Universal protection of power system

Abstract

A system includes a transmission cable having a first main conductor wire. The sense wire is wound around the first main conductor wire, wherein the sense resistor is electrically connected in series with the sense wire. The transmission cable includes one or more additional main conductor wires, each main conductor wire including a respective conductor. The protection system is operably connected to the transmission cable and includes a leakage current sensor circuit (LCSC) operably connected to the sense line to provide feedback indicative of current in the sense line. The controller is operably connected to provide feedback-based control to the plurality of switching devices for fail-safe. A controller is operably connected to receive feedback from the LCSC indicative of the current in the sense line for feedback-based control of the plurality of switching devices.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to power systems, and more specifically to protection for power systems such as fault-managed power systems (FMPS), such as protection against electric shock. Background Technology

[0002] Inrush currents can complicate fault protection for high-power systems. For example, in typical transmission lines, inrush current fluctuations can be similar to, or even more severe than, current fluctuations during fault events such as ground faults, arc faults, impulse faults, and short circuits. Inrush current limiters may be used for fault protection of such systems. There has long been a desire for inrush current limiters to work well with fault detection and protection devices, such as those capable of detecting faults occurring when a person touches a transmission line and providing protection. This disclosure provides a solution to this need. Summary of the Invention

[0003] A system includes a transmission cable with a connector at a load end of the transmission cable, the connector being configured to electrically connect the transmission cable to a load to supply power from a power source to the load. The transmission cable includes a first main conductor within a first wire insulator. A sensing wire is wound around the first wire insulator, wherein a sensing resistor is electrically connected in series with the sensing wire. The transmission cable includes one or more additional main conductor wires, each additional main conductor wire including a corresponding conductor within a corresponding wire insulator, and a cable insulator surrounding a wire harness including the first main conductor wire, the sensing wire, and the one or more additional main conductor wires.

[0004] A protection system is operatively connected to the transmission cable. The protection system includes a leakage current sensor circuit (LCSC) operatively connected to the sensing line to provide feedback indicating the current in the sensing line. A controller is operatively connected to provide feedback-based control to a plurality of switching devices operatively connected to a first line and one or more additional lines for fault protection. The controller is operatively connected to receive feedback from the LCSC indicating the current in the sensing line for feedback-based control of the plurality of switching devices.

[0005] The protection system may include a first circuit breaker device located in a first line, electrically connected in series between a first node configured to connect to a power source and a first main conductor. A second circuit breaker device may be located in a second line, electrically connected in series between a second node configured to connect to a power source and a second main conductor, which is one of the aforementioned additional main conductors.

[0006] The connector for the transmission cable may include a cable plug. The cable plug may include a first plug terminal electrically connected to a connection end of a first main conductor and one or more additional plug terminals electrically connected to connection ends of each of one or more additional main conductors. A sensing plug terminal may be electrically connected to a sensing line. The sensing resistor may be electrically connected in series between the sensing plug terminal and the sensing line.

[0007] The load plug can be configured to connect to a cable plug. The load plug may include a first load terminal that is electrically contacted with a first plug terminal for conducting power from the first main conductor to the load. One or more additional load terminals may be electrically contacted with one or more additional plug terminals for conducting power from one or more additional main conductors to the load. A load sensing terminal may be electrically contacted with a sensing plug terminal. A jumper wire can electrically connect the first load terminal to the load sensing terminal to conduct power between the first main conductor and the sensing wire via a sensing resistor.

[0008] The sensing wire may include insulated magnetic wire. The sensing wire may be wound without gaps around the first main conductor wire to form a shield. The LCSC may include a voltage source, a first LCSC resistor electrically connected in series between the sensing resistor and the voltage source, and a second LCSC resistor electrically connected to a first LCSC node between the voltage source and the first resistor. The second LCSC resistor may be electrically connected between the first LCSC node and ground. A metal-oxide rheostat (MOV) may be electrically connected in parallel with the second LCSC resistor. Current sensing logic may be operatively configured to detect the current through the first LCSC resistor and output feedback indicating the current to the controller.

[0009] The multiple switching devices may include a first switching device in a first circuit, a second switching device in a second circuit as one of one or more additional circuits, a third switching device in a switching circuit electrically connected between the first and second circuits, and a fourth switching device electrically connected in series in the switching circuit between the third switching device and the second circuit. The protection system may include a main sensor operatively connected to the first and second circuits to generate feedback for a controller indicating the current difference between the first and second circuits. The controller may be operatively connected to control the switching of the first, second, third, and fourth switching devices and to control the first and second circuit breaker devices for fault protection based on feedback from the main sensor.

