Conductive hydrogel composition for skin material and application

Abstract

The invention provides a conductive hydrogel composition for a skin material and application, and relates to the technical field of composite materials. Specifically, the conductive hydrogel composition is prepared from the following components: a polymer matrix, an electronic conductive agent, an ionic conductive agent and a cross-linking agent, the electronic conductive agent comprises at least two of graphene, a carbon nano tube, a PEDOT-PSS (poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene-poly (styrenesulfonate)) high-molecular polymer and an MXene nanosheet; the ionic conductive agent comprises chlorine salt. The conductive hydrogel composition is combined with a skin base material through a one-step permeation and two-stage curing self-assembly process, the skin material capable of achieving heating and sensing at the same time is obtained, and the conductive hydrogel composition has good comfort, high integration, intelligence, electrothermal conversion efficiency and self-healing effect and has good application prospects.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of composite materials technology, and more specifically, to a conductive hydrogel composition for use as a skin material and its application. Background Technology

[0002] With the accelerating pace of automotive intelligence and electrification, the comfort and personalization of the driving experience have become a key focus for major automakers. As the component that has the most direct and longest contact with occupants, the level of functional integration and intelligence of car seats is a crucial indicator of the sophistication of modern car cabins. Currently, functional upgrades to car seats mainly focus on heating, ventilation, and massage, with seat heating being the most widely used function.

[0003] The application of sensing technology in car seats is still in its early stages. For example, pressure sensors are used for occupant detection, or, as disclosed in Ford's patent for "humidity-sensing seat technology," sensors monitor seat humidity and temperature to intelligently activate ventilation systems for improved comfort. However, these sensors are typically installed as separate modules within the seat structure, rather than being directly integrated into the seat cover. Another example is pressure sensor arrays installed under the seat frame or foam padding for passenger detection or weight monitoring. These sensing structures are difficult to integrate with heating structures for functional compatibility, and the separation of these sensors from the seat cover surface results in limited sensing accuracy, making it impossible to precisely acquire high-resolution information such as passenger body pressure distribution and posture details.

[0004] Currently, automotive seat heating technology mainly achieves heating by bonding resistance wire heating pads or graphene heating pads to the seat surface material (such as genuine leather, microfiber leather, fabric, etc.) and foam layer. This technology arranges the heating structure on the back of low thermal conductivity materials such as surface material and foam, forming a multi-level thermal resistance chain to delay heat conduction. Moreover, it has low heat conversion efficiency and small heat conduction area, resulting in a slow heating rate for the seat and steering wheel. It takes 10 to 15 minutes for the seat surface to heat up from -20°C to 40°C, which seriously affects the user's experience of traveling in low temperatures.

[0005] With the rapid development of automobiles towards intelligence, comfort and personalization, the technical route of making the heat source closer to the human body and thus improving the heating rate of the surface material has gradually emerged. The technical route is mainly divided into two categories: (1) The heating structure is designed between the surface material and the foam layer on the back of the surface material to realize the heating function. For example, patent CN119734619A describes the heating drive circuit and heating system of car seat. However, the heating element of this solution is separated from the surface material, resulting in low heat conduction efficiency, slow response and difficulty in achieving fine temperature zone control; (2) The entire surface material is given heating function to improve heating efficiency. For example, CN222473605U discloses a microfiber suede leather for car seats with heating function. A heating material structure is attached to the back layer of the seat leather by means of adhesive to realize the heating function. However, the bonding strength between the surface material and the heating layer is not enough, the folding resistance is poor and the leather feels hard. Although the heating rate of the surface material can be improved in the short term, the long-term durability and the intrinsic properties of the surface material are greatly affected. In addition, tanning is another way to make the surface material conductive, thereby achieving heating of the surface material and increasing the heating rate. For example, patent CN201911355892.6 describes a conductive leather and its preparation method. It achieves the heating function of the surface material by adding conductive particles such as graphene to natural leather as a base material to construct a three-dimensional conductive network. However, the long-term durability of this method cannot be guaranteed. Long-term use will cause the conductive particles inside the surface material to fall off, which will lead to an increase in the overall resistivity of the conductive structure and affect the heating efficiency.

