Preparation method of ionic gel, ionic gel and sensor

Abstract

The invention provides a preparation method of ionic gel, the ionic gel and a sensor. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a compound containing C = C, 4-allyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone and a cross-linking agent into an ionic liquid, and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed solution; and irradiating the mixed solution to obtain the ionic gel.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of gel materials technology, and in particular to a method for preparing an ion gel, the ion gel, and a sensor. Background Technology

[0002] Ionogels, as novel ion-conductive materials, are crucial for the development of wearable strain sensors. In recent years, wearable strain sensors have gradually evolved towards ergonomic design, intelligence, and miniaturization, and have been widely applied in human motion detection, health assessment, and soft robotics. As a promising candidate material for sensing stimuli based on ion conduction, ionogels possess mechanical properties similar to human skin and high designability, making them one of the most promising candidates for intelligent wearable strain sensors. Ionogel materials detect changes in the external environment through deformation and convert them into analyzable output signals.

[0003] However, ultraviolet light can cause ionogels to age, leading to problems such as discoloration, cracking, and embrittlement. This can severely degrade the mechanical properties of ionogels, thereby affecting their sensing performance. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing an ion gel, an ion gel, and a sensor.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution disclosed herein is implemented as follows:

[0006] In a first aspect, this disclosure provides a method for preparing an ionic gel, the method comprising: adding a C=C compound, 4-propenoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone and a crosslinking agent to an ionic liquid, mixing them uniformly to obtain a mixed solution; and irradiating the mixed solution to obtain an ionic gel.

[0007] In some embodiments, based on the total weight of the ionic gel, the amounts of each component used in the preparation method are: a compound containing C=C, 20-45 wt%; 4-propenoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone, 0.5-5 wt%; a crosslinking agent, 0.1-0.8 wt%; and an ionic liquid, 50-76 wt%.

[0008] In some embodiments, the ratio between the amount of the C=C compound and the amount of 4-propenoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone ranges from 60:1 to 10.

[0009] In some embodiments, the C=C compound includes at least one of carboxyl, ester, hydroxyl, amide, and ether groups.

[0010] In some embodiments, the C=C compound includes at least one of acrylic acid compounds, acrylate compounds, hydroxy acrylate compounds, acrylamide compounds, and allyl ether compounds.

[0011] In some embodiments, the crosslinking agent includes at least one of polyethylene glycol diacrylate, poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, zinc acrylate, zinc dimethacrylate, triallyl triisocyanate, triallyl triisocyanate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tri(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, and p-phenylmaleamide.

[0012] In some embodiments, the ionic liquid comprises at least one of disubstituted imidazole ionic liquids, trisubstituted imidazole ionic liquids, sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquids, hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquids, and ester functionalized ionic liquids; the ionic liquid comprises at least one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphate diethyl ester, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphate dihydrogen phosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-propylsulfonic acid-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, N-sulfonic acid-propylpyridine hydrogen sulfate, 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, and 1-ethyl acetate-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate.

[0013] In some embodiments, the irradiation includes electron beam irradiation; the dose range of the irradiation is 10–100 kGy.

[0014] Secondly, this disclosure provides an ion gel, which is prepared by the method for preparing an ion gel described in the first aspect of this disclosure.

[0015] Thirdly, this disclosure provides a sensor comprising the ion gel described in the second aspect of this disclosure.

[0016] This disclosure provides a method for preparing an ionogel, the ionogel itself, and a sensor. In this disclosure, a C=C compound, 4-propenoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone, and a crosslinking agent are dissolved in an ionic liquid and undergo a crosslinking reaction under irradiation conditions to form an ionogel. The ionogel prepared by the above method can selectively absorb ultraviolet light, giving it excellent UV resistance and thus avoiding the problem of UV-induced aging, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the ionogel. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the method for preparing the ion gel provided in this disclosure;

[0018] Figure 2 For AA, AHBP, PEGDA, ionic liquids and AA provided in Examples 2-4 30 Infrared spectrum of AHBP1 ion gel;

[0019] Figure 3 AA provided for Examples 2-4 30 Simulation diagram of the energy-penetration depth of the AHBP1 mixed solution at a 10MeV electron accelerator;

[0020] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the gel fraction of the ionogels provided in Examples 2-1 to 2-10;

[0021] Figure 5 A schematic diagram showing the conductivity of the ion gels provided in Examples 2-1 to 2-10;

[0022] Figure 6 Stress-strain curves of the ionogels provided in Examples 2-1 to 2-10;

[0023] Figure 7 To provide the AA provided in Examples 2-4 30 / A schematic diagram of the recovery of AHBP1 ion gel after stretching;

[0024] Figure 8 Stress-strain curves of the ionogels provided in Comparative Example 1, Example 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5;

[0025] Figure 9 AA provided for Examples 2-4 30 Cyclic stress-strain curves of AHBP1 ionogel;

[0026] Figure 10 Load-unloading cyclic stress-strain curves of the ionogels provided in Examples 2-4 at strains of 50-600%;

[0027] Figure 11 A schematic diagram of a compression test on an ionogel;

[0028] Figure 12 Stress-compressive strain curves of the ionomers provided in Examples 2-4 at compressive strains of 30% to 70%;

[0029] Figure 13 Cyclic stress-compressive strain curves of the ionogels provided in Examples 2-4;

[0030] Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of puncturing the iontophoresis gel provided in Examples 2-4;

[0031] Figure 15 The puncture force-displacement curves of the iontophoresis gels provided in Examples 2-4;

[0032] Figure 16 Transmittance-wavelength curves of the ionogels provided in Comparative Example 1, Example 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5;

[0033] Figure 17 This is a schematic diagram showing the transmittance of the ion gels provided in Comparative Example 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5 at different wavelengths.

[0034] Figure 18 This is a schematic diagram of the ion gel covering fluorescent labels provided in Comparative Examples 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5;

[0035] Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of the ion gel used to shield ultraviolet light, as provided in Comparative Example 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5.

[0036] Figure 20 The initial shielding efficiency and the shielding efficiency after 120 hours of ultraviolet shielding of the ion gels provided in Comparative Examples 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5 are compared.

