Lake shore zone microenvironment composite monitoring pile and ecological disturbance evaluation method

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of water environment monitoring and water ecological protection, solves the technical problem that hydrology, water quality, vegetation and sediment monitoring are dispersed and difficult to correspond in the prior art, and particularly relates to a lake shore zone microenvironment composite monitoring pile and an ecological disturbance evaluation method, the composite monitoring pile sequentially includes a water area, a variable water level zone monitoring area and an underwater area along the vertical direction, and the bottom of the composite monitoring pile is fixed to the sediment, multiple composite monitoring piles are arranged according to the water depth gradient of 0-20 cm, 20-50 cm and 50-100 cm, the water dynamic disturbance index and the microenvironment response index are established by comparing the baseline and the disturbance working condition monitoring results, the composite ecological disturbance index is constructed, and the disturbance intensity of the lake shore zone and the engineering measure effect are quantitatively evaluated. The present application realizes quantitative and grading evaluation of the ecological disturbance degree of the lake shore zone, and provides a scientific basis for optimization of the lake shore zone revetment form, arrangement of ecological restoration measures and management of the water function area.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of water environment monitoring and water ecological protection technology, specifically to a composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of water level, wave, vegetation, and sediment in the lakeside zone, and a method for evaluating ecological disturbance in the lakeside zone based on the composite monitoring pile. It can be used in scenarios such as lake water function zone management, shoreline ecological restoration effect assessment, and endogenous pollution risk analysis. Background Technology

[0002] The riparian zone is a crucial component of the water-land transition zone in a lake's aquatic ecosystem, serving multiple functions including wave energy dissipation, nutrient interception and transformation, and aquatic organism habitat and reproduction. Its structure and stability directly impact the functioning and maintenance of the lake's aquatic ecosystem. Existing research indicates that emergent and submerged plants in the riparian zone can significantly reduce wave energy and shoreline erosion intensity. Furthermore, their roots and attached organisms promote the absorption and fixation of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, playing a key role in controlling eutrophication, improving water transparency, and maintaining biodiversity. Simultaneously, shallow lakes are characterized by frequent water level fluctuations and significant wind and wave disturbances. When hydrodynamic disturbances exceed the vegetation zone's tolerance, they can easily lead to vegetation lodging, large-scale shedding, and resuspension and endogenous release of sediment, thereby damaging the ecological barrier function of the riparian zone and inducing water quality deterioration and aquatic function degradation.

[0003] In existing technologies, various devices have been proposed for online monitoring of lake water bodies. For example, utility model patent CN204421903U discloses a vertical profile observation device for shallow lakes. Through a fixed base plate, hollow sleeve, and motor-driven sensor module, it achieves continuous observation of water quality parameters at different water layers and can operate stably under certain wave conditions, making it suitable for vertical profile monitoring of shallow lakes. Another example is utility model patent CN216118011U, which proposes an easy-to-use marine mapping water level and wave radar device. This device integrates a radar level gauge, wind turbine generator, and solar panels through a metal support structure, enabling wind-solar complementary power supply for water level and wave observation equipment and long-term unattended operation. These technologies have a certain foundation in water level, wave, and multi-layer water quality monitoring, but they are mainly geared towards open water areas such as lake centers or oceans, focusing primarily on the physicochemical parameters of the water body, lacking organic integration with the lakeshore vegetation zone and the sediment-water interface microenvironment.

[0004] Various engineering measures have been proposed in this field for the ecological restoration of lakeshore zones. For example, utility model patent CN206033385U discloses an ecological enclosure for lakeshore zone ecological restoration. This enclosure is formed by two rows of wooden piles or bamboo poles inserted into the sediment and a backfill structure, and includes inlet and outlet water outlets and PVC pipes. This achieves a certain degree of flow diversion, fish control, and vegetation planting, providing a structural carrier for lakeshore zone restoration. Such technologies focus on improving lakeshore habitat conditions and mitigating external hydraulic disturbances, but they lack the ability to precisely monitor water level and wave activity, vegetation erosion, and changes in the sediment microenvironment. They typically still rely on independent hydrological and water quality monitoring equipment and manual surveys. Regarding sediment-water interface process monitoring, in-situ measurement devices have been proposed in existing patents. For example, utility model patent CN202794089U proposes an in-situ measurement device for sediment respiration and endogenous nitrogen release. By using a measuring chamber with a transparent top cover and electrode mounting holes, along with dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen electrodes, it can measure sediment respiration intensity and endogenous nitrogen release rate under relatively still water conditions. While such devices are beneficial for obtaining key flux parameters at the sediment-water interface, they typically require minimal disturbance and are often used in closed chambers covering the sediment for short-term or transient tests. They are ill-suited for long-term resistance to strong winds and waves in lakeshore areas and are not integrated with vegetation zones or nearshore wave monitoring systems.

[0005] In summary, existing technologies still have significant shortcomings in the following aspects:

[0006] (1) Existing hydrological and water quality monitoring devices are mostly deployed in the center of the lake or deep water area. Although they can achieve multi-layer water quality and water level wave monitoring, they lack dedicated monitoring units for shallow water areas along the lake shore. They are difficult to work stably in environments with water depths of less than 1m, dense vegetation stems and leaves, and significant wave breakage.

[0007] (2) Lakeside ecological restoration technologies such as ecological enclosures emphasize structural layout and habitat improvement, but do not integrate real-time monitoring functions for water level waves, vegetation erosion and bottom sediment microenvironment, and cannot directly support the process evaluation of the effects of restoration measures.

[0008] (3) In-situ sediment measurement devices can obtain key parameters such as sediment respiration and endogenous release, but they are usually independent of water level, wave and vegetation monitoring, and have limited long-term monitoring capabilities under natural wind and wave disturbances.

[0009] (4) In terms of ecological disturbance assessment methods, existing studies mainly focus on the comprehensive evaluation of vegetation coverage, species diversity and conventional water quality indicators. They lack sufficient coupling characterization of hydrodynamic disturbance factors such as water level fluctuations and wave intensity with microenvironmental responses such as near-bottom dissolved oxygen and turbidity. There is still a lack of a quantitative evaluation system for lakeside ecological disturbance based on a unified monitoring unit and constructed from the perspective of "hydrodynamic disturbance intensity + microenvironmental response amplitude".

