Compatibility model, system and method for preparing carbon material from multi-source solid waste

Abstract

The invention discloses a compatibility model, system and method for preparing a carbon material from multi-source solid waste. In the level of the method, the potassium-silicon molar ratio is taken as a core criterion, an intelligent compatibility model is constructed by combining a carbon-silicon mass ratio, an aluminum-silicon mass ratio and a volatile component fixed carbon ratio, a raw material formula is automatically generated, a process route code is output, and the dolomite addition amount and various process parameters are accurately calculated according to the process route code. And intelligent switching of production lines from raw materials to a silicon carbon negative electrode, a hard carbon negative electrode, capacitance carbon and adsorption carbon is realized. On the system level, the design of a cracking-carbonizing-activating-coating integrated furnace is adopted, and through a coaxial multi-channel combustor and a PSA purification circulating system, functional atmospheres of three temperature zones, namely a carbonizing zone, an activating zone and a coating zone, are longitudinally created and precisely controlled in a single reactor. According to the invention, high-valued, flexible and closed-loop conversion of multi-source solid wastes (agricultural / forestry / resin / plastic wastes) is realized, and the industrial core defects of component fluctuation, single product, high energy consumption and the like are effectively solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of carbon material preparation technology, and more specifically, to a compatibility model, system, and method for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste. Background Technology

[0002] With the urgent global pursuit of sustainable development and "dual carbon" goals, and the continued growth in demand for high-performance materials, the preparation of advanced carbon materials using renewable resources has become an important direction for scientific research and industry. Agricultural and forestry waste (such as rice husks, straw, sawdust / bamboo), resin waste (such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin), and plastic waste (such as PP, PE, PS) are rich in carbon and silicon, making them ideal precursors for preparing silicon-carbon anodes, hard carbon anodes (including capacitor carbon), and porous activated carbon for lithium-ion batteries. However, this technology currently faces a series of critical challenges from raw material to product development, severely restricting its large-scale industrial application.

[0003] First, at the raw material level, the complexity and volatility of the composition are the primary challenges. The composition of agricultural and forestry waste is significantly affected by region, season, and species, with huge fluctuations in ash content and the proportions of elements such as potassium (K), silicon (Si), and aluminum (Al). This directly leads to extremely unstable performance and poor batch-to-batch consistency in charcoal materials produced by traditional processes. Existing technologies typically use single-type raw materials or simple formulations, which cannot adapt to complex solid waste systems with multiple types and components, and fail to plan the optimal conversion path based on the characteristics of the raw materials, resulting in resource waste or undervaluation of the product.

[0004] Secondly, in terms of process technology, existing technologies face the dual dilemmas of "discretization" and "high energy consumption".

[0005] 1. Discrete Processes: Traditional carbon material production often employs batch operations in separate batches. For example, the production of silicon-carbon anodes requires carbonization followed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to coat them with a silicon-carbon layer; the production of activated carbon requires a separate activation furnace. These processes are lengthy, involve large equipment investments, are inefficient, and the repeated transfer of materials exposes them to air, easily introducing contamination and further deteriorating product consistency.

[0006] 2. High Energy Consumption and High Cost: The aforementioned discrete processes are extremely energy-intensive. In particular, the KOH activation method, widely used in the preparation of high-performance capacitor carbon, while offering a high specific surface area, consumes a large amount of alkali, corrodes equipment, causes severe pollution, and has complex post-processing. While physical activation methods (CO2 or steam) are more environmentally friendly, activators in traditional processes are usually purchased externally, and precise control of pore size distribution is difficult. Furthermore, the route for preparing silicon-carbon anodes using silane (SiH4) CVD is extremely costly due to expensive raw materials, complex equipment, and stringent vacuum environment requirements, making industrial-scale production difficult.

[0007] 3. Slagging and Corrosion: The alkali metals potassium (K) and sodium (Na) abundant in biomass lower the ash melting point at high temperatures, leading to severe slagging and corrosion of the reactor lining, disrupting the continuity and stability of production. Existing technologies often employ water washing pretreatment to remove potassium, generating large amounts of wastewater, or add potassium-fixing agents such as bauxite, but these introduce new impurities, affecting the electrochemical performance of the final product.

[0008] Finally, on the product side, it is difficult to balance functionality and cost-effectiveness.

[0009] 1. Uncontrollable pore size distribution: The performance of activated carbon is highly dependent on its pore size distribution. Capacitor carbon requires well-developed micropores (<2nm) to form an electrical double layer; while VOCs adsorption, desulfurization and denitrification catalyst supports require abundant mesopores (2-50nm) to achieve rapid transport of macromolecules. Traditional physical activation methods use a single activator (pure CO2 or pure water vapor), making it difficult to synergistically control the ratio of micropores and mesopores, thus failing to achieve product functionalization and specialization.

[0010] 2. Performance Bottlenecks: Biomass-based hard carbon anodes generally suffer from low initial coulombic efficiency; while the volume expansion effect of nano-silicon in silicon-carbon anodes is difficult to suppress effectively, resulting in poor cycle stability. These performance bottlenecks need to be addressed from the material structure design stage (such as in-situ composite and precise coating), but traditional step-by-step processes are difficult to achieve.

[0011] 3. Rigid production lines: Existing production lines are usually tied to a single raw material and a single product, and cannot flexibly switch between different products such as silicon-carbon anodes, hard carbon anodes, capacitor carbon, and adsorption carbon according to market demand and changes in raw material prices. They lack market adaptability and risk resistance.

[0012] In summary, current technologies for preparing carbon materials from solid waste suffer from fundamental drawbacks, including poor raw material adaptability, fragmented and energy-intensive processes, limited product performance and functionality, and a significant conflict between economic efficiency and environmental friendliness. Therefore, developing a complete, intelligent, integrated, green, and low-carbon technological solution capable of adapting to complex, multi-source raw materials, achieving a closed-loop material and energy system, and flexibly producing a variety of high-value-added carbon materials has become an urgent need to overcome industry bottlenecks and promote industrial upgrading. This invention is proposed against this backdrop. Developing an intelligent industrial system capable of utilizing multi-source solid waste and flexibly switching product types according to market demand has become crucial for promoting green upgrading and improving economic efficiency in the industry. Summary of the Invention

[0013] The first objective of this invention is to provide a method for classifying multi-source solid waste according to its unique properties to output the most suitable carbon material. Based on this, a compatibility model for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste is provided.

[0014] Another objective of this invention is to provide a three-zone (carbonization, activation, and coating) control system capable of producing products in separate zones, and based on this, a system for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste is provided.

[0015] Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing carbon materials by comprehensively applying the above-mentioned compatibility model and system.

[0016] To achieve the above objectives, the specific technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: This invention discloses a compatibility model, system, and method for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste.

[0017] This invention discloses a compatibility model for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste: include: First, the main product direction is determined based on the K / Si molar ratio of the raw materials; When K / Si < 0.2, it is the silicon-carbon orientation; When 0.2≤K / Si≤0.4, it is the hard carbon direction; When K / Si > 0.4, it is the direction of activated carbon; Second, determine the theoretical capacity of the final product based on the C / Si mass ratio of the raw materials; The C / Si ratio ranges from 2.4 to 8; Third, the ash melting point (ST) is tested based on the Al / Si mass ratio to check operational safety; The minimum is Al / Si > 0.3; The optimal ratio is Al / Si > 0.42; Fourth, based on the ratio of volatile carbon to fixed carbon (Vad / FCad) of the raw materials, it can be determined whether the system can supply its own energy, that is, whether it does not need to provide an additional carbon source as the energy source for combustion. At the same time, this indicator can also be used to predict the quality of gas production. The Vad / FCad ratio ranges from 1.5 to 4.0; Among them, the method used to test volatile carbon and fixed carbon (Vad / FCad) is the code for fixed carbon and volatile matter.

[0018] Fifth, determine the amount of dolomite to be added based on the ash content, K2O content, and target SiO2 mass content of the raw materials. Dolomite addition (Wd): Silicon-Carbon (SiC) route: Wd=max(Ash×ωK2O×3.0, 6.67×Sitarget%×(1-γ) ω is the mass fraction of K2O in the ash.

[0019] Sitarget is the target silicon content.

[0020] Hard carbon (HC) / capacitor carbon (AC-HP) / activated carbon (AC-Ads) route: Wd=Ash×ωK2O×F F is an empirical coefficient of 2.0-3.0.

[0021] Sixth, determine the amount of aluminosilicate to be added based on the Al and Si content of the raw materials. Aluminosilicate ore addition (Wal): Activated carbon (AC-Cat) route: Wal=(|0.42-R Al / Si | / 0.30)×15 R Al / Si It is the symbol for the Al / Si mass ratio.

[0022] γ is the carbon contribution coefficient.

[0023] If R{Al / Si}<0.35, Rec should be selected.

[0024] If R{Al / Si}>0.40, kaolin (Kao) should be selected.

[0025] The following section covers the verification and fine-tuning of the general formula: First, determine the self-sufficiency threshold based on the raw material Vad and FCad: Vadcritical > 68 + 0.8 × (15 - FCad) After meeting the critical value requirement, continue the evaluation: The criterion for judgment is that Vad > Vadcritical.

[0026] Second, the process temperature model: Activation temperature of negative electrode material (SiC / HC): Tprocess=880+40×R K / Si .

[0027] Formula for activation temperature of activated carbon (AC): Tactivation = 800 + 20 (H2O%).

[0028] Third, the atmosphere control formula: Atmosphere control formula: CO2 / (CO+H2)=18-0.02×(Vad / FCad)±Δ (Δ is the plastic adjustment term) Fourth, ash melting point safety verification: Ash melting point safety verification: STpredicted=1080+25(S+A)-12(K+N)+50Wd+120γWal Requirements: STpredicted > Tprocess + 100°C STpredicted is the ash melting point temperature value; S+A represents the component content of (SiO2+Al2O3) by mass ratio; K+N represents the component content in the mass ratio of (K2O+Na2O); This invention also discloses a system for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste: The system includes an integrated furnace, comprising a furnace body. The furnace body contains a carbonization zone, an activation zone, and a coating zone. The carbonization zone is connected to at least one first burner, and the activation zone is connected to at least one second burner. The furnace body has an exhaust channel that communicates with the carbonization zone, activation zone, and coating zone. Combustion gases pass through the burners in the carbonization zone, activation zone, and coating zone, and are discharged outside the furnace body through the exhaust channel. The exhaust channel is connected to a first gas storage tank and a second gas storage tank via a gas processing system. The first gas storage tank stores oxidizing gases rich in CO2, and the second gas storage tank stores reducing gases primarily composed of CO + H2 + CH4. The second gas storage tank is connected to the coating zone for chemical vapor deposition coating. The first burner is connected to both the first and second gas storage tanks, and the second burner is also connected to both the first and second gas storage tanks. The integrated furnace is also equipped with a control system designed based on the judgment logic of a compatibility model. Through the control system, parameters can be preset to automatically start and stop the integrated furnace.

[0029] Specifically, the carbonization zone, activation zone, and coating zone are distributed sequentially from top to bottom in an integrated furnace.

[0030] Specifically, the outlet of the exhaust channel is located at the top of the furnace body.

[0031] Specifically, the first burner and the second burner are identical in construction, both including: The furnace comprises a central channel, a first annular channel, a second annular channel, and a third annular channel arranged coaxially. The central channel can be used to introduce ignition gas for furnace start-up. The first annular channel is connected to a second gas storage tank and is used to introduce reducing gas. The second annular channel can be used to introduce pure oxygen. The third annular channel is connected to the first and second gas storage tanks respectively through proportional valves, and can introduce a mixture of CO2-rich oxidizing gas and reducing gas mainly composed of CO+H2+CH4+C2H4 according to a target ratio. These gases can also be used as cooling balance gas.

[0032] Specifically, the gas treatment system includes a dust removal unit, a cooling unit, a purification unit, and a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) device. After passing through the gas treatment system, the gas can be separated into an oxidizing gas rich in CO2 and a reducing gas mainly composed of CO+H2+CH4, for recycling.

[0033] This invention also discloses a method for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste: S1: Raw material standardization and multi-dimensional intelligent formulation The dry basis composition parameters of agricultural waste, forestry waste, resin waste and plastic waste were determined by industrial analysis, elemental analysis and ash composition analysis of raw materials, including ash content (Ash%), percentage of K2O, SiO2 and Al2O3 in ash, fixed carbon (FCad%), volatile matter (Vad%), and a raw material composition database was established.