[0037] Figure 21 This is a schematic diagram of the chemical bond changes during the process of ionogels undergoing cleavage and self-healing.

[0038] Figure 22 Schematic diagrams showing the ionogel after being cut and after 6 hours and 12 hours;

[0039] Figure 23 This is a schematic diagram of the electrochemical properties of ionogels during the process from being cut to self-healing.

[0040] Figure 24 This is a schematic diagram showing the resistance change of the ionogel during the process of being cut and contacted.

[0041] Figure 25 The stress-strain curves of the ionogel after 6 h, 8 h, and 12 h following the cleavage of the gel.

[0042] Figure 26 A schematic diagram showing the healing efficiency of iontophoresis gels with different AHBP contents;

[0043] Figure 27 This is a schematic diagram of the resistive response of ionogel in a strain sensor.

[0044] Figure 28 The relative resistance change of ionogels under strain conditions of 3–500%;

[0045] Figure 29 The relative resistance change-strain curve of the ionogel;

[0046] Figure 30 The relative resistance change-time curve of the ionogel;

[0047] Figure 31 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the process of attaching iontophores to various parts of the human body to detect human movement. Detailed Implementation

[0048] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this disclosure will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this disclosure, and not all of them. Based on the embodiments in this disclosure, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this disclosure.

[0049] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of this disclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this disclosure may be practiced without one or more of these details. In other instances, to avoid confusion with this disclosure, certain technical features well-known in the art have not been described; that is, not all features of actual embodiments are described herein, nor are well-known functions and structures described in detail.

[0050] In the accompanying drawings, for clarity, the dimensions of layers, areas, and elements, as well as their relative dimensions, may be exaggerated. The same reference numerals denote the same elements throughout.

[0051] Currently, there are still some technical challenges to be overcome in applying ionogels to wearable strain sensors. On the one hand, ionogels have poor flexibility and resilience, which cannot meet the requirements for measuring large deformations and rapid movements. On the other hand, ultraviolet light causes ionogels to age, typically accompanied by oxidation, degradation, and deterioration. This leads to increased surface roughness and decreased quality, resulting in discoloration, cracking, and embrittlement. The mechanical properties of the ionogel will severely deteriorate, consequently affecting its sensing performance. In summary, poor mechanical properties and strain sensitivity significantly impact the sensing performance of ionogels.

[0052] This disclosure provides a method for preparing an ionic gel, the method comprising: adding a C=C compound, 4-propenoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone (AHBP) and a crosslinking agent to an ionic liquid, mixing them uniformly to obtain a mixed solution; and irradiating the mixed solution to obtain an ionic gel.

[0053] Here, the C=C compound, AHBP, and crosslinking agent are all dissolved in the ionic liquid and undergo a crosslinking reaction under irradiation conditions to form an ionic gel. The ionic gel prepared by the above method can strongly and selectively absorb ultraviolet light (i.e., wavelengths of 200–400 nm), giving it excellent UV resistance. This avoids the problem of UV-induced aging of the ionic gel and thus improves its mechanical properties.

[0054] In some embodiments, the C=C compounds include at least one of carboxyl, ester, hydroxyl, amide, and ether groups. Compounds containing these groups can form hydrogen bonds in ionogels, providing abundant physical cross-linking sites and enabling rapid remodeling during deformation and damage, resulting in excellent deformation recovery and self-healing capabilities, thereby improving their strain sensitivity. On one hand, AHBPs have carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, which can form intramolecular hydrogen bonds; compounds containing C=C, including carboxyl, ester, hydroxyl, amide, or ether groups, can also form intramolecular hydrogen bonds. On the other hand, intermolecular hydrogen bonds can also form between the groups on the AHBP and the groups of the C=C compounds.

[0055] In some embodiments, the C=C compound includes at least one of acrylic acid compounds, acrylate compounds, hydroxy acrylate compounds, acrylamide compounds, and allyl ether compounds.

[0056] Optionally, acrylic acid compounds all include a C=C group and a carboxyl group. Examples include acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Optionally, acrylate compounds include esters of acrylic acid and its homologues, all of which include a C=C group and an ester group. Examples include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl 2-methacrylate, and ethyl 2-methacrylate. Optionally, hydroxy acrylate compounds all include an acrylate group and a hydroxyl group. Examples include hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, and hydroxyamyl acrylate. Optionally, acrylamide compounds all include a C=C group and an amide group. Examples include acrylamide, arylacrylamide, and benzylacrylamide. Optionally, allyl ether compounds all include an allyl group and an etheroxy group. Examples include diallyl ether and pentaerythritol allyl ether.

[0057] In some embodiments, the crosslinking agent includes at least one of polyethylene glycol diacrylate, poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, zinc acrylate, zinc dimethacrylate, triallyl triisocyanate, triallyl triisocyanate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tri(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, and p-phenylmaleamide.

[0058] In some embodiments, the ionic liquid includes at least one of disubstituted imidazole ionic liquids, trisubstituted imidazole ionic liquids, sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquids, hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquids, and ester functionalized ionic liquids.

[0059] Optionally, the ionic liquid includes at least one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphate diethyl ester, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphate dihydrogen salt, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-propylsulfonic acid-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, N-sulfonic acid-propylpyridine hydrogen sulfate, 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, and 1-ethyl acetate-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate.

[0060] In some embodiments, the amounts of each component used in the preparation method, based on the total weight of the ionogel, are: 20-45 wt% of a compound containing C=C; 0.5-5 wt% of AHBP; 0.1-0.8 wt% of a crosslinking agent; and 50-76 wt% of an ionic liquid.

[0061] Optionally, the amount of the C=C compound used ranges from 20 to 40 wt%. For example, the amount of the C=C compound used can be 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, or 39 wt%.

[0062] Optionally, the dosage of AHBP ranges from 0.5 to 4 wt%. Alternatively, the dosage of AHBP ranges from 0.5 to 3 wt%. For example, the dosage of AHBP can be 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2 wt%, or 3 wt%.

[0063] Optionally, the amount of crosslinking agent used ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 wt%. For example, the amount of crosslinking agent used can be 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3 wt%, 0.4 wt%, or 0.5 wt%.

