A dynamic analysis method of a flexible ultrasound penetration promoting electronic patch

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of electronic patch analysis technology, and more particularly to a dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches. The method includes: selecting a subset of regions exceeding the permissible range from a synchronization timetable; clustering these subsets to obtain mismatched region groups; determining the start-up timing and power compensation value for each group based on the mismatched region groups; adjusting the output power distribution of the ultrasonic transmitting unit according to the start-up timing and power compensation value for each group; obtaining the adjusted acoustic wave transmission resistance; assessing whether the acoustic wave transmission resistance has been reduced to below the target critical value based on the increase rate of acoustic energy loss; if not, identifying the residual acoustic energy loss distribution; generating a target start-up time control scheme based on the residual acoustic energy loss distribution; and extracting the optimized bubble size distribution map to confirm that the increase in acoustic energy loss has been minimized. This method maximizes acoustic energy transmission efficiency and precisely controls the permeation-enhancing effect, providing an efficient solution for ultrasonic applications.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of ultrasonic permeation analysis technology, and particularly relates to a dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch. Background Technology

[0002] Flexible ultrasound-guided transdermal patches, which use ultrasound to drive drugs or active ingredients across the skin barrier, are a key technology in non-invasive transdermal drug delivery, directly determining drug utilization and treatment consistency. In practical use, air bubbles inevitably remain after the patch adheres to the contact surface. These bubbles severely hinder the effective transmission of ultrasound waves to the skin, leading to significant differences in transdermal penetration intensity across different areas and affecting the overall treatment effect. Traditional methods typically focus only on changes in the total volume of the bubbles, assuming that as the adhesion pressure increases, the bubbles are gradually squeezed out, and the total volume decreases, the sound wave transmission conditions will continuously improve. However, in reality, the large residual bubbles often break down under the combined action of sound waves and adhesion force, transforming into numerous smaller bubbles. While the total volume does appear to decrease, the total contact area between the bubbles and the surrounding medium increases dramatically. Sound waves undergo strong reflection and scattering at every air-liquid interface; when the number of small bubbles increases significantly, the sound waves need to reflect back and forth between more interfaces, resulting in a substantial attenuation of the sound energy actually transmitted to the skin. This phenomenon of reduced overall volume but increased sound transmission loss is completely contrary to intuition and has become a major obstacle to the uniformity of infiltration. To complicate matters further, the bubble size distribution and total interface area are constantly changing in real time during the bonding process, and the degree of acoustic impedance mismatch fluctuates rapidly accordingly. If a fixed acoustic impedance matching standard is still used to determine when to activate ultrasonic infiltration, it is easy to misjudge that the conditions are met in some areas when the bubble interface area has significantly increased and the actual sound transmission capacity has deteriorated, leading to insufficient infiltration in these areas; or to delay activation in other areas when the interface area is still small and the sound transmission is good, missing the optimal infiltration window. The acoustic transmission conditions at different locations of the entire electronic patch change asynchronously, but there is a lack of dynamic judgment criteria that follow the changes in the total bubble interface area in real time. Therefore, how to track the dynamic changes in the total bubble interface area in real time during the bonding process of the electronic patch, and accurately identify the true degree of acoustic impedance mismatch in each area, thereby achieving effective synchronization of the activation time of infiltration in different areas, has become a key issue in improving the uniformity of infiltration in flexible ultrasonic infiltration electronic patches. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, the present invention aims to provide a dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches, in order to solve the problem of how to track the dynamic changes of the total area of ​​the bubble interface in real time during the bonding process of the electronic patch, and accurately identify the true acoustic impedance mismatch in each region, thereby achieving effective synchronization of the initiation time of permeation in different regions.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution created by this invention is implemented as follows:

[0005] This invention provides a dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches, comprising:

[0006] Real-time images of the electronic patch bonding process are acquired, edge detection and grayscale segmentation are performed on the real-time images, bubble size distribution map is extracted, the change in total bubble area at the interface is identified, and the bubble size distribution map is partitioned to obtain the bubble breakage evolution morphology in each region.

[0007] Based on the bubble breakage evolution morphology, the acoustic wave reflection enhancement amplitude of each region is extracted. Combined with the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, the interface area increase state is identified, the acoustic reflection loss is extracted, and the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area is determined.

[0008] Identify the regions where the increase rate of acoustic energy loss exceeds a preset critical value and mark them as acoustic impedance mismatch regions. Extract the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in the acoustic impedance mismatch regions and compare it with the preset critical value to obtain the degree of deviation. Determine the power output adjustment increment based on the degree of deviation and determine the impedance matching judgment condition.

[0009] The impedance matching criteria are used to identify the mismatch in each region and generate a synchronization timetable for the infiltration initiation time. The synchronization timetable reflects the time deviation and spatial distribution of the infiltration initiation in each region.

[0010] The region subset that exceeds the permitted range is filtered from the synchronization schedule, and the region subset is clustered into groups to obtain mismatched region groups. The startup timing and power compensation value of each group are then determined.

[0011] The output power distribution of the ultrasonic transmitting unit is adjusted according to the startup sequence and power compensation value of each group, the acoustic wave transmission resistance is obtained after adjustment, and the acoustic wave transmission resistance is evaluated to see if it is reduced to below the target critical value.

[0012] If not, identify the residual acoustic energy loss distribution, generate the target start-time control scheme, and extract the optimized bubble size distribution map.

[0013] Furthermore, the real-time image acquired during the electronic patch bonding process is subjected to edge detection and grayscale segmentation processing to extract a bubble size distribution map, identify the change in the total area of ​​the bubbles at the interface, and the bubble size distribution map is partitioned to obtain the bubble breakage evolution morphology in each region, including:

[0014] A real-time image sequence during the bonding process of electronic patches is acquired. The Canny edge detection operator is used to extract edges and perform binarization segmentation on the real-time image sequence. The bubble contour boundaries are identified and connected regions are marked. The size of each bubble is calculated by the number of pixels in the connected regions, and the bubble size distribution map is obtained by summarizing the data.

[0015] The bubble size distribution map is divided into grids according to the forehead, cheek and chin regions. Within each grid, the transfer process of bubble number from large size range to small size range is tracked. The total pixel area of ​​bubbles is converted into the total area of ​​interface bubbles. The change in the total area of ​​interface bubbles is determined by the difference between adjacent time points. Based on the change in the total area of ​​interface bubbles, the combination features of bubble breakage intensity and size change rate in each region are extracted to obtain the bubble breakage evolution morphology of each region.

[0016] Furthermore, the step of extracting the acoustic reflection enhancement amplitude of each region based on the bubble breakage evolution morphology, identifying the interface area increase state in conjunction with the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, extracting the acoustic reflection loss, and determining the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area includes:

[0017] Based on the size distribution change characteristics in the bubble breakage evolution, the ratio of the diameter of the large bubble before breakage to the average diameter of the small bubble after breakage is extracted. The reflection coefficient of the incident sound wave to bubble groups of different sizes in each region is calculated. The sound wave reflection enhancement amplitude is obtained by multiplying and summing the reflection coefficient with the bubble number density.

[0018] By combining the time-series data of the increase in acoustic wave reflection amplitude and the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, the state of interface area increase is identified. The reflected acoustic energy is obtained by subtracting the transmitted acoustic energy from the incident acoustic energy. The acoustic reflection loss is determined by the ratio of the reflected acoustic energy to the incident acoustic energy.

[0019] The relative increase in sound energy loss is calculated by the difference between the sound reflection loss and the sound energy transmission value in the bubble-free state, and the maximum increase value within the continuous sampling time is extracted as the peak loss.

[0020] Based on the increase in interface area corresponding to the peak loss, a table is established to correspond the change in interface area to the amount of acoustic energy loss. The change in acoustic energy loss per unit increment is calculated by dividing the difference in loss between adjacent data points by the change in interface area, thus obtaining the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area.