[0034] Using the potassium-silicon molar ratio (K / Si) as the core criterion, and combining it with the carbon-silicon mass ratio (C / Si), aluminum-silicon mass ratio (Al / Si), and volatile matter to fixed carbon ratio (Vad / FCad), a four-dimensional intelligent compatibility decision-making system is constructed. This system outputs the optimal raw material compatibility ratio and generates process route codes (SIC-silicon-carbon, HC-hard carbon, AC-activated carbon). Based on these process route codes, the amount of dolomite or silica-alumina ore added is determined using the calculation formulas described in the aforementioned weights to achieve potassium fixation, refining, or magnesian thermal reduction.

[0035] S2: Raw material pretreatment and mixing Based on the compatibility results, the raw materials are crushed, pre-treated and mixed, and then granulated together with the calculated proportion of dolomite to form uniform raw material particles.

[0036] S3: Integrated carbonization-activation-coating conversion and three-zone atmosphere control The prepared mixture is fed into an integrated carbonization, activation, and coating reaction system. The material moves from top to bottom within the system, sequentially passing through three zones with independently and precisely controlled temperatures and atmospheres: Carbonization zone (500℃-700℃): Strong reducing carbonization gas synthesized from self-produced pyrolysis gas with a CO+H2 volume concentration >85% is introduced to initially pyrolyze and carbonize the material, forming a preliminary carbon skeleton and effectively inhibiting tar formation.

[0037] Activation zone (700℃-950℃): Introduced with CO2 and H2O synthesized from self-produced pyrolysis gas, with an adjustable CO2 to H2O ratio (R... C / W A weak oxidizing activating gas (R). Through precise control of R... C / W Proportion, to achieve synergistic activation to directionally regulate pore size distribution: when R C / W When R > 7:3, it tends to form micropores, which is suitable for capacitor carbon; when R C / WWhen the ratio is less than 1:1, it tends to form mesoporous structures, suitable for adsorption / catalytic carbon. In this region, the added dolomite undergoes decomposition and magnesothermic reduction reaction (SiO2 + 2Mg → 2MgO + Si), generating nano-silicon particles in situ (for the silicon-carbon (SIC) route).

[0038] Coating zone (500℃-700℃): The high-temperature material is cooled to this temperature range and directly introduced with self-produced cracked gas rich in hydrocarbons such as CH4 and C2H4 to perform chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to form a dense amorphous carbon coating layer on the surface of the carbon material, which effectively improves the conductivity and cycle stability of silicon-carbon materials.

[0039] S4: Gas Handling and Closed-Loop Circulation All the pyrolysis gas generated during the reaction process, along with the process gas (process pyrolysis gas), is extracted and, after passing through dust removal, cooling, and purification devices, is introduced into a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit for separation, yielding a first gas stream mainly composed of CO2 and a second gas stream mainly composed of CO+H2+CH4+C2H4, which are then stored in separate gas storage tanks. These two gas streams serve as fuel and reaction gas sources, respectively, and are delivered to a coaxial four-channel burner as needed to synthesize the atmosphere required for each process stage, achieving maximum recycling of energy and materials within the system.

[0040] Specifically, it also includes the following steps: S5: Product Post-processing After being coated, the solid material is discharged from the system and undergoes acid washing (to remove catalyst and impurities) or non-acid washing, cooling, drying, and sieving to obtain the final hard carbon, carbon anode carbon material, or activated carbon product.

[0041] The system and method for preparing carbon materials from multi-source solid waste provided by this invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings: Attached Figure Description

[0042] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system structure in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0043] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the burner in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

[0044] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 10 Furnace body, 20 carbonization zones 30 activation zones 40 coverage areas 501 First burner, 502 Second burner, 53 Central channel, 54 First annular channel, 55 Second annular channel, 56 Third annular channel, 601 First Gas Storage Tank, 602 Second Gas Storage Tank 70 Pressure Swing Adsorption Unit 80 Exhaust channel outlet.

[0045] like Figure 1 As shown, the system of the present invention includes an integrated furnace 10, the furnace body of which is divided into a carbonization zone 20, an activation zone 30, and a coating zone 40. The carbonization zone 20 is connected to at least one first burner 501, and the activation zone 30 is connected to at least one second burner 502. An exhaust channel outlet 80 is provided at the top of the furnace body, communicating with the carbonization zone 20, activation zone 30, and coating zone 40, for exporting process gas. The exhaust channel is connected to a gas treatment system (including dust removal, cooling, and purification units) and a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) device 70. The PSA device 70 separates the treated gas into a first gas stream rich in CO2 and a second gas stream rich in CO, H2, CH4, and C2H4, which are stored in a first gas storage tank 601 and a second gas storage tank 602, respectively. The first burner 501 and the second burner 502 are connected to the first gas storage tank 601 and the second gas storage tank 602, respectively, to obtain gas in a proportional manner for preparing the process atmosphere. The second gas storage tank 602 is also directly connected to the covering zone 40 to provide the reducing gas required for chemical vapor deposition.

[0046] like Figure 2 As shown, both the first burner 501 and the second burner 502 are coaxial multi-channel burners, comprising, from the inside out, a central channel 53, a first annular channel 54, a second annular channel 55, and a third annular channel 56. The central channel 53 is used to introduce ignition gas for system startup; the first annular channel 54 is connected to the second gas storage tank 602 and is used to introduce reducing gas; the second annular channel 55 is used to introduce pure oxygen; the third annular channel 56 is connected to the first gas storage tank 601 and the second gas storage tank 602 via proportional valves, and is used to introduce a mixture of oxidizing and reducing gases as a cooling balance gas to precisely regulate the composition and temperature of the output gas.

[0047] The process flow of this invention specifically includes the following steps: S1: Raw Material Standardization and Multidimensional Intelligent Blending. Through industrial analysis, elemental analysis, and ash content analysis of raw materials, their dry basis composition parameters (such as ash content, K2O, SiO2, Al2O3 content, fixed carbon, and volatile matter) are determined, and a database is established. Based on the blending model, with the K / Si molar ratio as the core, combined with C / Si, Al / Si, and Vad / FCad, the optimal raw material blending ratio and process route code (such as SiC, HC, AC) are output, and the amount of dolomite or silica-alumina ore added is calculated.

[0048] S2: Raw material pretreatment and mixing. Based on the compatibility results, the raw materials are pretreated by crushing and washing, and then mixed with additives (such as dolomite) in a calculated ratio to form uniform raw material particles.

[0049] S3: Integrated Conversion of Carbonization, Activation, and Coating with Three-Zone Atmosphere Control. The mixed materials are fed into the integrated furnace 10, passing sequentially from top to bottom through the carbonization zone 20, activation zone 30, and coating zone 40. In the carbonization zone 20 (500℃-700℃), a strongly reducing carbonization gas (CO+H2 volume concentration >85%) prepared by the first burner 501 is introduced for preliminary cracking and carbonization. In the activation zone 30 (700℃-950℃), a weakly oxidizing activation gas (CO2 to H2O ratio adjustable, pore size distribution directionally controlled by the RC / W ratio) prepared by the second burner 502 is introduced for activation; for the silicon-carbon anode route, dolomite undergoes a magnesothermic reduction reaction here, generating nano-silicon particles in situ. In the coating zone 40 (500℃-700℃), a reducing gas rich in CH4 and C2H4 from the second gas storage tank 602 is introduced for chemical vapor deposition coating.

[0050] S4: Gas treatment and closed-loop circulation. The process gas generated by the reaction is discharged through the exhaust channel, and after being dusted, cooled and purified by the gas treatment system, it enters the pressure swing adsorption unit 70 for separation and purification to obtain the first gas flow (rich in CO2) and the second gas flow (rich in CO, H2, CH4, C2H4), which are stored in the first gas storage tank 601 and the second gas storage tank 602 respectively, and are recycled for the burner and the coating zone to achieve a closed loop of materials and energy.

[0051] S5: Post-processing of products. The solid material discharged from the coating area is acid-washed (or non-acid-washed), cooled, dried and screened to obtain the final carbon material product (such as silicon-carbon anode, hard carbon anode, capacitor carbon or adsorption carbon).

[0052] This process achieves flexible and high-value conversion of multi-source solid waste through intelligent matching and an integrated system. At the same time, it ensures the consistency of product performance and minimizes energy consumption through precise control of gas circulation and atmosphere.

[0053] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: 1. Extremely adaptable to raw materials: Through a four-dimensional (K / Si, C / Si, Al / Si, Vad / FCad) compatibility model, an intelligent decision-making system is formed, which can digest agricultural, forestry, resin and plastic multi-source solid waste with complex and varied composition, and transform waste with different characteristics into the most suitable high-value products, solving the problem of composition fluctuation from the source and ensuring stable product quality.

[0054] 2. In terms of process flow, energy consumption is significantly reduced: continuous integrated production of carbonization, activation and coating is achieved, reducing energy consumption by more than 40% and greatly improving efficiency.

[0055] 3. High-value utilization of gaseous products: Transform process pyrolysis gas from "fuel" into "raw material" for the production of carbonization gas, activation gas and coating gas, respectively, maximizing its value.

[0056] 4. Controllable Aperture Orientation: This invention proposes and realizes precise control of the CO2 / H2O ratio (R0). C / W This method uses synergistic activation and directional control of pore size distribution, breaking the limitation of traditional physical activation methods that result in products with only one function.

[0057] 5. Solving the problem of slagging in agricultural and forestry waste: Through the triple protection of "water washing to reduce potassium + blending and dilution + dolomite (silica-alumina ore) to fix potassium", it can operate safely and stably at high temperatures.

[0058] 6. Precise and scientific formulation: A pioneering approach using R... K / Si The digital compatibility model with intelligent judgment criteria enables precise and predictable control over product type (silicon-carbon / hard carbon / activated carbon) and performance from the source, ensuring the consistency and predictability of product performance from the source, and solving the problem of large fluctuations in the composition of biomass raw materials.

[0059] 7. Raw Material and Reaction Innovation: By precisely controlling the reaction path through compatibility calculations, dolomite simultaneously achieves the dual functions of "potassium fixation and melting" and "magnesothermic reduction to produce silicon," achieving two major functions in one go. Different quantitative calculation formulas have been established, with a clear technical path and strong operability. It is green and efficient, avoiding the drawbacks of traditional methods.

[0060] 8. System Integration and Energy Closed Loop: The three processes of carbonization, activation and coating are integrated into a single device (integrated furnace). Through coaxial multi-channel burner technology, the process cracking gas generated by the material itself is used as the only fuel and reaction gas source. The different atmospheres and temperatures required for each process section are precisely proportioned, realizing the self-circulation and closed loop of materials and energy within the system. The energy consumption is extremely low and there is no waste gas emission.

[0061] 9. Precise and controllable atmosphere: Through a coaxial four-channel burner and proportional control valve, the composition (ratio of CO2, H2O, CO, H2, CH4, C2H4) and temperature of the output gas can be precisely controlled. This allows for precise regulation of the carbonization temperature and degree, the activation etching intensity and pore size distribution, and the quality and density of the coating layer. It also enables precise control of the pore structure and surface chemistry of the carbon material. This is a prerequisite for producing high-performance, highly consistent products.

[0062] 10. Superior Product Performance: In-situ magnesium thermal reduction and CVD coating technology effectively solve the volume expansion problem of silicon-carbon anodes; precise atmosphere control ensures the consistency of product structure, and the prepared materials exhibit excellent electrochemical and adsorption properties. The silicon-carbon materials produced by this method have good silicon-carbon bonding, well-developed pore structure, and a uniform and dense coating layer, exhibiting high specific capacity, high initial efficiency, and excellent cycle stability.

[0063] 11. Green and environmentally friendly: No wastewater is generated throughout the entire process, and exhaust gas emissions are near zero. This completely solves the problem of alkali metal slagging and realizes the high-value, harmless, and resource-based utilization of solid waste.

[0064] In summary, this invention constructs a complete technological closed loop from molecular-level compatibility to system-level industrial control. It is not merely a process, but also a highly intelligent industrial platform that allows for the rapid generation of optimal formulations and process parameters based on the raw material endowments of different regions, stably producing high-performance, low-cost carbon materials with high conversion value and promising industrialization prospects. Detailed Implementation

[0065] The present invention will be further explained and described below through specific embodiments. It should be understood that the purpose of the following embodiments is to make the technical solution of the present invention clearer and easier to understand, and does not limit the scope of protection of the claims.

[0066] The present invention will be further described below through specific embodiments.

[0067] Example This embodiment provides a compatibility model, system, and method for preparing carbon materials using multi-source solid waste.