[0010] The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to: check the integrity of the transmission cable and the connection of the transmission cable to the load by measuring current feedback from the LCSC;

[0011] When the current is detected to be within the expected range, and when the current imbalance amplitude detected in the feedback from the main sensor is lower than the predetermined limit, the first and second switches are closed to supply power to the load.

[0012] When the current imbalance detected in the feedback from the main sensor exceeds a predetermined limit, or when a lack of current is detected in the sensing line, the first and second switches are disconnected and the third and fourth switches are closed to short-circuit the main transmission cable and divert current from the cable, load, and possible faults.

[0013] Start the fault indicator at the scheduled time; and

[0014] Following the failure, a first restart attempt is made, which includes detecting that the current imbalance in the feedback from the main sensor is below a predetermined limit, and closing the first and second switches to supply power to the load during the system voltage zero crossing.

[0015] If the first attempt fails, the instruction can be configured to cause the controller to attempt a restart up to three times. If all three restart attempts fail, the instruction can be configured to cause the controller to trip the first and second circuit breaker devices.

[0016] A first inrush current limiter is included in a first line and connected in series between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. A second inrush current limiter is included in a second line and connected in series between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device. A zero-crossing line can be connected from a first zero-crossing node in the first line between the first inrush current limiter and the first switching device to a node in the second line between the second inrush current limiter and the second switching device. A first zero-crossing detector in the zero-crossing line can be connected in series between the first and second zero-crossing nodes. A second zero-crossing detector in the zero-crossing line can be connected in series between the first zero-crossing detector and the second zero-crossing node. The first and second inrush current limiters are operatively connected to be controlled by the controller. The first and second zero-crossing detectors are operatively connected to the controller to transmit feedback to the controller for timing the zero-crossing currents of the first and second lines.

[0017] The first inrush current limiter may include a first inrush current resistor connected in parallel with the first inrush current relay, and the two are connected in series in the first circuit, located between the first circuit breaker device and the first zero-crossing detector. The second inrush current limiter may include a second inrush current resistor connected in parallel with the second inrush current relay, and the two are connected in series in the second circuit, located between the second circuit breaker device and the second zero-crossing detector.

[0018] The first inrush current limiter may include a first inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a first solid-state inrush current switch, and the two are electrically connected in series in a first circuit, located between the first circuit breaker device and the first zero-crossing detector. The second inrush current limiter may include a second inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a second solid-state inrush current switch, and the two are electrically connected in series in a second circuit, located between the second circuit breaker device and the second zero-crossing detector.

[0019] The first inrush current limiter may include a first solid-state inrush current switch unit electrically connected in series in the first line, located between the first circuit breaker device and the first zero-crossing detector. The second inrush current limiter may include a second solid-state inrush current switch unit electrically connected in series in the second line, located between the second circuit breaker device and the second zero-crossing detector. Each of the first and second inrush current switch units may respectively include:

[0020] A normally open MOSFET having a gate driver operatively connected to the gate of the MOSFET to control the switching state of the MOSFET using a metal-oxide rheostat (MOV) connected in parallel with the normally open MOSFET; or

[0021] A normally closed JFET connected in series with the normally open MOSFET and MOV has a gate driver operatively connected to the gate of the JFET to control the switching state of the JFET using a resistor connected in parallel with the JFET and in series with the normally open MOSFET and MOV.

[0022] The grounding line in the protection system can be configured to be electrically connected to ground. One or more additional main conductor lines may include grounding conductor lines electrically connected to the grounding line.

[0023] The neutral line in the protection system can extend from the grounding node to the node electrically connected in series between the first and second zero-crossing detectors, to the node electrically connected in series between the third and fourth solid-state switches, and through the main sensor. One or more additional main neutral lines may include a neutral line electrically connected to the neutral line.

[0024] The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform Fault Management Power Supply (FMPS) functions for power supplies and loads in a protection system. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform Ground Fault Circuit Interruption (GFCI) functions for power supplies and loads in a protection system. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform Arc Fault Circuit Interruption (AFCI) functions for power supplies and loads in a protection system. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform Solid State Circuit Breaker (SSCB) functions for power supplies and loads in a protection system.

[0025] The first line may include a positive single-pair Ethernet input (SPE-IN+) node between the third switching device and the main sensor. The second line may include a negative single-pair Ethernet input (SPE-IN-) node between the fourth switching device and the main sensor. Single-pair Ethernet (SPE) RX / TX components may be operatively connected to the SPE-IN+ and SPE-IN- nodes to transmit data via a transmission cable.

