Ecological restoration method for southern high and steep hard slope vegetation

Abstract

The invention provides a vegetation ecological restoration method for a southern high and steep hard slope. The invention discloses a vegetation ecological restoration method for a southern high and steep hard slope. The vegetation ecological restoration method comprises the following steps of S1, slope pretreatment and stability strengthening, S2, adaptive matrix construction and spray-seeding, S3, adaptive vegetation type selection and planting and S4, long-acting maintenance and monitoring. According to the vegetation ecological restoration method for the southern high and steep hard slope, the safety and stability of the slope are remarkably enhanced through systematic slope pretreatment and stability strengthening, a specially-optimized adaptive matrix formula, scientifically-selected vegetation combination and a refined long-acting maintenance monitoring system; according to the method, the survival rate and stability of vegetation communities are improved, stage-by-stage maintenance management and system monitoring evaluation are carried out, differentiated maintenance measures are provided according to the vegetation restoration rule, the slope stability and the vegetation growth condition are mastered in time, long-term stability and continuous improvement of the ecological restoration effect are ensured, and the sustainability of the ecological restoration effect is guaranteed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of slope ecological restoration technology, and in particular to a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep and hard slopes in southern China. Background Technology

[0002] Steep, hard slopes are widely distributed in areas where highways, railways, mines, and water conservancy projects are constructed in southern regions. These slopes are characterized by hard rock, steep slopes, poor soil permeability, and extremely low water and fertilizer retention capacity. At the same time, they are affected by the subtropical monsoon climate, with concentrated rainfall and frequent rainstorms, which can easily lead to slope collapse and soil erosion. Furthermore, vegetation is susceptible to pests and diseases in the hot and humid environment, making vegetation restoration extremely difficult.

[0003] Existing methods for slope vegetation restoration, such as hydroseeding, vegetated concrete, and netting-sprayed concrete, have several drawbacks when applied to steep, hard slopes in southern China: First, the slope stability is insufficient, as pretreatment is not performed to address the characteristics of crack development in hard slopes, leaving a risk of collapse even after vegetation restoration. Second, the substrate compatibility is poor; the use of general-purpose topsoil substrates results in low water retention and weak erosion resistance, making them prone to loss during heavy rains. Furthermore, the acidic soil characteristics of southern China are not considered, leading to low vegetation survival rates. Third, the vegetation selection is inappropriate, with the indiscriminate use of exotic species that are not adapted to the hot, humid, and seasonally arid environment of southern China, easily resulting in wilting and death. Fourth, the lack of a long-term maintenance mechanism and inadequate post-restoration management make it difficult to sustain the vegetation restoration effect.

[0004] Existing methods for vegetation restoration on steep, hard slopes in southern regions suffer from problems such as insufficient slope stability, poor substrate resistance to erosion and water retention, low vegetation adaptability, and difficulty in sustaining restoration effects.

[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions to solve the above-mentioned technical problems. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention provides a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China, which solves the problems of insufficient slope stability, poor substrate erosion resistance and water retention, low vegetation adaptability, and difficulty in sustaining restoration effects in existing methods for restoring vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China.

[0007] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep and hard slopes in southern China, comprising the following steps: S1: slope pretreatment and stabilization, S2: construction and hydroseeding of suitable substrates, S3: selection and planting of suitable vegetation, and S4: long-term maintenance and monitoring.

[0008] The slope pretreatment and stabilization reinforcement includes the following steps: S11: After cleaning and repairing the slope surface, high-pressure washing and epoxy resin mortar are used to seal the slope cracks; S12: Then, a double-layer protective net consisting of galvanized diamond wire mesh and polyester ecological net is laid and anchored by anchor rods arranged in a quincunx pattern.

[0009] The construction and spraying of the adaptable substrate includes the following steps: S21: Mix the native red soil, humus, perlite, coconut coir, biochar, slow-release compound fertilizer, water-retaining agent and pH adjuster in a specific volume ratio to form a composite substrate, and stir until the moisture content is 35%-45%; S22: Apply the layered spraying process and finally cover with non-woven fabric.