[0068] This invention reveals the characteristics of four types of raw materials: agricultural waste (high potassium silicon), forestry waste (high carbon aluminum), resin (low ash, high carbon), and plastics (high to medium porosity potential). It establishes a four-dimensional index decision system (K / Si, C / Si, Al / Si, Vad / FCad). The system uses an innovative "coaxial multi-channel burner" and "carbonization-activation-coating integrated furnace" to purify, cool, and clean the pyrolysis gas and process gas of the materials themselves. After PSA separation, the gas is used as an energy and reaction gas source. Through precise control of the CO2 / H2O synergistic activation and reduction / deposition atmosphere, the system achieves controllable preparation of microporous, mesoporous, silicon-carbon / hard carbon / capacitive carbon / activated carbon, ultimately forming a highly efficient, energy-saving, and flexibly switchable closed-loop production system.

[0069] The technical solution of the present invention is as follows: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing flexible carbon materials, comprising the following steps: S1: Raw material standardization and multi-dimensional intelligent formulation Dry basis composition parameters of agricultural waste, forestry waste, resin waste, and plastic waste were determined through industrial analysis, elemental analysis, and ash composition analysis of raw materials. These parameters included ash content (Ash%), percentages of K2O, SiO2, and Al2O3 in the ash, fixed carbon (FCad%), and volatile matter (Vad%), and a raw material composition database was established. Using the potassium-silicon molar ratio (K / Si) as the core criterion, a four-dimensional intelligent compatibility decision system was constructed, combining the carbon-silicon mass ratio (C / Si), aluminum-silicon mass ratio (Al / Si), and the volatile matter to fixed carbon ratio (Vad / FCad). This system outputs the optimal raw material compatibility ratio and generates process route codes (SIC-silicon-carbon, HC-hard carbon, AC-activated carbon). Based on these process route codes, different calculation formulas were used to determine the amount of dolomite or silica-alumina ore to be added, in order to achieve potassium fixation, remelting, or magnesian thermal reduction.

[0070] S2: Raw material pretreatment and mixing Based on the compatibility results, the raw materials are crushed, pre-treated and mixed, and then granulated together with the calculated proportion of dolomite to form uniform raw material particles.

[0071] S3: Integrated carbonization-activation-coating conversion and three-zone atmosphere control The well-mixed materials are fed into an integrated carbonization, activation, and coating reaction system, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the material moves from top to bottom in the system, sequentially passing through three zones with independently and precisely controlled temperatures and atmospheres: Carbonization zone (500℃-700℃): Strong reducing carbonization gas synthesized from self-produced pyrolysis gas with a CO+H2 volume concentration >85% is introduced to initially pyrolyze and carbonize the material, forming a preliminary carbon skeleton and effectively inhibiting tar formation.

[0072] Activation zone (700℃-950℃): Introduced with CO2 and H2O synthesized from self-produced pyrolysis gas, with an adjustable CO2 to H2O ratio (R... C / W A weak oxidizing activating gas (R). Through precise control of R... C / W Proportion, to achieve synergistic activation to directionally regulate pore size distribution: when R C / W When R > 7:3, it tends to form micropores, which is suitable for capacitor carbon; when R C / W When the ratio is less than 1:1, it tends to form mesoporous structures, suitable for adsorption / catalytic carbon. In this region, the added dolomite undergoes decomposition and magnesothermic reduction reaction (SiO2 + 2Mg → 2MgO + Si), generating nano-silicon particles in situ (for the silicon-carbon (SIC) route).

[0073] Coating zone (500℃-700℃): The high-temperature material is cooled to this temperature range and directly introduced with self-produced cracked gas rich in hydrocarbons such as CH4 and C2H4 to perform chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to form a dense amorphous carbon coating layer on the surface of the carbon material, which effectively improves the conductivity and cycle stability of silicon-carbon materials.

[0074] S4: Gas Handling and Closed-Loop Circulation All the pyrolysis gas generated during the reaction process, along with the process gas (process pyrolysis gas), is extracted and, after passing through dust removal, cooling, and purification devices, is introduced into a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit for separation, yielding a first gas stream mainly composed of CO2 and a second gas stream mainly composed of CO+H2+CH4+C2H4, which are then stored in separate gas storage tanks. These two gas streams serve as fuel and reaction gas sources, respectively, and are delivered to a coaxial four-channel burner as needed to synthesize the atmosphere required for each process stage, achieving maximum recycling of energy and materials within the system.

[0075] S5: Product Post-processing After being coated, the solid material is discharged from the system and undergoes acid washing (to remove catalyst and impurities) or non-acid washing, cooling, drying, and sieving to obtain the final hard carbon, carbon anode carbon material, or activated carbon product.

[0076] Secondly, the present invention provides a self-powered integrated production system implementing the above method, comprising: Blending and mixing device: used for crushing, blending and granulation of raw materials.

[0077] Carbonization-activation-coating integrated furnace: The furnace body is divided into a pyrolysis carbonization zone, an activation zone and a coating zone from top to bottom, and each zone is equipped with an independent air inlet and temperature control system.

[0078] Gas handling system: The dust collector, cooler, purification device, PSA purification device, first gas storage tank (rich in CO2) and second gas storage tank (rich in CO+H2+CH4, etc.) are sequentially connected to the outlet of the integrated furnace.

[0079] like Figure 2 As shown, a coaxial four-channel burner is provided: at least two burners are configured, including a first burner and a second burner, corresponding to the carbonization zone and the activation zone, respectively. Each burner includes at least: Central channel: used to supply ignition gas (for boiler start-up); First annular channel: connected to the second gas storage tank, through which reducing gas is introduced as combustion gas; Second annular channel: used to introduce pure oxygen; The third annular channel is connected to the first and second gas storage tanks via a proportional valve. It is used to introduce cooling balance gas to precisely adjust the composition (such as the CO2 / H2O ratio) and temperature of the output process gas.

[0080] Control system: Receives raw material compatibility data and generated process route codes, automatically calculates and controls the gas ratio and flow rate of each burner channel, as well as the temperature of each zone of the integrated furnace, to achieve flexible switching of production modes.

[0081] Detailed description of the invention: I. Functional Combination and Four-Dimensional Decision-Making System for Multi-Source Solid Waste By establishing a raw material composition database covering agricultural waste, forestry waste, thermosetting resin waste, and thermoplastic plastic waste, the raw materials are functionally classified based on industrial analysis, elemental analysis, and ash content analysis.

[0082] The established database of agricultural raw material varieties includes: rice husks, wheat straw, reeds, switchgrass, miscanthus, sugarcane leaves, sugarcane bagasse, peanut shells, cassava residue, sweet potato residue, coconut shells, palm shells, olive residue, coffee shells, rice straw, sunflower seed shells, almond shells, walnut shells, cotton stalks, corn cobs, corn stalks, wheat straw, tobacco stalks, soybean stalks, rapeseed stalks, distiller's grains, Chinese medicinal herb residue, etc. The established database of forestry waste raw material types includes: bamboo, moso bamboo, nan bamboo, eucalyptus, poplar, paulownia, fir, pine, oak, birch, oak, paper mulberry, elm, maple, pear, apple, jujube, lychee, longan, walnut, Masson pine, red pine, spruce, beech, orange, willow, ginkgo, peach, etc. Establish a database of thermosetting resin waste: phenolic resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane foam, unsaturated polyester resin, etc.; establish a database of thermoplastic plastics: polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc.

[0083] First, the materials are classified based on industrial analysis, elemental analysis, and ash content analysis. Second, they are formulated according to product performance and process requirements. Then, dolomite is proportioned according to the production process requirements of silicon-carbon, hard carbon, and capacitive carbon for potassium fixation and smelting, magnesium vapor reduction, and physical activation atmosphere. Adjustments are made to process temperature control and safe operation. Based on self-powered energy calculations, dolomite potassium fixation and smelting calculations, dolomite magnesium vapor reduction of silica calculations, and magnesium vapor activation atmosphere calculations, the CO2 / CO+H2+CH4+C2H4 ratio and the CO:H2+CH4 ratio are calculated. Activation reaction temperature and safe ash melting point are also calculated, or the raw material formulation and process parameters for potassium fixation and smelting of silicon-aluminum ore are calculated according to activated carbon production process requirements. Based on theoretical calculations, parameters are summarized, and then a formulaic empirical fitting is performed. A certain range of empirical automated fitting calculation model is then provided. Different raw material proportions are formulated according to the calculation model formulas. This transition from traditional empirical proportioning to model-calculated proportioning achieves stable product performance through model-based formulation. The shift from simple raw material mixing to precise material design based on chemometrics is key to achieving large-scale, economical industrial production of biomass-derived char materials.

[0084] 1. Raw Material Classification and Blending: Based on the characteristics of the raw materials in the database above, they are divided into six categories for compatibility purposes: G1: High-silicon potassium raw material (silicon source) Features: High ash content (>10%), high SiO2 (>50%), high K2O Examples: rice husks, rice straw, wheat straw, wheat husks Function: Provides core silicon source and natural potassium catalyst.

[0085] G2: Aluminum-rich conditioning raw material (aluminum source) Characteristics: Low to medium ash content, with a high Al2O3 content (>10%) in the ash. Examples: peanut shells, coffee husks, cotton stalks Function: Provides natural Al2O3, increases the Al / Si ratio, and ensures safe operation.

[0086] G3: High-carbon framework raw materials (carbon source and diluent) Features: Low ash content (<5%), high fixed carbon Examples: wood chips, bamboo powder, coconut shells, almond shells Function: Provides a carbon skeleton and efficiently dilutes total ash and potassium content.

[0087] G4: High-potassium auxiliary ingredient (use with caution) Features: Extremely high K2O content Examples: tobacco stalks, cassava residue, sugarcane leaves Function: Used to adjust the C / Si ratio in special circumstances.

[0088] G5: Capacitor carbon source (thermosetting resin waste) Features: extremely low ash content (<3%), high fixed carbon (>40%), ultra-high carbon yield, and dense structure.

[0089] Examples include: waste phenolic resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin and their products (such as circuit board scraps and refractory waste).

[0090] Function: It provides a pure carbon source and is a top-tier precursor for preparing high-performance capacitor carbon. Its low ash content is key to ensuring the electrochemical performance of capacitor carbon.

[0091] G6: Pore-forming agents and composite carbon sources (thermoplastic waste) Features: High volatile matter (>80%), extremely low ash content (<1%), and pores are formed during pyrolysis.

[0092] Examples: Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene (PE), Polystyrene (PS), PET bottle flakes.

[0093] Its functions are as follows: As a pore-forming agent: pyrolysis generates a large amount of volatiles, leaving abundant mesopores (2-50nm) in the carbon framework, which greatly optimizes the pore size distribution; As a supplementary carbon source: it provides additional fixed carbon and improves yield; As a reducing atmosphere enhancer: the large amount of reducing gases such as CH4, C2H4, and H2 produced by pyrolysis can be used for atmosphere control.

[0094] Its cracked gas (rich in C2H4 and CH4) is a carbon source for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to coat the surface of carbon materials.

[0095] G7 (This part is not solid waste raw material, but a new material component that needs to be added, so G1-G6 are one unit and G7 is a separate unit): Additives: Microporous silicon carbon / hard carbon / capacitive carbon / alkaline activated carbon: dolomite; Mesoporous macroporous amphoteric activated carbon: kaolin, palygorskite, halloysite, bentonite.

[0096] Compatibility Principles and Strategies Compatibility principle Objective Principle: Adopt a multi-component compounding model based on "functional compatibility + target product orientation". Raw material matching principle: Follow the core principle of "differentiated utilization and making the best use of resources".

[0097] Adjusting the process principle: Following the core principles of "reducing potassium, stabilizing silicon, adjusting carbon, and gas filling to create pores" to achieve functional complementarity.

[0098] Compatibility strategy: Silicon-carbon / hard carbon route: adopting the "G1+G2 / G3+G5+G6" compound model.

[0099] The addition of G5 (resin) can increase the fixed carbon content, reduce the overall ash content, and improve the electrode processing performance.

[0100] The addition of G6 (plastic) can increase the volatile matter in the mixture, ensure the system's self-powering capability, and provide an additional reducing atmosphere and CVD carbon source.

[0101] Capacitor carbon route: G5 (resin) is the main raw material (>70%), and a small amount of G3 (wood chips) can be mixed in to adjust costs, but the total ash content must be strictly controlled to <5%. This route should avoid using G1 and G2 type raw materials with high ash content.

[0102] Adsorbed carbon route: adopts the "G1+G6" or "G1+G3+G6" model. G1 provides the initial pores and silicon source, and G6 is used as the main pore-forming agent. Its high volatile content characteristics create a well-developed mesoporous structure during the activation stage.