[0006] While research on conductive hydrogel materials has been extensive, their applications are mainly concentrated in fields such as biomedical devices and wearable electronic skin. To use conductive hydrogel materials for automotive seat heating, it is necessary to overcome the shortcomings of strong and stable adhesion to non-traditional substrates such as surface materials, and to meet the stringent requirements of automotive-grade durability and weather resistance. These are the core technological challenges hindering their entry into the automotive OEM market. Currently, no technological approach has emerged that can directly introduce conductive hydrogel materials into automotive seat surface materials, enabling the material itself to achieve efficient and uniform heating, real-time physiological / environmental sensing, and excellent mechanical flexibility and environmental durability.

[0007] Furthermore, achieving heating and sensing functions in car seats presents several challenges: First, the heating element, sensor, and surface material are three independent components assembled together; this leads to complex manufacturing processes, high costs, reduced reliability, and increased seat thickness and weight. Second, the lack of precise sensing of the seat's microenvironment (such as the actual temperature and humidity of the surface material in contact with the human body) results in a coarse control strategy, failing to achieve truly personalized and intelligent adjustment. Third, the separation of the heating element from the surface leads to significant heat loss, slow heating response, and high energy consumption; simultaneously, it cannot provide precise localized heating based on the occupant's physical characteristics and posture, hindering improvement in comfort. Fourth, the durability of the heating and sensing surface materials is currently challenged, and the high overall technical requirements of car seats pose significant long-term risks.

[0008] In view of this, the present invention is hereby proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The primary objective of this invention is to provide a conductive hydrogel composition for use in skin materials, aiming to solve the technical problems of separation of sensing and heating functions in automotive seats, low integration, poor energy efficiency, and poor comfort in the prior art.

[0010] A second objective of the present invention is to provide a skin material.

[0011] A third objective of this invention is to provide a method for preparing the aforementioned epidermal material.

[0012] The fourth objective of this invention is to provide a seat.

[0013] In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives of the present invention, the following technical solution is adopted: A conductive hydrogel composition for use in epidermal materials is prepared by comprising the following components: a polymer matrix, an electronically conductive agent, an ionicly conductive agent, and a crosslinking agent; The electronic conductive agent includes at least two of graphene, carbon nanotubes, PEDOT-PSS polymer, and MXene nanosheets; the ionic conductive agent includes chloride salts.

[0014] Preferably, the polymer matrix includes at least two of acrylic acid, propylene glycol, and acrylamide.

[0015] Preferably, the ionic conductive agent includes at least one of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl.

[0016] Preferably, the crosslinking agent includes at least two of glutaraldehyde, N,N'-dimethylacrylamide, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide.

[0017] Preferably, the conductive hydrogel composition is prepared by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of polymer matrix, 1-30 parts of electronic conductive agent, 0.1-5.0 parts of ionic conductive agent, 0.1-2.5 parts of crosslinking agent, and a certain amount of water.

[0018] Preferably, the conductive hydrogel composition further includes at least one of the following raw material components: flame retardant, surface coupling agent, plasticizer or humectant.

[0019] More preferably, the flame retardant is a halogen-free phosphate ester flame retardant, the surface coupling agent includes a silane coupling agent, the plasticizer includes at least one of glycerin, ethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate, and the humectant includes at least one of glycerin, hyaluronic acid, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol.

[0020] A skin material comprising a skin substrate and the aforementioned conductive hydrogel composition; Furthermore, the conductive hydrogel composition permeates into the epidermal substrate.

[0021] A method for preparing the aforementioned epidermal material includes the following steps: A hydrogel precursor comprising a polymer matrix, an electronically conductive agent, an ionicly conductive agent, a crosslinking agent, and water is prepared. The hydrogel precursor is then coated onto the surface of an epidermal substrate, and a vacuum condition is set to obtain a permeable composite material. The permeable composite material is subjected to a first curing treatment, a second curing treatment, and an aging treatment to obtain a skin material.

[0022] Preferably, the vacuum conditions are maintained for 20 to 50 minutes.

[0023] Preferably, the first curing process includes heat curing at a temperature of 50°C to 70°C for a time of 8 min to 20 min.