[0021] Furthermore, the process of identifying regions where the increase rate of acoustic energy loss exceeds a preset critical value and marking them as acoustic impedance mismatch regions, extracting the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in the acoustic impedance mismatch regions, comparing it with the preset critical value to obtain the degree of deviation, determining the power output adjustment increment based on the degree of deviation, and determining the impedance matching judgment condition includes:

[0022] Different preset threshold values ​​are set according to the positions of the forehead, cheek and chin. If the increase rate of sound energy loss in a certain area exceeds the corresponding threshold value, the area is marked as an acoustic impedance mismatch area and the position coordinates of the acoustic impedance mismatch area are recorded.

[0023] Extract the actual value of the acoustic energy loss increase rate in the acoustic impedance mismatch region, perform a difference calculation with the corresponding preset critical value to obtain the degree of deviation, and determine the power output adjustment increment in the gradient range based on the degree of deviation.

[0024] The impedance matching determination condition is set based on the sum of the power output adjustment increment and the reference output power, and the power adjustment parameters for achieving impedance matching in each mismatch region are obtained.

[0025] Furthermore, the process involves identifying the mismatch in each region using the impedance matching criteria, and generating a synchronization schedule for the initiation of permeation induction based on the mismatch. This synchronization schedule reflects the time deviation and spatial distribution of permeation induction in each region, including:

[0026] The acoustic energy transmission efficiency of each region is compared using the impedance matching criteria. The time difference between the actual efficiency and the minimum allowable efficiency is defined as the mismatch. The adjustment time is obtained by multiplying the mismatch by the time adjustment coefficient.

[0027] The absolute start time of infiltration promotion in each region is calculated based on the adjustment duration plus the unified reference time. The time deviation value is obtained by subtracting the earliest start time of the region from the absolute time. A two-dimensional mapping table containing time and space information is constructed by combining the regional coordinates to generate the synchronization timetable.

[0028] Furthermore, a subset of regions exceeding the permitted range is filtered from the synchronization schedule, and these subsets are clustered to obtain mismatched region groups. The startup timing and power compensation values ​​for each group are then determined, including:

[0029] The regions whose time deviation values ​​exceed a preset threshold are filtered from the synchronization schedule. The coordinate points of the regions exceeding the threshold are obtained to form the region subset. The location information and deviation value of each coordinate point in the region subset are recorded.

[0030] The K-means clustering algorithm is used to group the regions spatially, and the regions are grouped into the same cluster based on the difference in Euclidean distance and deviation value between coordinate points, resulting in multiple mismatched region groups.

[0031] The startup sequence of the groups is determined by sorting the arithmetic mean of the deviation values ​​within the mismatched regions, and the power compensation value of each group is calculated by the ratio of the maximum deviation value within the group to the reference power.

[0032] Furthermore, the step of adjusting the output power distribution of the ultrasonic transmitting unit according to the startup sequence and power compensation value of each group, obtaining the adjusted sound wave transmission obstacle, and evaluating whether the sound wave transmission obstacle has been reduced to below the target critical value includes:

[0033] Based on the startup sequence and power compensation value of each group, the power of the corresponding unit of the ultrasonic transmitting unit is adjusted, and power differentiation control is achieved by adjusting the output voltage amplitude.

[0034] After collecting power distribution data, the transmission efficiency of each area is calculated by the ratio of the intensity of the sound wave through the skin to the intensity of the emitted sound wave. The adjusted sound wave transmission resistance value is obtained by the difference between the reciprocal of the transmission efficiency and the reciprocal of the reference transmission efficiency.

[0035] The corresponding increase rate of acoustic energy loss is calculated by adjusting the acoustic wave transmission impedance value, and compared with whether it is lower than the target critical value. If it is lower, the distribution of residual acoustic energy loss is identified.

[0036] Furthermore, the steps of identifying the residual acoustic energy loss distribution, generating a target start-time control scheme, and extracting the optimized bubble size distribution map include:

[0037] If the acoustic wave transmission obstruction is not reduced to below the target critical value, identify the difference between the current acoustic energy loss value and the target loss value in each area, draw a spatial distribution map of the residual acoustic energy loss, and classify the loss level according to the exceedance amplitude;

[0038] The power adjustment increment is calculated by the excess amplitude in the spatial distribution map of residual acoustic energy loss. The start time of each region is redistributed according to the linear relationship between the power adjustment increment and the start time, forming a target start time control scheme.

[0039] After executing the target start time control scheme, real-time images are reacquired, bubble contours are extracted through edge detection, and the number of bubbles in different diameter ranges is counted to obtain an optimized bubble size distribution map.

[0040] In a second aspect, the present invention also provides a computer device, comprising:

[0041] At least one processor; and

[0042] A memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor; wherein,

[0043] The memory stores instructions that can be executed by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the aforementioned dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches.

[0044] Thirdly, the present invention provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing the computer to execute the aforementioned dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches.

[0045] Compared with existing technologies, this invention achieves the following beneficial effects: This invention discloses a dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches. Addressing the problem of acoustic impedance mismatch and increased acoustic energy loss caused by bubble breakage and evolution during the patch bonding process, it extracts bubble size distribution maps through real-time image processing and edge detection technology. Combined with the change in interface bubble area and the enhancement amplitude of sound wave reflection, it accurately identifies areas where the increase in acoustic energy loss exceeds the standard, thereby marking acoustic impedance mismatch areas and calculating the degree of deviation, generating power output adjustment increments and impedance matching judgment conditions. This invention determines the start-up sequence and power compensation value of mismatch area groups through synchronization timetables and clustering, dynamically adjusting the output power distribution of the ultrasonic transmitting unit, ultimately reducing sound wave transmission resistance below the target critical value, and confirming the minimization of acoustic energy loss by optimizing the bubble distribution map. This invention maximizes acoustic energy transmission efficiency and precisely controls the permeation-enhancing effect, providing an efficient solution for ultrasonic applications. Attached Figure Description

[0046] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions of the invention are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an undue limitation of the invention. In the drawings:

[0047] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to the present invention.

[0048] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to the present invention.

[0049] Figure 3 This is another schematic diagram of a dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to the present invention.

[0050] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a computer device 12 provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0051] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for explaining the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. Similar elements in different embodiments are referred to by associated similar element reference numerals. In the following embodiments, many details are described to facilitate a better understanding of the invention. However, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that some features may be omitted in different situations, or may be replaced by other elements, materials, or methods. In some cases, some operations related to the invention are not shown or described in the specification. This is to avoid obscuring the core parts of the invention with excessive description. For those skilled in the art, detailed description of these related operations is not necessary; they can fully understand the related operations based on the description in the specification and general technical knowledge in the art.

[0052] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this invention can be combined to form various implementations. Furthermore, the order of the steps or actions in the method description can be changed or adjusted in a manner readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the various orders in the specification and drawings are merely for the clear description of a particular embodiment and do not imply a mandatory order, unless otherwise stated that a particular order must be followed.

[0053] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," and "counterclockwise," etc., indicating orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation on this invention. The term "based on" should be understood as "at least partially based on." Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, features defined with "first," "second," etc., may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more, and the term "including" means "including but not limited to." Various embodiments of the present invention may exist in the form of a range; it should be understood that the description in the form of a range is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as a rigid limitation on the scope of the invention; therefore, it should be considered that the range description has specifically disclosed all possible sub-ranges and single numerical values ​​within that range; for example, it should be considered that the range description from 1 to 6 has specifically disclosed sub-ranges, such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6, etc., and single numbers within the range, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, regardless of the range. Furthermore, whenever a numerical range is referred to herein, it means including any referenced number (fraction or integer) within the range referred to.