[0103] Food and pharmaceutical activated carbon route: G3 (wood chips) and G5 (resin) are the main raw materials, and a small amount of G6 (plastic) can be added as a pore-forming agent, but the total ash content must be strictly controlled to <2%.

[0104] Four-dimensional control indicators and four-dimensional indicator decision-making process: First dimension: K / Si molar ratio: determines the main product direction (K / Si<0.2→silicon-carbon; 0.2≤K / Si≤0.4→hard carbon; K / Si>0.4→activated carbon).

[0105] Second dimension: C / Si mass ratio: Verifies the theoretical capacity and yield of the final product. C / Si mass ratio: 2.4-8 (determines the theoretical capacity of the final product).

[0106] Third dimension: Al / Si mass ratio: Verify ash melting point (ST) and operational safety. Al / Si mass ratio: >0.3 (minimum safety limit, strive to reach >0.42 through material adjustment to ensure safe ash melting point).

[0107] Fourth dimension: Vad / FCad ratio: Volatile fixed carbon ratio (Vad / FCad): 1.5-4.0, to verify the system's self-power balance and gas production quality.

[0108] Follow these principles: 1) For silicon-carbon anodes: SiO2 mass percentage of dry-basis raw materials: 5-8%; silicon content: 10-15% of finished product mass; For hard carbon anodes: SiO2 mass percentage of dry-basis raw materials: less than 5%; 2) Ash content < 5%, K2O < 1.5% → preferentially enters the capacitor carbon route; 3) Total ash content control: Under the above conditions, reduce the total ash content to around 10% as much as possible to reduce pickling costs; 4) Resin-plastic addition ratio: 5-30% (depending on product functional requirements).

[0109] Intelligent compatibility model: Input raw material database composition parameters, and the system automatically calculates the optimal compatibility ratio according to the target product type, and outputs the process route code (SIC / HC / AC) and the amount of dolomite or aluminosilicate ore to be added.

[0110] Integrated systems and flexible production models: The system can automatically switch to a preset mode based on the process route code: SIC mode: focuses on magnesium vapor reduction in the high-temperature activation zone and subsequent CVD coating.

[0111] HC mode: focuses on potassium-catalyzed pore formation and mesopore development in the mesophilic carbonization zone and subsequent CVD coating.

[0112] AC mode: focuses on precise control of the CO2 / H2O ratio in the activation zone (capacitor carbon: CO2 is the main component; adsorbent carbon: H2O is the main component).

[0113] 3. Mathematical Model and Calculation Process for Raw Material Compatibility Step 1: Determine the product roadmap and objectives (SIC / HC / AC) Based on market demand, determine the production of silicon-carbon anodes (SIC), hard carbon anodes (HC), capacitor carbon (AC-HP), and adsorption carbon (AC). Step 2: Set the initial compatibility ratio Based on the product roadmap, select the appropriate raw material combination and initial ratio. Step 3: Calculate the amount of additive to add. 1. Calculate the amount of dolomite to be added (magnesium vapor reduction, pure carbon is easy to acid wash). 1) Silicon-Carbon (SiC) route: Wd = max(Ash × ωK₂O × 3.0, 6.67 × Sitarget% × (1-γ)) 2) Hard carbon (HC) / capacitor carbon (AC-HP) / activated carbon (AC-Ads) route: Wd=Ash×ωK2O×F (F is an empirical coefficient of 2.0-3.0) 2. Calculate the amount of silica-alumina ore to be added (functional framework, aluminosilicates are insoluble in acid and do not require acid washing). Activated carbon (AC-Cat) route: Wal=(|0.42-R Al / Si | / 0.30)×15 If R{Al / Si} < 0.35, select rectorite (Rec).

[0114] If R{Al / Si} > 0.40, select kaolin (Kao).

[0115] Among them, 6.67 is an empirical coefficient based on stoichiometry and engineering margin; γ (carbon contribution coefficient): The value range is 0.1 - 0.3. It represents the contribution rate of G5 (resin) and G6 (plastic) to the final fixed carbon. Since they provide an additional carbon source and do not require dolomite to provide magnesium to reduce this part of carbon, the dosage of dolomite can be reduced accordingly. The γ value is determined by calculation, which is the ratio of the fixed carbon of G5 (resin) and G6 (plastic) to the total fixed carbon after compatibility.

[0116] F (empirical coefficient): It can be fine-tuned to 2.0 - 3.0. Because the addition of G5 / G6 reduces the ash content and potassium content of the mixture per unit mass, the potassium fixation pressure is reduced and 2.5 can be taken Step 4: Verification and fine-tuning of the general formula 1. Self-powered critical value: Vadcritical > 68 + 0.8×(15 - FCad) Requirement: Vad > Vadcritical.

[0117] Meaning: Judge whether the volatile matter (Vad) of the raw material can meet the self-energy consumption of the system. Application: If the raw material Vad < Vadcritical, it is necessary to blend high-volatile raw materials such as thermoplastics or fine-tune the ratio, and increase the auxiliary materials or conditioning materials with high Vad.

[0118] 2. Process temperature model: 1) Activation temperature of the anode material (SIC / HC): Tprocess = 880 + 40×R K / Si . <00−00410>Meaning: Determine the optimal carbonization temperature. Potassium is a catalyst, and the higher its content, the lower the required reaction temperature.

[0120] Application: Used to set the outlet temperature of the second burner (activation zone temperature). This value is subsequently used for ash melting point verification 2) Activation temperature formula of activated carbon (AC): Tactivation = 800 + 20(H2O%).

[0121] To increase the H2O ratio, the temperature needs to be appropriately reduced to prevent over-etching.

[0122] 3. Atmosphere control formula: CO2 / (CO + H2) = 18 - 0.02×(Vad / FCad) ± Δ (Δ is the plastic adjustment term) Extension of process atmosphere control: The CO2 / H2O ratio in the activation zone (R) C / W Regulation strategy: When the target product is capacitor carbon (mainly G5 resin): adopt the CO2-dominant mode (R C / W =8:2~7:3), strongly inhibiting the pore-expanding effect of H2O, prioritizing the development of micropores, and pursuing ultra-high specific surface area (>2500m²). 2 / g).

[0123] When the target product is adsorbent / catalytic carbon (blended with G6 plastic): The H2O-dominant mode is adopted (R... C / W =3:7~5:5), utilizing the pore-expanding effect of H2O in synergy with the pore-forming effect of plastics, a pore size distribution dominated by mesopores is constructed.

[0124] 4. Ash melting point safety verification: STpredicted=1080+25(S+A)-12(K+N)+50Wd+120γWal.

[0125] Requirements: STpredicted > Tprocess + 100°C.

[0126] Significance: Final security check.

[0127] To predict the ash melting point of the mixture, the following must be met: STpredicted>Tprocess+100°C If not, and STpredicted is low: prioritize adjusting compatibility; Explanation: S+A(SiO2+Al2O3); K+N(K2O+Na2O); Wd: dolomite addition; Wal: bauxite addition; γ: availability coefficient (attapulgite ≈ 0.7, kaolinite ≈ 0.85). In the optimized scheme, in the silicon-carbon / hard carbon route: the Wal term is usually 0. In the activated carbon route: the Wd term is usually 0.

[0128] II. Adjustment of the Matching Mathematical Model and Calculation Process 1. Determine the initial ratio: for example, G1:G3:G5:G6=50:20:15:15.

[0129] 2. Calculate the composition of the mixture: K / Si, C / Si, Al / Si, Vad / FCad.

[0130] 3. Verify the fourth dimension indicator: Calculate Vad / FCad to verify energy balance. If not, prioritize adjusting the proportion of G6.

[0131] 4. Calculate dolomite: Use the above formula, where γ is 0.2.

[0132] 5. Verification of general formulas: Process temperature, atmosphere control, and ash melting point verification procedures.

[0133] III. Corresponding Adjustments to Production Processes Energy utilization: The addition of G6 (plastic) significantly increases the volatile matter content of the mixture, making the system more energy-efficient and even enabling external energy supply.

[0134] Activation atmosphere: G6 cracking produces a large amount of hydrocarbon gas. In the activation zone, it is necessary to appropriately increase the CO2 supply ratio (by adjusting the burner) to maintain the CO2 / H2O activation ratio balance and prevent excessive reduction.

[0135] CVD coating: The hydrocarbon-rich gases (CH4, C2H4) generated by G6 pyrolysis greatly enrich the carbon source in the coating region, making the CVD process more efficient. The resulting coated carbon layer is denser and more uniform, which can more effectively suppress silicon expansion and improve the first efficiency.

[0136] Product diversity: By increasing the proportion of G5 (resin), low-ash capacitor carbon can be produced.

[0137] By increasing the proportion of G6 (plastic), adsorbent / catalytic carbon with well-developed mesopores can be produced.

[0138] By adjusting the ratio of G1, G5, and G6, silicon-carbon / hard carbon anodes with different properties can be flexibly produced.

[0139] IV. Examples of Economical Compatibility Compatibility calculation example: Production of mesoporous silicon-carbon anodes Step 1: Determine the target and raw material composition Objective: To produce silicon-carbon materials with abundant mesoporous structure, with a target silicon content of 12%.

[0140] Raw material selection and dry basis composition data: ; Step 2: Calculate the composition of the mixture Calculate the contribution of each component to the mixture and sum them.

[0141] 1. Calculate ash content: WRH contribution: 45% × 19.0% = 8.55% PNS contribution: 20% × 5.5% = 1.10% PW contribution: 15% × 1.2% = 0.18% PF contribution: 10% × 2.0% = 0.20% PP contribution: 10% × 0.5% = 0.05% Ash=8.55%+1.10%+0.18%+0.20%+0.05%=10.08% 2. Calculate fixed carbon (FCad): WRH contribution: 45% × 16.0% = 7.20% PNS contribution: 20% × 50.0% = 10.00% PW contribution: 15% × 48.0% = 7.20% PF contribution: 10% × 50.0% = 5.00% PP contribution: 10% × 5.0% = 0.50% FCad=7.20%+10.00%+7.20%+5.00%+0.50%=29.90% 3. Calculate volatile matter (Vad): WRH contribution: 45% × 65.0% = 29.25% PNS contribution: 20% × 70.0% = 14.00% PW contribution: 15% × 80.0% = 12.00% PF contribution: 10% × 45.0% = 4.50% PP contribution: 10% × 94.5% = 9.45% Vad=29.25%+14.00%+12.00%+4.50%+9.45%=69.20% 4. Calculate the potassium content (K2O): The K2O content is relative to the total mass of the mixture.

[0142] WRH contribution: 45% × 19.0% × 3.5% = 0.299% PNS contribution: 20% × 5.5% × 4.5% = 0.050% PW contribution: 15% × 1.2% × 0.8% = 0.001% (negligible) The contributions of PF and PP are 0.

[0143] K₂O ≈ 0.299% + 0.050% = 0.349% 5. Calculate the silica content (SiO2): The SiO2 content is also relative to the total mass of the mixture.

[0144] WRH contribution: 45% × 19.0% × 60.0% = 5.13% PNS contribution: 20% × 5.5% × 30.0% = 0.33% PW contribution: 15% × 1.2% × 45.0% = 0.08% The contributions of PF and PP are 0.

[0145] SiO2≈5.13%+0.33%+0.08%=5.54% 6. Calculate the alumina content (Al2O3): WRH contribution: 45% × 19.0% × 5.0% = 0.428% PNS contribution: 20% × 5.5% × 12.5% ​​= 0.138% PW contribution: 15% × 1.2% × 10.0% = 0.018% Al₂O₃≈0.428%+0.138%+0.018%=0.584% Step 3: Calculate three-dimensional indicators and process parameters 1. Potassium-silicon molar ratio (K / Si): The number of moles of K = (0.349% / 94) × 10000 = 0.03713 The number of moles of Si = (5.54% / 60) × 10000 = 0.9233 K / Si = 0.03713 / 0.9233 ≈ 0.040 < 0.2 → conforms to the silicon-carbon pathway.

[0146] 2. Aluminum-to-silicon mass ratio (Al / Si): Al / Si = 0.584% / 5.54% ≈ 0.105 < 0.3 (too low, requires potassium fixation and refining via dolomite).

[0147] 3. Carbon-to-silicon mass ratio (C / Si): C / Si = 29.90% / 5.54% ≈ 5.40 (within the ideal range).

[0148] Step 4: Calculate the amount of dolomite added (Wd) Silicon-carbon pathway formula: Wd=max(Ash×ω(K2O)×3.0,6.67×Sitarget%×(1-γ)) Calculate Part 1: Ash×ω(K2O)×3.0=10.08%×(0.349 / 10.08)×3.0=0.349%×3.0=1.047%.