[0024] Preferably, the second curing treatment includes either heat curing or ultraviolet curing; When using thermosetting, the temperature is 50℃~70℃ and the time is 8min~20min; When UV curing is used, the UV light wavelength is 350nm~380nm and the irradiation intensity is 15mW / cm². 2 ~25mW / cm 2 The irradiation time is 3 to 10 minutes.

[0025] A seat comprising the aforementioned cover material.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) Highly integrated and extremely simple structure; This invention forms an integrated functional layer by directly penetrating and solidifying the conductive hydrogel composition into the fiber network of the skin material; This makes the sensing and heating functions an inherent property of the skin material, eliminating the need for additional heating pads, sensing films or complex wiring, which greatly simplifies the structural design and production assembly process of the smart seat.

[0027] (2) Extreme comfort, preserving the original appearance; the present invention uses a highly elastic conductive hydrogel composition to form an ultra-thin flexible functional network under the surface of the epidermal material, which does not affect the original softness, breathability and delicate feel of the epidermal material at all; the heating process is uniform surface heating with no local hot spots, which improves thermal comfort.

[0028] (3) Intelligent perception and proactive interaction; the same conductive network has both heating and multimodal sensing functions, which enables the seat to monitor the occupant's body temperature, posture and pressure distribution in real time, providing data input for the intelligent cockpit and realizing a proactive and intelligent driving experience such as personalized automatic temperature adjustment, posture reminder and fatigue monitoring.

[0029] (4) High-efficiency heating and green energy saving; the conductive hydrogel network of the present invention has excellent electrothermal conversion efficiency; the total power consumption of heating a single seat can be controlled within 5W, which is far lower than that of traditional heated seats (≤100W), and meets the future green and low-carbon travel standards.

[0030] (5) Robust and durable, safe and reliable; through the dual-network structure design and metal ion coordination enhancement, the hydrogel system of this invention has excellent self-healing ability and fatigue resistance; even if micro-cracks are generated, electrical self-healing can be achieved. At the same time, by introducing a highly efficient flame retardant, the performance stability and safety are ensured throughout the entire life cycle of the vehicle.

[0031] (6) Simplified process and controllable cost: The present invention adopts an innovative “one-step penetration + curing self-assembly” process, which directly cures the hydrogel precursor liquid on the epidermal material substrate in situ without the need for additional adhesives or complex multi-layer stacking; the curing temperature of this process is low (≤80℃), which can be directly integrated into the wet processing or finishing stage of the epidermal material, and is highly compatible with traditional tanning and dyeing processes, and has the potential for large-scale industrial production. Attached Figure Description

[0032] To more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0033] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the preparation method of the present invention is provided. Detailed Implementation

[0034] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the embodiments described below are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments, and are only used to illustrate the present invention, and should not be regarded as limiting the scope of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Where specific conditions are not specified in the embodiments, conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer shall be followed. Where the manufacturers of reagents or instruments are not specified, they are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially. In addition, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0035] A first aspect of the present invention is to provide a conductive hydrogel composition for use in epidermal materials, which is mainly prepared from the following components: a polymer matrix, an electronically conductive agent, an ionicly conductive agent, and a crosslinking agent. The electronically conductive agent includes at least two of graphene, carbon nanotubes, PEDOT-PSS polymer, and MXene nanosheets; the ionicly conductive agent includes chloride salts.

[0036] In a preferred embodiment, the polymer matrix comprises at least two of acrylic acid (AA), 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), and acrylamide (AM). Further, after crosslinking preparation according to the present invention, the polymer in the hydrogel includes, but is not limited to, a crosslinked polymer composed of at least two of polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyacrylamide (PAM).

[0037] In this invention, by selecting the polymer matrix, a material framework that can form an interpenetrating double network structure can be constructed to provide a flexible support network. At the same time, by utilizing the large number of hydroxyl and amide groups on the molecular chain, it can be tightly bonded to the collagen fibers in the epidermal material through hydrogen bonds, thereby enhancing the bonding force with the epidermal material.