[0026] In the AC configuration, the power supply is an AC power supply. A zero-crossing line is available to connect a first zero-crossing node in a first line between a first circuit breaker device and a first switching device to a node in a second line between a second circuit breaker device and a second switching device. A first zero-crossing detector is included in the zero-crossing line, electrically connected in series between the first and second zero-crossing nodes. A second zero-crossing detector is included in the zero-crossing line, electrically connected in series between the first and second zero-crossing nodes. The first and second zero-crossing detectors can be operatively connected to a controller to transmit feedback to the controller for timing the zero-crossing currents of the first and second lines. The grounding line in the protection system can be configured to be electrically connected to ground, with one or more additional main conductor lines including a grounding conductor electrically connected to the grounding line. The controller can include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform AC Fault Management Power Supply (AC FMPS) functions for the power supply and loads in the protection system.

[0027] The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to: check the integrity of the transmission cable and the connection of the transmission cable to the load by measuring current feedback from the LCSC;

[0028] When the current is detected to be within the expected range, and when the current imbalance amplitude detected in the feedback from the main sensor is lower than the predetermined limit, the first and second switches are closed to power the load using the feedback from the first and second zero-crossing detectors, and the first and second switches are closed at a time to coincide with the zero-crossing current in the first and second lines.

[0029] When the current imbalance detected in the feedback from the main sensor exceeds a predetermined limit, or when a lack of current is detected in the sensing line, the first and second switches are disconnected and the third and fourth switches are closed to short-circuit the main transmission cable and divert current from the cable, load, and possible faults.

[0030] Start the fault indicator at the scheduled time; and

[0031] Following a fault, a first restart attempt is made, including detecting a current imbalance below a predetermined limit in feedback from the main sensor and closing the first and second switches to supply power to the load during a system voltage zero crossing. The instructions can be configured to cause the controller to repeatedly attempt a restart up to three times if the first attempt fails, and to trip the first and second circuit breaker devices if all three restart attempts fail.

[0032] In a DC configuration, a first inrush current limiter is included in a first line, connected in series between a first circuit breaker device and a first switching device. A second inrush current limiter is included in a second line, connected in series between a second circuit breaker device and a second switching device. The first and second inrush current limiters can be operatively connected for control by the controller. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform DC Fault Management Power Supply (FMPS) functions for the power supply and load in the protection system.

[0033] The first inrush current limiter may include a first inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a first solid-state inrush current switch, and the two are connected in series in a first circuit, located between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. The second inrush current limiter may include a second inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a second solid-state inrush current switch, and the two are connected in series in a second circuit, located between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device.

[0034] The grounding line in the protection system can be configured to be electrically connected to ground, wherein the grounding line is connected in series with the node between the third and fourth solid-state switches, but bypasses the main sensor. One or more additional main conductor lines may include grounding conductors electrically connected to the grounding line. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to:

[0035] The integrity of the transmission cable and its connection to the load are checked by measuring the current feedback from the LCSC.

[0036] When a current within the expected range is detected, and when the current imbalance amplitude detected in the feedback from the main sensor is lower than a predetermined limit, the first switch and the second switch are closed during this period.

[0037] After a predetermined inrush time, the first solid-state inrush switch and the second solid-state inrush switch are ordered to close, thereby shunting the first inrush resistor and the second inrush resistor;

[0038] When the current imbalance in the feedback from the main sensor is detected to be higher than a predetermined limit, or when a lack of current is detected in the sensing line, the first and second switches are disconnected and the third and fourth switches are closed to short-circuit the main transmission cable and divert current from the cable, load and possible faults, and the first and second solid-state inrush current switches are disconnected.

[0039] Start fault indicator preset timeout time; and

[0040] Following a fault, a first restart attempt is made, including detecting a current imbalance below a predetermined limit in feedback from the main sensor, and closing the first and second switches to supply power to the load. If the first attempt fails, machine-readable instructions can be configured to cause the controller to attempt a restart up to three times, and to trip the first and second circuit breaker devices if all three restart attempts fail.

[0041] A first inrush current resistor may be connected in series in a first line between a first circuit breaker device and a first switching device, for example, without an inrush current switch or relay. A second inrush current resistor may be connected in series in a second line between a second circuit breaker device and a second switching device. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to use pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the first and second switching devices to charge the load capacitor for inrush current control. The controller may also include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform DC fault management power supply (FMPS) functions for the power supply and load in the protection system.

[0042] The first inrush current limiter may include a first inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a first solid-state inrush current switch, both connected in series in a first line, located between the first circuit breaker device and the first zero-crossing detector. The second inrush current limiter may include a second inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a second solid-state inrush current switch, both connected in series in a second line, located between the second circuit breaker device and the second zero-crossing detector. The first and second solid-state inrush current limiters may be operatively connected to the controller via a driver for controlling inrush current. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform Fault Management Power Supply (FMPS) and Ground Fault Circuit Interruption (GFCI) functions for power supplies and loads in a protection system.