[0149] (ω(K2O) is the mass fraction of K2O in the ash, which is 0.349% / 10.08%, approximately equal to 3.46%).

[0150] The second part of the calculation requires first calculating the carbon contribution factor γ. γ = (Fixed carbon provided by resin and plastic) / (Total fixed carbon) Resin / plastic FCad contribution =(10%×50.0%)+(10%×5.0%)=5.0%+0.5%=5.5%γ=5.5% / 29.90%≈0.184 6.67 × 12% × (1 - 0.184) = 6.67 × 12% × 0.816 ≈ 6.67 × 9.792% ≈ 65.33% Take the maximum value: Wd = max(1.047%, 65.33%) = 65.33% Final dolomite addition amount: Based on 100kg of mixture, 65.33kg of dolomite needs to be added.

[0151] Step 5: Verification of General Formulas and Security Check 1. Self-powered verification (Vadcritical): Vadcritical=68+0.8×(15-FCad)=68+0.8×(15-29.90)=68-11.92=56.08% Actual Vad = 69.20% > 56.08% → Verification passed, the system has sufficient energy self-sufficiency.

[0152] 2. Process temperature model (Tprocess): Tprocess = 880 + 40 × R (R is the K / Si molar ratio) Tprocess=880+40×0.040=881.6°C 3. Ash melting point safety verification (STpredicted): STpredicted=1080+25(S+A)-12(K+N)+50×Wd S + A = 5.54% + 0.584% = 6.124% K + N ≈ 0.349% + 0 = 0.349% (assuming Na₂O is 0%) STpredicted=1080+25×6.124-12×0.349+50×65.33 =1080+153.1-4.188+3266.5≈4495.4°C Safety requirements: STpredicted > Tprocess + 100°C 4495.4°C > 881.6°C + 100°C = 981.6°C → Absolutely safe, far exceeding the requirements.

[0153] Step 6: Final Formulation and Economic Analysis Final production formula ratio (mass ratio): Washed rice husks: peanut shells: poplar sawdust: phenolic resin: PP plastic: dolomite =45:20:15:10:10:65.33 Calculation Explanation and Advantages Analysis: 1. Raw material cost: It makes extensive use of inexpensive agricultural waste (rice husks, peanut shells) and sawdust (85%), with resin and plastic accounting for 20%, so the cost is controllable.

[0154] 2. Performance Improvement: The addition of resin provides a high-quality carbon source, improving the conductivity and structural stability of the final carbon matrix.

[0155] The addition of plastic: its high volatile content (94.5%) not only contributes energy (self-powered energy verification surplus), but will also precipitate during the activation stage, creating a rich mesoporous structure in situ, which greatly improves the ion transport performance of carbon materials.

[0156] 3. Additive Optimization: The amount of dolomite added was driven by the need for reduced SiO2 (65.33%). Although the Al / Si ratio was low, the large amount of dolomite added was sufficient to solidify all potassium and sodium ions and raise the ash melting point to a level far above the safety threshold.

[0157] 4. Pickling cost: The total ash content is controlled at 10.08%, and the subsequent pickling cost is at a low level.

[0158] Conclusion: This formulation successfully integrates five types of raw materials. Through precise calculations, it achieves functional complementarity and cost optimization while meeting all process and safety requirements. It is the preferred solution for the industrial production of high-performance silicon-carbon anodes.

[0159] The method includes the following steps: S1: Raw Material Standardization and Database Construction The dry basis composition parameters of various agricultural and forestry wastes and resin plastic wastes were determined, including: ash content (MAsh%), percentage of K2O in ash, percentage of SiO2 in ash, percentage of Al2O3 in ash, percentage of fixed carbon FCad, percentage of volatile matter Vad, and a raw material composition database was established.

[0160] S2: Raw material pretreatment. For raw materials with K2O content higher than 1.5% in ash, water washing pretreatment is performed to remove 50%-60% of water-soluble potassium salts and obtain a stable precursor.

[0161] S3: Target Setting and Compatibility Calculation: Set the target product type and the corresponding core indicator range: • Silicon-carbon composite carbon materials (SiC): K / Si molar ratio <0.2, and C / Si mass ratio close to the ideal range of 2.4-3.5. • Hard carbon materials (HC): 0.2 ≤ K / Si molar ratio ≤ 0.4, and C / Si mass ratio in the ideal range of 2.4-3.5; • Activated carbon materials (AC): K / Si molar ratio > 0.4, and C / Si mass ratio in the ideal range of 3-8; • Aluminum-to-silicon mass ratio (Al / Si): >0.3 (minimum safety limit; strive to achieve >0.42 through adjusting materials to ensure safe ash melting point).

[0162] S4: Set the initial compatibility ratio • Assume an initial ratio, for example: main ingredient (M): auxiliary ingredient (C): conditioning ingredient (A) = 60:30:10.

[0163] • Calculate the composition of the mixture: Ash, K2O, SiO2, Al2O3, FCad, Vad.

[0164] S5: Calculate the amount of additives added 1) Dolomite addition amount • Silicon-Carbon (SiC) route: Wd=max(Ash×ωK2O×3.0,6.67×Sitarget%(1-γ)).

[0165] • Hard carbon (HC) / capacitor carbon / activated carbon (AC alkaline) route: Wd = Ash × ωK2O × 2.5 (taking the lower limit of the empirical coefficient).

[0166] 2. Amount of silica-alumina ore added Activated carbon route (AC amphoteric process path): Aluminum ore addition (Wal): Wal = (|0.42 - RAl / Si| / 0.30) × 15 If R{Al / Si}<0.35, Rec should be selected.

[0167] If R{Al / Si}>0.40, kaolin (Kao) should be selected.

[0168] S6: Verification and Fine-tuning of General Formulas Self-powered energy verification: Vad>68+0.8(15-FCad). If not met, fine-tune the ratio and add auxiliary materials or modifiers with high Vad.

[0169] 2) Anode material processing temperature: Tprocess = 880 + 40 × R. This value will be used for subsequent ash melting point verification; Activated carbon processing temperature: Tactivation = 800 + 20 (H2O%).

[0170] (H2O%) is additional water vapor added according to process requirements.

[0171] 3) Atmosphere control (Silicon-Carbon (SiC) route): CO2 / (CO+H2)=18-0.02(Vad / FCad).

[0172] 4). Ash melting point prediction and verification (core): · Calculate the current compatibility STpredicted=1080+25(S+A)12(K+N)+50Wd+120γWal.

[0173] • Verification: STpredicted > Tprocess + 100.

[0174] • If not, and STpredicted is low: prioritize adjusting compatibility.

[0175] Secondly, the present invention provides a self-powered integrated production system that implements the above-described method. Technical theoretical basis 1.1 Technical route for additive addition 1.1.1 Silicon-Carbon / Hard Carbon / Capacitor Carbon / Activated Carbon (Alkaline) Route: Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) is selected. Theoretical basis and benefits 1) Potassium reduction / melting enhancement (potassium fixation and melting enhancement) Theoretical basis: The abundant K2O and Na2O in biomass will form a eutectic mixture with SiO2, significantly lowering the ash melting point (down to below 700℃), leading to slagging in the furnace. Dolomite decomposes to produce active CaO and MgO.

[0176] CaMg(CO3)2→CaO+MgO+2CO2 Chemical reaction: CaO and MgO react with K2O to produce stable compounds such as high-melting-point potassium nepheline and calcium silicate.

[0177] K₂O + CaO + SiO₂ → KCaSiO₄ (melting point > 1500℃) K₂O + MgO + SiO₂ → KMgSiO₄ (melting point > 1600℃) Benefits of carbon materials: Ensuring safe production: Free potassium and sodium, which are prone to slagging, are fixed into high-melting-point minerals, enabling the reaction to operate stably at higher temperatures (800-950℃) without slagging, thus ensuring the continuity of production and the safety of the furnace.

[0178] Protecting the carbon structure: Preventing molten potassium salts from encapsulating carbon particles and hindering the activation reaction, thereby ensuring a uniform and efficient activation and pore-forming process.

[0179] 2) Magnesium thermal reduction (in-situ silicon production) Theoretical basis: Under the specific weak oxidizing / reducing atmosphere (CO2<18%) and high temperature in the activation zone, CO and H2 can reduce MgO to highly active Mg vapor.

[0180] MgO + CO → Mg(g) + CO2 MgO + H2 → Mg(g) + H2O Core reaction: Active Mg vapor undergoes a vigorous magnesothermic reduction reaction with SiO2 in the raw material ash, generating nano-silicon particles in situ.

[0181] 2Mg(g) + SiO2 → 2MgO + Si (nano-silicon) SiO₂ + 2Mg(g) + C → SiC + 2MgO (This may also occur) Benefits of carbon materials: Achieving structural innovation: This is the key to preparing silicon-carbon anodes. The generated nano-silicon is directly embedded in the three-dimensional network structure of the carbon matrix, forming a natural and highly cohesive "silicon-carbon composite" structure, which solves the problems of easy agglomeration of silicon particles and poor binding with carbon in physical mixing.

[0182] Enhancing product value: Nano-silicon can provide extremely high theoretical specific capacity (~4200mAh / g), greatly improving the overall capacity of composite materials (up to 800-1000mAh / g or more), which is far superior to traditional hard carbon (~300mAh / g).

[0183] 3) Easy to pickle Theoretical basis: Dolomite and its reaction products (CaO, MgO, and KCaSiO4 formed by potassium fixation, etc.) are all basic oxides that can react with acids (such as HCl) to form soluble salts.

[0184] CaO + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O Benefits of carbon materials: Obtaining a high-purity carbon matrix: Through simple acid washing, almost all inorganic ash (including potassium fixation products and MgO generated by reduction) can be completely removed, resulting in carbon materials with extremely high purity.

[0185] Ensuring electrochemical performance: For electrode materials, extremely low ash content is a prerequisite for ensuring high first-cycle coulombic efficiency and long cycle life. Residual metallic impurities can catalyze electrolyte decomposition, damage the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, and lead to rapid capacity decay.

[0186] 4) Advantages of recycling / regeneration performance Silicon-carbon anode: The in-situ generated silicon-carbon composite structure itself has cycling advantages. The carbon matrix provides a buffer for the volume expansion of silicon (~300%), while the subsequent CVD carbon coating layer further constrains the expansion and stabilizes the SEI film, significantly improving cycling stability. Even after multiple cycles, the core composite structure remains intact.

[0187] Capacitor carbon / hard carbon: High purity means fewer side reaction sites. The pure carbon surface results in a thinner and more stable SEI film, which is conducive to the rapid insertion / extraction of lithium ions, thus exhibiting higher first-efficiency and better long-cycle performance.

[0188] Activated carbon (alkaline): It is beneficial for adsorbing and activating acidic reactants (such as removing H2S and catalyzing the transesterification reaction of biodiesel); the high-melting-point mineral skeleton plays the role of "reinforcing fiber" in the finished carbon, which significantly improves the mechanical strength and wear resistance of activated carbon.

[0189] 1.1.2 Activated Carbon (Amphoteric) Route: Selecting Silicate Aluminate Ore (Kaolin, Pyroxene, etc.) Theoretical basis and benefits 1) Potassium reduction / melting enhancement and porous reinforcement framework Theoretical basis: Aluminosilicate ores (such as kaolin Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and attapulgite) are themselves aluminosilicates, which can also react with K2O at high temperatures to form potassium feldspar compounds with higher melting points (such as KAlSi3O8).

[0190] Chemical reaction: Al2Si2O5(OH)4→2Al2O3·3SiO2+2H2O (high-temperature dehydration) K₂O + Al₂O₃ + 6SiO₂ → 2KAlSi₃O₈ (melting point > 1500℃) Benefits of carbon materials: Ensuring safe production: It also plays a role in fixing potassium, increasing the ash melting point, and preventing slagging.

[0191] Formation of a composite reinforced framework: The aluminosilicate minerals generated in the reaction have a porous microstructure, and their rigid framework is interwoven with the carbon framework of activated carbon, forming a "carbon-ceramic" composite porous material. This greatly enhances the mechanical strength of the activated carbon, making it less prone to pulverization in applications (such as filling adsorption towers and stirring).

[0192] 2) Insoluble in acid, no acid washing required. Theoretical basis: The generated potassium feldspar and other aluminosilicate compounds are chemically very stable and insoluble in acid.

[0193] Benefits of carbon materials: Significantly reduced costs: This is the core reason for choosing silica-alumina ore. Eliminating the acid washing step saves huge amounts of acid consumption, water consumption, wastewater treatment costs, and energy consumption, making the production cost of activated carbon highly competitive.