[0054] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0055] The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0056] like Figures 1-3 The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch in this embodiment may specifically include:

[0057] Step S101: Acquire real-time images during the electronic patch bonding process, perform edge detection and grayscale segmentation on the images, extract different bubble size distribution maps, identify the change in the total area of ​​the bubbles at the interface, partition the bubble size distribution maps, and obtain the bubble breakage evolution morphology of each region.

[0058] A real-time image sequence during the electronic patch bonding process is acquired. The Canny edge detection operator is used to extract edges from the real-time image sequence. The Canny edge detection operator distinguishes between strong and weak edges using a dual threshold method. The grayscale threshold is set according to the grayscale difference between the bubble and the surrounding medium to perform binarization segmentation on the real-time image sequence. The bubble contour boundary is identified and connected regions are marked. The actual size of each bubble is calculated by the correspondence between the number of pixels in the connected regions and the image resolution. The distribution of the number of bubbles of different sizes is summarized to obtain a bubble size distribution map.

[0059] In the embodiments of this application, the electronic patch is used to promote drug absorption in human joints and skin such as the face, feet, hands, or knees. It uses ultrasound to drive the drug or active ingredient through the skin barrier, which is a key technology in the field of non-invasive transdermal drug delivery.

[0060] When the electronic patch contacts the face, the bubble size distribution map is divided into grids according to the patch coverage areas of the forehead, cheek, and jaw. Within each grid, the transfer of bubble quantity from large to small size intervals at adjacent time points is tracked. The total pixel area of ​​bubbles is directly calculated based on the number of pixels in the connected regions and converted into the actual total area of ​​interface bubbles. The change in the total area of ​​interface bubbles is determined by the difference in the total area of ​​interface bubbles at adjacent time points. Based on the time series data of the change in the total area of ​​interface bubbles, the correspondence between the decrease in the number of large bubbles and the increase in the number of small bubbles in each partition is extracted. The breakage intensity is identified by the peak shift of the size distribution before and after bubble breakage. The bubble breakage evolution morphology of each region is obtained based on the combined characteristics of breakage intensity and bubble size change rate.

[0061] For example, in one implementation, the acquisition of a real-time image sequence during the electronic patch bonding process is achieved by a high-speed camera set in the electronic patch viewing window, the high-speed camera acquiring images of the interface between the electronic patch and the skin at a rate of 30 frames per second.

[0062] Specifically, the Canny edge detection operator uses a dual-threshold method, setting the high threshold to 0.7 times the maximum gray value of the image and the low threshold to 0.4 times the high threshold. Through non-maximum suppression and hysteresis thresholding, the bubble edge contour is accurately extracted. The gray value difference D between the bubble and the surrounding gel coupling agent usually exceeds 50 gray levels. Based on this difference, the threshold T for binarization segmentation is set to the average gray value M of the image plus 0.5D.

[0063] For example, when a large bubble with a diameter of 5 mm is detected in the forehead region, its outline boundary is identified by an eight-connected region labeling algorithm. Based on the number of pixels contained in the connected region and the conversion coefficient of the actual size of the camera calibration, the actual area of ​​the bubble is calculated to be approximately 19.63 square millimeters, which is consistent with the theoretical area of ​​a circular bubble π×(2.5)².

[0064] It should be noted that the bubble size distribution map is calculated by counting the number of bubbles in different size ranges at 0.5 mm diameter intervals to form a histogram distribution. The diameter greater than 3 mm is defined as the large size range, and 0.5 to 3 mm is the small size range.

[0065] In one possible implementation, the electronic patch coverage area is divided into a uniform 10×10 grid, with each grid corresponding to a contact surface area of ​​approximately 4 square centimeters. Preferably, within a grid on the cheek, three large bubbles with a diameter of 4 millimeters are detected at the 5th second, transforming into 12 small bubbles with a diameter of 1 millimeter at the 6th second. The total perimeter of both the large and small bubbles is calculated using a contour tracking algorithm to be 37.7 millimeters. Although the total bubble volume remains constant, the total interface area significantly increases due to the increased number of bubbles and the smaller size of individual bubbles. Based on area calculations, the total interface bubble area increases from 37.7 square millimeters to approximately 94 square millimeters, representing an increase of approximately 2.5 times. For example, in the jaw region, under the pressure of the patch, the breakup process of large bubbles is characterized by a shift in the peak value of the size distribution histogram from the 4-millimeter range to the 1-millimeter range. Based on the degree of peak shift, a shift exceeding two size ranges is defined as strong breakup, one to two ranges as moderate breakup, and less than one range as weak breakup. By combining the temporal characteristics of the number of bubbles increasing and their size decreasing, a unique bubble breakage evolution pattern is formed in this region, which directly reflects the dynamic change law of ultrasonic transmission conditions in this region.

[0066] Step S102: Extract the acoustic reflection enhancement amplitude of each region based on the bubble breakage evolution morphology, identify the interface area increase state by combining the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, extract the acoustic reflection loss, and determine the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area.

[0067] Based on the size distribution changes in the bubble breakage evolution, the ratio of the diameter of the large bubble before breakage to the average diameter of the small bubble after breakage is extracted. When the bubble diameter is less than a preset threshold for the ultrasonic wavelength, the sound wave scattering intensity increases sharply. The reflection coefficient of the incident sound wave to bubble groups of different sizes in each region is calculated. The sound wave reflection enhancement amplitude is obtained by multiplying and summing the reflection coefficients and the bubble number density. Combining the time-series data of the sound wave reflection enhancement amplitude and the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, when the rate of change of the interface area exceeds a preset threshold, it is identified as an interface area increase state. The reflected sound energy is obtained by subtracting the transmitted sound energy from the incident sound energy, and the ratio of the reflected sound energy to the incident sound energy is determined as the sound reflection loss. The relative increase in sound energy loss is calculated by the difference between the sound reflection loss and the sound energy transmission value in the bubble-free state. If this increase continuously rises above a preset threshold value in multiple consecutive sampling times, the maximum increase value in that time period is extracted as the peak loss. Based on the increase in interface area corresponding to the peak loss, a correspondence table between the change in interface area and the amount of acoustic energy loss is established. By dividing the difference in loss between adjacent data points by the change in interface area, the change in acoustic energy loss caused by a unit increase in interface area is calculated, and the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area is obtained.

[0068] For example, in one implementation, the process of extracting the amplitude of acoustic wave reflection enhancement based on the bubble breakage evolution pattern involves the identification of several key parameters.

[0069] Specifically, when large air bubbles break into clusters of small air bubbles during the bonding process of electronic patches, the diameter of a single large air bubble before breaking is usually 4-6 mm, and the average diameter of the small air bubbles formed after breaking is reduced to 0.5-1.5 mm, and the size ratio reaches 4-8 times.

[0070] It should be noted that the commonly used frequency for ultrasonic permeation is 1MHz, which corresponds to a wavelength of about 1.5 mm. When the bubble diameter is less than 1.5 mm, that is, less than the wavelength, the sound wave scattering changes from geometric scattering to Rayleigh scattering mode. The scattering intensity is proportional to the sixth power of the bubble diameter, which leads to a sharp increase in scattering loss.

[0071] For example, when 10 large air bubbles with a diameter of 5 mm are detected breaking into a large number of small air bubbles with a diameter of 0.5 mm in a certain area of ​​the forehead, the scattering intensity is significantly enhanced due to the sharp increase in the number of small air bubbles and the fact that the size of each small air bubble is smaller than the ultrasonic wavelength. Although the scattering effect of each small air bubble on the sound wave is relatively weak, the cumulative effect of a large number of small air bubbles increases the overall sound wave reflection enhancement from a low level to a high level, resulting in a decrease in sound energy transmission efficiency.