[0010] The adaptive vegetation selection and planting includes the following steps: S31: Selecting a variety of native southern plant species adapted to the local climate to construct a three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses and vines; S32: Adopting a planting method that combines hydroseeding and hole planting;

[0011] The long-term maintenance and monitoring includes the following steps: S41: Based on the physiological laws of vegetation restoration, it is divided into three stages: initial, middle and late stages, for differentiated maintenance; S42: Set up slope displacement and vegetation growth monitoring points for quantitative monitoring.

[0012] Preferably, the crack sealing treatment is for cracks with a width greater than 5mm; the anchor bolts are HRB400 threaded steel anchor bolts, arranged in a staggered pattern at 1.0m×1.0m intervals, and the anchor bolts penetrate into the stable rock mass to a depth ≥1.0m.

[0013] Preferably, the volume ratio of the composite matrix is: 50% native red soil, 15% humus, 10% perlite, 10% coconut coir, 5% biochar, 3% slow-release compound fertilizer, 2% water-retaining agent, and 5% pH adjuster.

[0014] Preferably, the water-retaining agent is a polyacrylamide-type water-retaining agent, and the pH adjuster is used to adjust the pH value of the matrix to a weakly acidic range of 5.5-6.5.

[0015] Preferably, the layered spraying process includes: first spraying a seedless base layer with a thickness of 6-7 cm; then spraying a seed-containing surface layer with a thickness of 3-4 cm; the total spraying thickness is controlled at 9-11 cm.

[0016] Preferably, the three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses and vines includes: herbaceous plants: Bahia grass, Bermuda grass, alfalfa; shrubs: Lespedeza, pigeon pea, purslane; trees: Masson pine, Taiwan acacia; vines: kudzu, Virginia creeper.

[0017] Preferably, the hydroseeding is used to plant herbaceous plants and some small-particle shrub seeds; the hole planting involves chiseling 30cm×30cm×30cm planting holes at 1.5m×1.5m intervals on the slope for planting Lespedeza, Pigeon Bean, Masson Pine, and Taiwan Acacia seedlings.

[0018] Preferably, the initial maintenance is carried out from the first to the sixth month, controlling the moisture content of the slope substrate to 60%-70%, watering once every 2-3 days, and simultaneously carrying out pest and disease control and weed management; the mid-term maintenance is carried out from the sixth to the twelfth month, reducing the watering frequency to once a week and watering during continuous drought, and carrying out reseeding; the late-term monitoring is carried out from the first to the third year, carrying out slope displacement monitoring and vegetation growth monitoring.

[0019] Preferably, the slope displacement monitoring involves setting up monitoring points at the top, bottom, and middle of the slope, and using a total station to periodically monitor horizontal displacement and settlement changes; the vegetation growth monitoring involves establishing fixed quadrats and periodically monitoring and recording vegetation cover, height, biomass, and species diversity indicators.

[0020] Preferably, the volume ratio of the composite substrate is: 45% native red soil, 20% humus, 8% perlite, 12% coconut coir, 7% biochar, 2% slow-release compound fertilizer, 3% water-retaining agent, and 3% pH adjuster. The layered spraying process adopts a three-layer spraying process: first, a seedless base layer is sprayed with a thickness of 5-6 cm; then, a middle layer containing slow-growing plant seeds is sprayed with a thickness of 2-3 cm; finally, a surface layer containing fast-growing plant seeds is sprayed with a thickness of 2-3 cm, and the total spraying thickness is controlled at 9-12 cm.

[0021] Compared with related technologies, the vegetation ecological restoration method for steep and hard slopes in southern China provided by this invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0022] This invention provides a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China. Through systematic slope pretreatment and stabilization, a specially optimized and adaptable substrate formula, scientifically selected vegetation combinations, and a refined long-term maintenance and monitoring system, the method significantly enhances slope safety and stability. The precise design of a multi-component composite substrate, adapted to the rainy climate and hard bedrock characteristics of southern China, creates a suitable soil environment for plant growth, optimizes the resilience and durability of the substrate layer, selects native plant species adapted to the local climate, constructs a three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses, and vines, and employs a planting method combining hydroseeding and hole planting to achieve rapid coverage and long-term stability. This forms an ecosystem with high biodiversity and self-sustaining capacity, improving the survival rate and stability of the vegetation community. Phased maintenance management and systematic monitoring and evaluation, along with differentiated maintenance measures based on vegetation restoration patterns, ensure long-term stability and continuous improvement of the ecological restoration effect, guaranteeing its sustainability. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China, provided by this invention.