[0194] Suitable end-uses: Activated carbon used in water treatment, VOCs adsorption, desulfurization, and denitrification. Its performance is mainly determined by its specific surface area and pore size distribution, and the requirements for ash content are far less stringent than those for battery materials. Retaining these harmless, enhanced aluminosilicate frameworks does not affect its adsorption performance; on the contrary, it enhances its practicality.

[0195] 3) Advantages of recycling / regeneration performance Significant advantages in regenerative performance: Thermal regeneration: When activated carbon becomes saturated with adsorption, the most economical regeneration method is thermal regeneration (burning off the adsorbed organic matter at high temperatures). Because the aluminosilicate framework is heat-resistant and stable, it plays a supporting role in the regeneration process, preventing the carbon framework from collapsing and sintering at high temperatures, thus maximizing the preservation of the pore structure and strength of the activated carbon.

[0196] Long cycle life: The high mechanical strength makes the activated carbon have an extremely low loss rate (wear rate) in multiple adsorption-regeneration cycles, resulting in a longer service life and lower total life cycle cost.

[0197] Good stability: The inert aluminosilicate framework does not participate in adsorption and reaction, providing a guarantee of long-term stable physical structure.

[0198] 1.2. PSA Purification and Classification Utilization of Pyrolysis Gas Theoretical Basis: PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) technology is a mature large-scale gas separation technology. It utilizes the differences in adsorption capacity of adsorbents (such as zeolite molecular sieves and activated carbon) for different gases under different pressures to separate CO2, CH4, CO, and H2. The pyrolysis gas is separated into high-concentration CO2 and H2 / CO / CH4 / C2H4-rich gas, which are respectively sent to the first gas storage tank (high-concentration CO2) and the second gas storage tank (H2 / CO / CH4 / C2H4-rich gas). The gas purified by PSA is then separated into fuel gas (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4) and chemical feedstock gas (CO2), making full use of the resources.

[0199] Fuel gas: Used for combustion and heating to achieve system energy self-sufficiency.

[0200] Raw material gases: CO2 and CO+H2+CH4+C2H4 serve as reactants and cooling equilibrium gases, directly participating in the synthesis and modification of carbon materials, fully utilizing by-products, and theoretically achieving a closed-loop material system.

[0201] 1.3. Coaxial four-channel burner and precision atmosphere control 1) The coaxial four-channel burner is the key to achieving precise temperature field and atmosphere control.

[0202] Central ignition: Ensures safe system start-up and shutdown. One-ring cracked gas + two-ring pure oxygen: Achieves high-temperature, oxygen-deficient combustion with a stable flame, extremely high and controllable temperature, instantly burning the cracked gas to generate a predetermined CO2 / H2O mixture. Three-ring cooling balancing gas: Precisely regulates the temperature of the gas finally entering the reaction zone by injecting low-temperature cracked gas. This is a very sophisticated temperature control method.

[0203] 2) Oxygen-deficient combustion: By controlling the ratio of oxygen to fuel, incomplete combustion is achieved, producing CO2 / H2O and CO, thereby creating a strongly reducing atmosphere. This is a common technique in the metallurgical and glass industries.

[0204] 3) Staged combustion: The design divides combustion into a "combustion zone" and a "cooling equilibrium zone". Cooling gas (cracking gas) is injected through the third ring channel, which can not only precisely control the reaction temperature, but also adjust the composition of the final reaction gas (such as CO2 < 15%).

[0205] 4) Advanced applications of coaxial four-channel burners • Function 1 (Cooling): The high-speed ejected gas forms an "air curtain" around the combustion flame, protecting the furnace lining and controlling the temperature distribution inside the furnace.

[0206] • Function 2 (Gas Mixing): By mixing with high-temperature combustion products (CO2 / H2O), the gas is precisely cooled and proportioned to the target temperature and composition before being directly fed into the reaction zone. This avoids the significant energy waste associated with traditional processes that involve cooling followed by reheating, resulting in extremely high thermal efficiency. Coaxial multi-channel burners are already used in gas turbines and advanced combustion furnaces. The challenge lies in the design of precise proportional valves and a temperature-atmosphere interlocking control system, requiring real-time adjustment of the gas flow in each channel based on feedback from an online gas analyzer. This is crucial for achieving zoned atmospheres.

[0207] 1.4. Gas Zoning Control Theory of Integrated Carbonization-Activation-Coating Furnace The fact that carbonization, activation, and coating are carried out in separate areas, with different atmospheres introduced, is the core of the advanced nature of the entire process.

[0208] 1) Carbonization zone (500℃-700℃, CO2<15%, CO+H2>85%): Theory: At this temperature, CO2 and H2O are weak oxidants, reacting with the tar and some carbon produced by pyrolysis (C + CO2 → 2CO; C + H2O → CO + H2), thus activating in situ and clearing primary pores. Simultaneously, they effectively remove tar, preventing blockage. CO / H2 ratio (7:3): This reducing atmosphere allows for precise control of the carbonization reaction rate, preventing excessively rapid pyrolysis of biomass that could cause particle expansion and bursting. It also promotes the formation of a stable and ordered carbon layer structure, laying a solid foundation for subsequent activation.

[0209] 2) Activation zone (800-950℃, CO2+H2O, CO+H2>85%): Theory: This region is crucial for the magnesian reduction of SiO2 by dolomite and for deep activation and pore formation. High temperature + reducing atmosphere: Ensures the efficient execution of the MgCO3 decomposition and Mg vapor reduction of SiO2 reaction (2Mg + SiO2 → 2MgO + Si). The reduced nano-Si can be directly embedded in the carbon matrix, forming a natural silicon-carbon composite structure. CO2 + H2O as activators: These are excellent activators in traditional physical activation, reacting with carbon atoms at high temperatures to etch a rich porous structure (especially micropores and mesopores). The concentration is controlled by a proportional valve, thereby precisely regulating the specific surface area and pore size distribution of the material.

[0210] 3) Coated zone (500℃-700℃, cracked gas C2H4 / CH4 / H2 / CO): Theory: Utilizing the principle of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), hydrocarbons such as C2H4 / CH4 / H2 / CO undergo a cracking reaction (CH4→C+2H2) under high temperature and catalysis by metallic Si / SiO2. The resulting pyrolytic carbon is uniformly deposited on the surface of the silicon-carbon material. This coating effectively suppresses the volume effect of silicon, improving first-efficiency performance and cycle stability. During the production of porous activated carbon, the gas in the coating area can be shut off or used as cooling gas.

[0211] 1.5 Three-level functional zoning and precise atmosphere control: The three processes with drastically different atmosphere requirements—carbonization (500℃-700℃), activation (800-950℃), and coating (500℃-700℃)—are integrated into different areas of a single furnace. The atmosphere required for each area is "tailor-made" through independent first burners, second burners, and proportional valves.

[0212] • Carbonization zone: Highly reducing gas (CO+H2>85%) is introduced to inhibit secondary tar cracking, promote the formation of ordered carbon microcrystals, and lay the foundation for good electrochemical performance. (Electrochemical basis at 650℃).

[0213] • Activation Zone: A mixed oxidizing atmosphere of CO2 + H2O is introduced, utilizing the reactions C + CO2 → 2CO and C + H2O → CO + H2 (Boudouard reaction and water-gas reaction) for precise pore formation. Setting the CO2:H2O ratio to 4:1 is crucial, as it synergistically controls the proportion and distribution of micropores and mesopores. When producing capacitor carbon, R... C / W The ratio should be controlled between 7:3 and 8:2; when producing adsorbent carbon, R C / W The ratio is controlled to 3:7 to 5:5; when producing hard carbon anodes, R C / W The ratio is controlled to 4:6 to 6:4.

[0214] • Coating region: Hydrocarbons such as CH4 and C2H4 in the cracked gas are cracked at moderate temperatures (CH4→C(graphitized carbon)+2H2), and then vapor-deposited onto the activated carbon framework. This thin carbon layer significantly improves the material's conductivity and interfacial stability.

[0215] This carbon film is crucial: ① To compensate for the carbon loss caused by activation; ② Construct a conductive network; ③ It restricts the volume expansion of silicon particles, preventing excessive growth of the SEI film; ④ Protect silicon materials and improve initial efficiency and cycle life.

[0216] In the production of porous activated carbon, the gas in the coating zone can be shut off or used as cooling gas.

[0217] 1.6 Theoretical Basis for Energy and Material Closed Loop Energy closed loop: Pyrolysis gas is not only a product, but also a fuel and feedstock. After PSA purification, low-calorific-value CO2-rich gas is used in the carbonization zone, and medium-calorific-value hydrogen-rich gas is used for high-temperature activation and burners, realizing the cascade utilization of energy and self-sufficiency, with extremely high system thermal efficiency.

[0218] Material closed loop: Dolomite: It acts as both a reducing agent (providing Mg) and a melting inhibitor (the generated MgO and CaO form high-melting-point compounds with potassium salts, preventing slagging). It is used for potassium fixation and melting, and magnesium vapor reduces silicon dioxide.

[0219] The pyrolysis gas serves as a raw material for the reaction atmosphere (carbonization, coating), a fuel (for the burner), and an activator precursor (producing CO2 / H2O after combustion). The entire process produces almost no waste, with only a small amount of dolomite residue (MgO / CaO) that needs to be replaced periodically. This residue can be used as a building material, truly achieving "complete utilization".

[0220] A self-powered integrated production system implementing the above method, the core of which lies in the system's technological process and key equipment, the system sequentially includes: a raw material compatibility mixing and molding device, a carbonization-activation-coating integrated furnace, a gas purification and cooling device and a PSA purification device, a gas storage tank, and a coaxial four-channel burner; its technological process includes the following steps: 2.1) Raw material pretreatment and blending unit: used for crushing, washing (potassium reduction) and precise mixing and granulation of raw materials with dolomite.

[0221] 2.2) Integrated Carbonization / Activation / Coating Furnace: The formulated raw materials are added to the integrated pyrolysis / carbonization / activation / coating furnace to obtain char materials and process pyrolysis gas. The integrated carbonization / activation / coating furnace is divided into a carbonization zone, an activation zone, and a coating zone from top to bottom. The heated raw materials are first treated with carbonization gas from the first burner in the pyrolysis / carbonization zone. The resulting biochar is then treated with activation gas from the second burner in the activation zone. Finally, in the coating zone, the activated carbon is coated with CO+H2+CH4+C2H4-rich pyrolysis gas directly drawn from the second gas storage tank via chemical vapor deposition. The activated carbon is cooled in the coating zone or the coating gas is discharged after shutting off.

[0222] 2.3) Control system: Based on the raw material compatibility model, the gas ratio, flow rate and temperature of the two burners, as well as the atmosphere of the coating zone, are adjusted in real time through the DCS control system.

[0223] It should be noted that the DCS control system is a conventional technical means, which involves centralized optimization control of distributed parameters.

[0224] 2.4) Generation and separation of process pyrolysis gas: The well-mixed raw materials (agricultural and forestry waste + resin + plastic + dolomite) enter the integrated carbonization, activation and coating furnace for pyrolysis, carbonization, activation and coating to produce process pyrolysis gas and solid carbon materials; after dust removal, purification and cooling, the process pyrolysis gas enters the PSA purification unit, where the gas flow mainly consisting of CO2 is separated (stored in the first gas storage tank) and the reducing gas flow rich in CO+H2+CH4+C2H4+C2H4 (stored in the second gas storage tank).

[0225] 2.5). Carbonization Gas Preparation and Carbonization: Carbonization gas is prepared using a coaxial four-channel first burner. • Central area: Ignition gas is supplied (for start-up only).

[0226] • First ring zone: Reducing process cracked gas from the second gas storage tank is introduced as combustion gas (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4).

[0227] • Second ring zone: Pure oxygen is introduced and undergoes oxygen-deficient combustion with the gas in the first ring zone to produce high-temperature CO2 and H2O.

[0228] • Third ring zone: CO2 and reducing gas (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4) mixed in a target ratio from the first and second gas storage tanks are introduced as cooling balance gas through proportional valves.

[0229] • By precisely controlling the gas flow rate of each channel through proportional valves, carbonized gas with a temperature of 500℃-700℃ and a composition that meets the requirements of CO2<18% and CO+H2>85% (and CO:H2≈7:3) is output. This carbonized gas is then transported to the carbonization zone of the integrated furnace to perform medium-temperature carbonization of the pyrolysis carbon, forming a preliminary carbon skeleton.

[0230] 2.6) Activation Gas Preparation and Activation: Activation gas is prepared using a coaxial four-channel second burner. Its channel structure is the same as that of the first burner.