[0043] The first inrush current limiter may include a first inrush current switching device connected in series between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. The second inrush current limiter may include a second inrush current switching device connected in series between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to limit inrush current during startup using pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the first and second inrush current switches. The first inrush current limiter may include a first inrush current switching device connected in series between the first circuit breaker device and the first open-half device. The second inrush current limiter may include a second inrush current switching device connected in series between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device. The controller may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to modulate the MOSFET resistance in the first and second inrush current switching devices by modulating the gate voltage to limit the current amplitude.

[0044] The power supply can be AC ​​power. The protection system may include a third circuit breaker device in the third line, electrically connected in series between a third node configured to be connected to the power supply and a third main conductor line as one of one or more additional main conductor lines. The third line may pass through the main sensor. Multiple switching devices may include a fifth switching device in the third line, and a sixth switching device connected from the third line to a switching line node in the switching line connected in series between the third and fourth switches. A first zero-crossing node is included in the first line between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. A second zero-crossing node is included in the second line between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device. A third zero-crossing node is included in the third line between the third circuit breaker device and the fifth switching device. A first zero-crossing detector may be electrically connected in series between the first and fourth zero-crossing nodes. A second zero-crossing detector may be electrically connected in series between the second and fourth zero-crossing nodes. A third zero-crossing detector may be electrically connected in series between the third and fourth zero-crossing nodes. The first, second, and third zero-crossing detectors may be operatively connected to a controller to transmit feedback to the controller for timing the zero-crossing currents of the first, second, and third lines. The system may include a second LSCS operably connected to a second sensing line and a third LSCS operably connected to a third sensing line, the second sensing line being operably connected to a second main conductor line, which is one of one or more additional main conductor lines, and the third sensing line operably connected to a third main conductor line, which is one of one or more additional main conductor lines. A controller may be operably connected to receive feedback indicative of the current in the second and third sensing lines, respectively, from the second and third LSCS, for feedback-based control of multiple switching devices.

[0045] The grounding line in the protection system can be configured to be electrically connected to ground and not pass through the main sensor. One or more additional main conductor lines may include grounding conductors electrically connected to the grounding line. The neutral line in the protection system can extend from the grounding node to the fourth zero-crossing node, to the switching line node, and through the main sensor. One or more additional main conductor lines may include neutral lines electrically connected to the neutral line.

[0046] These and other features of the systems and methods disclosed herein will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0047] Therefore, those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains will readily understand how to manufacture and use the apparatus and methods of this disclosure without excessive experimentation. Preferred embodiments thereof will now be described in detail with reference to certain accompanying drawings, in which:

[0048] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a system constructed according to the present disclosure, illustrating a protection system and transmission cable configured for general AC / DC operation;

[0049] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A schematic perspective view of a portion of the transmission cable, showing a sensing line surrounding one of the main conductor lines;

[0050] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 A schematic side view of the sensing line and the dominant body line;

[0051] Figure 4 yes Figure 3 A schematic end view of the sensing line and the main conductor line, showing the insulation;

[0052] Figure 5 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a part of the system shows the connection between the transmission cable and the load;

[0053] Figure 6 It is applicable Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a solid-state switch for AC or DC applications in multiple switching devices;

[0054] Figure 7 It is applicable Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a solid-state switch for DC applications only among multiple switching devices;

[0055] Figure 8 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the system shows a configuration without a neutral line that can be used for AC or DC operation;

[0056] Figure 9 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the system shows the AC configuration only;

[0057] Figure 10 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the system shows a three-phase AC configuration;

[0058] Figure 11 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the system shows a DC-only configuration with an inrush limiter but no zero-crossing detector;

[0059] Figure 12 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the system shows a DC-only configuration with resistors for inrush current limiting in conjunction with the operation of solid-state switching devices;

[0060] Figure 13 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the system shows an application with multiple loads and power supplies;

[0061] Figure 14 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a portion of the system shows a solid-state inrush current limiter configuration; and

[0062] Figure 15 yes Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a part of the system, showing the configuration of a solid-state inrush limiter. Detailed Implementation

[0063] Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals identify similar structural features or aspects disclosed herein. Partial views of embodiments of the systems according to this disclosure are provided for purposes of explanation and illustration, and not limitation. Figure 1 As shown in the figures, and generally indicated by reference numeral 100. As will be described, in Figure 2-15 Other embodiments or aspects thereof of the system according to this disclosure are provided. The systems and methods described herein can be used to provide fault management power system (FMPS) functionality for AC and DC systems, including protection against faults such as electric shock faults caused by human contact with power lines.