[0064] Optionally, the amount of ionic liquid used ranges from 55 to 75 wt%. For example, the amount of ionic liquid used can be 56 wt%, 58 wt%, 60 wt%, 62 wt%, 64 wt%, 66 wt%, 68 wt%, 70 wt%, 72 wt%, or 74 wt%.

[0065] In a specific example, based on the total weight of the ionogel, the amounts of each component used in this preparation method are as follows: acrylic acid (AA), 20–45 wt%; AHBP, 0.5–5 wt%; polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), 0.1–0.8 wt%; and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate ethyl ester (EMIMEtSO4), 50–76 wt%. The structural formulas of AA, AHBP, PEGDA, and EMIMEtSO4 are shown below:

[0066] AA:

[0067] AHBP:

[0068] PEGDA:

[0069] EMIMEtSO4:

[0070] In some embodiments, the ratio between the amount of the C=C compound and the amount of AHBP ranges from 60:1 to 10.

[0071] In a specific example, the ratio between the dosage of AA and the dosage of AHBP ranges from 60:1 to 10.

[0072] In some embodiments, the ratio between the amount of ionic liquid and the sum of the amount of C=C compound, the amount of AHBP, and the amount of ionic liquid is in the range of 40-75%, that is, the amount of ionic liquid / (the amount of C=C compound + the amount of AHBP + the amount of ionic liquid) = 40-75%.

[0073] In a specific example, the amount of EMIMEtSO4 / (the amount of AA + the amount of AHBP + the amount of EMIMEtSO4) = 40-75%.

[0074] In some embodiments, the ratio between the amount of crosslinking agent and the sum of the amount of C=C compound and the amount of AHBP is in the range of 0.5 to 1.5%, that is, the amount of crosslinking agent / (the amount of C=C compound + the amount of AHBP) = 0.5 to 1.5%.

[0075] In a specific example, the amount of PEGDA / (the amount of AA + the amount of AHBP) = 0.5 to 1.5%.

[0076] This disclosure does not impose any particular limitations on the dissolution temperature and duration for dissolving the C=C compound, AHBP, and crosslinking agent in the ionic liquid, as long as complete dissolution of the C=C compound, AHBP, and crosslinking agent is ensured. Of course, to accelerate the dissolution process, the dissolution temperature can be appropriately increased or appropriate stirring can be performed during the dissolution process. For example, stirring at 60°C for 2 hours is permissible.

[0077] In some embodiments, irradiation includes electron beam irradiation; the irradiation dose ranges from 10 to 100 kGy. For example, the irradiation dose can be 10 kGy, 20 kGy, 30 kGy, 40 kGy, 50 kGy, 60 kGy, 70 kGy, 80 kGy, 90 kGy, or 100 kGy.

[0078] Optionally, the irradiation dose range is 20–90 kGy. Optionally, the irradiation dose range is 30–60 kGy. Optionally, the irradiation dose range is 40–50 kGy.

[0079] This disclosure also provides an ion gel prepared by the method for preparing an ion gel as described in the first aspect of this disclosure.

[0080] In this disclosure, the ionogel can be molded into the desired shape. Specifically, a mixed solution comprising a C=C compound, AHBP, a crosslinking agent, and an ionic liquid can be poured into the mold before irradiation. The mold must be able to withstand irradiation; for example, the mold can be a glass plate, on which the mixed solution comprising the C=C compound, AHBP, crosslinking agent, and ionic liquid can be directly laid flat for irradiation, causing the mixed solution to undergo a crosslinking reaction.

[0081] This disclosure also provides a sensor comprising the ion gel described in the second aspect of this disclosure.

[0082] Example

[0083] The following describes embodiments of this disclosure. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain this disclosure, and should not be construed as limiting this disclosure. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments used, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0084] reagents

[0085] Acrylic acid (AA) was purchased from Aladdin Chemical Reagents.

[0086] 4-Acryloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone (AHBP) was purchased from Aladdin Chemical Reagents.

[0087] Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was purchased from Aladdin Chemical Reagents.

[0088] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate ethyl ester (EMIMEtSO4) was purchased from the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics.

[0089] Example 1

[0090] Ionogels were prepared in situ by electron beam irradiation. First, 0.3 g of AA, 0.005 g of AHBP, and 0.00305 g of PEGDA were added to 0.695 g of EMIMEtSO4 and stirred at 60 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous, transparent solution. Then, the homogeneous, transparent solution was placed in a custom-made mold and irradiated with a high-energy electron beam generated by a 10 MeV high-energy electron accelerator. The beam energy and beam intensity were 10 MeV and 3.2 mA, respectively, and the irradiation dose was 40 kGy, to obtain ionogels of different shapes. In Example 1, the ratio of AA to AHBP was 30:0.5.

[0091] Example 2-1

[0092] Ion gels were prepared in situ by electron beam irradiation. First, 0.3 g of AA, 0.01 g of AHBP, and 0.0031 g of PEGDA were added to 0.69 g of EMIMEtSO4 and stirred at 60 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous, transparent solution. Then, the homogeneous, transparent solution was placed in a custom-made mold and irradiated with a high-energy electron beam generated by a 10 MeV high-energy electron accelerator. The beam energy and beam intensity were 10 MeV and 3.2 mA, respectively, and the irradiation dose was 10 kGy, to obtain ion gels of different shapes. In Example 2-1, the ratio of AA to AHBP was 30:1.

[0093] Example 2-2

[0094] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-2 is 20 kGy.

[0095] Example 2-3

[0096] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-3 is 30 kGy.

[0097] Examples 2-4

[0098] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-4 is 40 kGy.

[0099] Examples 2-5

[0100] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-5 is 50 kGy.

[0101] Examples 2-6

[0102] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-6 is 60 kGy.

[0103] Examples 2-7

[0104] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-7 is 70 kGy.

[0105] Examples 2-8

[0106] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-8 is 80 kGy.

[0107] Examples 2-9

[0108] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-9 is 90 kGy.

[0109] Example 2-10

[0110] All other conditions are the same as in Example 2-1, except that the irradiation dose in Example 2-10 is 100 kGy.