[0038] In a preferred embodiment, the electronic conductive agent includes at least one sheet-like conductive agent and at least one linear or dot-like conductive agent; thereby forming a three-dimensional sheet-line / dot interconnected conductive network, achieving high conductivity with low filler content, and providing a low-resistance path for heating and electrical signal sensing.

[0039] In a preferred embodiment, the PEDOT-PSS polymer is a conductive polymer material composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS); in some embodiments, the number-average molecular weight of the PEDOT-PSS polymer is 8000±1000 g / mol. The molar ratio of PEDOT to PSS is 1:(2~3), more preferably 1:2.5.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment, the ionic conductive agent includes at least one of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl. In this invention, the ionic conductive agent provides a conductive channel for ions, and the salt ions dissolved in the hydrogel act as mobile charge carriers, endowing the hydrogel with ionic conductivity. Simultaneously, ionic conductivity is highly sensitive to environmental changes (temperature, pressure), which is crucial for achieving high-sensitivity sensing.

[0041] In a preferred embodiment, the crosslinking agent includes at least two of glutaraldehyde (GA), N,N'-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA). In this invention, the crosslinking agent constructs a stable chemical network, imparting initial mechanical strength to the network.

[0042] In a preferred embodiment, the conductive hydrogel composition is prepared by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of polymer matrix, 1-30 parts of electronic conductive agent, 0.1-5.0 parts of ionic conductive agent, 0.1-2.5 parts of crosslinking agent, and a certain amount of water.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the conductive hydrogel composition further includes at least one of the following raw material components: flame retardant, surface coupling agent, plasticizer, or humectant; in some embodiments, the flame retardant includes, but is not limited to, phosphate ester flame retardants (such as DOPO), the surface coupling agent includes, but is not limited to, aminosilanes (APTMS, such as KH-550, KH-560), the plasticizer includes, but is not limited to, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate, and the humectant includes, but is not limited to, glycerol, hyaluronic acid, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol.

[0044] Understandably, for the aforementioned functional additives, the selection of highly efficient halogen-free flame retardants can form a dense carbon layer during combustion, isolating oxygen and meeting the flame retardant safety standards for automotive interior materials; surface coupling agents can form chemical bridges between the skin material and the hydrogel network, greatly enhancing the interfacial bonding strength between the hydrogel and the skin material and preventing delamination; humectants can effectively lock in the moisture in the hydrogel, preventing it from cracking in a dry environment; and plasticizers can adjust the final softness of the material.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the preparation method of the conductive hydrogel composition includes the following steps: preparing an aqueous dispersion containing a polymer matrix, an electronically conductive agent, an ionicly conductive agent, and a crosslinking agent to obtain a hydrogel precursor; and then subjecting it to a crosslinking treatment to obtain the conductive hydrogel composition. However, it is worth noting that since the conductive hydrogel composition of the present invention is used for epidermal materials, the crosslinking treatment involved is usually performed in conjunction with the epidermal material for both crosslinking and post-treatment.

[0046] In a more preferred embodiment, a solution of the polymer matrix and a dispersion of the electronically conductive agent are prepared separately, mixed, and then the ionicly conductive agent and crosslinking agent are added. After thorough mixing, the hydrogel precursor is obtained. In some embodiments, the preparation and addition of each solution can be assisted by methods such as shaking, stirring, shaking table, centrifugation, ultrasound, or heating, which helps to accelerate dispersion and obtain a relatively uniform dispersion system.

[0047] A second aspect of the present invention is to provide a skin material comprising a skin substrate and a conductive hydrogel composition as described in the first aspect; wherein the conductive hydrogel composition permeates within the skin substrate.

[0048] In one preferred embodiment, the outer skin substrate includes one of the following: natural leather (such as genuine leather), artificial leather (such as PVC, PU, ​​microfiber leather), fabric (such as cotton, linen, chemical fiber blends), and environmentally friendly composite materials (such as regenerated fibers, bio-based materials).

[0049] In a preferred embodiment, the penetration depth of the conductive hydrogel composition is 0.3 mm to 0.8 mm, measured in the thickness direction of the epidermal substrate.