[0010] Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide a composite monitoring device that is compact, adaptable to shallow water and highly disturbed environments in the lakeside zone, and capable of simultaneously acquiring water level and wave data, vegetation erosion status, and changes in the sediment-water interface microenvironment on the same monitoring pile. Based on this, a corresponding ecological disturbance assessment method should be proposed to fill the gap in existing technologies for process monitoring and quantitative assessment of disturbances in the lakeside zone. Summary of the Invention

[0011] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of lakeshore areas and a method for evaluating ecological disturbance, which solves the technical problem that existing technologies involve scattered and difficult-to-match monitoring of hydrology, water quality, vegetation, and sediment.

[0012] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a compact, long-term, in-situ capable composite monitoring device that can simultaneously observe water level and waves, shoreline vegetation, and the sediment-water interface microenvironment within the gradient water depth zone of a lakeshore. Based on this device, a method for evaluating lakeshore ecological disturbance is proposed, enabling quantitative and hierarchical evaluation of the degree of lakeshore ecological disturbance. This provides a scientific basis for optimizing lakeshore revetment, deploying ecological restoration measures, and managing water function zones. Details are as follows:

[0013] (I) Overall Structure of Composite Monitoring Piles

[0014] The first aspect of the present invention provides a composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of a lakeside zone. The composite monitoring pile is divided into an above-water zone, a monitoring zone for fluctuating water levels, and an underwater zone in a vertical direction. The monitoring pile body is fixed in the bottom mud of the lakeside zone by anchor blocks and spiral conical anchors at the bottom. The pile body is provided with cable channels for laying signal cables and power cables to ensure long-term stable operation.

[0015] The water area is equipped with wave sensors and water level gauges for collecting water level and wave information.

[0016] Preferably, the wave sensor is a pressure wave sensor and / or an accelerometer wave meter, and the water level gauge is a radar or ultrasonic water level gauge. Both the wave sensor and the water level gauge are calibrated with a unified elevation benchmark.

[0017] The water area is also equipped with an image acquisition device, preferably a network camera with night imaging and strong light suppression capabilities, used to continuously record the wave erosion status of emergent plants or nearshore vegetation canopies in the lakeside zone and changes in the shoreline.

[0018] The monitoring area for fluctuating water levels is set within the annual water level fluctuation range of the lake shoreline, and the monitoring pile body is equipped with a transparent observation window and / or an openable sealed sampling port on its side wall.

[0019] Furthermore, the transparent observation window is preferably made of an impact-resistant transparent material and is positioned at a height corresponding to the height of typical emergent plant stems, allowing the operator to visually observe the water level, wave impact location, and stress state of the plant stems as the water level changes from the shore.

[0020] Furthermore, the inner side of the openable sealed sampling port is provided with a guide rail structure, which is matched with the outer diameter of the water-sediment microcolumn sampler, enabling the water-sediment microcolumn sampler to be guided and inserted and pulled out in the vertical direction.

[0021] Furthermore, the openable and sealed sampling port is equipped with a sealing cover and a locking structure on the outside, which can maintain the water tightness of the monitoring pile in the non-sampling state and prevent external water and bottom sediment from entering the monitoring pile body.

[0022] At least one set of microenvironment monitoring sensors is deployed vertically in the underwater area to acquire information on the water environment near the vegetation root zone and the microenvironment at the sediment-water interface.

[0023] Preferably, the microenvironment monitoring sensor includes a near-bottom layer sensor 5-15 cm from the bottom sediment surface and a middle layer sensor 30-50 cm from the bottom sediment surface.

[0024] Furthermore, the near-bottom layer sensor includes at least a dissolved oxygen sensor and a redox potential sensor to characterize the oxygen status and reduction environment changes at the sediment-water interface; the middle layer sensor includes at least a temperature sensor and a turbidity sensor to characterize the intensity of physical disturbance and changes in suspended solids concentration in water layers that are significantly affected by waves and flow.

[0025] Furthermore, depending on the requirements, the microenvironment monitoring sensor may also include conductivity, nutrient salts (such as...) Microelectrodes or small ion-selective electrodes can be used to enrich information on the chemical environment of the sediment-water interface.

[0026] The monitoring pile body is equipped with a data acquisition and communication terminal that connects to various sensors, as well as a power supply module.

[0027] Preferably, the data acquisition and communication terminal includes a low-power data acquisition control unit, a storage unit, and a wireless communication module, which can realize synchronous acquisition, preliminary quality control, and time-series storage of multi-channel signals, and transmit monitoring data to a host computer or cloud platform through cellular mobile network, LoRa, Beidou short message, and other methods.

[0028] The power supply module includes a solar panel and a battery. The solar panel is installed on the monitoring pile body or on a bracket connected to the monitoring pile. Together with the battery and power management circuit, it enables long-term unattended power supply in windy and wave environments.

[0029] (II) Gradient layout and microcolumn sampling unit

[0030] To adapt to the spatial gradient of gradually changing water depth in the lakeshore zone, this invention preferably constructs a lakeshore gradient monitoring profile by deploying multiple composite monitoring piles in a gradient along the direction perpendicular to the shoreline. Specifically, at least one of the aforementioned composite monitoring piles can be deployed in typical water depth zones such as 0–20cm, 20–50cm, and 50–100cm to form a lakeshore gradient monitoring profile covering the shallow water zone, the emergent plant dominant zone, and the transition zone, thereby obtaining comparative information on water level waves, vegetation status, and bottom sediment microenvironment at different water depth zones.