[0231] • By adjusting the gas flow rate in each channel, a mixed activation gas with a temperature of 800-950℃ and a CO2 to H2O volume ratio of approximately 3:7-9:1 is output. This high-temperature activation gas is then transported to the activation zone of the integrated furnace. Generally: when producing capacitor carbon, R... C / W The ratio should be controlled between 7:3 and 8:2; when producing adsorbent carbon, R C / W The ratio is controlled to 3:7 to 5:5; when producing hard carbon anodes, R C / W The ratio is controlled to 4:6 to 6:4.

[0232] • During the production of silicon-carbon anodes, in the activation zone, the activation gas (CO2 + H2O) deeply etches the carbonized carbon material, creating and expanding pores to form a rich porous structure. Simultaneously, with CO2 < 18% and CO + H2 > 85%, the dolomite (MgCa(CO3)2) added in the formulation decomposes at high temperature, generating Mg vapor which reacts with SiO2 in the raw materials via a magnesothermic reduction reaction (SiO2 + 2Mg → 2MgO + Si), generating nano-silicon particles in situ and simultaneously solidifying potassium.

[0233] 2.7) Coating Gas Preparation and Coating: The activated high-temperature carbon material (temperature reduced to 500℃-700℃) falls into the coating zone at the bottom of the integrated furnace. At this time, pure reducing process cracking gas (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4) from the second gas storage tank is directly introduced into this zone. Under relatively low temperature and strong reducing atmosphere, the process cracking gas undergoes chemical vapor deposition (CVD), uniformly depositing an amorphous carbon coating layer on the surface of the carbon material and in its pores. This coating layer effectively buffers the volume expansion of silicon particles, improving the conductivity and first-cycle coulombic efficiency of the material.

[0234] 2.8) Product output: After the coating is completed, the material is cooled and acid-washed to obtain the final silicon-carbon / hard carbon material product, which can be directly discharged for subsequent processing; functional activated carbon does not require acid washing.

[0235] 3. Process flow of a self-powered system for producing carbon materials by blending agricultural and forestry waste, resin, plastics, and dolomite: The prepared raw materials are granulated and fed into the feeding device, then enter the integrated carbonization, activation, and coating furnace. After carbonization, activation, and coating, crude carbon material and process pyrolysis gas are produced. The process pyrolysis gas is purified, dust-removed, and cooled before being sent to the PSA purification unit. The purification unit separates and purifies the process pyrolysis gas into a first gas stream (CO2) and a second gas stream (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4). The first gas stream (CO2) is sent to the first gas storage tank, and the second gas stream (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4) is sent to the second gas storage tank. The first burner has the following channels from the inside out: a central channel for introducing ignition gas (furnace start-up); a first annular channel connected to the second gas storage tank via a proportional valve for introducing the second gas stream (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4) as combustion gas; a second annular channel for introducing pure oxygen; and a third annular channel connected via a proportional valve. The first and second gas storage tanks are used to introduce a first gas flow (CO2) and a second gas flow (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4) as cooling balance gases in proportion. The burner is used to prepare carbonization gas with specific composition and temperature, and deliver it to the upper middle carbonization zone of the integrated carbonization, activation and coating furnace. The second burner has the same channel structure as the first burner and is used to prepare activation gas with specific composition and temperature, and deliver it to the middle activation zone of the integrated carbonization, activation and coating furnace. The bottom coating zone of the integrated carbonization, activation and coating furnace is provided with an air inlet connected to the second gas storage tank for introducing the second gas flow (CO+H2+CH4+C2H4) for chemical vapor deposition coating. The pyrolysis gas generated by the pyrolysis section at the top of the integrated furnace, along with the gases from each process section (carbonization, activation, coating), is discharged from the top of the furnace. After dust removal, cooling, and purification, it enters the PSA purification unit, where it is separated into oxidizing gas mainly composed of CO2 and reducing gas mainly composed of CO+H2+CH4. These gases are then stored in the first and second gas storage tanks, respectively, thus realizing the recycling of the gas.

[0236] • Carbonization process: A coaxial four-channel first burner is used to carry out oxygen-deficient combustion by using the reducing gas in the second gas storage tank and pure oxygen, and mixing in the cooling balance gas in the first gas storage tank to generate carbonization gas with a temperature of 500℃-700℃, CO2<15%, and CO+H2>85%, which is then introduced into the carbonization zone of the integrated carbonization, activation and coating furnace.

[0237] • Activation process: A coaxial four-channel second burner is used, also utilizing circulating gas to generate activation gas at 800-950℃, with CO2 <18% and CO+H2 >85%, which is then introduced into the activation zone of the integrated carbonization-activation-coating furnace. During this stage, dolomite decomposes to produce Mg vapor, which undergoes a magnesothermic reduction reaction with SiO2: SiO2 + 2Mg → 2MgO + Si (Silicon-Carbon (SiC) route). Generally: When producing capacitor carbon, R... C / WThe ratio should be controlled between 7:3 and 8:2; when producing adsorbent carbon, R C / W The ratio is controlled to 3:7 to 5:5; when producing hard carbon anodes, R C / W The ratio is controlled to 4:6 to 6:4. • Coating process: Activated high-temperature carbon material (500℃-700℃) falls into the coating zone, and pure reducing pyrolysis gas from the second gas storage tank is directly introduced for CVD carbon coating. Coating thickness: 10-25nm 4. The technology is supported by solid scientific principles, demonstrating its advanced nature: 4.1. Process Gas Classification and Precision Application Theoretical basis: Different components of biomass pyrolysis gas have different chemical properties (oxidizing, reducing, and carburizing properties). Separating them and applying them precisely to different process stages is the most efficient way to utilize them.

[0238] Carbonization zone (500℃-700℃): A weakly oxidizing / neutral atmosphere (CO2<15%) and rich in reducing gases (CO+H2>85%) is used. This effectively inhibits secondary pyrolysis and coking of tar, promotes the initial formation of ordered carbon structures, and prevents excessive ablation of biochar. A CO:H2 ratio of 7:3 optimizes carbon deposition and reduction kinetics.

[0239] Activation Zone (800-950℃): Using CO2 + H2O as an activator is a classic and effective physical activation method. CO2 and H2O react with carbon atoms (C + CO2 → 2CO; C + H2O → CO + H2), thereby etching the carbon layer and creating pores. The activator is produced by burning cracked gas with pure oxygen (or oxygen-deficient combustion), achieving "waste-to-waste" treatment with extremely high energy efficiency. The CO2:H2O ratio of 4:1 needs to be optimized based on the target pore structure.

[0240] Coating region (500℃-700℃): Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is performed using cracked gas rich in CH4, CO, and H2. CH4 and CO are cracked by metallic impurities (K, Fe, etc. in biomass ash can serve as catalysts) to generate amorphous carbon, which is uniformly coated on the surface of hard carbon / silicon carbon. This perfectly solves the problems of low initial efficiency of hard carbon and volume expansion of silicon carbon, and is a key step in improving battery performance.

[0241] 4.2. Coaxial Four-Channel Burner and Temperature Control Theoretical basis: By independently controlling gas flow and mixing through multiple channels, precise regulation of the combustion process is achieved. Oxygen-deficient combustion in the first annular zone (pyrolyzed gas) and the second annular zone (pure oxygen) enables precise, stable, and efficient supply of high-temperature heat, with controllable flame morphology. The design of the third ring zone (cooling balance gas) is the finishing touch. By injecting low-temperature pyrolysis gas, not only can the combustion products be instantly cooled to the target temperature, avoiding local overheating, but more importantly, it directly prepares carbonized gas or activation gas with a composition that strictly meets the process requirements. This eliminates the need for complex external heat exchange and mixing equipment, simplifies the process, and reduces costs.

[0242] Expanding the burner's function from "simple heating" to "synthesis process gas generator," and precisely regulating the composition and temperature of the outlet process gas through the cooling balance gas (derived from its own cracked gas) in the third loop, this design is a model of engineering art.

[0243] 4.3. Magnesium Reduction of Dolomite and Atmosphere Control Theoretical basis: Under high temperature in the activation zone, dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) decomposes into CaO and MgO, releasing CO2. MgO is reduced to Mg vapor by CO in the cracked gas (MgO+CO→Mg+CO2). Mg vapor is highly reducing and can efficiently reduce SiO2 in biomass ash: SiO2+2Mg→Si+2MgO.

[0244] Key control: Reduction in an atmosphere with CO2 < 18% is absolutely correct and crucial. Excessively high CO2 partial pressure will cause Mg vapor to be re-oxidized (Mg + CO2 → MgO + CO), severely inhibiting the reduction reaction. The gas atmosphere prepared by the burner precisely creates thermodynamically favorable conditions for the magnesium thermal reduction.

[0245] 4.4. PSA and the Closed Loop of Energy Materials Theoretical basis: PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) technology is mature and can effectively separate cracked gas into hydrogen-rich / methane-rich gas (high-value fuel gas) and carbon dioxide-rich gas (chemical raw materials / activators) based on the differences in gas adsorption capacity.

[0246] Closed-loop manifestation: Energy closed loop: The separated CO+H2+CH4 enters the gas storage tank and is used as fuel for the burner, realizing the system's self-powered energy supply and greatly reducing dependence on external energy.

[0247] Material closed loop: The separated CO2, CO / H2 / CH4 are used as raw materials for preparing carbonized gas / activation gas coating gas and returned to the process, realizing the recycling of carbon elements.

[0248] This design perfectly couples biomass thermochemical conversion, material synthesis (carbonization, activation, coating), gas separation and purification, and combustion engineering technology to form a highly integrated, energy-self-sufficient, and material-circulating intelligent system.

[0249] Example 1: Preparation of silicon-carbon anode (SiC) Target product: Silicon-carbon composite anode material for lithium-ion batteries, with a target silicon content of 12%, and is expected to have abundant mesoporous structure to facilitate ion transport.

[0250] Raw material compatibility (dry basis mass ratio): Washed rice husks (WRH, G1): 45% Peanut shells (PNS, G2): 20% Poplar sawdust (PW, G3): 15% Waste phenolic resin (PF, G5): 10% Polypropylene plastic (PP, G6): 10% Dolomite (additive): 65.33% (calculated based on 100kg of the above mixture) Compatibility calculation and parameter verification: 1. Calculate the composition of the mixture: Ash=10.08%, FCad=29.90%, Vad=69.20%, K2O=0.349%, SiO2=5.54%, Al2O3=0.584%.

[0251] 2. Calculate the four-dimensional indicators: K / Si molar ratio = 0.040 (<0.2, confirming the SiC route) Al / Si mass ratio = 0.105 (<0.3, low, dependent on dolomite for potassium fixation) C / Si mass ratio = 5.40 (within the ideal range) Vad / FCad = 2.31 (within the range of 1.5-4.0) 3. Calculate the amount of dolomite added (Wd): ×Potassium fixation section: Ash×ω(K2O)×3.0=10.08%×(0.349 / 10.08)×3.0≈1.047% Reduced component: γ = (G5 + G6FCad contribution) / total FCad =(5%+0.5%) / 29.9%≈0.184; 6.67×12%×(1-0.184)≈65.33% Wd = max(1.047%, 65.33%) = 65.33% 4. Verification of general formulas: Self-supplied energy: Vadcritical = 68 + 0.8 × (15 - 29.9) = 56.08%, actual Vad = 69.20% > 56.08%, passed.

[0252] Process temperature: Tprocess = 880 + 40 × 0.040 = 881.6°C.

[0253] Ash melting point: STpredicted=1080+25×(5.54+0.584)-12×0.349+50×65.33≈4495°C>(881.6+100)=981.6°C, safe.

[0254] Production process flow: 1. The raw materials are crushed, mixed, and then granulated with dolomite in a certain proportion.

[0255] 2. The granules are fed into the integrated furnace and pass through from top to bottom: Carbonization zone (650°C): A strong reducing atmosphere (CO+H2>85%, CO2<15%) prepared by the first burner is introduced for preliminary carbonization.

[0256] Activation zone (882°C): A weakly oxidizing atmosphere (CO2:H2O≈4:6, CO+H2>85%) prepared by the second burner is introduced. In this zone, Mg vapor generated from the decomposition of dolomite undergoes a magnesothermic reduction reaction with SiO2 (SiO2+2Mg→2MgO+Si), generating nano-silicon particles in situ, while simultaneously activating and creating pores.

[0257] Coating zone (600°C): Hydrocarbon-rich cracked gas (rich in CH4, C2H4) from the second gas storage tank is introduced to perform chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to form a uniform and dense carbon coating layer on the surface of the silicon-carbon composite material.

[0258] 3. After the generated process gas is separated and purified by PSA, CO2 is stored in the first gas storage tank, and CO+H2+CH4+C2H4-rich gas is stored in the second gas storage tank for burner preparation of process atmosphere and coating.