[0024] Figure 2 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the process flow for slope pretreatment and stabilization.

[0025] Figure 3 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the process of constructing and spraying the adaptable substrate.

[0026] Figure 4 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the process of selecting and planting suitable vegetation.

[0027] Figure 5 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the process flow for long-term maintenance and monitoring. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0029] First Embodiment

[0030] Please refer to the following: Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 ,in, Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China, provided by this invention. Figure 2 for Figure 1The diagram shows the process flow for slope pretreatment and stabilization. Figure 3 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the process of constructing and spraying the adaptable substrate. Figure 4 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the process of selecting and planting suitable vegetation. Figure 5 for Figure 1 The diagram shows the process flow for long-term maintenance and monitoring.

[0031] A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep and hard slopes in southern China includes the following steps: S1: slope pretreatment and stabilization, S2: construction of suitable substrate and hydroseeding, S3: selection and planting of suitable vegetation, and S4: long-term maintenance and monitoring.

[0032] The slope pretreatment and stabilization reinforcement includes the following steps: S11: After cleaning and repairing the slope surface, high-pressure washing and epoxy resin mortar are used to seal the slope cracks; S12: Then, a double-layer protective net consisting of galvanized diamond wire mesh and polyester ecological net is laid and anchored by anchor rods arranged in a quincunx pattern.

[0033] The construction and spraying of the adaptable substrate includes the following steps: S21: Mix the native red soil, humus, perlite, coconut coir, biochar, slow-release compound fertilizer, water-retaining agent and pH adjuster in a specific volume ratio to form a composite substrate, and stir until the moisture content is 35%-45%; S22: Apply the layered spraying process and finally cover with non-woven fabric.

[0034] The adaptive vegetation selection and planting includes the following steps: S31: Selecting a variety of native southern plant species adapted to the local climate to construct a three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses and vines; S32: Adopting a planting method that combines hydroseeding and hole planting;

[0035] The long-term maintenance and monitoring includes the following steps: S41: Based on the physiological laws of vegetation restoration, it is divided into three stages: initial, middle and late stages, for differentiated maintenance; S42: Set up slope displacement and vegetation growth monitoring points for quantitative monitoring.

[0036] The crack sealing treatment is for cracks with a width greater than 5mm; the anchor bolts are HRB400 threaded steel anchor bolts, arranged in a staggered pattern at 1.0m×1.0m intervals, and the anchor bolts penetrate into the stable rock mass to a depth ≥1.0m.

[0037] The volume ratio of the composite matrix is ​​as follows: 50% native red soil, 15% humus, 10% perlite, 10% coconut coir, 5% biochar, 3% slow-release compound fertilizer, 2% water-retaining agent, and 5% pH adjuster.

[0038] The water-retaining agent is a polyacrylamide-type water-retaining agent, and the pH adjuster is used to adjust the pH value of the matrix to a weakly acidic range of 5.5-6.5.

[0039] The layered spraying process includes: first spraying a seedless base layer with a thickness of 6-7cm; then spraying a seed-containing surface layer with a thickness of 3-4cm; the total spraying thickness is controlled at 9-11cm.

[0040] The three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses and vines includes: herbaceous plants: Bahia grass, Bermuda grass, alfalfa; shrubs: Lespedeza, pigeon pea, purslane; trees: Masson pine, Taiwan acacia; vines: kudzu, Virginia creeper.

[0041] The hydroseeding is used to plant herbaceous plants and some small-particle shrub seeds; the hole planting involves chiseling 30cm×30cm×30cm planting holes at 1.5m×1.5m intervals on the slope for planting Lespedeza, Pigeon Bean, Masson Pine, and Taiwan Acacia seedlings.