[0031] To facilitate simultaneous in-situ sampling of the sediment-water interface, this invention further provides a water-sediment microcolumn sampler that mates with an openable, sealed sampling port. The water-sediment microcolumn sampler includes a transparent tube, an open-ended sampling head at the lower end, and an openable cap at the upper end. The outer diameter of the transparent tube precisely matches the guide rail structure of the openable, sealed sampling port. In use, the operator inserts the water-sediment microcolumn sampler from the shore or a boat along the guide rail structure to a predetermined depth in the sediment. Then, the cap is sealed and the sample is pulled out, yielding a columnar sample containing overlying water, the sediment-water interface, and sediment at a certain depth. This sample is used for laboratory analysis of sediment pore water nutrients, particle size, organic matter, and other indicators, corroborating the data with in-situ monitoring data.

[0032] Preferably, the monitoring pile body is made of corrosion-resistant metal material or high-strength composite material, and the cross-section can be circular, elliptical or polygonal. The outer surface is provided with an anti-erosion coating or roughening treatment to reduce the risk of damage to the monitoring pile body by waves and ice, and to minimize the disturbance of the pile body to the surrounding flow field and sediment movement.

[0033] (III) Ecological Disturbance Assessment Methods

[0034] A second aspect of this invention provides an ecological disturbance assessment method based on a composite monitoring pile system of water level, wave, vegetation, and sediment microenvironment in the lakeshore zone. This method utilizes a gradient monitoring profile of the lakeshore zone formed by multiple composite monitoring piles to perform a synergistic quantitative analysis of hydrodynamic disturbances and the response of the sediment-water interface microenvironment. The ecological disturbance assessment method includes at least the following steps:

[0035] Step S1: Deployment of monitoring profiles in the lakeside zone.

[0036] S1.1 Select a representative lakeside section of the water body to be evaluated, and divide the lakeside zone into several typical water depth zones according to the on-site water depth, slope and vegetation distribution. Preferably, divide it into three water depth zones: 0-20cm, 20-50cm and 50-100cm.

[0037] S1.2. At least one composite monitoring pile is deployed in each typical water depth zone to form a lakeside gradient monitoring profile along the direction perpendicular to the shoreline. The plane coordinates, elevation, and basic information such as the type and coverage of the surrounding vegetation of each composite monitoring pile are recorded to provide a unified spatial benchmark for subsequent data comparison.

[0038] Step S2: Baseline operating condition monitoring.

[0039] S2.1 Under the background conditions of no strong winds and waves, no large-scale scheduling and no sudden pollution events, the wave sensor, water level gauge, image acquisition device and microenvironment monitoring sensor are used to continuously monitor the water level and wave parameters, vegetation canopy images and microenvironment indicators of the sediment-water interface at each monitoring point on the gradient monitoring profile of the lake shore.

[0040] S2.2, The water level and wave parameters include at least a water level time series. Significant wave height and dominant cycles, etc.; the microenvironment indicators include at least near-bottom dissolved oxygen. DO turbidity Turb ,temperature T and redox potential ORP One or more of the following;

[0041] S2.3. Based on a representative baseline monitoring period (e.g., several days to several weeks), calculate the water level time series. Standard deviation Significant wave height and statistical values ​​characterizing the baseline mean of each microenvironment indicator. The range of variation is used to form a reference value for the "natural fluctuation level" of the lakeside zone under relatively stable conditions.

[0042] Step S3: Disturbance monitoring.

[0043] S3.1 When typical wind and wave events, rapid rises and falls in water level, or changes in engineering scheduling conditions are monitored or predicted, the composite monitoring piles shall be used to synchronously record the water level time series under disturbance conditions on the same lakeshore gradient monitoring profile. Significant wave height Statistical values ​​of indicators characterizing the near-bottom and middle-layer microenvironment And images of vegetation canopy;

[0044] S3.2. Acquire images of vegetation zones before, during, and after disturbance using an image acquisition device. Combine these images with manual or automatic image recognition to record typical phenomena such as vegetation lodging, exposed roots, localized erosion, and sediment turbidity. These records are used to help explain the relationship between the disturbance index and ecological damage.

[0045] Step S4: Hydrodynamic Disturbance Indicators The calculation.

[0046] S4.1, the hydrodynamic disturbance index It is used to characterize the degree of water level fluctuation and wave energy change of the disturbance condition relative to the baseline condition.

[0047] Preferably, the water level time series under the baseline condition and the disturbed condition are calculated separately. , Standard deviation and and the corresponding significant wave height and ;

[0048] S4.2 Constructing dimensionless disturbance components based on changes in water level standard deviation ,Right now:

[0049]

[0050] in, Calculate the standard deviation of a time series. To prevent tiny positive numbers with a denominator of zero;

[0051] S4.3 Construct another dimensionless perturbation component based on significant wave height changes. ,Right now:

[0052]

[0053] S4.4, The dimensionless disturbance component and By weight and Weighting is performed to obtain the hydrodynamic disturbance index. ,Right now:

[0054]

[0055] The weight and The settings are adjusted based on the level of attention paid to water level fluctuations and wave energy in different lakes or engineering scenarios.

[0056] Step S5: Microenvironment Response Indicators The calculation.

[0057] S5.1, the microenvironment response indicators Used to characterize the sensitive response magnitude of near-bottom water and sediment-water interface microenvironment under disturbed conditions relative to baseline conditions;

[0058] S5.2 Select several representative microenvironment indicators to form an indicator set. The microenvironment indicators include at least near-bottom dissolved oxygen. DO turbidity Turb ,temperature T and redox potential ORP One or more of the following;

[0059] S5.3 Calculate the statistical values ​​of each microenvironmental index under baseline and disturbed operating conditions respectively. and The statistical values ​​are the mean, median, or average value within a characteristic time window;

[0060] S5.4 Define the relative rate of change for each microenvironment indicator. ,Right now:

[0061]

[0062] in, To prevent tiny positive numbers with a denominator of zero;

[0063] S5.5, Relative change rate of each microenvironment indicator We obtain the microenvironment response index by performing a weighted summation. ,Right now:

[0064]

[0065] in, These are weighting coefficients, set according to the importance of each microenvironmental indicator in sediment resuspension, endogenous release, or vegetation stability assessment. For example, in eutrophication control scenarios, the weights of dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity can be increased.