[0072] For example, when 10 large air bubbles with a diameter of 5 mm were detected breaking into numerous small air bubbles with a diameter of 0.5 mm in a certain area of ​​the forehead, the scattering intensity was significantly enhanced due to the sharp increase in the number of small air bubbles and the fact that the size of each small air bubble was smaller than the wavelength of the ultrasound wave. Statistical analysis showed that the amplitude of sound wave reflection in this area was significantly increased, resulting in a significant reduction in the sound energy transmitted to the skin.

[0073] Preferably, the calculation of the reflection coefficient takes into account the acoustic impedance difference between the air inside the bubble and the surrounding gel coupling agent. The acoustic impedance of the air is about 400 Rayles, and the acoustic impedance of the gel coupling agent is about 1.5 × 10^6 Rayles. The huge impedance difference causes the sound wave to be strongly reflected at the interface.

[0074] In one possible implementation, the time-series data acquisition frequency for the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubble is set to 10 times per second, and the data change trend of five consecutive sampling points is analyzed by using a sliding time window. When the interface area change rate exceeds a preset threshold of 20% per second, it is identified as a state of rapid increase in interface area.

[0075] For example, the total area of ​​the cheek region is 50 square millimeters at the 2nd second and increases to 65 square millimeters at the 3rd second, a change rate of 30%, exceeding the threshold and being judged as an increased state. According to the principle of conservation of acoustic energy, the incident sound energy equals the sum of the reflected sound energy and the transmitted sound energy. When the incident sound intensity is 100 mW / cm², the sound intensity transmitted to the skin is only 25 mW / cm², so the reflected sound energy accounts for 75%, and this ratio is the sound reflection loss.

[0076] Understandably, the acoustic energy transmission value in the bubble-free state is obtained by measuring after the electronic patch has completely expelled air bubbles, at which point the transmitted sound intensity can reach 85 mW / cm². Specifically, the increase in acoustic energy loss is calculated by the difference between the current loss and the reference loss. The reference loss is the loss in the bubble-free state, i.e., 100% minus the reference transmission efficiency of 85%, resulting in a reference loss of 15%. With air bubbles present, the transmitted sound intensity is only 25 mW / cm², and the current loss is 75%. Therefore, the increase in acoustic energy loss is 75% - 15% = 60%.

[0077] In one embodiment, five consecutive sampling times are set with a sampling interval of 0.1 seconds. When the increase rate continuously rises from 30% at time 1 to 60% at time 5, and the increase rate at each time exceeds the 5% threshold, 60% is extracted as the peak loss. This peak value reflects the extreme degree of deterioration of sound transmission conditions during bubble breakage and serves as a reference value for the upper limit of sound energy loss in subsequent analysis. Furthermore, when establishing the correspondence between the change in interface area and the sound energy loss, by recording the loss values ​​under different interface areas, it was found that the two exhibit a non-linear growth relationship. As the interface area increases, the rate of increase in sound energy loss per unit area increment gradually increases.

[0078] It should be noted that, through analysis of data from different regions, it was found that when the interface area is small, the loss increase rate is approximately 0.8% per square millimeter; when the interface area is medium, the rate rises to 1.5% per square millimeter; and when the interface area is large, the rate can reach 2.2% per square millimeter, showing a significant non-linear growth characteristic. In the actual test of the mandible, several large air bubbles existed initially, with a total interface area of ​​approximately 85 square millimeters and a sound energy loss of 35%. After the application of bonding pressure, the bubbles broke into a large number of small air bubbles, increasing the total interface area to 160 square millimeters, and the sound energy loss increased to 72%. Based on the interface area increase of 75 square millimeters and the loss increase of 37%, the sound energy loss increase rate in this region was calculated to be 0.49% per square millimeter.

[0079] In one embodiment, statistical analysis of the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in different contact areas revealed that the rate is typically lower in the forehead region (approximately 0.3-0.5% per square millimeter), moderate in the cheek region (approximately 0.5-0.8% per square millimeter), and higher in the mandibular region (approximately 0.8-1.2% per square millimeter). This difference is closely related to the skin thickness, elastic modulus, and curvature of each region. The accurate determination of the increase rate of acoustic energy loss provides a quantitative basis for the subsequent differentiated control of the permeation power in each region.

[0080] Step S103: Identify the region where the increase rate of acoustic energy loss exceeds the preset critical value and mark the region as an acoustic impedance mismatch region. Extract the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in the acoustic impedance mismatch region and compare the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in the acoustic impedance mismatch region with the preset critical value to obtain the degree of deviation. Determine the power output adjustment increment based on the degree of deviation and determine the impedance matching judgment condition based on the power output adjustment increment.

[0081] Different preset critical values ​​are set according to the positions of the electronic patches. If the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in a certain area exceeds the critical value at the corresponding position, the area is marked as an acoustic impedance mismatch area, and the position coordinates of the acoustic impedance mismatch area on the electronic patch are recorded. The actual value of the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in the acoustic impedance mismatch area is extracted, and the difference is calculated with the preset critical value corresponding to the area. The ratio of the difference to the critical value yields the degree of deviation. Based on the degree of deviation, the power output adjustment increment is determined within a preset gradient range, which is divided into multiple power increment levels according to the degree of deviation. Based on the superposition value of the power output adjustment increment and the reference output power, impedance matching judgment conditions are set. When the adjusted output power restores the acoustic energy transmission efficiency to a preset percentage of the efficiency in the bubble-free state, it is determined that the impedance matching state has been achieved, and the power adjustment parameters required to achieve impedance matching in each mismatch area are obtained.

[0082] For example, in one implementation, the process of identifying acoustic impedance mismatch regions is achieved by comparing the rate of increase in acoustic energy loss in each region with a preset threshold.

[0083] Specifically, the preset critical value for the forehead region is set at 0.5% per square millimeter, based on the thinner skin and gentler curvature of the forehead. The critical value for the cheek region is 0.7% per square millimeter, taking into account the moderate curvature and skin thickness of the cheek. The critical value for the chin region is 1.0% per square millimeter, reflecting the greater difficulty in fitting this area. When the actual increase in sound energy loss in a certain area exceeds the corresponding critical value, a two-dimensional coordinate system for the electronic patch is first established for easy marking and positioning. This coordinate system uses the design geometric center of the electronic patch as the origin, with the horizontal axis corresponding to the left-right direction and the vertical axis corresponding to the up-down direction. When the actual increase in sound energy loss in a certain area exceeds the corresponding critical value, that area is marked in this two-dimensional coordinate system.

[0084] For example, a region of the cheek was found to have an increase in acoustic energy loss of 1.2% per square millimeter, exceeding the critical value of 0.7%. This region was marked as an acoustic impedance mismatch region, and its location coordinates were recorded as 35 mm on the horizontal axis and -20 mm on the vertical axis.

[0085] It should be noted that the degree of deviation is obtained by dividing the difference of 0.5% between the actual value of 1.2% and the critical value of 0.7% by the critical value of 0.7%, resulting in a deviation degree of 71%.

[0086] Preferably, the power output adjustment increment is determined through gradient interval mapping, wherein the gradient interval is divided as follows: 0-30% deviation corresponds to a power increment of 10-15%, 30-60% corresponds to 15-25%, 60-100% corresponds to 25-40%, and more than 100% corresponds to 40-60%. The mapping uses linear interpolation, with the formula ΔP=P_min+(E-E_low) / (E_high-E_low). (P_max-P_min), where ΔP is the power increment, E is the degree of deviation, E_low and E_high are the lower and upper bounds of the interval, and P_min and P_max are the lower and upper bounds of the corresponding increments.

[0087] In one possible implementation, the impedance matching criteria are established taking into account the actual effect of power adjustment.