[0042] The initial maintenance period is from month 1 to month 6, during which the moisture content of the slope substrate is controlled at 60%-70%, and water is sprayed every 2-3 days. At the same time, pest and disease control and weed management are carried out. The mid-term maintenance period is from month 6 to month 12, during which the watering frequency is reduced to once a week and water is sprayed during continuous drought, and reseeding is carried out. The late-term monitoring period is from year 1 to year 3, during which slope displacement monitoring and vegetation growth monitoring are carried out.

[0043] The slope displacement monitoring involves setting up monitoring points at the top, toe, and middle of the slope, and using a total station to periodically monitor changes in horizontal displacement and settlement. The vegetation growth monitoring involves establishing fixed quadrats and periodically monitoring and recording vegetation cover, height, biomass, and species diversity indicators.

[0044] Slope clearing employs a combination of manual labor and small machinery. First, tools such as crowbars and shovels are used to remove loose rocks, dangerous stones, and loose boulders from the slope. Larger dangerous stones are broken up and removed using small hydraulic breakers. Next, brush cutters, sickles, and other tools are used to remove organic residues such as weeds, shrubs, and tree roots from the slope to prevent them from rotting and forming cavities. Finally, any protrusions or depressions are repaired, and a 2-meter straightedge is used to check and ensure that the slope flatness error is controlled within 5cm, providing a flat base for subsequent wire mesh installation.

[0045] Fissure treatment is a specialized treatment for geological defects unique to hard slopes. First, geological technicians conduct a detailed survey of the slope surface, using tools such as fissure monitoring instruments and measuring tapes to mark all fissures wider than 5mm, recording their direction, length, and width. Next, a high-pressure water jet is used to thoroughly flush the interior of the fissures, removing rock powder, debris, and weathering products. The flushing time depends on the degree of fissure development, generally 5-15 minutes. Then, using specialized grouting equipment, pre-mixed epoxy resin mortar (a two-component mixture of epoxy resin adhesive and dry quartz sand at a 1:4 mass ratio) is injected into the fissures. The filling begins at the bottom of the fissure and proceeds slowly upwards, ensuring a dense, void-free filling. The mortar is filled to a depth of 1-2cm above the slope surface, and then smoothed with a trowel. This process aims to bond the dispersed rock mass into a cohesive whole, sealing seepage channels and significantly enhancing the shallow stability of the slope.

[0046] Mesh anchoring is a key reinforcement measure for steep slopes. First, a bottom layer of galvanized diamond-shaped wire mesh (specifications: wire diameter 2.2mm, mesh size 50mm×50mm) is laid, with an overlap of ≥10cm between mesh panels, and securely tied with No. 12 wire. The spacing between binding points should not exceed 20cm. This layer of mesh primarily serves as the main load-bearing and anchoring reinforcement. Next, anchor bolts are fixed using HRB400 threaded steel anchor bolts (diameter Φ16mm), arranged in a staggered pattern at 1.0m×1.0m intervals. Anchor bolt holes are drilled using down-the-hole drilling with a diameter of 42mm. The hole depth is calculated using the following formula: L = L_{Exposed}} + L_{Effective}} + L_{Anchored}} = 0.1 + 0.3 + 1.0 = 1.4m;

[0047] Wherein, L_{\text{exposed}} is the exposed length (0.1m), L_{\text{effective}} is the effective anchoring length (0.3m), and L_{\text{anchoring}} is the depth into the stable rock mass (≥1.0m). After drilling, the hole is cleaned, M30 cement mortar is injected, anchor rods are inserted, and the exposed end is bent to hook the wire mesh. Finally, a surface layer of polyester ecological netting (specifications: mesh size 20mm×20mm, unit area mass 350g / m²) is laid. This layer of netting is soft and can better fit the slope surface. Its main function is to hold the soil matrix and prevent it from leaking out of the wire mesh. Nuts and washers are used to press the double layer of netting tightly onto the slope surface to form a highly integrated reinforcement layer.