[0066] Step S6: Composite Ecological Disturbance Index Construction and hierarchical structure.

[0067] S6.1, Hydrodynamic disturbance index Microenvironment response indicators By weight By performing linear combinations, a composite ecological disturbance index for the lakeside zone is constructed. ,Right now:

[0068]

[0069] Preferably, α and β are both taken in the range of 0 to 1, which is used to reflect the degree of emphasis on hydrodynamic and microenvironment response in different application scenarios.

[0070] S6.2. Based on monitoring data from previous typical disturbance events, and combined with statistical results of ecological damage phenomena such as vegetation lodging, sediment resuspension, and water quality deterioration, determine the threshold for mild disturbance. and severe perturbation threshold And construct the disturbance level classification rules, namely:

[0071] when At that time, it was determined to be a minor disturbance, the lakeside vegetation zone was generally stable, and the risk of sediment resuspension and endogenous release was low;

[0072] when At that time, it was determined to be a moderate disturbance, with local erosion of the vegetation zone, and an increased risk of sediment resuspension and nutrient release;

[0073] when At that time, it was determined to be a severe disturbance, and the vegetation zone was in poor stability, requiring engineering-ecological joint disturbance control measures.

[0074] Step S7: Project effectiveness evaluation and management feedback.

[0075] Preferably, the method further includes an engineering effect evaluation and management feedback step, which supports the optimization and post-evaluation of the scheme for lakeside revetment and ecological restoration projects.

[0076] S7.1 Before and after the implementation of ecological revetment, wave suppression projects, or vegetation restoration projects, monitoring and evaluation shall be carried out according to steps S1 to S6 respectively, and the composite ecological disturbance index at different time points shall be obtained. and the distribution of disturbance levels;

[0077] S7.2, By comparing the composite ecological disturbance index before and after the project implementation. The spatiotemporal distribution and its changes are used to quantitatively assess the changes in the degree of ecological disturbance in different water depth zones and different shore sections, so as to judge the actual effect of engineering measures in reducing hydrodynamic disturbance, improving the sediment-water interface microenvironment and enhancing the stability of vegetation zones.

[0078] S7.3, Based on the composite ecological disturbance index Based on the spatial differences and sensitive section identification results, targeted suggestions are made for optimizing lakeside water level scheduling, improving wave-suppressing structures, adjusting vegetation configuration, and maintenance management, so as to realize a closed-loop application of monitoring-evaluation-management.

[0079] By employing the above technical solution, the present invention provides a composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of a lakeside zone and a method for evaluating ecological disturbance, which has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0080] Integrated structure, adaptable to complex lakeside environment: This invention integrates water level and wave monitoring and image monitoring in the surface area, visual observation and in-situ sampling of fluctuating water levels, and near-bottom and mid-layer microenvironment monitoring in the underwater area into a single composite monitoring pile structure. This enables simultaneous observation of water level and wave, vegetation status, and sediment-water interface microenvironment in the lakeside area, overcoming the problem of scattered and difficult-to-correspond monitoring of hydrology, water quality, vegetation, and sediment in existing technologies. The composite monitoring pile structure is compact, erosion resistant, and can work in situ for a long time, adapting to the working conditions of shallow water, dense vegetation, and strong winds and waves in the lakeside area.

[0081] Gradient profile layout reveals differences in water depth zones: This invention uses multiple monitoring piles arranged in a gradient at typical water depth zones such as 0–20cm, 20–50cm, and 50–100cm to form a microenvironment monitoring profile of water level, wave, vegetation, and sediment in the lakeside zone. This can systematically reveal the differences in hydrodynamic disturbances and ecological responses at different water depth zones, providing profile-scale evidence for the optimization of functional zoning and ecological revetment design of the lakeside zone.

[0082] Composite Disturbance Index for Quantitative Assessment of Ecological Risk: This invention constructs a hydrodynamic disturbance index based on unified monitoring data. and microenvironment response indicators Furthermore, a composite ecological disturbance index was proposed. Its classification method enables a quantitative and hierarchical evaluation of the degree of ecological disturbance in the lakeside zone from the synergistic perspective of "hydrodynamic disturbance intensity + microenvironment response amplitude". Compared with traditional methods based solely on static water quality or vegetation indicators, it can more directly reflect the actual impact of wind and wave events and water level fluctuations on the stability of vegetation zones and the risk of sediment resuspension. Attached Figure Description

[0083] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of this application and form part of this application, illustrate exemplary embodiments and are used to explain this application, but do not constitute an undue limitation of this application. In the drawings:

[0084] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the composite monitoring pile in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0085] Figure 2 This is a partially enlarged schematic diagram of the fluctuating water level monitoring area and the water-sediment microcolumn sampling unit in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0086] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the deployment and anchoring structure of the underwater microenvironment sensor for the monitoring pile in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0087] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the gradient monitoring profile layout in the lakeside zone in Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0088] Figure 5 This is a flowchart illustrating the lakeside ecological disturbance assessment method in Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

[0089] In the picture:

[0090] 1. Composite monitoring piles;

[0091] 2. Monitoring pile body; 21. Above-water area; 22. Monitoring area for fluctuating water levels; 23. Underwater area;

[0092] 251. Anchor block; 252. Spiral conical anchor bolt;

[0093] 31. Wave sensor; 32. Water level gauge; 33. Image acquisition device;

[0094] 41. Transparent observation window; 42. Openable and sealed sampling port; 421. Guide rail structure;

[0095] 51. Dissolved oxygen sensor; 52. Temperature sensor; 53. Turbidity sensor; 54. Oxidation-reduction potential sensor;

[0096] 61. Data acquisition and communication terminal; 62. Power supply module; 63. Solar panel;

[0097] 7. Water-sediment microcolumn sampler; 71. Transparent tube; 72. Open-type mud sampler head; 73. End cap. Detailed Implementation

[0098] To make the above-mentioned objects, features, and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. This will allow for a full understanding of how the present application uses technical means to solve technical problems and achieve technical effects, and to facilitate its implementation.