[0088] For example, with a reference output power of 50mW / cm², adding a 32% adjustment increment brings the output power to 66mW / cm². Through real-time monitoring, when this power restores the acoustic energy transmission efficiency from the current 25% to 80% of the 85% efficiency in the bubble-free state, i.e., reaching 68%, impedance matching is determined to be achieved in this region.

[0089] Understandably, the power adjustment parameters for each mismatched region form a parameter set. The forehead mismatched region typically requires a 15-20% power increase, the cheek requires 25-35%, and the mandible requires 35-50%. These differentiated parameters ensure that appropriate acoustic energy transmission efficiency can be achieved in different anatomical locations. When generating the synchronization schedule, the parameter set is combined with the mismatch amount and time adjustment coefficient to achieve uniformity of the permeation-enhancing effect.

[0090] Step S104: The acoustic energy loss increase rate of each region is compared by the impedance matching judgment condition to identify the mismatch of each region. Based on the mismatch, a synchronization timetable for the infiltration start time is generated. The synchronization timetable reflects the time deviation value and spatial distribution of the infiltration start time of each region.

[0091] The acoustic energy transmission efficiency of each region is compared one by one using impedance matching criteria. When the actual efficiency of a region is lower than the minimum efficiency allowed by impedance matching (68%), the difference is defined as the mismatch amount for that region. The adjustment time required for that region to reach a matching state is obtained by multiplying the mismatch amount by a preset time adjustment coefficient. Based on this adjustment time plus a unified reference time, the absolute time of infiltration initiation for each region is calculated. Subtracting the time of the earliest initiation region from this absolute time yields the time deviation value. Combining this with the horizontal and vertical coordinate positions of each region on the electronic patch, a two-dimensional mapping table containing time and spatial information is constructed. This two-dimensional mapping table is used to generate a synchronization timetable for the infiltration initiation time. The synchronization timetable records the time deviation value corresponding to each coordinate position. By comparing the magnitude of the deviation values ​​at each position, the order and spatial distribution of infiltration initiation are determined.

[0092] Specifically, in one implementation, when identifying the mismatch in each region using impedance matching criteria, the maximum allowable increase rate of acoustic energy loss for impedance matching is set to 0.8%.

[0093] Specifically, the actual increase rate of sound energy loss is calculated by comparing the sound energy measurement values ​​before and after. When the actual increase rate of sound energy loss in a certain area of ​​the forehead is 1.1% / square millimeter, and the difference between this and the maximum allowable value of 0.8% is greater than 0.3%, it is the mismatch amount in that area.

[0094] It should be noted that the permeation power response characteristic refers to the dynamic response curve of the system to power mismatch. The time adjustment coefficient is determined by experimentally measuring the slope of the curve. It is usually set to 0.5 seconds of adjustment time for every 0.1% mismatch. Therefore, 0.3% mismatch requires 1.5 seconds of adjustment time.

[0095] For example, the unified reference time is set to 10 seconds after the electronic patch is applied. The absolute start time for the forehead area, after adding 1.5 seconds for adjustment, is 11.5 seconds. The mismatch amount for the cheek area is 0.2%, which requires only 0.8 seconds for adjustment due to the small mismatch amount, so the absolute start time is 10.8 seconds. The mismatch amount for the jaw area is 0.6%, which requires a maximum of 2.3 seconds for adjustment, so the absolute start time is 12.3 seconds.

[0096] Preferably, the earliest start time of 10.8 seconds for the cheek is used as a reference, the time deviation value for the forehead is 0.7 seconds, and for the chin is 1.5 seconds.

[0097] In one possible implementation, the two-dimensional mapping table uses a 20×20 grid to divide the electronic patch area, and each grid cell records three parameters: the horizontal coordinate, the vertical coordinate, and the time deviation value of that location.

[0098] For example, a grid with a horizontal coordinate of 15 mm and a vertical coordinate of 25 mm has a time deviation of 0.9 seconds, indicating that this location needs to start infiltration 0.9 seconds after the baseline start time. By traversing all grid cells, a complete spatiotemporal mapping relationship is constructed, which intuitively reflects the differences in the start-up timing of different locations of the electronic patch.

[0099] Understandably, the synchronization schedule sorts all grid positions according to the magnitude of the time deviation. Areas with a deviation of 0 seconds are activated first, followed by areas with a deviation of 0-0.5 seconds, then 0.5-1.0 seconds, then 1.0-1.5 seconds, and finally, areas with a deviation exceeding 1.5 seconds. Furthermore, multiple areas within the same batch can be activated simultaneously for infiltration promotion, while different batches are activated sequentially. This batch-based synchronization control method achieves coordinated and unified infiltration promotion effects across all electronic patch areas.

[0100] It should be noted that the synchronization timetable also records the spatial distribution pattern, which is usually manifested as a gradual increase in time deviation from the center of the electronic patch to the edge. This is consistent with the actual situation that it is difficult to adhere the edge of the electronic patch and that air bubbles are not easy to remove.

[0101] Step S105: Select a subset of regions that exceed the permitted range from the synchronization schedule, cluster the subset of regions to obtain mismatched region groups, and determine the startup timing and power compensation value of each group based on the mismatched region groups.

[0102] Regions with time deviations exceeding a preset threshold are selected from the synchronization schedule. This preset threshold is set to twice the average deviation of all regions. Coordinates of all regions exceeding this threshold are collected to form a subset of regions. The location information and specific deviation value of each coordinate point within this subset are recorded. K-means clustering is used to spatially group these regions. Spatial proximity is calculated based on the Euclidean distance between coordinates. Regions with distances less than a preset threshold and deviation differences less than a preset percentage are grouped into the same cluster, resulting in multiple mismatched region groups. The group startup sequence is determined by sorting the mismatched region groups according to the arithmetic mean of all deviation values ​​within each group, with groups having smaller average deviation values ​​starting first. The power compensation value for each group is calculated using a preset ratio between the maximum deviation value within the group and the baseline power.

[0103] For example, in one implementation, the process of filtering out areas outside the permitted range from the synchronization schedule first calculates the arithmetic mean of the time deviation values ​​of all areas.

[0104] Specifically, the time deviation value di for each region is obtained by subtracting the synchronization time from the actual time in that region, and then the average value is calculated. , where n is the total number of regions, which means adding up the time deviation values ​​of all n regions and then dividing by the total number of regions n to get the arithmetic mean.

[0105] For example, if avg = 0.8 seconds is calculated, then areas outside the permitted range are filtered out accordingly.

[0106] Specifically, when the average deviation is 0.8 seconds, the permissible range threshold is set to 1.6 seconds, which is twice the average value.

[0107] For example, in the contact area segmentation model, there are 100 area points. Among them, the time deviation value of 15 areas exceeds 1.6 seconds. The coordinates of these 15 areas and their specific deviation values ​​are extracted to form a region subset. For example, a point on the edge of the forehead has a deviation of 1.8 seconds, and a point on the edge of the jaw has a deviation of 2.1 seconds. This subset is used for subsequent electronic patch optimization and adjustment.

[0108] For example, a clustering algorithm is used to group the regions spatially. Regions that are spatially close and have similar deviation values ​​are grouped together based on the similarity of spatial distance and deviation values ​​between their coordinate points. Through cluster analysis, the 15 mismatched regions ultimately form several groups; for example, the first group includes several regions along the forehead edge, the second group includes the lateral cheek region, and the third group includes the jawline edge region.

[0109] Step S106: Adjust the output power distribution of the ultrasonic transmitting unit according to the start-up timing and power compensation value of each group, obtain the adjusted sound wave transmission obstacle, and evaluate whether the sound wave transmission obstacle has been reduced to below the target critical value according to the increase rate of sound energy loss.