[0050] A third aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a skin material as described in the second aspect, which mainly includes the following steps: (1) Prepare a hydrogel precursor containing a polymer matrix, an electronic conductive agent, an ionic conductive agent, a crosslinking agent and water, cover the surface of the epidermal substrate with the hydrogel precursor, and then set vacuum conditions to obtain a permeable composite material. (2) The permeation composite material is subjected to a first curing treatment, a second curing treatment and an aging treatment to obtain a skin material.

[0051] This invention employs a highly efficient "one-step penetration + self-assembly" process, such as... Figure 1As shown, by combining the hydrogel precursor liquid with the skin material substrate, and through a one-time infiltration and in-situ dual curing process, the three functions of conductivity, heating, and sensing can be integrated into the skin material substrate. The entire process requires no additional adhesives or lamination of multiple layers of materials, resulting in a short process flow and a high degree of automation. Furthermore, the maximum temperature of the entire curing process does not exceed 80°C, fully compatibility with the temperature-sensitive processing requirements of the skin material.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the skin substrate is obtained through pretreatment. The pretreatment removes dust, grease, and protective coatings from the surface of the skin material, opens the microporous structure of the surface of the skin material, reduces surface tension, and creates conditions for the uniform penetration of the subsequent precursor liquid.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the relative vacuum degree of the vacuum condition is -0.1 MPa. In some embodiments, the vacuum condition is maintained for 20 to 50 minutes. In this invention, a negative pressure difference is used to force the hydrogel precursor liquid with a certain viscosity to efficiently penetrate into the loose collagen fiber network of the epidermal material, achieving a transformation from surface coating to internal wetting.

[0054] In a preferred embodiment, the first curing treatment includes thermal curing at a temperature of 50°C to 70°C for 8 to 20 minutes. In this invention, the first curing treatment, under relatively mild heating conditions, initiates a chemical crosslinking reaction between the crosslinking agent and the polymer matrix, forming a preliminary three-dimensional gel network that locks the precursor liquid within the fibers of the skin material, preventing it from flowing back or seeping out during subsequent processing.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment, the second curing treatment includes either thermal curing or ultraviolet curing; when thermal curing is used, the temperature is 50℃~70℃ and the time is 8min~20min; when ultraviolet curing is used, the ultraviolet light wavelength is 350nm~380nm and the irradiation intensity is 15mW / cm². 2 ~25mW / cm 2 The irradiation time is 3 to 10 minutes. In this invention, the second curing treatment initiates the polymerization and cross-linking of another cross-linking agent, forming a second independent polymer network that interpenetrates with the first network. This greatly improves the mechanical strength, toughness, elasticity, and self-healing properties of the material, which is key to achieving high durability.

[0056] In one preferred embodiment, the aging treatment includes standing at room temperature for 20-30 hours, with the room temperature being 20-30°C and the relative humidity being 40-60%. In another preferred embodiment, after the second curing treatment, the material is naturally cooled to room temperature before undergoing the aging treatment. Specifically, the natural cooling and aging processes help stabilize the dual-network structure of the hydrogel, release and eliminate internal stress generated during rapid curing, and allow the material's various properties (electrical and mechanical) to reach a final stable state.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the aging process further includes: preparing electrode elements or circuit assemblies; in some embodiments, flexible conductive silver paste is printed using screen printing technology to form electrodes (such as interdigitated electrodes) that have good electrical contact with the internal conductive hydrogel network; furthermore, the electrode size and spacing are designed according to specific sensing and heating requirements, with a typical spacing of 30cm~50cm and a contact resistance ≤10Ω. In this preferred embodiment, electrodes (or circuits) provide stable, low-resistance electrical contact points for sensing and heating functions, facilitating connection to the seat's control unit.

[0058] In summary, this approach achieves a balance between conductivity, mechanical properties, and permeability by introducing a conductive hydrogel composition material; through surface material pretreatment and conductive hydrogel infiltration process, it ensures that the conductive hydrogel permeates uniformly and stably throughout the entire thickness of the surface material, ensuring uniform heating and sensitive sensing; through heating function implementation and control system design, the surface material treated with conductive hydrogel itself becomes a uniform resistive body as a planar heating element; finally, through sensing function implementation and signal processing, signals are acquired through interdigitated electrode design.