[0099] Example 1: Composite monitoring piles and gradient layout method.

[0100] This embodiment uses a natural lakeshore zone on the north bank of a shallow lake as an example to illustrate the specific structure and gradient layout of the composite monitoring pile 1 for the lakeshore zone's water level, wave, vegetation, and sediment microenvironment. Figure 1 - Figure 4 As shown. This section of the bank is about 120m long, with a slope of about 1:20. The water depth is 0.1 to 0.9m all year round. The bottom mud is fine sand mixed with a small amount of silt. The emergent plants on the bank are mainly reeds and cattails, and the vegetation zone is about 8 to 12m wide.

[0101] The monitoring pile body 2 is made of Q235-B steel pipe with an outer diameter of 160mm, a wall thickness of 6mm, and a total length of 3.5m. The outer surface is sandblasted and then coated with two coats of epoxy zinc-rich primer and one coat of epoxy asphalt topcoat, with a total dry film thickness of approximately 250μm to improve corrosion resistance and erosion resistance. A flanged connection section is welded to the lower end of the pile body, connecting to anchor blocks 251 and spiral conical anchors 252. Anchor blocks 251 are 300mm×300mm×80mm steel counterweights, and spiral conical anchors 252 have a total length of 700mm, a pitch of 60mm, and a cone tip diameter of approximately 40mm. During construction, a pilot hole with a diameter of approximately 80mm and a depth of approximately 0.5m is pre-drilled at the design point. Then, a handheld electric torque wrench is used in conjunction with a crossbar tool to screw the composite monitoring pile 1 into the bottom mud, ensuring that the anchor blocks 251 are fully embedded and that the verticality deviation of the pile body is less than 1 / 200. Using the center of the flange at the top of the pile as the elevation benchmark, stainless steel ruler piles were set up on the bank and connected with a level instrument to measure and record the elevation of the top of each pile for subsequent water level calibration.

[0102] The monitoring pile body 2 is vertically divided into an above-water zone 21, a fluctuating water level monitoring zone 22, and an underwater zone 23. In the above-water zone 21, a pressure wave sensor 31 is installed approximately 0.1m above the multi-year average static water level, with a range of 0–1.5m and a resolution of 10mm. A radar level gauge 32 is installed in the center of the pile top platform, with a range of 0–3m and a resolution of 5mm. After installation, three-point calibration is performed by synchronizing the readings with the shoreline water gauge to unify the level gauge readings with the pile top elevation to the same national elevation datum. The image acquisition device 33 uses a 2-megapixel network camera, fixed to a side bracket in the above-water zone 21, with the lens facing the shoreline and emergent vegetation zone. The field of view covers the area where the three piles P1–P3 are located. Local time overlay and automatic exposure are set, and infrared supplementary lighting is activated at night.

[0103] In the monitoring zone 22 of the fluctuating water level, an opening 350mm high and 140mm wide is cut on the wave-facing side of the pile. A reinforcing ring is welded to the inside, and a transparent observation window 41 made of 6mm thick PC transparent plate is made on the outside. It is fixed with rubber sealing strips and stainless steel bolts. The center of the window corresponds to a height range of ±0.2m from the average water level. A rectangular opening of about 60mm × 50mm is made slightly below the transparent observation window 41. A stainless steel U-shaped guide rail structure 421 is welded to the inside, and an aluminum alloy cover plate with an O-ring seal is installed on the outside as an openable and sealed sampling port 42. Before field use, the transparent observation window 41 and the openable and sealed sampling port 42 are subjected to a static water immersion test. They can only be put into operation after maintaining no leakage for 30 minutes.

[0104] In the underwater zone 23, microenvironment monitoring sensors are deployed along the sidewall of the pile. Using the bottom sediment surface as the zero point, a dissolved oxygen sensor 51 and a redox potential sensor 54 are fixed 10 cm from the sediment surface. A platinum resistance temperature sensor 52 and a light scattering turbidity sensor 53 are fixed 40 cm from the sediment surface. Each sensor probe is fixed to the side of the pile with stainless steel clamps, extending approximately 20-30 mm beyond the outer surface of the pile. After installation, the dissolved oxygen sensor 51 is calibrated at both zero and full scale using a ferrous sulfate-sodium sulfite solution and air-saturated water. The redox potential sensor 54 is calibrated at two points using a standard buffer solution. The temperature sensor 52 is calibrated in a constant-temperature water bath, and the turbidity sensor 53 is calibrated at multiple points using a formalin standard solution. All sensor cables are introduced into the internal cable channel of the monitoring pile body 2 through waterproof connectors and uniformly connected to the data acquisition and control unit at the top of the pile.

[0105] The monitoring pile body 2 is equipped with a data acquisition and communication terminal 61 connected to various sensors and a power supply module 62. The data acquisition and communication terminal 61 includes a low-power data acquisition control unit, a storage unit, and a wireless communication module, which can realize synchronous acquisition, preliminary quality control, and time-series storage of multi-channel signals, and transmit monitoring data to a host computer or cloud platform through cellular mobile networks, LoRa, Beidou short message, etc. The power supply module 62 includes a solar panel 63 and a battery. The solar panel 63 is installed on the monitoring pile body 2 or on a bracket connected to the composite monitoring pile 1, and works with the battery and power management circuit to achieve long-term unattended power supply in windy and wave environments.

[0106] To conduct in-situ sampling of the sediment-water interface, the water-sediment microcolumn sampler 7 used in this embodiment employs a transparent PMMA tube as the transparent tube body 71, with an outer diameter of 50 mm, an inner diameter of 44 mm, and a total length of 600 mm. An open-type sampling head 72 is installed at the lower end, with a one-way valve plate on the inner side. The upper end is equipped with a cap 73 with a silicone gasket, which is detachably connected to the monitoring pile body 2 via a threaded seal. During sampling, the operator stands on a speedboat or the shore, opens the openable sealed sampling port 42, and smoothly pushes the water-sediment microcolumn sampler 7 into the sediment about 150 mm along the guide rail structure 421. It remains for 1–2 minutes to allow the pore water pressure to equalize, then the cap 73 is tightened, and the sampler is slowly pulled out at a speed of about 2–3 cm / s to avoid disturbance and stratification. Immediately after removal, wipe the mud off the outer wall of the tube with a soft cloth, reinforce and seal both ends of the sampling tube again, affix a label (including station number, water depth, and time), and place it in an insulated box to transport it back to the laboratory for analysis of pore water. Indicators such as DOC.