[0110] Based on the startup sequence and power compensation values ​​of each group, the power of the units corresponding to the group positions in the ultrasonic transmitting unit is adjusted. The ultrasonic transmitting units are arranged according to the electronic patch area distribution. Differential power control is achieved by adjusting the output voltage amplitude of each unit, forming a power distribution state corresponding to the mismatch area. After the implementation of the power distribution state, sound wave transmission data for each area is collected. The transmission efficiency is calculated by measuring the ratio of the sound wave intensity penetrating the skin to the emitted sound wave intensity. The adjusted sound wave transmission resistance value is obtained based on the difference between the reciprocal of the transmission efficiency and the reciprocal of the reference transmission efficiency. The corresponding increase rate of sound energy loss is calculated using the sound wave transmission resistance value. If this rate is lower than a preset target threshold, the sound wave transmission resistance is determined to have been reduced to an acceptable range; otherwise, the deviation between the current resistance value and the target value is recorded.

[0111] For example, in one embodiment, when adjusting the power of the ultrasonic transmitting unit according to the startup sequence and power compensation value of each group, 64 piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transmitting units are arranged in an 8×8 matrix on the electronic patch.

[0112] Specifically, each transmitting unit corresponds to an independent driving circuit. The ultrasonic power is controlled by adjusting the amplitude of the AC voltage output by the driving circuit. The voltage amplitude is squared with the power. When the voltage increases from 10V to 14V, the power increases from 2mW / cm² to about 3.92mW / cm².

[0113] It should be noted that each group starts according to a predetermined sequence. The first group starts immediately, the second group starts after a delay of 0.3 seconds, and the third group starts after a delay of 0.8 seconds. Precise timing control is achieved through the timer function of the microcontroller, forming a power distribution state that is spatially differentiated and temporally ordered.

[0114] Preferably, the acquisition of acoustic wave transmission data is achieved through an acoustic sensor array set inside the electronic patch, with each sensor detecting the intensity of acoustic waves transmitted through the skin in the corresponding area.

[0115] For example, we first define the acoustic wave transmission impedance value H as the difference between the reciprocal of the current transmission efficiency and the reciprocal of the reference transmission efficiency, used to quantify the degree of impedance. Here, the transmission efficiency T = detection intensity / emission intensity, and the reference transmission efficiency T0 is 85% of the bubble-free state. The formula is H = 1 / T - 1 / T0. If the emitted acoustic wave intensity in a certain area of ​​the forehead is 100 mW / cm², and the intensity detected by the sensor after penetrating the skin is 28 mW / cm², then T = 28%, 1 / T is approximately 3.57; T0 = 85%, 1 / T0 is approximately 1.18; H = 3.57 - 1.18 = 2.39, which is the adjusted acoustic wave transmission impedance value for that area.

[0116] In one possible implementation, acoustic energy loss is assessed using acoustic wave transmission impedance values. A high acoustic wave transmission impedance value indicates severe acoustic energy loss. These impedance values ​​are then converted into an increase in acoustic energy loss rate to determine whether the target requirements have been met.

[0117] Understandably, the preset target threshold is usually set at 50%. When the rate of increase in acoustic energy loss in a certain area exceeds this threshold, it indicates that the acoustic wave transmission resistance in that area is still too high, and the deviation from the target value needs to be recorded for further optimization. Furthermore, by monitoring the changes in acoustic wave transmission resistance values ​​in each area in real time, when the rate of increase in loss in more than 80% of the areas decreases below the target threshold, the overall infiltration promotion effect achieves the requirement of homogenization.

[0118] Step S107: If not, identify the residual acoustic energy loss distribution, generate the target start time control scheme through the residual acoustic energy loss distribution, and extract the optimized bubble size distribution map to confirm that the increase in acoustic energy loss has been minimized.

[0119] If the acoustic wave transmission obstruction is not reduced below the target critical value, the difference between the current acoustic energy loss value and the target loss value in each region is identified, and a spatial distribution map of the residual acoustic energy loss is drawn. This spatial distribution map marks the location coordinates and exceedance magnitude of the exceeding regions, and classifies them into three loss levels: high, medium, and low, based on the exceedance magnitude. Using the exceedance magnitude of each region in the residual acoustic energy loss distribution map, the power adjustment increment required to achieve the target loss is calculated. Based on the linear relationship between the power adjustment increment and the start time, the start time of each region is redistributed, with the start time set in ascending order of loss from high to low, forming a target start time control scheme. After executing the target start time control scheme, real-time images of the electronic patch bonding interface are re-acquired. Bubble contours are extracted through edge detection, and the number of bubbles in different diameter ranges is counted to obtain an optimized bubble size distribution map. This distribution map records the number of bubbles in each size range. The optimized bubble size distribution map is compared with the distribution data before adjustment, and the reduction ratio of the average bubble diameter and the reduction in the total number of bubbles are calculated. When the reduction ratio exceeds a preset threshold and the difference in the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in each region is less than a preset value, it is confirmed that the increase in acoustic energy loss has been minimized.

[0120] In one implementation, the system enters residual loss identification mode when the acoustic wave transmission obstruction fails to be reduced below the target critical value.

[0121] Specifically, by comparing the real-time acoustic energy loss value of each region with the preset target loss value, the difference between the two is calculated. If the current loss value of a certain region of the forehead is 75% and the target loss value is 40%, then the residual loss is 35%.

[0122] It should be noted that the spatial distribution map is presented in the form of a heat map, with the shade of color corresponding to the degree of exceedance. Dark red indicates an exceedance of more than 30%, orange indicates 15-30%, yellow indicates 5-15%, and green indicates areas that have met the standards. Based on the degree of exceedance, the areas are divided into three levels: high loss level, medium loss level, and low loss level, corresponding to exceedances of more than 30%, 15-30%, and 5-15%, respectively.

[0123] For example, the residual acoustic energy loss distribution map shows that the edge areas of the electronic patch are generally dark red, indicating that the difficulty in expelling air bubbles in these areas leads to severely excessive acoustic energy loss. Statistical analysis revealed that high-loss areas are mainly concentrated at the jawline, accounting for 45% of the total mismatch areas; medium-loss areas are distributed on the sides of the cheeks, accounting for 35%; and low-loss areas are located near the center of the forehead, accounting for 20%. This distribution characteristic is closely related to the curvature of the electronic patch and the distribution of skin elasticity; areas with drastic changes in curvature are more prone to air bubble aggregation.

[0124] Preferably, the calculation of the power adjustment increment is based on the empirical relationship between the residual loss value and the required power compensation.

[0125] In one possible implementation, every 10% residual loss requires an increase of 5 mW / cm² in output power; therefore, 35% residual loss corresponds to a power adjustment increment of 17.5 mW / cm². There is a linear relationship between the power adjustment increment and the start-up time, meaning that every 5 mW / cm² increase in power requires an advance of 0.5 seconds to compensate for the additional loss time of the sound waves at the bubble interface. Based on this relationship, the start time for the high-loss level region is set to the reference time minus 1.5 seconds, the medium-loss level region to minus 1.0 second, and the low-loss level region to minus 0.5 seconds, forming a gradient start-up sequence to achieve precise compensation in different regions.

[0126] Specifically, the high-loss region at the mandibular edge is activated at 7.5 seconds, with an output power of 67.5 mW / cm²; the medium-loss region on the side of the cheek is activated at 8.5 seconds, with an output power of 60 mW / cm²; and the low-loss region in the center of the forehead is activated at 9.5 seconds, with an output power of 55 mW / cm². This differentiated timing and power configuration compensates for the differences in acoustic energy loss in different regions. Furthermore, after 30 seconds of control execution, a high-resolution image of the electronic patch bonding interface is re-acquired, with the image resolution set to 10 pixels per millimeter. The bubble contour is identified using the Sobel edge detection operator. The gradient threshold T of the operator is calculated using the formula T = 0.2 × M, where M is the average grayscale value of the image. This threshold is set to 50 (based on a typical image M = 250) to filter noise and preserve the bubble edge gradient, ensuring accurate capture of the bubble boundary.