[0064] System 100 includes a power supply 102, shown as an alternating current (AC) source, but may be any suitable AC or direct current (DC) source, such as a generator, battery, inverter, rectifier, etc. System 100 includes a transmission cable 104, which includes a connector 106 at its load end, the connector 106 being configured to electrically connect the transmission cable 104 to a load 108 to supply power from the power supply 102 to the load 108.

[0065] refer to Figure 2 The transmission cable 104 includes a first main conductor wire 110 within a first wire insulator 114. Shielding and sensing wires 112 are disposed around the first wire insulator, for example, as... Figure 3 As shown, it is spirally wound. The sensing wire 112 can have its own wire insulator, and as... Figure 4 As shown, it can be stacked outside the metal shield 116 of the primary conductor wire 110. The sensing wire 112 can include insulated magnetic wire, such as #32AWG (American wire gauge) or any other suitable type of wire. The sensing wire 112 can, for example, be wound without spacing around the first primary conductor wire 110 to form a shape such as... Figure 3 The shielding shown.

[0066] The sensing resistor 118 is included in electrical series with the sensing line 112, but if the sensing line 112 is long enough, the inherent resistance in the sensing line 112 itself can constitute the sensing resistor 118. The transmission cable 104 includes one or more additional main conductor lines 120, 122, 124 (in... Figure 1 (marked in the middle) and cable insulation 126 (in the middle) Figure 1 and Figure 2 (marked in the middle), each additional main conductor line includes a corresponding conductor within a corresponding wire insulator, and the cable insulator 126 is arranged around a wire harness including a first main conductor line 110, a sensing line 112, and one or more additional main conductor lines 120, 122, 124.

[0067] Now for reference Figure 5 The connector 106 of the transmission cable 104 includes a male cable plug 128. The cable plug 128 includes a first plug terminal 130 electrically connected to the connection end of the first main conductor 110 and one or more additional plug terminals 132, 134, 136 respectively electrically connected to the connection ends of each of one or more additional main conductors 120, 122, 124 (terminal 136 and main conductor 124 are in...). Figure 1 (marked in the middle). The sensing plug terminal 138 is electrically connected to the sensing line 112. The sensing resistor 118 is electrically connected in series between the sensing plug terminal 138 and the sensing line 112.

[0068] Continue to refer to Figure 5 The female load plug 140 is configured to connect to the cable plug 128. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that the male and female attributes of plugs 128 and 140 can be reversed without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The load plug 140 includes a first load terminal 142 in electrical contact with a first plug terminal 130 for conducting power from the first main conductor 110 line to the load 108. One or more additional load terminals 144, 146, 148 (in...) Figure 1The load sensing terminal 150 is electrically contacted with one or more additional plug terminals 132, 134, 136, respectively, for conducting power from one or more additional main conductor lines 120, 122, 124 to the load 108. The load sensing terminal 150 is electrically contacted with the sensing plug terminal 138. Jumper 152 electrically connects the first load terminal 142 to the load sensing terminal 150 for conducting power between the first main conductor line 110 and the sensing line 112 via the sensing resistor 118 when the cable plug 128 is connected to the load plug 140, thus allowing the controller 154 (in...) to conduct power... Figure 1 The marker (in the middle) can detect whether the transmission cable 104 is connected to the load 108 and is used to provide current feedback to the controller 154.

[0069] Refer again Figure 1 The protection system 156 is operatively connected to the transmission cable 104. The protection system 156 includes a controller 154 and a leakage current sensor circuit (LCSC) 158 operatively connected to the sensing line 112 to provide feedback to the controller 154 indicating the current in the sensing line. The protection system 156 includes a first circuit breaker device S8 in a first line 159, electrically connected in series between a first node 160 configured to be connected to the power supply 102 and a first main conductor line 110. A second circuit breaker device S7 is electrically connected in series in a second line 162 between a second node 164 configured to be connected to the power supply 102 and a second main conductor line 120.

[0070] A controller 154 (e.g., a microcontroller) is operatively connected to provide feedback-based control for fault protection to a plurality of switching devices S1, S2, S3, and S4 operatively connected to first and second lines 159, 162. The controller 154 is operatively connected to receive feedback from the LCSC 158 indicating the current in the sensing line 112 for feedback-based control of the plurality of switching devices S1, S2, S3, S4. The sensing resistor 118, in conjunction with resistors R1 and R2 of the LCSC, is used to detect fault current based on the current passing through the sensing resistor 118. The transmission cable 104 is connected to the load 108 via a corresponding connector 106, and there are no short-circuit turns between the sensing line 112 and the main conductor 110. The sensing resistor 118 also provides resistance such that more than half of the fault current returns to the source circuit, such as the first line 159, through the sensing line 112, instead of being shunt by the main conductor 110. This allows the fault current to be detected by measuring the voltage across R1 in the LCSC 158.