[0107] Regarding the deployment of composite monitoring piles 1, in this embodiment, three composite monitoring piles 1 are deployed along the direction perpendicular to the shoreline, denoted as P1, P2, and P3 respectively. Figure 4As shown. P1 is located near the inner boundary of the emergent vegetation zone, approximately 3m from the shore, with a measured water depth of 0.15–0.20m. It is used to monitor wave attenuation and the rhizosphere microenvironment of vegetation in the typical water depth zone of 0–20cm. P2 is located in the middle-outer part of the emergent vegetation zone, approximately 8m from the shore, with a water depth of 0.35–0.45m, corresponding to the typical water depth zone of 20–50cm. P3 is located in the open water area at the outer edge of the emergent vegetation zone, approximately 18m from the shore, with a water depth of 0.70–0.85m, corresponding to the typical water depth zone of 50–100cm. The plane coordinates of the three stakes were determined using a combination of GPS and a total station. The elevation of the stake tops was transferred to the same elevation datum using a level, which was used to subsequently measure all water levels, wave heights, and composite ecological disturbance indices. The calculation results are unified to the same spatial reference frame.

[0108] The data acquisition and control unit has a default sampling interval of 10 minutes. When the forecast wind speed is greater than 8 m / s, a remote command is issued to adjust the sampling interval to 1 minute for critical periods, in order to capture the wind and wave events more precisely. The power supply module 62 consists of a 50W solar panel and a 12V / 40Ah battery. Based on the number of sensors and sampling frequency in this embodiment, the system's daily power consumption is approximately 6-8 Wh. Field operation verification showed that the battery voltage remained above 11.8V even under continuous rainy conditions for 4 days, meeting the requirements for long-term unattended operation. Through the above-described specific structure, deployment, and operation, the composite monitoring pile system of this embodiment stably acquired water level and wave data, vegetation images, and sediment-water interface microenvironment data at different water depths in the lakeside zone within a complete monitoring period (e.g., 6 months), providing reliable support for the ecological disturbance assessment method in subsequent embodiments.

[0109] Example 2: Ecological disturbance assessment method based on Example 1, such as Figure 5 As shown.

[0110] In this embodiment, on the monitoring shoreline proposed in Embodiment 1, composite monitoring piles 1 deployed in three typical water depth zones are used to continuously observe the hydrodynamic processes and the microenvironmental response of the sediment-water interface before and after a typical wind and wave event, and to conduct continuous observations based on the calculated hydrodynamic disturbance index. Microenvironment response indicators and composite ecological disturbance index This enables a quantitative assessment of the degree of ecological disturbance in the lakeside area.

[0111] The monitored section is located on the north bank of a shallow lake. It operated continuously from June 10th to June 16th, 2024, during which wind speeds were less than 5 m / s, and there were no large-scale weather events or heavy rainfall; this period was considered the baseline operating condition. From 14:00 to 24:00 on June 18th, 2024, a northerly wind and wave event occurred, with wind speeds at a height of 10m maintained at 9–11 m / s, with gusts reaching 13 m / s. Significant white waves appeared on the lake surface; this period was considered the disturbance operating condition. The data acquisition and communication terminal 61 was set to a sampling interval of 10 minutes under the baseline operating condition. After a short-term wind speed warning indicated the start of the disturbance operating condition, the sampling interval was automatically adjusted to 1 minute to ensure high temporal resolution recording of the wind and wave process.

[0112] The three monitoring sections are P1 (water depth 0–20 cm), P2 (water depth 20–50 cm), and P3 (water depth 50–100 cm). The standard deviation of the water level time series for each section under baseline and disturbance conditions is given. Significant wave height and near-bottom microenvironment indicators ( DO, Turb, T, ORP Representative statistical values ​​of ) are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

[0113] Table 1. Hydrodynamic statistical parameters of each monitoring section (unit: m)

[0114]

[0115] Where the subscript 'b' represents the baseline load condition statistics and the subscript 'd' represents the disturbance load condition statistics. It can be seen that, with increasing water depth, the significant wave height during the baseline period... The wave height increased from 0.12m to 0.18m, while the significant wave height during the disturbance period... The increase from 0.30m to 0.55m indicates that the outer waters absorbed more wave energy during wind and wave events.

[0116] Table 2 Near-bottom microenvironment indicators for each monitoring section

[0117]

[0118] As can be seen from Table 2, the dissolved oxygen near the bottom of the three cross sections decreased to varying degrees during the wind and wave event, and the turbidity increased significantly. In particular, P3 increased from 12 NTU to 48 NTU, indicating that the resuspension of bottom sediment at the front edge of the open water was the most intense. The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) also decreased from 130 mV to 80 mV, reflecting that the bottom sediment-water interface tended to be more reduced.

[0119] In this embodiment, the hydrodynamic disturbance index Microenvironment response indicators and composite ecological disturbance index The parameter settings are as follows: hydrodynamic disturbance index Medium weight Microenvironment response indicators Dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity (TUR) weights are taken separately. ORP weights Temperature T weighting ,satisfy Composite ecological disturbance index The two weights are: hydrodynamics and microenvironment. To avoid instability caused by a denominator that is zero or too small, an additive is added to the denominator of the water level / wave height. Add to the denominators of DO, Turb, T, and ORP Disturbance level threshold , The data was obtained by fitting statistics of multiple previous wind and wave events on the same shoreline with vegetation damage data.