[0127] It should be noted that the bubble diameter is divided into statistical intervals with small intervals, and the number of bubbles in each interval is accurately counted to form an optimized bubble size distribution map.

[0128] In one embodiment, by comparing the bubble size distribution before and after optimization, it was found that the proportion of large bubbles decreased significantly and the proportion of small bubbles increased after optimization. For example, the average bubble diameter in a certain area was 2.8 mm before optimization, and decreased to 0.9 mm after optimization, a reduction of 68%. The total number of bubbles also decreased significantly, indicating an improved bubble removal effect.

[0129] It should be noted that the range of differences in the rate of increase in acoustic energy loss in each region is evaluated by calculating the range of the ratio values ​​across all regions. Preferably, when the range is less than a preset value (e.g., 20%) and the average rate of increase in loss is less than a preset threshold (e.g., 40%), the infiltration effect is considered to have reached the homogenization standard. In practical applications, after optimization and adjustment, the differences in the rate of increase in loss in each region are significantly reduced, and the average value is reduced to the target range, thus confirming that the increase in acoustic energy loss has been successfully minimized, and the ultrasonic infiltration of the entire electronic patch area has achieved a uniform and efficient state.

[0130] Accordingly, according to embodiments of the present invention, the present invention also provides a computer device, comprising:

[0131] At least one processor; and

[0132] A memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor; wherein,

[0133] The memory stores instructions that can be executed by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the aforementioned dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches.

[0134] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a computer device 12 provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 A block diagram of an exemplary computer device 12 suitable for implementing embodiments of the present invention is shown. Figure 4 The computer device 12 shown is merely an example and should not impose any limitation on the functionality and scope of use of the embodiments of the present invention.

[0135] like Figure 4 As shown, computer device 12 is represented in the form of a general-purpose computing device. Computer device 12 is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptop computers, desktop computers, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframe computers, and other suitable computers. Electronic devices can also represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital processors, cellular phones, smartphones, wearable devices, and other similar computing devices. The components shown herein, their connections and relationships, and their functions are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the implementation of the invention described and / or claimed herein.

[0136] The components of the computer device 12 may include, but are not limited to: one or more processors or processing units 16, system memory 28, and bus 18 connecting different system components (including system memory 28 and processing unit 16).

[0137] Bus 18 represents one or more of several bus architectures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, a graphics acceleration port, a processor, or a local bus using any of the various bus architectures. For example, these architectures include, but are not limited to, the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, the Micro Channel Architecture (MAC) bus, the Enhanced ISA bus, the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.

[0138] In addition, the present invention also provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions for causing the computer to execute the aforementioned dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches.

[0139] Computer device 12 typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. These media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer device 12, including volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.

[0140] System memory 28 may include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 30 and / or cache memory 32. Computer device 12 may further include other removable / non-removable, volatile / non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 34 may be used to read and write non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (…). Figure 4 Not shown; usually referred to as a "hard drive"). Although Figure 4 Not shown, a disk drive for reading and writing to a removable non-volatile disk (e.g., a "floppy disk") and an optical disk drive for reading and writing to a removable non-volatile optical disk (e.g., a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or other optical media) may be provided. In these cases, each drive may be connected to bus 18 via one or more data media interfaces. System memory 28 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules configured to perform the functions of the embodiments of the present invention.

[0141] A program / utility 40 having a set (at least one) of program modules 42 may be stored, for example, in system memory 28. Such program modules 42 include, but are not limited to, an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each or some combination of these examples may include an implementation of a network environment. Program modules 42 typically perform the functions and / or methods described in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0142] Computer device 12 can also communicate with one or more external devices 14 (e.g., keyboard, pointing device, display 24, etc.), and with one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer device 12, and / or with any device that enables computer device 12 to communicate with one or more other computing devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.). This communication can be performed via input / output (I / O) interface 22. Furthermore, computer device 12 can also communicate with one or more networks (e.g., local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), and / or public networks, such as the Internet) via network adapter 20. As shown, network adapter 20 communicates with other modules of computer device 12 via bus 18. It should be understood that, although not shown in the figures, other hardware and / or software modules can be used in conjunction with computer device 12, including but not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data backup storage systems.

[0143] The processing unit 16 executes various functional applications and data processing by running programs stored in the system memory 28, such as implementing the dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches provided in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0144] This invention also provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions, on which a computer program is stored, wherein when the program is executed by a processor, it implements the dynamic analysis method for flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patches provided in all embodiments of this invention.

[0145] The computer storage medium of this invention can be any combination of one or more computer-readable media. The computer-readable medium can be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of computer-readable storage media include: electrical connections having one or more wires, portable computer disks, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), optical fiber, portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, or any suitable combination thereof. In this document, a computer-readable storage medium can be any tangible medium that contains or stores a program that can be used by or in conjunction with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0146] Computer-readable signal media may include data signals propagated in baseband or as part of a carrier wave, carrying computer-readable program code. Such propagated data signals may take various forms, including but not limited to electromagnetic signals, optical signals, or any suitable combination thereof. Computer-readable signal media may also be any computer-readable medium other than computer-readable storage media, capable of sending, propagating, or transmitting programs for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0147] The program code contained on the computer-readable medium can be transmitted using any suitable medium, including but not limited to wireless, wired, optical fiber, RF, etc., or any suitable combination thereof. The computer program code for performing the operations of this invention can be written in one or more programming languages ​​or a combination thereof, including object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Java, Smalltalk, and C++, as well as conventional procedural programming languages—such as the "C" language or similar programming languages. The program code can be executed entirely on the user's computer, partially on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partially on the user's computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In cases involving a remote computer, the remote computer can be connected to the user's computer via any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or it can be connected to an external computer (e.g., via the Internet using an Internet service provider).

[0148] This invention also provides a computer program product, including a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the dynamic analysis method for the flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch described above.

[0149] It should be understood that the various forms of processes shown above can be used to reorder, add, or delete steps. For example, the steps described in this invention disclosure can be executed in parallel, sequentially, or in different orders, as long as the desired result of the technical solution disclosed in this invention can be achieved, and this is not limited herein.

[0150] The specific embodiments described above do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and substitutions can be made according to design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of this invention should be included within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic-assisted permeation electronic patch, characterized in that, include: Real-time images of the electronic patch bonding process are acquired, edge detection and grayscale segmentation are performed on the real-time images, bubble size distribution map is extracted, the change in total bubble area at the interface is identified, and the bubble size distribution map is partitioned to obtain the bubble breakage evolution morphology in each region. Based on the bubble breakage evolution morphology, the acoustic wave reflection enhancement amplitude of each region is extracted. Combined with the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, the interface area increase state is identified, the acoustic reflection loss is extracted, and the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area is determined. Identify the regions where the increase rate of acoustic energy loss exceeds a preset critical value and mark them as acoustic impedance mismatch regions. Extract the increase rate of acoustic energy loss in the acoustic impedance mismatch regions and compare it with the preset critical value to obtain the degree of deviation. Determine the power output adjustment increment based on the degree of deviation and determine the impedance matching judgment condition. The impedance matching criteria are used to identify the mismatch in each region and generate a synchronization timetable for the infiltration initiation time. The synchronization timetable reflects the time deviation and spatial distribution of the infiltration initiation in each region. The region subset that exceeds the permitted range is filtered from the synchronization schedule, and the region subset is clustered into groups to obtain mismatched region groups. The startup timing and power compensation value of each group are then determined. The output power distribution of the ultrasonic transmitting unit is adjusted according to the startup sequence and power compensation value of each group, the acoustic wave transmission resistance is obtained after adjustment, and the acoustic wave transmission resistance is evaluated to see if it is reduced to below the target critical value. If not, identify the residual acoustic energy loss distribution, generate the target start-time control scheme, and extract the optimized bubble size distribution map.