[0111] Example 3

[0112] Ionogels were prepared in situ by electron beam irradiation. First, 0.3 g of AA, 0.015 g of AHBP, and 0.00315 g of PEGDA were added to 0.685 g of EMIMEtSO4 and stirred at 60 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous, transparent solution. Then, the homogeneous, transparent solution was placed in a custom-made mold and irradiated with a high-energy electron beam generated by a 10 MeV high-energy electron accelerator. The beam energy and beam intensity were 10 MeV and 3.2 mA, respectively, and the irradiation dose was 40 kGy, to obtain ionogels of different shapes. In Example 3, the ratio of AA to AHBP was 30:1.5.

[0113] Example 4

[0114] Ionogels were prepared in situ by electron beam irradiation. First, 0.3 g of AA, 0.02 g of AHBP, and 0.0032 g of PEGDA were added to 0.68 g of EMIMEtSO4 and stirred at 60 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous, transparent solution. Then, the homogeneous, transparent solution was placed in a custom-made mold and irradiated with a high-energy electron beam generated by a 10 MeV high-energy electron accelerator. The beam energy and beam intensity were 10 MeV and 3.2 mA, respectively, and the irradiation dose was 40 kGy, to obtain ionogels of different shapes. In Example 4, the ratio of AA to AHBP was 30:2.

[0115] Example 5

[0116] Ionogels were prepared in situ by electron beam irradiation. First, 0.3 g of AA, 0.03 g of AHBP, and 0.0033 g of PEGDA were added to 0.67 g of EMIMEtSO4 and stirred at 60 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous, transparent solution. Then, the homogeneous, transparent solution was placed in a custom-made mold and irradiated with a high-energy electron beam generated by a 10 MeV high-energy electron accelerator. The beam energy and beam intensity were 10 MeV and 3.2 mA, respectively, and the irradiation dose was 40 kGy, to obtain ionogels of different shapes. In Example 5, the ratio of AA to AHBP was 30:3.

[0117] Comparative Example 1

[0118] Ionogels were prepared in situ by electron beam irradiation. First, 0.3 g of AA and 0.003 g of PEGDA were added to 0.7 g of EMIMEtSO4 and stirred at 60 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous, transparent solution. Then, the homogeneous, transparent solution was placed in a custom-made mold and irradiated with a high-energy electron beam generated by a 10 MeV high-energy electron accelerator. The beam energy and beam intensity were 10 MeV and 3.2 mA, respectively, and the irradiation dose was 40 kGy, to obtain ionogels of different shapes. In Comparative Example 1, the ratio of AA to AHBP was 30:0.

[0119] The dosage and irradiation dose of each component in Examples 1, 2-1 to 2-10, 3 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 are shown in Table 1.

[0120] Table 1. Amounts and irradiation doses of each component in the examples and comparative examples.

[0121]

[0122] like Figure 1 As shown, AA and AHBP were used as monomers, and PEGDA was used as a crosslinking agent. These were dissolved in the ionic liquid EMIMEtSO4 to obtain a homogeneous and transparent solution. In-situ free radical polymerization / crosslinking reactions of AA, AHBP, and PEGDA in the solution were excited and induced by a high-energy electron beam generated by an electron accelerator, resulting in the preparation of AA monomers with various shapes. x / AHBP y Ion gel; where x refers to the ratio of the amount of AA to the sum of the amounts of AA, AHBP, and EMIMEtSO4, i.e., x = amount of AA / (amount of AA + amount of AHBP + amount of EMIMEtSO4), and y refers to the ratio of the amount of AHBP to the sum of the amounts of AA, AHBP, and EMIMEtSO4, i.e., y = amount of AHBP / (amount of AA + amount of AHBP + amount of EMIMEtSO4).

[0123] This disclosure utilizes an irradiation method to prepare ionogels, which has a short preparation cycle (i.e., 60 s), requires no initiator, and can be prepared in situ at room temperature and ambient pressure. Using electron beam irradiation to induce molecular polymerization / crosslinking is a rapid and efficient method for preparing ionogels.

[0124] Test Example 1

[0125] Infrared analysis was performed using a VERTEX 70 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Samples were prepared using the KBr pellet method under a N2 atmosphere. The observation wavelength range was 500–4000 cm⁻¹. -1 The effects of AA, AHBP, PEGDA, EMIMEtSO4, and AA prepared in Examples 2-4 were investigated. 30 The AHBP1 ionogel was tested, and the results are as follows: Figure 2 As shown.

[0126] like Figure 2 As shown, the horizontal axis represents the wavenumber, and the unit of the horizontal axis is cm. -1 The vertical axis represents transmittance, with units of %. AA, AHBP, and PEGDA are located at 1635 cm⁻¹. -1 The absorption peak of the C=C double bond completely disappeared after the formation of the ionic gel, indicating that the cross-linking reaction was complete. This reaction does not require the addition of an initiator, can be carried out at room temperature and normal pressure, and has an extremely fast reaction rate.

[0127] Test Example 2

[0128] The energy-penetration depth simulation diagram of the electron accelerator was generated using the Monte Carlo program FLUKA to simulate the energy-depth relationship of a 10 MeV electron accelerator, with an initial particle count of 1 million. When setting the statistical results, the transmission direction was divided into 10 cm segments, the scanning direction into 240 cm segments, and the emission direction into 2 cm segments. This was compared with the AA provided in Examples 2-4. 30 The / AHBP1 mixed solution was tested, and the test results are as follows: Figure 3 As shown.

[0129] like Figure 3 As shown, the horizontal axis represents depth, with units in cm. The electron beam generated by the electron accelerator can penetrate the precursor solution of the ionogel (i.e., a mixed solution of AA, AHBP, and PEGDA in an ionic liquid), continuously initiating cross-linking reactions within the ionic liquid. Irradiation-based preparation of ionogels is a promising, green, efficient, and large-scale in-situ method for preparing high-performance ionogels.