[0120] Following step S4, the hydrodynamic disturbance indexes are calculated for each of the three cross sections. Taking P1 as an example, the standard deviations of water level under the baseline and disturbance conditions are 0.025m and 0.055m, respectively, corresponding to the disturbance components:

[0121]

[0122] The significant wave height increased from 0.12m to 0.30m, corresponding to the following disturbance components:

[0123]

[0124] The comprehensive hydrodynamic disturbance index is the average of the two, namely:

[0125]

[0126] Similarly, the calculation results for P2 and P3 are as follows:

[0127]

[0128]

[0129] It can be seen that P3 has the greatest hydrodynamic disturbance intensity, indicating that the water level amplitude and wave energy increase are most significant in the outer waters during wind and waves.

[0130] Calculate the microenvironment response index according to step S5. Taking P2 as an example, near-bottom DO decreased from 8.4 mg / L to 7.0 mg / L, turbidity increased from 10 NTU to 30 NTU, temperature decreased from 22.3℃ to 21.5℃, and ORP decreased from 135 mV to 100 mV. The relative change rates of each indicator are as follows:

[0131]

[0132] Substituting the weights, we get:

[0133]

[0134] Similarly, the results for P1 and P3 are as follows:

[0135]

[0136] Among them, P3 had the largest microenvironment response index, which was mainly driven by a jump in turbidity and a significant decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO).

[0137] According to step S6, the hydrodynamic disturbance index Microenvironment response indicators Equal-weighted composite ecological disturbance index ,Right now:

[0138]

[0139] Substituting the values ​​into the equation:

[0140]

[0141] in accordance with , According to the classification rules, the DI values ​​of P1 and P2 are between 0.80 and 1.50, both classified as moderate disturbances, with P2 approaching the upper limit, indicating a stronger disturbance. P3, with a DI of 1.716 > 1.50, is classified as a severe disturbance. This result is consistent with the phenomena observed on-site: during the wave event, the water near P3 was the most turbid, with significant resuspension of bottom sediment, and localized tumbling and floating of bottom sediment particles; although there were surges at P1, the turbidity was relatively low due to the damping effect of emergent vegetation.

[0142] Following step S7, this embodiment proposes engineering and management recommendations based on the spatial distribution of DI. First, it is recommended to deploy a low-pile, permeable wave-damping strip or ecological wave-dissipating structure within a 10-20m radius outside P3, controlling the target wave reduction rate to 20-30% through hydraulic calculations and numerical simulations to reduce the frequency of severe disturbances. Second, a combination of emergent / submerged plants with good flow resistance should be planted between P2 and P3 to improve root consolidation and flow field resistance. Third, given the high content of fine particles in the sediment of area P3, dredging or sediment stabilization measures should be combined during the dry season to reduce the stockpile of resuspendable matter. After the project is implemented, re-measurements will be conducted under similar wind conditions. If the DI of P3 decreases from 1.716 to ≤1.20, the DI of P2 decreases to ≤1.00, and the disturbance amplitudes of DO and turbidity decrease accordingly, then the disturbance control and remediation measures proposed in this invention can be considered to have achieved good results.

[0143] This embodiment demonstrates that the invention constructs... – – The indicator system can combine multi-source data obtained from composite monitoring pile 1 in Example 1 to comprehensively reflect the degree of ecological disturbance in the lakeside zone from multiple dimensions such as enhanced hydrodynamics, resuspension of bottom sediment, deterioration of oxygen conditions and damage to vegetation. It can be used for event-level risk identification as well as for quantitative comparison of the effects before and after the project, and has good practical application value.

[0144] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the steps in the methods of the above embodiments can be implemented by a program instructing related hardware. Therefore, this application can take the form of a completely hardware embodiment, a completely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Moreover, this application can take the form of a computer program product implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0145] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on its differences from other embodiments. Similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to interchangeably. Since the above embodiments are substantially similar to the method embodiments, their descriptions are relatively simple; relevant parts can be referred to the descriptions of the method embodiments.

[0146] The above embodiments provide a detailed description of the present invention. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of the present invention. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of the present invention. At the same time, for those skilled in the art, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope based on the ideas of the present invention. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

Claims

1. A composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of a lakeside area, characterized in that, The composite monitoring pile (1) includes a monitoring pile body (2) arranged in sequence along the vertical direction, comprising an above-water zone (21), a fluctuating water level zone monitoring zone (22), and an underwater zone (23). The monitoring pile body (2) is fixed to the bottom mud of the lake shore by the bottom anchoring structure. Multiple composite monitoring piles (1) are arranged in a gradient along the direction perpendicular to the shoreline of the lake zone, and at least one composite monitoring pile (1) is arranged in each of the typical water depth zones including 0-20cm, 20-50cm and 50-100cm, forming a set of lake zone gradient monitoring profiles covering the shoal zone, emergent plant dominant zone and transition zone, in order to obtain comparative information on water level waves, vegetation status and bottom sediment microenvironment at different water depth zones; The underwater zone (23) includes at least one set of microenvironment monitoring sensors arranged in the vertical direction. The microenvironment monitoring sensors are located at a preset height above the surface of the bottom sediment and are used to acquire information on the water environment near the root zone of vegetation and the microenvironment of the bottom sediment-water interface. The microenvironment monitoring sensor includes a near-bottom layer sensor 5-15 cm from the bottom sediment surface and a middle layer sensor 30-50 cm from the bottom sediment surface. The near-bottom sensor includes at least a dissolved oxygen sensor (51) and a redox potential sensor (54) for monitoring the oxygen state at the bottom mud-water interface around the plant roots. The mid-layer sensor includes at least a temperature sensor (52) and a turbidity sensor (53) for monitoring the intensity of physical disturbances in water layers that are significantly affected by waves and flow.