2. The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic-assisted permeation electronic patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process involves acquiring real-time images during the electronic patch bonding process, performing edge detection and grayscale segmentation on the real-time images, extracting a bubble size distribution map, identifying the change in the total area of ​​bubbles at the interface, and partitioning the bubble size distribution map to obtain the bubble breakage and evolution morphology in each region, including: A real-time image sequence during the bonding process of electronic patches is acquired. The Canny edge detection operator is used to extract edges and perform binarization segmentation on the real-time image sequence. The bubble contour boundaries are identified and connected regions are marked. The size of each bubble is calculated by the number of pixels in the connected regions, and the bubble size distribution map is obtained by summarizing the data. The bubble size distribution map is divided into grids according to the forehead, cheek and chin regions. Within each grid, the transfer process of bubble number from large size range to small size range is tracked. The total pixel area of ​​bubbles is converted into the total area of ​​interface bubbles. The change in the total area of ​​interface bubbles is determined by the difference between adjacent time points. Based on the change in the total area of ​​interface bubbles, the combination features of bubble breakage intensity and size change rate in each region are extracted to obtain the bubble breakage evolution morphology of each region.

3. The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic-assisted permeation electronic patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of extracting the acoustic reflection enhancement amplitude of each region based on the bubble breakage evolution morphology, identifying the interface area increase state in conjunction with the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, extracting the acoustic reflection loss, and determining the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area includes: Based on the size distribution change characteristics in the bubble breakage evolution, the ratio of the diameter of the large bubble before breakage to the average diameter of the small bubble after breakage is extracted. The reflection coefficient of the incident sound wave to bubble groups of different sizes in each region is calculated. The sound wave reflection enhancement amplitude is obtained by multiplying and summing the reflection coefficient with the bubble number density. By combining the time-series data of the increase in acoustic wave reflection amplitude and the change in the total area of ​​the interface bubbles, the state of interface area increase is identified. The reflected acoustic energy is obtained by subtracting the transmitted acoustic energy from the incident acoustic energy. The acoustic reflection loss is determined by the ratio of the reflected acoustic energy to the incident acoustic energy. The relative increase in sound energy loss is calculated by the difference between the sound reflection loss and the sound energy transmission value in the bubble-free state, and the maximum increase value within the continuous sampling time is extracted as the peak loss. Based on the increase in interface area corresponding to the peak loss, a table is established to correspond the change in interface area to the amount of acoustic energy loss. The change in acoustic energy loss per unit increment is calculated by dividing the difference in loss between adjacent data points by the change in interface area, thus obtaining the increase rate of acoustic energy loss caused by the increase in interface area.

4. The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process involves identifying regions where the increase rate of acoustic energy loss exceeds a preset critical value and marking them as acoustic impedance mismatch regions. The increase rate of acoustic energy loss in these regions is extracted and compared with the preset critical value to obtain the degree of deviation. Based on this deviation, the power output adjustment increment is determined, and impedance matching criteria are established, including: Different preset threshold values ​​are set according to the positions of the forehead, cheek and chin. If the increase rate of sound energy loss in a certain area exceeds the corresponding threshold value, the area is marked as an acoustic impedance mismatch area and the position coordinates of the acoustic impedance mismatch area are recorded. Extract the actual value of the acoustic energy loss increase rate in the acoustic impedance mismatch region, perform a difference calculation with the corresponding preset critical value to obtain the degree of deviation, and determine the power output adjustment increment in the gradient range based on the degree of deviation. The impedance matching determination condition is set based on the sum of the power output adjustment increment and the reference output power, and the power adjustment parameters for achieving impedance matching in each mismatch region are obtained.

5. The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic-assisted permeation electronic patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The process involves identifying the mismatch in each region based on the impedance matching criteria, generating a synchronization schedule for the infiltration initiation time based on the mismatch, and the synchronization schedule reflecting the time deviation and spatial distribution of the infiltration initiation in each region, including: The acoustic energy transmission efficiency of each region is compared using the impedance matching criteria. The time difference between the actual efficiency and the minimum allowable efficiency is defined as the mismatch. The adjustment time is obtained by multiplying the mismatch by the time adjustment coefficient. The absolute start time of infiltration promotion in each region is calculated based on the adjustment duration plus the unified reference time. The time deviation value is obtained by subtracting the earliest start time of the region from the absolute time. A two-dimensional mapping table containing time and space information is constructed by combining the regional coordinates to generate the synchronization timetable.

6. The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic-assisted permeation electronic patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The system filters out a subset of regions that exceed the permitted range from the synchronization schedule, clusters these regions to obtain mismatched region groups, and determines the startup timing and power compensation values ​​for each group, including: The regions whose time deviation values ​​exceed a preset threshold are filtered from the synchronization schedule. The coordinate points of the regions exceeding the threshold are obtained to form the region subset. The location information and deviation value of each coordinate point in the region subset are recorded. The K-means clustering algorithm is used to group the regions spatially, and the regions are grouped into the same cluster based on the difference in Euclidean distance and deviation value between coordinate points, resulting in multiple mismatched region groups. The startup sequence of the groups is determined by sorting the arithmetic mean of the deviation values ​​within the mismatched regions, and the power compensation value of each group is calculated by the ratio of the maximum deviation value within the group to the reference power.

7. The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of adjusting the output power distribution of the ultrasonic transmitting unit according to the startup sequence and power compensation value of each group, obtaining the adjusted sound wave transmission resistance, and evaluating whether the sound wave transmission resistance has been reduced to below the target critical value includes: Based on the startup sequence and power compensation value of each group, the power of the corresponding unit of the ultrasonic transmitting unit is adjusted, and power differentiation control is achieved by adjusting the output voltage amplitude. After collecting the power distribution status, the sound wave transmission data of each area is collected. The transmission efficiency is calculated by the ratio of the sound wave intensity through the skin to the emitted sound wave intensity. The adjusted sound wave transmission impedance value is obtained based on the difference between the reciprocal of the transmission efficiency and the reciprocal of the reference transmission efficiency. The corresponding increase rate of acoustic energy loss is calculated by adjusting the acoustic wave transmission impedance value, and compared with whether it is lower than the target critical value. If it is lower, the distribution of residual acoustic energy loss is identified.

8. The dynamic analysis method for a flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to claim 7, characterized in that, The process of identifying the residual acoustic energy loss distribution, generating a target start-time control scheme, and extracting the optimized bubble size distribution map includes: If the acoustic wave transmission obstruction is not reduced to below the target critical value, identify the difference between the current acoustic energy loss value and the target loss value in each area, draw a spatial distribution map of the residual acoustic energy loss, and classify the loss level according to the exceedance amplitude; The power adjustment increment is calculated by the excess amplitude in the spatial distribution map of residual acoustic energy loss. The start time of each region is redistributed according to the linear relationship between the power adjustment increment and the start time, forming a target start time control scheme. After executing the target start time control scheme, real-time images are reacquired, bubble contours are extracted through edge detection, and the number of bubbles in different diameter ranges is counted to obtain an optimized bubble size distribution map.

9. A computer device, characterized in that, include: At least one processor; as well as A memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor; wherein, The memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor, which, when executed by the at least one processor, enables the at least one processor to perform the dynamic analysis method for the flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions, characterized in that, The computer instructions are used to cause the computer to execute the dynamic analysis method of the flexible ultrasonic permeation-enhancing electronic patch according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

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