[0071] A line-to-line fault means that human touch across the main conductors 110 and 120 can only occur if the insulation in either of the two wires 110 and 120 is damaged. This can happen due to insulation aging from wear, being cut, dissolved by chemicals, or melting from overheating, resulting in exposed metal conductors. Because of the thin wire 112 of the sensing wire, with its spiral design used to wind around the main conductor 110 and the thin insulation used on the sensing wire, with no gaps between the turns, the sensing wire acts as a shield around the main conductor 110, as... Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown. The insulation of the sensing wire can easily become damaged and expose the metallic conductors caused by the aforementioned factors. This can cause the sensing wire conductor to connect with another conductor 120 through human contact before the human body contacts the internal main conductor 110. The sensing wire 112 may also break. Therefore, a human touch fault between the main conductors 110 and 120 is detected by one of two methods: First, when a human body contacts the line 120 and the exposed sensing wire, the current flowing through the sensing wire 112 increases, and this is detected by measuring the voltage generated across resistor R1 (at node 137); Second, detection is performed when the sensing wire breaks and no current flows back to resistor R1 (at node 137). These two conditions are monitored, and if the current through the sensing line exceeds a predetermined threshold indicating human touch between the main body 120 and the exposed sensing line 112, or if the current stops flowing in the sensing line 112, indicating that the sensing line 112 is disconnected, cut off, or the connector 106 is disconnected from the mating connector, the main current to the load 108 is shut off by opening switches S1 and S2 and closing switches S3 and S4, so that the cable 104 and the load 108 are discharged. It is also conceivable that, for example, as shown in the figure, additional features could be added... Figure 4 The annular braided metal shield shown connects to the spiral shielding wire 112 at the end of the cable 126 adjacent to the protection system 156 to ensure that the metal shield is touched before contact with the inner main body 110. This metal shield also allows for a larger pitch interval between the turns of the spiral sensing wire 112. The spiral sensing wire is then used to detect sensing wire breaks due to wear or cutting and to check to ensure that the connector is correctly connected to the payload.

[0072] LCSC 158 includes a voltage source 135, a first LCSC resistor R1 (e.g., 100 Ω) electrically connected in series between the sensing resistor 118 and the voltage source 135, and a second LCSC resistor R2 (e.g., 1.5 kΩ) electrically connected to a first LCSC node 137 between the voltage source 135 and the first resistor R1. The second LCSC resistor R2 is electrically connected between the first LCSC node 137 and ground. A metal oxide rheostat (MOV) 139 and the like are connected in parallel with the second LCSC resistor R2 for voltage limiting in LCSC 158. Current sensing logic 166 is operatively connected to detect the current through the first LCSC resistor R1 and output feedback indicating the current to the controller 154. Logic 166 includes an LCSC amplifier, an isolation amplifier, and associated resistors and capacitors, such as... Figure 1 As shown.

[0073] The multiple switching devices S1, S2, S3, and S4 can be, for example... Figure 6 The solid-state switch shown can be used in either AC or DC applications. In DC-only applications, it can be used... Figure 7 The solid-state switch configuration is shown. Switching device S2 is in the first line 159, and switching device S1 is in the second line 162. Third and fourth switching devices S3 and S4 are in switching line 168 electrically connected between the first and second lines 159 and 162. Switching line 168 is between transmission cable 104 and power supply 102, wherein the first switch S2 and the second switch S1 are between switching line 168 and combined circuit breaker devices S7 and S8 and power supply 102. Switching device S3 is in switching line 168 and is electrically connected in series between switching device S4 and the second line 162.

[0074] The first line 159 includes a positive single-pair Ethernet transmission (SPE-IN+) node between line 168 of the switching device S4 and the main sensor 170. The second line 162 includes a negative single-pair Ethernet input (SPE-IN-) node between line 168 of the switching device S3 and the main sensor 170. The single-pair Ethernet (SPE) RX / TX component 208 may be optionally operably connected to the SPE-IN+ and SPE-IN- nodes to transmit data via the transmission cable 104.