[0059] A fourth aspect of the present invention is to provide a seat comprising the surface material as described in the second aspect. In some embodiments, the seat is a car seat, but applications in the fields of health care products, non-automotive vehicles, and furniture are not excluded. In some embodiments not typical of the present invention, the surface material can also be used in automotive interior components requiring human-computer interaction and environmental perception, such as steering wheels, armrests, and door panels in smart cars.

[0060] It is understood that the skin material achieves sensing and heating through the following means: (a) Sensing function: The conductive hydrogel composition of this invention is a complex conductor network with both electronic and ionic conduction channels. When external physical conditions change, its total impedance will change sensitively and predictably, thereby realizing multimodal sensing.

[0061] One aspect is temperature sensing: when the temperature rises, the mobility of ions in the hydrogel increases, leading to a significant increase in the conductivity of the ion-conducting channels and a change in resistance.

[0062] On the other hand, there is pressure sensing: when an occupant sits on the seat and applies pressure, the hydrogel layer is compressed and becomes thinner, resulting in a shorter conductive path in the vertical direction and a decrease in resistance.

[0063] Another aspect is strain sensing: when the skin material is stretched or bent, the hydrogel network deforms accordingly; this deformation elongates the conductive path, thereby significantly increasing the resistance.

[0064] (b) Heating function: When a safe low DC voltage is applied between the electrodes of the skin material, the current flows through the conductive hydrogel three-dimensional network that permeates the inside of the skin material. Due to the resistance of the hydrogel network itself, according to Joule's law, electrical energy is efficiently converted into heat energy, which is uniformly heated to the entire surface of the skin material in the form of a planar heat source, thereby achieving fast and comfortable seat heating.

[0065] This invention utilizes advanced conductive hydrogel materials and a precisely designed infiltration process to impart uniform and stable conductivity to the surface material. Based on this, a highly efficient resistance heating element and a high-sensitivity strain sensing network are constructed. The resulting smart surface material not only retains the original luxurious texture and mechanical properties, solving the problems of limited functionality and poor heating experience in existing car seats, but also optionally adds dual functions of active thermal management and passive safety monitoring, representing the forefront of automotive interior design towards intelligence and multi-functionality. Therefore, this invention can significantly improve driving comfort and safety, providing a key material foundation for the next generation of smart cockpits.

[0066] Compared with traditional solutions, this invention overcomes key bottlenecks to solve practical application problems at present: First, through a unique hydrogel formulation and infiltration process, this invention solves the compatibility problem between conductive materials and the substrate of the outer skin material, avoiding problems such as hardening and embrittlement of the outer skin material caused by tanning and backing bonding, ensuring the original feel of the outer skin material while realizing its sensing and heating functions; Second, through a multi-layer structure design, the sensing and heating functions work synergistically without interference. Thanks to the multi-layer structure of the outer skin material, changes in its structure under external mechanical stimulation lead to changes in overall thickness and internal conductive material density, thereby instantly generating changes in resistivity, thus endowing the outer skin material with sensing functionality; Third, the entire system meets stringent automotive-grade environmental durability requirements and electromagnetic compatibility standards, ensuring long-term reliability in real-world automotive environments.

[0067] Example 1: Smart Seat Cover Based on Fabric Substrate S1. Substrate Selection: The standard polyester knitted fabric used for automotive seats is selected, which has good elasticity and breathability.

[0068] S2. Surface pretreatment: Wash the polyester fabric in deionized water at 50℃ for 30 minutes, dry it, and then treat it in an oxygen plasma treatment machine with a power of 100W for 2 minutes.