[0130] Test Example 3

[0131] Gel fraction analysis: Gel fraction refers to the percentage of cross-linked polymers in the total weight of the ionogel system. The ionogel was placed in an oven and dried under vacuum at 80°C for 48 hours to remove moisture. It was then weighed, and the initial mass m0 was recorded. The ionogel was washed with deionized water, and the ionic liquid contained in the ionogel was removed using a solvent exchange method. The washed ionogel was then placed in an oven and dried under vacuum at 80°C for 48 hours until the mass stabilized. The ionogel was then removed, weighed, and the mass m1 was recorded. The gel fraction of the ionogel was calculated according to the following formula (1). The ionogels prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-10 were tested respectively, and the test results are as follows: Figure 4 As shown.

[0132]

[0133] like Figure 4 As shown, the horizontal axis represents the absorbed dose of irradiation, with units of kGy; the vertical axis represents the gel fraction, with units of %. As the absorbed dose of irradiation increases, AA... 30 The gel fraction of the / AHBP1 ionogel first increases and then decreases. That is, as the absorbed irradiation dose increases, the number of excited polymers participating in the reaction gradually increases, the content of cross-linked polymers gradually increases, and the gel fraction increases; however, as the absorbed irradiation dose further increases, the high-energy electron beam may cause CC (cross-linked polymer) breakage, leading to polymer irradiation degradation, and the content of cross-linked polymers gradually decreases, resulting in a decrease in the gel fraction. When the absorbed irradiation dose is 10–100 kGy, AA... 30 The gel fraction of the / AHBP1 ionogel is 23-28%. Therefore, the degree of polymerization / crosslinking of the ionogel can be controlled by adjusting the absorbed dose of irradiation.

[0134] Test Example 4

[0135] Conductivity analysis was performed by preparing ionogel samples with a diameter of 8 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. The ionic resistance of the ionogel samples was measured using a Zahner Zenniumpro electrochemical workstation, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the resistance obtained by impedance spectroscopy. Ionogels prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-10 were tested, and the results are as follows: Figure 5 As shown.

[0136] like Figure 5 As shown, the horizontal axis represents the absorbed dose of irradiation, with units of kGy; the vertical axis represents conductivity, with units of mS / cm. As the absorbed dose of irradiation increases, AA... 30The conductivity of the / AHBP1 ionogel initially decreases and then increases. This is mainly because the loose polymer network is more conducive to ion migration; therefore, the gel fraction and conductivity of the ionogel show opposite trends. When the absorbed dose of irradiation is 10–100 kGy, AA 30 The conductivity of the / AHBP1 ionogel is 0.9–1.4 mS / cm.

[0137] Test Example 5

[0138] Stress-strain analysis was performed by fabricating dumbbell-shaped specimens of ionogel with a neck width of 7 mm, a length of 20 mm, and a thickness of 1 mm. These dumbbell-shaped specimens were clamped in the tensile testing fixture of an electronic universal testing machine (CMT4104), ensuring the specimens were vertical, and stretched until they broke. The ionogels prepared in Examples 2-1 to 2-10 were tested, and the results are as follows: Figure 6 As shown.

[0139] like Figure 6 As shown, the horizontal axis represents strain (%), and the vertical axis represents stress (MPa). As the absorbed dose of irradiation increases, AA... 30 The strain of the / AHBP1 ionogel gradually decreases, AA 30 The stress of the / AHBP1 ionogel first increases and then decreases. When the absorbed dose of irradiation is 10 kGy, AA 30 The strain of the / AHBP1 ionogel reaches a maximum of approximately 1400%, and the stress reaches a minimum of approximately 0.045 MPa; when the absorbed dose of irradiation is 100 kGy, AA 30 The strain of the / AHBP1 ionogel reaches a minimum of approximately 600%, and the stress is approximately 0.07 MPa. When the absorbed dose of irradiation is 10–100 kGy, AA 30 The AHBP1 ionogels exhibit good mechanical properties.

[0140] When the absorbed dose of irradiation is 40 kGy, AA 30 The strain of the / AHBP1 ionogel reached 1120%, and the stress reached 0.10 MPa. Therefore, an irradiation dose of 40 kGy was selected as the optimal dose for electron beam irradiation to prepare the ionogel, and ionogels were synthesized under this condition for subsequent research. The absorbed dose of the ionogels prepared in Examples 1, 2-4, 3, 4, 5, and Comparative Example 1 was 40 kGy.

[0141] like Figure 7 As shown in Figure (a), the long strip AA 30The AHBP1 ionogel is in its initial state, with a strain of 0%. Figure 7 As shown in Figure (b), for the long strip AA 30 / AHBP1 ionomer gel with forces applied to both ends, long strips of AA 30 The AHBP1 ionogel is in a stretched state with a strain of 1300%. Figure 7 As shown in Figure (c), remove the long strip of AA. 30 The force applied to both ends of the / AHBP1 ion gel, the long strip of AA 30 The / AHBP1 ionogel is in a recovered state, with a strain of 0%. This indicates that the ionogel can be easily stretched to a strain of up to 1300% without any visible cracks or fractures, and can rapidly recover its original shape within 30 seconds after stretch-release. This further demonstrates that due to the high-density, multi-hydrogen-bonded polymer network and various non-covalent bonds (including hydrogen bonding and ionic dipole interactions), the ionogel exhibits excellent tensile properties and ultrafast self-recovery.

[0142] like Figure 8 As shown, the horizontal axis represents strain (%), and the vertical axis represents stress (MPa). The ionogels prepared in Comparative Example 1, Example 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5 were tested, and the results are shown below. Figure 8 As shown. The ionogels prepared in Comparative Example 1, Example 1, Examples 2-4, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5 are respectively recorded as AA. 30 / AHBP0、AA 30 / AHBP 0.5 AA 30 / AHBP1、AA 30 / AHBP 1.5 AA 30 / AHBP2 and AA 30 / AHBP3. As the amount of AHBP used increases, the stress also gradually increases, from 0.87MPa to 0.152MPa, and the strength increases significantly.

[0143] like Figure 9 As shown, the AA prepared in Examples 2-4 30 The AHBP1 ionomer gel was tested. The x-axis represents strain (%), and the y-axis represents stress (MPa). 30The stress-strain curves of the / AHBP1 ionomer remained essentially consistent after 50 consecutive cycles at 100% strain. This indicates that the ionomer possesses excellent recovery properties.

