising: Heating element; and The composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 17 is in thermal contact with the heating element.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the heating element is a battery cell, a battery module, or a battery pack.

Images