[0069] S3. Preparation of hydrogel precursor: Prepare 50 mL of precursor solution. The precursor solution formula is as follows: (1) Preparation of polymer precursor solution: Weigh 4g of AA and 1g of AM, add them to 40mL of deionized water, and stir magnetically for 1h at 80℃ until completely dissolved to form a transparent and viscous polymer mother liquor. (2) Preparation of conductive filler dispersion: Weigh 0.25g of MXene nanosheets (XLI-MX product of Xuzhou Nanoene New Materials Research Institute) and 0.1g of graphene nanosheets, add them to 5mL of deionized water, and use a probe-type ultrasonic processor to ultrasonically disperse them for 30min under ice-water bath conditions to obtain a uniform and stable black conductive slurry. (3) Precursor solution mixing: The conductive slurry from step (2) is slowly added to the polymer precursor solution from step (1), and stirring is continued for 30 min; then, LiCl 0.21 g, GA 0.01 g, MBAA 0.025 g, DOPO 0.02 g, APTMS 0.015 g, and glycerol 0.04 g are added in sequence, and 5 mL of 0.05 M hydrochloric acid solution is added to adjust the pH of the system to 4, so as to facilitate the subsequent crosslinking reaction; after stirring thoroughly, the final conductive hydrogel precursor solution is obtained.

[0070] S4, One-step penetration Self-assembly: (1) Preheat the polyester knitted fabric in an oven at 60°C for 5 minutes; (2) Lay the preheated polyester knitted fabric flat in the tray and pour the precursor liquid evenly onto its surface; place the tray in a vacuum drying oven, evacuate to -0.1MPa, and maintain this pressure for 30 minutes. (3) After the vacuum is released, the fabric impregnated with the precursor liquid is directly heat-cured in the oven at 60°C for 10 min. (4) Transfer the pre-cured fabric to a UV curing machine and use a 365nm wavelength UV lamp at 20mW / cm². 2 Irradiate at the intensity for 5 minutes; (5) After curing, the fabric is allowed to cool naturally to room temperature and lightly rolled to ensure a smooth surface; then, it is placed in a constant temperature and humidity chamber (25℃, RH50%) for 24 hours of aging treatment. (6) Flexible conductive silver paste is printed at a designated position on the fabric using screen printing technology to form an electrode that has good electrical contact with the internal conductive hydrogel network.

[0071] Example 2: Smart Seat Leather Based on Genuine Leather S1. Substrate Selection: The top-grain cowhide (H-Nappa leather) commonly used in high-end automotive seats is selected, with a thickness of 1.5mm.

[0072] S2. Surface pretreatment: Wipe the surface of the cowhide with a special leather cleaner. After it is completely dry, lightly sand it with 1200-grit sandpaper to increase the surface roughness.

[0073] S3. Prepare 100 mL of precursor solution. The precursor solution formula is as follows: (1) Preparation of polymer solution: Weigh 8g of 1,3-PDO and 2g of AM, add them to 80mL of deionized water, and stir magnetically for 1h at 80℃ until completely dissolved to form a transparent and viscous polymer mother liquor; (2) Preparation of conductive filler dispersion: Weigh 0.5g of MXene nanosheets (XLI-MX product of Xuzhou Nanoene New Materials Research Institute) and 0.3g of PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer (CleviosPH1000 of Heraeus), add them to 10mL of deionized water, and use a probe-type ultrasonic processor to ultrasonically disperse them for 30min under ice-water bath conditions to obtain a uniform and stable black conductive slurry. (3) Precursor solution mixing: The conductive slurry from step (2) is slowly added to the polymer mother liquor from step (1) and stirred for 30 min. Then, 0.58 g of NaCl, 0.02 g of GA, 0.05 g of DMAA, 0.04 g of DOPO, 0.03 g of APTMS, and 0.08 g of glycerol are added in sequence, and 10 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution is added to adjust the pH of the system to 4 to facilitate the subsequent crosslinking reaction. After stirring thoroughly, the final conductive hydrogel precursor solution is obtained.

[0074] S4, One-step penetration Self-assembly: (1) Preheat H-Nappa leather in an oven at 60℃ for 5 minutes; (2) Lay the preheated leather flat in the tray and pour the pre-driving liquid evenly over the leather surface. Place the tray in a vacuum drying oven, evacuate to -0.1 MPa, and maintain this pressure for 30 minutes; (3) After the vacuum is released, the leather soaked in the precursor liquid is directly heat-cured in the oven at 60°C for 10 minutes. (4) Transfer the pre-cured leather to a UV curing machine and use a 365nm wavelength UV lamp at 20mW / cm².2 Irradiate at the intensity for 5 minutes; (5) After curing, let the leather cool naturally to room temperature and then lightly roll it to ensure a smooth surface; then place it in a constant temperature and humidity chamber (25℃, RH50%) for 24 hours of aging treatment. (6) Flexible conductive silver paste is printed at a designated position on the dermis using screen printing technology to form an electrode that has good electrical contact with the internal conductive hydrogel network.