[0048] Hydroseeding is used to plant herbaceous plants and some small-particle shrub seeds. Bahia grass, bermudagrass, alfalfa, and purslane seeds are mixed in a designed ratio and sprayed onto the surface substrate in a hydroseeder. Hole planting involves creating 30cm×30cm×30cm planting holes at 1.5m×1.5m intervals on the slope for planting Lespedeza bicolor, pigeon pea, Masson pine, and Taiwan acacia seedlings. Holes are dug using an electric pick or manually. Some topsoil is backfilled into the holes, and seedlings pre-cultured in nutrient pots are removed from their pots and planted with their root balls in the holes. The soil is then backfilled, compacted, and thoroughly watered (5-10L per hole). This method ensures a high survival rate for key community-building species, resulting in a diverse and three-dimensional community structure.

[0049] The working principle of the vegetation ecological restoration method for steep, hard slopes in southern China provided by this invention is as follows:

[0050] During the work, the first step is to organize technical personnel to conduct on-site surveys, measure slope height and slope, investigate the development of fissures, collect soil and plant samples, and formulate detailed construction plans.

[0051] During slope pretreatment and stabilization, the slope is cleaned to remove loose rocks, dangerous rocks and weeds; then cracks are treated by marking and sealing cracks wider than 5mm; finally, netting is installed and anchored, with double-layer protective netting laid and anchor rods arranged in a quincunx pattern.

[0052] When constructing and spraying the adaptable substrate, prepare the composite substrate according to a specific ratio and stir it until the moisture content is 40%; use a layered spraying process, first spray a 6cm base layer, then spray a 4cm top layer (including seeds); cover with non-woven fabric after spraying.

[0053] When selecting and planting suitable vegetation, native plants such as Bahia grass, Bermuda grass, Lespedeza, and Masson pine are chosen to construct mixed communities; herbaceous plants are planted by hydroseeding, and trees and shrubs are planted by hole planting.

[0054] For long-term maintenance and monitoring, water management and pest and disease control should be strengthened in the early stage; reseeding and topdressing should be carried out in the middle stage; and slope displacement and vegetation growth should be monitored in the later stage for 3 years.

[0055] Regularly monitor data to assess the effectiveness of ecological restoration and ensure slope stability and healthy vegetation growth.

[0056] Compared with related technologies, the vegetation ecological restoration method for steep and hard slopes in southern China provided by this invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0057] This invention provides a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China. Through systematic slope pretreatment and stabilization, a specially optimized and adaptable substrate formula, scientifically selected vegetation combinations, and a refined long-term maintenance and monitoring system, the method significantly enhances slope safety and stability. The precise design of a multi-component composite substrate, adapted to the rainy climate and hard bedrock characteristics of southern China, creates a suitable soil environment for plant growth, optimizes the resilience and durability of the substrate layer, selects native plant species adapted to the local climate, constructs a three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses, and vines, and employs a planting method combining hydroseeding and hole planting to achieve rapid coverage and long-term stability. This forms an ecosystem with high biodiversity and self-sustaining capacity, improving the survival rate and stability of the vegetation community. Phased maintenance management and systematic monitoring and evaluation, along with differentiated maintenance measures based on vegetation restoration patterns, ensure long-term stability and continuous improvement of the ecological restoration effect, guaranteeing its sustainability.

[0058] Second Embodiment

[0059] Based on the first embodiment of this application which provides a method for vegetation ecological restoration of steep, hard slopes in southern China, the second embodiment of this application proposes another method for vegetation ecological restoration of steep, hard slopes in southern China. The second embodiment is merely a preferred embodiment of the first embodiment, and the implementation of the second embodiment will not affect the separate implementation of the first embodiment.

[0060] Specifically, the second embodiment of this application provides a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China, which differs in that the volume ratio of the composite substrate is as follows: 45% native red soil, 20% humus, 8% perlite, 12% coconut coir, 7% biochar, 2% slow-release compound fertilizer, 3% water-retaining agent, and 3% pH adjuster. The layered spraying process adopts a three-layer spraying process: first, a seedless base layer is sprayed with a thickness of 5-6 cm; then, a middle layer containing slow-growing plant seeds is sprayed with a thickness of 2-3 cm; finally, a surface layer containing fast-growing plant seeds is sprayed with a thickness of 2-3 cm, and the total spraying thickness is controlled at 9-12 cm.