[0259] 4. The solid product is cooled, acid-washed (to remove MgO, CaO, etc.), dried, and sieved to obtain the final silicon-carbon anode material.

[0260] Product performance: The obtained silicon-carbon anode material has a silicon content of 12.2% and a specific surface area of ​​~450m². 2 / g, initial coulombic efficiency >86%, initial discharge specific capacity >850mAh / g, capacity retention after 100 cycles >90%.

[0261] Example 2: Preparation of hard carbon anode (HC) Target product: Hard carbon anode material for sodium-ion or lithium-ion batteries.

[0262] Raw material compatibility (dry basis mass ratio): Wheat straw (G1, washed): 30% Coconut shell (G3): 40% Waste epoxy resin (G5): 20% Polyethylene plastic (PE, G6): 10% Dolomite (additive): 8% (based on calculation) Compatibility calculation: The calculated K / Si molar ratio of the mixture is 0.28 (within the 0.2-0.4 range), determining the HC route. C / Si = 18.5, Vad / FCad = 2.8. The amount of dolomite added is calculated with potassium fixation as the primary objective. Wd = Ash × ω(K₂O) × 2.5 = 8.5% × (2.1% / 8.5%) × 2.5 ≈ 5.25%. We take an empirical value of 8% to ensure a safety margin. The self-powered and ash melting point tests both passed.

[0263] Production process: Same as in Example 1. The atmosphere in the activation zone is controlled as follows: CO2:H2O ≈ 5:5 (R2). C / W =5:5), temperature 850°C, focusing on potassium-catalyzed pore formation and mesopore development, inhibiting the magnesium thermal reduction reaction. The coated region is also CVD coated to improve the first efficiency.

[0264] Product performance: The specific surface area of ​​the obtained hard carbon material is ~300m². 2 / g, initial coulombic efficiency >88%, initial discharge specific capacity >300mAh / g (for sodium-ion batteries).

[0265] Example 3: Preparation of Capacitor Carbon (AC-HP) Target product: High specific surface area capacitive carbon for supercapacitors.

[0266] Raw material compatibility (dry basis mass ratio): Waste phenolic resin (G5): 80% Poplar sawdust (G3): 20% Dolomite (additive): 2% (based on calculations, mainly used for potassium fixation) Compatibility calculations: The mixture has an ash content of <3% and an extremely high K / Si molar ratio (>1.0), thus determining the AC route. The C / Si ratio is extremely high, and Vad / FCad = 1.1. To ensure extremely low ash content, high-ash G1 and G2 type raw materials are not used. The dolomite addition is only for curing resins and trace amounts of alkali metals in wood chips.

[0267] Production process: The atmosphere in the activation zone is controlled as follows: CO2:H2O≈8:2 (R C / W The ratio is 8:2, with CO2 as the primary activation agent and a temperature of 920°C. This strongly inhibits the pore-expanding effect of H2O and preferentially develops micropores. The coating zone does not introduce coating gas and serves only as a cooling section.

[0268] Product performance: The specific surface area of ​​the obtained capacitor carbon is >2800m². 2 / g, total pore volume ~1.5cm³ 3 / g, of which microporosity > 85%. In organic electrolytes, the mass ratio capacitance > 150F / g.

[0269] Example 4: Preparation of dolomite-based adsorbent carbon (AC-Ads) Target product: Mesoporous activated carbon for VOCs adsorption.

[0270] Raw material compatibility (dry basis mass ratio): Rice husk (G1): 50% Polystyrene plastic (PS, G6): 50% Dolomite (additive): 15% (based on calculation) Compatibility calculations: G1 provides the silicon source and initial porosity, while G6 serves as the primary pore-forming agent. With a K / Si ratio > 0.6, the AC route is determined. Vad / FCad = 3.5, ensuring sufficient self-powered system energy. The amount of dolomite added is calculated for potassium fixation and melting point enhancement.

[0271] Production process: The atmosphere in the activation zone is controlled as follows: CO2:H2O≈3:7 (R C / W The ratio of H₂O to plastic is 3:7, with H₂O as the primary activator at 830°C. The pore-expanding effect of H₂O synergistically combines with the pore-forming effect of the plastic to construct a pore size distribution dominated by mesopores. The product requires acid washing.

[0272] Product performance: The specific surface area of ​​the obtained activated carbon is ~1200 m². 2 / g, mesoporosity >60%, equilibrium adsorption capacity for toluene >500mg / g.

[0273] Example 5: Preparation of AC-Cat (aluminosilicate ore-based activated carbon) Target product: Acid-free, high-strength activated carbon for desulfurization and denitrification catalyst supports.

[0274] Raw material compatibility (dry basis mass ratio): Wood chips (G3): 70% Tobacco stalks (G4, use with caution): 30% Rapaitre (additive): 20% (based on Al / Si ratio) Compatibility calculation: K / Si of the mixture > 0.5, Al / Si = 0.25 (< 0.42). Calculate the amount of silica-alumina ore to be added: Wal = (|0.42 - 0.25| / 0.30) × 15 ≈ 8.5%. To improve mechanical strength and safety margin, add 20% attapulgite.

[0275] Production process: Lattasite is used as an additive. The atmosphere in the activation zone is adjusted as needed (e.g., RC / W=5:5). Key difference: No subsequent acid washing treatment is required.

[0276] Product performance: The obtained activated carbon has a strength >95%, ash content ~15% (mainly stable aluminosilicates), and a specific surface area ~800 m². 2 / g, suitable for harsh catalytic reaction environments, and has excellent regeneration performance.

[0277] This invention has been described by way of embodiments, but does not constitute a limitation thereof. Other variations of the disclosed embodiments, which are readily apparent to those skilled in the art, should fall within the scope of the claims of this invention, with reference to the description of this invention.

Claims

1. A matching model for preparing carbon materials from multi-source solid waste, characterized in that, The model takes the raw material potassium silicon molar ratio (K / Si) as the core criterion to determine the main product direction, and the matching model includes the following four-dimensional decision system: The first dimension: based on the raw material potassium silicon molar ratio (K / Si) to determine the main product direction, generate process route code When K / Si<0.2, the process route code is silicon-carbon negative electrode; When 0.2≤K / Si≤0.4, the process route code is hard carbon negative electrode; When K / Si>0.4, the process route code is activated carbon; The second dimension: based on the carbon silicon mass ratio (C / Si) to check the theoretical capacity of the product, the C / Si range is 2.4-8; The third dimension: based on the aluminum silicon mass ratio (Al / Si) to check the ash melting point safety, requiring Al / Si>0.3; The fourth dimension: based on the volatile matter and fixed carbon ratio Vad / FCad to check the system self-energy balance, Vad / FCad range is 1.5-4.0; The raw materials include agricultural waste, forestry waste, resin waste or plastic waste; the system automatically switches the production mode according to the process route code.

2. The preparation model of carbon material using multi-source solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that, According to the process route code, the addition amount of the additive is calculated: The activated carbon process route code includes capacitive carbon, alkaline activated carbon route, and or amphoteric activated carbon route, For silicon-carbon negative electrode, hard carbon negative electrode, capacitive carbon and alkaline activated carbon route, the additive is dolomite, and the calculation formula of the addition amount Wd is: Silicon-carbon negative electrode route: Wd=max(Ash×ω(K2O)×3.0,6.67×Sitarget%×(1-γ)) For hard carbon negative electrode, capacitive carbon, alkaline activated carbon route: Wd=Ash×ω(K2O)×F Wherein, Ash is the ash content of the raw material, ω(K2O) is the mass fraction of K2O in the ash, Sitarget% is the target silicon content, γ is the carbon contribution coefficient, the value range is 0.1-0.3, indicating the contribution rate of resin and plastic to the final fixed carbon, F is an empirical coefficient of 2.0-3.0; For amphoteric activated carbon route, the additive is silicon-aluminum ore, and the calculation formula of the addition amount Wal is: Wal=(|0.42-R(Al / Si)| / 0.30)×15 Wherein R(Al / Si) is the aluminum silicon mass ratio of the mixed material.

3. The preparation model of carbon material using multi-source solid waste according to claim 2, characterized in that, The matching model also includes a general formula verification and fine-tuning step, and the general formula at least includes: Self-energy verification formula: Vad_critical>68+0.8×(15-FCad) And requires actual Vad>Vad_critical; Process temperature model: For silicon-carbon negative electrode and hard carbon negative electrode, T_process=880+40×R(K / Si) Wherein R(K / Si) is the K / Si molar ratio; Activated carbon activation temperature formula: T_activation=800+20×(H2O%) ； Ash melting point safety verification formula: ST_predicted=1080+25×(S+A)-12×(K+N)+50×Wd+120×γ×Wal And requires ST_predicted>T_process+100°C, Wherein S+A is the total mass fraction of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the mixed material, K+N is the total mass fraction of K2O and Na2O in the mixed material.

4. The preparation model of carbon material from multi-source solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that, The aluminum silicon mass ratio (Al / Si) is greater than 0.

42.

5. A system for implementing the model of compatibility for the preparation of carbon materials from multiple sources of solid waste according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, Including: An integrated furnace (10) has a furnace body, which is divided into a carbonization zone (20), an activation zone (30) and a coating zone (40); At least one first burner (501) is connected to the carbonization zone (20); At least one second burner (502) is connected to the activation zone (30); An exhaust passage is arranged in the furnace body and communicates with the carbonization zone (20), the activation zone (30) and the coating zone (40), and the outlet (80) thereof is located at the top of the furnace body; A gas treatment system is connected to the exhaust passage for treating process gas; A pressure swing adsorption device (70) is connected to the gas treatment system for separating the treated gas into a first gas stream rich in CO2 and a second gas stream rich in CO, H2, CH4 and C2H4; A first gas storage tank (601) is used to store the first gas stream; A second gas storage tank (602) is used to store the second gas stream and communicates with the coating zone (40); The first burner (501) and the second burner (502) are connected to the first gas storage tank (601) and the second gas storage tank (602) respectively to obtain gas in proportion.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein, The first burner (501) and the second burner (502) are both coaxial multi-channel burners, which include, from the inside to the outside, in order: A central channel (53) for introducing ignition gas; A first annular channel (54) connected to the second gas storage tank (602) for introducing reducing gas; A second annular channel (55) for introducing pure oxygen; A third annular channel (56) connected to the first gas storage tank (601) and the second gas storage tank (602) through proportional valves respectively, for introducing mixed oxidizing and reducing gas as cooling balance gas.

7. The system of claim 5, wherein, The carbonization zone (20), the activation zone (30) and the coating zone (40) are arranged in the integrated furnace (10) in order from top to bottom.

8. A method for preparing carbon material using multi-source solid waste, characterized in that, The system of any one of claims 5-7 is applied, and based on the preparation model of carbon material from multi-source solid waste of any one of claims 1-4, the method comprises the following steps: S1: raw material standardization and multi-dimensional intelligent matching: determining the composition of the raw material, outputting the optimal raw material matching ratio and process route code based on the matching model, and calculating the additive amount; S2: raw material pretreatment and mixing: pretreat the raw material according to the matching result, and mix and granulate with the calculated proportion of additives; S3: integrated conversion and three-zone atmosphere control: the mixture is sent into the integrated furnace (10) and passes through the carbonization zone, the activation zone and the coating zone in order, and different compositions and temperatures of process gas are introduced into each zone for reaction; S4: gas treatment and closed loop circulation: the process gas generated in the reaction is separated and purified by the gas treatment system and the pressure swing adsorption device (70), and then stored in the first gas storage tank (601) and the second gas storage tank (602), and recycled for atmosphere preparation in each zone in step S3; S5: product post-treatment: the solid material discharged from the coating zone is subjected to pickling or non-pickling, cooling, drying and screening to obtain the final carbon material product.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein, In step S3, In the carbonization zone (20), strong reducing carbonization gas with the sum of CO and H2 volume concentration greater than 85% is introduced, and the temperature is controlled at 500-700 ℃; In the activation zone (30), weak oxidizing activation gas with adjustable CO2 and H2O ratio is introduced, and the pore size distribution of the product is controlled by adjusting the CO2 and H2O ratio R(C / W); when R(C / W)>7:3, micropores are generated; when R(C / W)<1:1, mesopores are generated; In the coating zone (40), reducing gas rich in CH4 and C2H4 is introduced for chemical vapor deposition coating, and the temperature is controlled at 500-700 ℃.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein, When the process route code is a silicon-carbon negative electrode, in the activation zone (30), the dolomite added in coordination decomposes and undergoes a magnesium hot reduction reaction to generate nano-silicon particles in situ.

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