[0075] Test case S1. Conductivity Test: The surface resistivity of the two embodiments above was measured by the four-probe method. The surface resistivity of the fabric skin was measured to be approximately 20 Ω / sq, and the volume conductivity was approximately 300 S / m. The measured value of the dermis was 13 Ω / sq, which is better than the volume conductivity of the fabric substrate, which is as high as 500 S / m. This is because PEDOT-PSS and MXene form a denser conductive network. PEDOT-PSS fills the gaps between the MXene layers, improving the efficiency of electron and ion transport.

[0076] S2. Heating function test: Under DC voltage of 12V, the fabric surface rapidly heats up from room temperature of 25℃ to 55℃ in 50 seconds, with a heating rate of about 0.6℃ / s; the leather heats up to 50℃ in 80 seconds, with a heating rate of about 0.31℃ / s; both respond quickly (<90 seconds), but the fabric base heats up slightly faster because polyester has better thermal conductivity.

[0077] Both of these embodiments achieve "material-level" integration of electrical conductivity and heating functions, avoiding the bulkiness and safety hazards of traditional modules, and are suitable for personalized temperature control, occupant monitoring and posture recognition in smart car seats.

[0078] Although the present invention has been illustrated and described with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features therein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention; therefore, this means that all such substitutions and modifications that fall within the scope of the present invention are included in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A conductive hydrogel composition for use in epidermal materials, characterized in that, It is prepared from the following components: polymer matrix, electronically conductive agent, ionicly conductive agent and crosslinking agent; The electronic conductive agent includes at least two of graphene, carbon nanotubes, PEDOT-PSS polymer, and MXene nanosheets; the ionic conductive agent includes chloride salts.

2. The conductive hydrogel composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The polymer matrix includes at least two of acrylic acid, propylene glycol, and acrylamide; And / or, the ionic conductive agent includes at least one of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl; And / or, the crosslinking agent includes at least two of glutaraldehyde, N,N'-dimethylacrylamide, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide.

3. The conductive hydrogel composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The conductive hydrogel composition is prepared by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts polymer matrix, 1-30 parts electronic conductive agent, 0.1-5.0 parts ionic conductive agent, 0.1-2.5 parts crosslinking agent, and a certain amount of water.

4. The conductive hydrogel composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The conductive hydrogel composition further includes at least one of the following raw material components: flame retardant, surface coupling agent, plasticizer or humectant; Preferably, the flame retardant is a halogen-free phosphate ester flame retardant, the surface coupling agent includes a silane coupling agent, the plasticizer includes at least one of glycerin, ethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate, and the humectant includes at least one of glycerin, hyaluronic acid, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol.

5. A skin material, characterized in that, The skin material includes a skin substrate and the conductive hydrogel composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4; Furthermore, the conductive hydrogel composition permeates into the epidermal substrate.

6. A method for preparing the epidermal material as described in claim 5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: A hydrogel precursor comprising a polymer matrix, an electronically conductive agent, an ionicly conductive agent, a crosslinking agent, and water is prepared. The hydrogel precursor is then coated onto the surface of an epidermal substrate, and a vacuum condition is set to obtain a permeable composite material. The permeable composite material is subjected to a first curing treatment, a second curing treatment, and an aging treatment to obtain a skin material.

7. The preparation method according to claim 6, characterized in that, Maintain the vacuum conditions for 20 to 50 minutes.

8. The preparation method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first curing process includes heat curing at a temperature of 50°C to 70°C for a time of 8 min to 20 min.

9. The preparation method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The second curing process includes either heat curing or UV curing; When using thermosetting, the temperature is 50℃~70℃ and the time is 8min~20min; When UV curing is used, the UV light wavelength is 350nm~380nm and the irradiation intensity is 15mW / cm². 2 ~25mW / cm 2 The irradiation time is 3 to 10 minutes.

10. A type of seat, characterized in that, Includes the skin material as described in claim 5.

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