[0061] While maintaining the original three-dimensional mixed community structure of trees, shrubs, grasses and vines, the selection and planting of suitable vegetation introduced mycorrhizal fungi inoculation technology.

[0062] Implementation of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation: Before planting, the roots of all seedlings are treated with mycorrhizal fungi. Specifically, native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of local healthy vegetation are used. The inoculation standard is 10-15g of fungal agent (containing ≥500 spores / g) per seedling. The inoculation method is as follows: first, lay a layer of mycorrhizal fungal preparation about 2cm thick at the bottom of the planting hole, then place the seedling with the soil ball on it, then evenly sprinkle the fungal agent around the root system of the seedling, and finally backfill with topsoil. For herbaceous plant seeds that are sprayed, the mycorrhizal fungal preparation is mixed with the seeds at a ratio of 1:50 and sprayed together.

[0063] Choosing the right time for inoculation: Inoculation should be carried out in spring (March-April) or autumn (September-October), when the soil temperature is suitable (15-25℃) and the soil moisture is moderate, which is conducive to the infection and colonization of mycorrhizal fungi.

[0064] The introduction of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation technology is based on its important role in plant stress resistance and nutrient absorption: mycorrhizal fungi can significantly expand the absorption area of ​​plant roots, improve the efficiency of plant absorption of water and nutrients (especially phosphorus); enhance the survival ability of plants in poor soil; improve the plant's resistance to adverse stresses such as drought and salinity; promote the formation of soil aggregates and improve soil physical and chemical properties.

[0065] The working principle of the vegetation ecological restoration method for steep, hard slopes in southern China provided by this invention is as follows:

[0066] During the work, the workflow of the slope pretreatment and stabilization stage is exactly the same as that in Example 1, including slope cleaning, crack sealing and wire mesh anchoring.

[0067] When constructing and spraying the adaptable substrate, prepare the composite substrate according to the optimized volume ratio and stir until the moisture content is 38%-42%; use a three-layer spraying process: first spray a 5.5cm base layer, then a 2.5cm middle layer (containing slow-growing plant seeds), and finally a 2.5cm top layer (containing fast-growing plant seeds and mycorrhizal fungi preparation); cover with biodegradable non-woven fabric after spraying.

[0068] When selecting and planting suitable vegetation, all seedlings are inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi in addition to the existing tree, shrub, grass and vine species. Herbaceous plants are planted by hydroseeding and trees and shrubs are planted by hole planting, and mycorrhizal fungi are inoculated during the planting process.

[0069] For long-term maintenance and monitoring, the workflow at this stage is basically the same as in Example 1, but the amount of topdressing during mid-term maintenance can be appropriately reduced because the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi improves the plant's nutrient utilization efficiency.

[0070] Compared with related technologies, the vegetation ecological restoration method for steep and hard slopes in southern China provided by this invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0071] This invention provides a method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions.

[0072] The optimized substrate formula adapts to the water retention needs of slopes with different rock types, providing a more balanced nutrient environment. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhances the ability of plant roots to absorb water and nutrients, improves the adaptability and resilience of plants in barren slope environments, and further improves vegetation survival rate and growth vigor. The three-layer hydroseeding process is based on the principle of ecological niche differentiation, forming a reasonable vertical space utilization pattern. The introduction of mycorrhizal fungi not only promotes plant growth but also improves the rhizosphere microenvironment, enhances soil microbial activity, and is conducive to the formation of a more stable and self-sustaining plant community, enhancing the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem. The use of biodegradable non-woven fabric avoids the need for manual removal later. After mycorrhizal fungi improve the efficiency of plant nutrient utilization, the amount of topdressing and irrigation frequency can be appropriately reduced, thereby reducing the human and material input for long-term maintenance and lowering long-term maintenance costs.