[0144] like Figure 10 As shown, the AA prepared in Examples 2-4 30 The AHBP1 ionomer gel was tested. The x-axis represents strain (%), and the y-axis represents stress (MPa). 30 The / AHBP1 ionomer was subjected to load-unload cycles at strains of 50%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, and 600%. The hysteresis loop was small at strains up to 600%, indicating that the ionomer has excellent recovery properties.

[0145] Test Example 5

[0146] Stress-compressive strain analysis, such as Figure 11 As shown, the ionogel was prepared into a cylindrical sample with a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 10 mm. The sample was placed on the compression mold platform of an electronic universal testing machine (CMT4104), and the platform was slowly lowered until it just contacted the cylindrical sample. The cylindrical sample was compressed and released to obtain the compression properties of the ionogel. The AA prepared in Examples 2-4 was compared with the ionogel. 30 The AHBP1 ionogel was tested, and the results are as follows: Figure 12 and Figure 13 As shown.

[0147] like Figure 12 As shown, the horizontal axis represents compressive strain (%), and the vertical axis represents stress (MPa). AA 30 The / AHBP1 ionogel underwent compression-release cycles at compressive strains of 30%, 50%, and 70%, and exhibited a compressive strength exceeding 540 kPa at a compressive strain of 70%.

[0148] like Figure 13 As shown, the horizontal axis represents compressive strain (%), and the vertical axis represents stress (MPa). AA 30The ionic gel / AHBP1 exhibited essentially consistent cyclic stress-compression strain curves after 20 consecutive cycles at 70% strain. This indicates that the ionic gel can fully recover its initial dimensions after 20 cycles of compression-release at 70% strain, demonstrating excellent compressibility and recovery properties.

[0149] Test Example 6

[0150] like Figure 14 As shown in Figure (a), a circular ionogel sample with a thickness of 1 mm is placed on the pipette tip (PP, 1 mm), at which point the ionogel sample and the pipette tip are just in contact; Figure 14 As shown in Figure (b), a downward force is applied to both ends of a circular ionogel sample; Figure 14 As shown in Figure (c), a downward force was further applied to both ends of the circular ionogel sample, and the pipette tip did not puncture the sample. The ionogel sample could withstand a deformation more than three times its own size without being destroyed. This indicates that ionogels have excellent puncture resistance, which is beneficial for their use as smart skin materials to cope with external damage.

[0151] Puncture force-displacement analysis involves placing the ionogel sample on the puncture mold platform of an electronic universal testing machine (CMT4104), slowly lowering the puncture material until it just contacts the ionogel sample, and then puncturing the ionogel sample to obtain the puncture performance of the ionogel.

[0152] like Figure 15 As shown, the horizontal axis represents displacement (mm), and the vertical axis represents puncture force (Load) (N). As the displacement increases, the distance the puncture material moves downward increases, and the puncture force also increases until the puncture material just punctures the ionogel sample, at which point the puncture force reaches its maximum value.

[0153] Test Example 7

[0154] Transmittance-wavelength analysis was performed by preparing ionogel samples with a width of 8 mm, a length of 15 mm, and a thickness of 8 mm. The ionogel samples were placed on quartz glass slides, and the optical transparency and transmittance at different wavelengths were evaluated using a Shimadzu UV-3600 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. Ionogels prepared in Comparative Example 1, Examples 1, Examples 2-4, Examples 3, Examples 4, and Examples 5 were tested, and the results are shown below. Figure 16 and Figure 17 As shown.

[0155] like Figure 16As shown, the horizontal axis represents wavelength (nm), and the vertical axis represents transmittance (%). The benzophenone structure in the AA / AHBP ionogel with AHBP as the monomer exhibits excellent UV resistance, successfully overcoming UV damage to the ionogel. When the wavelength is less than 300nm, AA... 30 The transmittance of the / AHBP0 ion gel to it is essentially 0; as the wavelength increases, AA 30 The transmittance of the / AHBP0 ion gel increases rapidly; when the wavelength is greater than 400 nm, AA 30 The transmittance of the / AHBP0 ionogel remains relatively stable at around 90%. In other words, AA 30 / AHBP0 ionogels can only partially block the UV-B band, with poor shielding performance in the UV-A band. Ionogels containing AHBP, however, can block almost all UV-A and UV-B bands. Therefore, ionogels containing AHBP can block ultraviolet light below 380nm, indicating that they possess excellent UV protection capabilities.

[0156] Figure 17 The diagram illustrates three typical wavelengths: 300nm, 365nm, and 380nm. Ionomers without AHBP exhibit poor shielding performance against ultraviolet light at wavelengths of 365nm and 380nm, while ionomers containing AHBP almost completely block these wavelengths. Therefore, ionomers containing AHBP possess excellent UV protection capabilities.

[0157] Test Example 8

[0158] To analyze the fluorescence coverage effect, an ion gel was prepared into a test sample with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The test sample was then placed over fluorescent letters, and fluorescence was induced by a UV lamp (24 mW / cm, 365 nm). The results were then observed to see if the fluorescent letters could be seen through the ion gel.

[0159] Figure 18 Figure (a) shows the fluorescent letters not covered with ionogel. Figure 18 Figures (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) respectively illustrate how AA is... 30 / AHBP0 ion gel, AA 30 / AHBP1 ion gel, AA 30 / AHBP 1.5 Ion gel, AA 30 / AHBP2 ionogel and AA 30 / AHBP3 ionogel was used to coat fluorescent letters. After inducing fluorescence, Figure 18 Fluorescent letters can be clearly seen in images (a) and (b); Figure 18 Fluorescent letters are not visible in figures (c), (d), (e), and (f). Therefore, the ionogel containing AHBP provides better coverage of the fluorescent letters.

[0160] Test Example 9

[0161] To analyze the UV shielding effect, an ionogel with a diameter of 3 cm and a thickness of 8 mm was placed on the sensing probe of a TM-213 UV radiometer, and the UV intensity detected by the probe was read on the LCD screen. Placing the AA / AHBP ionogel outdoors provides a more intuitive demonstration of its UV shielding effect.