[0075] Protection system 156 includes a main sensor 170, which is universal for both AC and DC applications but can be replaced by a current transformer (CT) for AC applications only. The main sensor 170 is operatively connected to the first line 159 and the second line 162 to generate feedback for controller 154, for example via an amplifier or filter 172, indicating the current difference between the first line 159 and the second line 162, the neutral line 174, the ground line 176, and any corresponding additional lines as described below. Controller 154 is operatively connected via a driver to control the switching of switching devices S1, S2, S3, and S4, and to control the first circuit breaker device S7 and the second circuit breaker device S8 for fault protection based on feedback from the main sensor 170 and LCSC 158.

[0076] A first inrush current limiter 178 is included in a first circuit 159, electrically connected in series between the circuit breaker device S8 and the switch device S2. A second inrush current limiter 180 is included in a second circuit, connected in series between the circuit breaker device S7 and the switch device S1. The first inrush current limiter 178 includes a first inrush current resistor R6 connected in parallel with a normally closed (NC) inrush current relay S6, and the two are electrically connected in series in the first circuit 139, located between the circuit breaker device S8 and the first zero-crossing node 184. The second inrush current limiter 180 includes a second inrush current resistor R5 connected in parallel with a second inrush current relay S5, and the two are electrically connected in series in the second circuit 162 between the circuit breaker device S7 and the second zero-crossing node 186. Each of the inrush current resistors R5 and R6 may be a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, etc.

[0077] Zero-crossing line 182 connects to node 186 in the first zero-crossing node 184 of the first line 159 between the first inrush current limiter 178 and the switching device S2, and to node 186 in the second line 162 between the inrush current limiter 180 and the switching device S1. A first zero-crossing detector 188 is in the zero-crossing line 182 and is electrically connected in series between the first zero-crossing node 184 and the second zero-crossing node 186. A second zero-crossing detector 190 is in the zero-crossing line 182 and is electrically connected in series between the first zero-crossing detector 188 and the second zero-crossing node 186. Neutral line 174 is connected to a neutral zero-crossing node 175, which is electrically connected in series between the first zero-crossing detector 188 and the second zero-crossing detector 190, and is also grounded. Neutral line 174 is also connected to node 177 in line 168, which is connected in series between the switching devices S3 and S4. A first inrush current limiter 178 and a second inrush current limiter 180 are operatively connected to be controlled by a controller 154 to limit inrush current, for example, in DC operation. A first zero-crossing detector 188 and a second zero-crossing detector 190 are operatively connected to the controller 154 to transmit feedback to the controller 154 for timing the zero-crossing current of the first line 159 and the second line 162 for inrush current limiting, for example, in AC operation.

[0078] The controller 154 includes machine-readable instructions, such as digital codes, digital logic, analog logic, etc., configured to cause the controller to close switches S7 and S8 (which may be part of an arc fault circuit interrupter (ACFI) circuit breaker) to connect the internal power supply. Once the power supply is fully charged and the controller 154 is operating, the controller 154 checks the integrity of the transmission cable 104 and the connection between the transmission cable 104 and the load 108 by measuring the current feedback from the LCSC 158.

[0079] Upon detecting current feedback from LCSC 158 indicating that the current through sensing line 112 is within a expected range (e.g., 1 mA ± 0.2 mA), and upon detecting a current imbalance with an amplitude below a predetermined limit (e.g., below 5 mA) in feedback from main sensor 170, the controller commands switches S1 and S2 to close to supply power to load 108. In the case of AC operation, this includes using feedback from first zero-crossing detector 188 and second zero-crossing detector 190. Wavefront control, made possible by zero-crossing measurement, is used to reduce any inrush. Therefore, in AC operation, inrush limiters 178 and 180 are not necessarily required.

[0080] At this time, system 100 starts up and operates under normal conditions, using power supply 102 to power load 108. When the current imbalance amplitude is detected to be higher than the predetermined limit in the feedback from main sensor 170, controller 154 commands switches S1 and S2 to open and commands normally open switches S3 and S4 to close, so as to short-circuit main transmission cable 104 and divert current from main transmission cable 104, load 108 and possible faults within the required time.

[0081] Similarly, upon successful startup, the controller 154 can detect faults such as those caused by human touch in feedback from the main sensor 170. In the case of a line-to-ground fault, some current flows through the human body to ground, or in the case of a line-to-line fault, some current flows through the human body between the first main conductor line 110 and the sensing line 112. In either case, depending on the human body impedance, a portion of the line current is shunt around the main sensor 170, creating an imbalance in the differential current passing through the main sensor 170, resulting in a voltage output from the main sensor 170 that can be measured by the controller 154. If the controller determines that the feedback indication voltage from the main sensor 170 exceeds a predetermined fault voltage limit, the controller 154 can command switches S1 and S2 to open and switches S3 and S4 to close, effectively eliminating the fault current flowing through a person or any object causing the fault. The time taken to operate switches S1, S2, S3, and S4 depends on the magnitude of the measured voltage from the main sensor 170 corresponding to the magnitude of the fault current. The controller 154 then activates the fault indicator for a predetermined time, e.g., 3 seconds.