[0073] The above description is merely an embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made based on the content of the present invention specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern China, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Slope pretreatment and stabilization reinforcement; S2: Adaptive substrate construction and hydroseeding; S3: Adaptive vegetation selection and planting; and S4: Long-term maintenance and monitoring. The slope pretreatment and stabilization reinforcement The steps include: S11: After cleaning and repairing the slope, high-pressure washing and epoxy resin mortar are used to seal the cracks in the slope; S12: Then, a double-layer protective net consisting of galvanized diamond wire mesh and polyester ecological net is laid and anchored by anchor rods arranged in a quincunx pattern. The adaptive matrix construction and spraying The process includes the following steps: S21: Mix local red soil, humus, perlite, coconut coir, biochar, slow-release compound fertilizer, water-retaining agent and pH adjuster in a specific volume ratio to form a composite matrix, and stir until the moisture content is 35%-45%; S22: Apply the layered spraying process and finally cover with non-woven fabric. The selection and planting of adaptive vegetation The process includes the following steps: S31: Selecting a variety of native southern plant species adapted to the local climate to construct a three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses, and vines; S32: Using a planting method that combines hydroseeding and hole planting; The long-term maintenance and monitoring The process includes the following steps: S41: Based on the physiological laws of vegetation restoration, the process is divided into three stages: initial, middle and late stages, for differentiated maintenance; S42: Monitoring points for slope displacement and vegetation growth are set up for quantitative monitoring.

2. The method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The crack sealing treatment is for cracks with a width greater than 5mm; the anchor bolts are HRB400 threaded steel anchor bolts, arranged in a staggered pattern at 1.0m×1.0m intervals, and the anchor bolts penetrate into the stable rock mass to a depth ≥1.0m.

3. The method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The volume ratio of the composite matrix is ​​as follows: 50% native red soil, 15% humus, 10% perlite, 10% coconut coir, 5% biochar, 3% slow-release compound fertilizer, 2% water-retaining agent, and 5% pH adjuster.

4. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 3, characterized in that, The water-retaining agent is a polyacrylamide-type water-retaining agent, and the pH adjuster is used to adjust the pH value of the matrix to a weakly acidic range of 5.5-6.

5.

5. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The layered spraying process includes: first spraying a seedless base layer with a thickness of 6-7cm; then spraying a seed-containing surface layer with a thickness of 3-4cm; the total spraying thickness is controlled at 9-11cm.

6. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The three-dimensional mixed community of trees, shrubs, grasses and vines includes: herbaceous plants: Bahia grass, Bermuda grass, alfalfa; shrubs: Lespedeza, pigeon pea, purslane; trees: Masson pine, Taiwan acacia; vines: kudzu, Virginia creeper.

7. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydroseeding is used to plant herbaceous plants and some small-particle shrub seeds; the hole planting involves chiseling 30cm×30cm×30cm planting holes at 1.5m×1.5m intervals on the slope for planting Lespedeza, Pigeon Bean, Masson Pine, and Taiwan Acacia seedlings.

8. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The initial maintenance period is from month 1 to month 6, during which the moisture content of the slope substrate is controlled at 60%-70%, and water is sprayed every 2-3 days. At the same time, pest and disease control and weed management are carried out. The mid-term maintenance period is from month 6 to month 12, during which the watering frequency is reduced to once a week and water is sprayed during continuous drought, and reseeding is carried out. The late-term monitoring period is from year 1 to year 3, during which slope displacement monitoring and vegetation growth monitoring are carried out.

9. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 8, characterized in that, The slope displacement monitoring involves setting up monitoring points at the top, toe, and middle of the slope, and using a total station to periodically monitor changes in horizontal displacement and settlement. The vegetation growth monitoring involves establishing fixed quadrats and periodically monitoring and recording vegetation cover, height, biomass, and species diversity indicators.

10. A method for ecological restoration of vegetation on steep, hard slopes in southern regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The volume ratio of the composite substrate is as follows: 45% native red soil, 20% humus, 8% perlite, 12% coconut coir, 7% biochar, 2% slow-release compound fertilizer, 3% water-retaining agent, and 3% pH adjuster. The layered spraying process adopts a three-layer spraying process: first, a base layer without seeds is sprayed with a thickness of 5-6cm; then, an intermediate layer containing slow-growing plant seeds is sprayed with a thickness of 2-3cm; finally, a surface layer containing fast-growing plant seeds is sprayed with a thickness of 2-3cm, and the total spraying thickness is controlled at 9-12cm.

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