[0162] Figure 19 Figure (a) illustrates the outdoor UV intensity in Wuhan, China, measured using a TM-213 UV radiometer without the ionogel covering the sensing probe. The outdoor UV intensity was 1040 μW / cm². 2 . Figure 19 Figures (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) respectively illustrate how AA is... 30 / AHBP0 ion gel, AA 30 / AHBP1 ion gel, AA 30 / AHBP 1.5 Ion gel, AA 30 / AHBP2 ionogel and AA 30 AHBP3 ion gel is applied to the sensing probe. Figure 19 Figure (b) shows that the ultraviolet intensity only decreased to 436 μW / cm. 2 The screen-out rate is less than 30%. Figure 19 Figure (c) illustrates AA 30 The UV intensity of the / AHBP1 ion gel can be reduced to 34 μW / cm. 2 The shielding efficiency can reach 96%. Figure 19 Figures (d), (e), and (f) illustrate the reduction in ultraviolet intensity to 7 μW / cm. 2 8μW / cm 2 and 3μW / cm 2 The shielding efficiency is as high as 99%.

[0163] like Figure 20 As shown, the horizontal axis represents the AHBP content (in %), and the vertical axis represents the shielding percentage (in %). Figure 20The results show that the ionogel containing AHBP has a much higher shielding effect against ultraviolet light than the ionogel without AHBP, and the ionogel containing AHBP can still maintain a high shielding efficiency against ultraviolet light after 120 hours of ultraviolet irradiation.

[0164] like Figure 21 As shown, when an ionogel is cut, it can self-repair at room temperature. This is due to the abundant and reversible hydrogen bonding and ionic dipole interactions within the ionogel polymer network, which, even without any stimulation, greatly promote the self-repair capability of the ionogel. Specifically, hydrogen bonds can form between the carboxyl groups of AA, between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of AHBP, and between the carboxyl groups of AA and the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of AHBP, thus constructing a rich hydrogen bond system within the ionogel system. This ability to self-repair upon damage not only avoids resource waste but also ensures the reliable and stable operation of wearable strain sensors.

[0165] Test Case 10

[0166] To analyze the self-healing performance, an ionogel test sample with a thickness of 8 mm was prepared, placed on a glass slide, and then placed on the stage of an Axio Scope Al polarizing microscope to observe the ionogel repair process.

[0167] like Figure 22 As shown in Figure (a), the ionogel test sample is cut into two pieces, with a gap between the two cut pieces. Figure 22 As shown in Figure (b), after 6 hours, the distance between the two cut ionogel test samples decreased. Figure 22 As shown in Figure (c), after 12 hours of the ion gel being cut, the scratches on the two cut ion gel test samples almost completely disappeared at room temperature.

[0168] like Figure 23 As shown in Figure (a), the ionogel has good electrical conductivity, and the small light bulb connected to the ionogel emits bright light. Figure 23 As shown in Figure (b), when the ionogel is cut into two parts, the light bulb also goes out. Figure 23 As shown in Figure (c), when the two cut ionomer gel parts are brought into contact, the light bulb returns to its original brightness.

[0169] like Figure 24As shown, the horizontal axis represents time (in seconds), and the vertical axis represents resistance (in MΩ). When the ionogel is cut, its resistance increases infinitely; however, at the instant the two cut parts of the ionogel come into contact, the resistance can essentially return to its original state before the cut. This indicates that the self-repair process of the ionogel is usually accompanied by the restoration of its electrochemical properties.

[0170] like Figure 25 As shown, the horizontal axis represents strain (%), and the vertical axis represents stress (MPa). Figure 25 The stress-strain curves of the uncut and cut ionomers are shown after 6 h, 8 h, and 12 h, respectively. With increasing healing time, the strain and stress of the cut ionomer also increase. The strain of the cut ionomer reaches 800% after only 6 h; the stress-strain curve of the cut ionomer after 12 h is basically consistent with that of the uncut ionomer. This indicates that the mechanical properties of the ionomer gradually recover during the self-repair process.

[0171] like Figure 23 As shown in Figure (d), the cut ionogel test sample was self-repaired. The self-repaired ionogel test sample was then stretched. The resistance of the ionogel test sample changed with strain, and the brightness of the light bulb dimmed rapidly. This indicates that the ionogel has strain sensitivity.

[0172] Test Example 11

[0173] Healing efficiency analysis refers to the ratio between the stress (or strain) of the cut ionogel after self-repair and the stress (or strain) of the uncut ionogel.

[0174] like Figure 26 As shown, the horizontal axis represents AHBP content (%), and the vertical axis represents healing efficiency (%). Figure 26 This illustrates how the healing efficiency of an iontophoresis gel undergoes self-repair at 20°C for 8 hours after being severed, and how this efficiency varies with changes in AHBP content; and Figure 26 The study also demonstrated that when the ionogel was cut and self-repaired at 20°C for 12 hours, the healing efficiency changed with the AHBP content. As the healing time increased, the healing efficiency of the ionogel test samples gradually increased, and the mechanical properties gradually recovered, exhibiting the rapid self-healing properties of the ionogel.

[0175] Test Example 12

[0176] For sensor performance analysis, a dumbbell-shaped ionogel sample with a neck width of 7 mm, a length of 20 mm, and a thickness of 1 mm was clamped at both ends of an electronic universal testing machine and connected to a Keithley DMM7510 digital multimeter. Different strains were set, and the change in resistance under the corresponding strains was recorded using the digital multimeter.

[0177] like Figure 27 As shown, the horizontal axis represents time (in seconds), and the vertical axis represents the relative resistance change (ΔR / R) in percentage (%). The ionogel enables rapid and sensitive strain sensing and generates a resistance response. Its response time is only 147 ms, extremely close to the response time of human skin (110 ms). To evaluate the suitability of the AA / AHBP ionogel in wearable strain sensors, we tested its sensing performance.