2. The composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of the lakeside zone according to claim 1, characterized in that, The water area (21) includes a wave sensor (31) installed on the monitoring pile body (2) for collecting wave information and water level information, a water level gauge (32), and an image acquisition device (33) for continuously recording the wave erosion status of emergent plants or nearshore vegetation canopy in the lakeside zone and the changes in shoreline. The wave sensor (31) is a pressure wave sensor and / or an accelerometer wave meter, and is installed at the upper edge of the water surface area (21) or the monitoring area (22) of the fluctuating water level zone, close to the still water surface. The water level gauge (32) is a radar or ultrasonic water level gauge, which is installed at the top of the water area (21) and calibrated with the monitoring pile body (2) at the same elevation benchmark to realize the synchronous measurement of water level information and wave information. The image acquisition device (33) is a network camera with night and strong light adaptive capabilities, installed on the side of the water area (21) facing the lakeside vegetation belt.

3. The composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of the lakeside zone according to claim 1, characterized in that, The monitoring area (22) for fluctuating water levels is set within the range of annual water level fluctuations in the lakeside area, including a transparent observation window (41) and an openable sealed sampling port (42) set on the side wall of the monitoring pile body (2).

4. The composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of the lakeside zone according to claim 3, characterized in that, The transparent observation window (41) is made of impact-resistant transparent material and is arranged at a height range corresponding to the height of typical emergent plant stems, so that the operator can intuitively observe the position of the water level line, the position of the wave impact and the stress state of the plant stems as the water level changes from the shore. The inner side of the openable sealed sampling port (42) is provided with a guide rail structure (421) and a water-sediment microcolumn sampler (7) that is matched with the outer diameter of the guide rail structure (421) to realize the vertical insertion and removal of the water-sediment microcolumn sampler (7). The openable sealed sampling port (42) is provided with a sealing cover and locking structure on the outside to ensure the water tightness of the monitoring pile body (2) in the non-sampling state.

5. The composite monitoring pile for the microenvironment of the lakeside zone according to claim 4, characterized in that, The water-sediment microcolumn sampler (7) includes a transparent tube (71) that cooperates with the guide rail structure (421) to guide insertion and removal. The lower end of the transparent tube (71) is equipped with an open-type mud sampling head (72) with a one-way valve plate on the inside. The upper end of the open-type mud sampling head (72) is equipped with a cap (73) with a silicone gasket.

6. A method for evaluating ecological disturbance in a lakeside zone, employing the composite monitoring piles for the microenvironment of the lakeside zone as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, Based on a gradient monitoring profile of the lakeshore zone composed of multiple composite monitoring piles, a synergistic quantitative analysis of hydrodynamic disturbance and the microenvironmental response at the sediment-water interface is conducted. The lakeshore zone ecological disturbance assessment method includes the following steps: S1. Divide the lakeside area to be evaluated into several typical water depth zones, and set up at least one composite monitoring pile in each typical water depth zone to form a lakeside gradient monitoring profile containing several monitoring points. S2. Under baseline conditions without strong winds and waves or sudden pollution, and under disturbance conditions with wind and wave events or drastic rises and falls in water level, composite monitoring piles are used to continuously monitor the water level and wave parameters, vegetation canopy images, and microenvironmental indicators of the sediment-water interface at each monitoring point on the gradient monitoring profile of the lake shore. S3. Based on the water level and wave parameters under baseline and disturbed conditions, calculate the hydrodynamic disturbance index to characterize the degree of water level fluctuation and wave energy change under the disturbed condition relative to the baseline condition. ; S4. Based on vegetation canopy images and microenvironmental indices of the sediment-water interface under baseline and disturbed conditions, calculate microenvironmental response indices to characterize the sensitivity of the near-bottom water body and sediment-water interface microenvironment to the baseline condition under disturbed conditions. ; S5, Comprehensive Hydrodynamic Disturbance Index and microenvironment response indicators Constructing a composite ecological disturbance index for the lakeside zone The ecological disturbance of the lakeside zone is classified into different levels according to preset thresholds, namely: ； in, and Let be the weighting coefficient, satisfying ,and , ; when At that time, it was determined to be a minor disturbance, the lakeside vegetation zone was generally stable, and the risk of sediment resuspension and endogenous release was low; when At that time, it was determined to be a moderate disturbance, with local erosion of the vegetation zone, and an increased risk of sediment resuspension and nutrient release; when At that time, it was determined to be a severe disturbance, and the vegetation zone was in poor stability, requiring engineering-ecological joint disturbance control measures; in, These are the thresholds for mild and severe disturbances, respectively.

7. The method for evaluating ecological disturbance in lakeside zones according to claim 6, characterized in that, The hydrodynamic disturbance index Calculated based on the standard deviation of water level or wave height time series under disturbed and baseline conditions, and significant wave height or wave energy flux, including: Calculate the water level time series under baseline and disturbed operating conditions respectively. , Standard deviation and and the corresponding significant wave height and ; Constructing dimensionless disturbance components based on changes in water level standard deviation ,Right now: ； in, Calculate the standard deviation of a time series. To prevent tiny positive numbers with a denominator of zero; Construct another dimensionless perturbation component based on significant wave height changes. ,Right now: ； dimensionless perturbation components and By weight and Weighting is performed to obtain the hydrodynamic disturbance index. ,Right now: ； The weight and The settings are adjusted based on the level of attention paid to water level fluctuations and wave energy in different lakes or engineering scenarios.

8. The method for evaluating ecological disturbance in lakeside zones according to claim 7, characterized in that, The microenvironment response index Calculated based on the relative rate of change or magnitude of change of at least one microenvironmental indicator, including near-bottom dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and temperature, between the disturbed operating condition and the baseline operating condition, including: A set of indicators was constructed by selecting several representative microenvironment indicators. The microenvironment indicators include at least one or more of the following: near-bottom dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity (Turb), temperature (T), and redox potential (ORP). Calculate the statistical values ​​of each microenvironmental index under baseline and disturbed operating conditions respectively. and The statistical values ​​are the mean, median, or average value within a characteristic time window; Define a relative rate of change for each microenvironment indicator. ,Right now: ； in, To prevent tiny positive numbers with a denominator of zero; Relative change rate of each microenvironment indicator We obtain the microenvironment response index by performing a weighted summation. ,Right now: ； in, The weighting coefficients are set according to the importance of each microenvironmental indicator in sediment resuspension, endogenous release, or vegetation stability assessment.

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