[0178] like Figure 28 As shown, the horizontal axis represents time (in seconds), and the vertical axis represents the relative resistance change (ΔR / R) (in percent). Figure 28 Figure (a) illustrates the change in relative resistance at strains of 3–40%. Figure 28 Figure (b) illustrates the change in relative resistance under strains ranging from 50% to 500%. Therefore, ionogels exhibit a wide strain sensing range, demonstrating good and stable changes in relative resistance across both small and large strain ranges.

[0179] like Figure 29 As shown, the strain sensing coefficient (GF) is commonly used to measure the sensitivity of strain sensors; where GF = (ΔR / R0) / ε, and ε refers to the strain of the iontophoresis gel. By fitting the ΔR / R0 values ​​under different strains, the strain sensing coefficient of this iontophoresis skin can be obtained as 1.5. Its fitting curve shows a linear change, indicating good strain sensitivity.

[0180] like Figure 30 As shown, the horizontal axis represents time (in seconds), and the vertical axis represents the relative resistance change (ΔR / R) in percentage. This ion gel skin exhibits long-lasting and stable recovery properties, with stable electrical signal changes during more than 300 stretch-release cycles.

[0181] Because of its excellent flexibility and sensing properties, ionogel skin can be used as a wearable strain sensor to detect changes in human movement by being directly attached to various parts of the body. For example... Figure 31 As shown, this ion-based skin patch can be applied to the eyebrows (such as...). Figure 31 (as shown in (a)) or wrist (as shown in (a)) Figure 31As shown in (b), the sensor detects muscle changes when a person frowns or clenches their fist. The ion-sensitive skin patch can also be applied to the throat (e.g., [location not specified]). Figure 31 As shown in (c), the differences in saying different words (Hi, Hello) are distinguished at this point. Furthermore, this ionic skin can also be adhered to the fingers (such as...). Figure 31 As shown in (d), wrist (as shown) Figure 31 As shown in (e), elbow (as shown in) Figure 31 (See figure (f)) at human joints, distinguishing the differences in deformation under different movements. Figure 31 As shown, this ionogel can adhere firmly to various parts of the human body, responds rapidly to various movements, and exhibits stable and reliable changes in electrical signals, making it a highly promising wearable strain sensor.

[0182] This disclosure provides a high-performance ion gel based on hydroxybenzophenone and acrylic acid, its preparation method and application, which solves the problems of insufficient mechanical strength, poor toughness and inability to resist ultraviolet damage of ion gels.

[0183] This disclosure provides an in-situ electron beam irradiation synthesis strategy. By integrating AA with a hydrogen-rich structure and AHBP monomers with abundant hydroxybenzophenone structures, an ionogel integrating sensing, ultraviolet filtering, self-healing, and adhesion properties was prepared, which can be used as a wearable strain sensor. It exhibits strong selective absorption of high-energy ultraviolet light in the 200–400 nm range. The ionogel achieves a shielding efficiency of over 96%. The high-density, multi-hydrogen-bonded system design gives the ionogel high tensile strength (1300%), rapid recovery (1 min), and excellent self-healing properties (4 h, repair efficiency 93%). Furthermore, this ionogel-based wearable strain sensor can respond quickly (147 ms) and sensitively (GF 1.5) to various human movements (frowning, speaking, finger, elbow, wrist flexion, etc.), demonstrating great application potential in the construction of novel multifunctional wearable strain sensors.

[0184] It should be understood that the phrase "an embodiment" or "one embodiment" throughout the specification means that a specific feature, structure, or characteristic related to the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of this disclosure. Therefore, "in one embodiment" or "one embodiment" appearing throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, these specific features, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. It should be understood that in the various embodiments of this disclosure, the sequence numbers of the above-described processes do not imply a sequential order of execution; the execution order of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of this disclosure. The sequence numbers of the above-described embodiments are for descriptive purposes only and do not represent the superiority or inferiority of the embodiments.

[0185] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this disclosure and does not limit the patent scope of this disclosure. Any equivalent structural transformations made using the contents of this specification and drawings under the inventive concept of this disclosure, or direct / indirect applications in other related technical fields, are included within the patent protection scope of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A method for preparing an ion gel, characterized in that, The preparation method includes: A compound containing C=C, 4-propenoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone, and a crosslinking agent are added to an ionic liquid and mixed thoroughly to obtain a mixed solution. The mixed solution was irradiated to obtain an ion gel.

2. The method for preparing ionogel according to claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the total weight of the ionogel, the amounts of each component used in the preparation method are as follows: Compounds containing C=C, 20–45 wt%; 4-Acryloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone, 0.5–5 wt%; Crosslinking agent, 0.1–0.8 wt%; and Ionic liquid, 50–76 wt%.

3. The method for preparing ionogel according to claim 2, characterized in that, The ratio between the amount of the C=C compound and the amount of 4-propenoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone is in the range of 60:1 to 10.

4. The method for preparing ionogel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The C=C compound includes at least one of carboxyl, ester, hydroxyl, amide, and ether groups.

5. The method for preparing ionogel according to claim 4, characterized in that, The C=C compounds include at least one of acrylic acid compounds, acrylate compounds, hydroxy acrylate compounds, acrylamide compounds, and allyl ether compounds.

6. The method for preparing ionogel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The crosslinking agent includes at least one of polyethylene glycol diacrylate, poly(propylene glycol) dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, zinc acrylate, zinc dimethacrylate, triallyl triisocyanate, triallyl triisocyanate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tri(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, and p-phenylmaleamide.

7. The method for preparing ionogel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ionic liquid includes at least one of disubstituted imidazole ionic liquids, trisubstituted imidazole ionic liquids, sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquids, hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquids, and ester functionalized ionic liquids; The ionic liquid comprises at least one of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphate diethyl ester, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphate dihydrogen salt, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1-propylsulfonic acid-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, N-sulfonic acid-propylpyridine hydrogen sulfate, 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, and 1-ethyl acetate-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate.

8. The method for preparing ionogel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The irradiation includes electron beam irradiation; the dose range of the irradiation is 10–100 kGy.

9. An ionogel, characterized in that, The ion gel is prepared by the method for preparing ion gel as described in any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A sensor, characterized in that, The sensor comprises the ion gel as described in claim 9.

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