[0082] Following a fault and after the fault indicator expires, controller 154 initiates a first restart attempt, including detecting that the current imbalance in feedback from main sensor 170 is below a predetermined limit, e.g., below 5mA, and closing switches S1 and S2, e.g., during a system voltage zero-crossing in an AC application as described above, to supply power to load 108. If the first attempt fails, machine-readable instructions are configured to cause controller 154 to attempt a restart up to three times, waiting for the fault indicator each time a fault is detected. If all three restart attempts fail, machine-readable instructions are configured to cause controller 154 to trip circuit breaker devices S7 and S8. Therefore, system 100 is locked and must be manually restarted after the fault is removed or any problem is resolved. A gate driver 192 capable of sensing semiconductor saturation is used to protect semiconductor switches S1, S2, S3, and S4 and transmission cable 104 in the event of a short circuit. Furthermore, by adding a current transformer to the main conductor 110 and adding additional program instructions to the controller 154, other features, such as overload protection, can be incorporated into the system 100 to meet the desired overload tripping curve, thereby creating a solid-state combined arc fault / ground fault circuit breaker. It is also anticipated that existing overload protection in circuit breaker units S7, S8 (e.g., in AFCI circuit breakers) can be used.

[0083] like Figure 1 The system configured herein is compatible with single-phase or two-phase AC, unipolar DC, or bipolar DC. AC operation is described above, and DC operation is described below. Figure 1 In the configuration, controller 154 includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform the functions of fault-managed power system (FMPS), ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI), and solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB). This can simplify system 100, for example, by having only combined FMPS / GFCI functions. Figure 8 The configuration in [the document] represents this simplified configuration. Figure 8 In the diagram, switches S1, S2, S3, and S4 are shown as solid-state DC switches (DC-SS), which can be used as follows: Figure 7 The configuration shown is as follows. Power supply 102 is shown as a DC power supply, however, it is an AC-SSS switch, and... Figure 6 In this context, AC power can be used alternatively for AC operation. (The remaining text is omitted.) Figure 1 The neutral line 174, and alternatively, the ground line 176, is connected via the neutral zero-crossing node 175. Figure 8 In the first inrush current limiter 178 and the second inrush current limiter 180, each includes a corresponding first inrush current resistor R5 and R6 connected in parallel with the corresponding solid-state inrush current switches S5 and S6. Each solid-state inrush current switch S5 and S6 is electrically connected in series with the corresponding lines 159 and 162, as described above. Figure 1 As stated above.

[0084] refer to Figure 9 The diagram illustrates the configuration of system 100 for dedicated AC operation. In this AC configuration, power supply 102 is an AC power source. No inrush current limiter is required; a given zero-crossing timing can be used as a measure to limit inrush current during AC operation. Grounding line 176 can be electrically connected to ground and, in this configuration, does not pass through main sensor 170, but nodes 175 and 177 are connected to ground. In this configuration, there is no... Figure 1 A dedicated neutral line 174 is included. Controller 154 includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform AC Fault Management Power Supply (ACFMPS) functions for power supply 102 and load 108 in protection system 156. Figure 9 The AC operation configured in the above reference is the same. Figure 1 and Figure 8 The AC operations described are the same.

[0085] Now for reference Figure 10 System 100 can be configured for three-phase AC operation, with two phases (neutral and ground) as described above. Figure 1 As described, but without the need for an inrush current limiter. Protection system 156 includes a third circuit breaker device S9 in a third line 163, electrically connected in series between a third node configured to be connected to power supply 102 and a third main conductor line 165, which is one of one or more additional main conductor lines in transmission cable 104. The third line 163 passes through the main sensor 170. In addition to the above regarding... Figure 1 In addition to the described switching devices S1 and S2, a third switching device S10 is located in the third line 163 between the power supply 102 and the main sensor 170. Besides the first zero-crossing detector 188 and the second zero-crossing detector 190 described above, a third zero-crossing detector is connected from a third zero-crossing node 193 in the third line 163 (between the disconnecting device S9 and the switching device S10) to a zero-crossing node 175. All three third zero-crossing detectors 188, 190, and 199 are operatively connected to the controller 154 to transmit feedback to the controller for timing the zero-crossing currents of the first, second, and third lines 159, 162, and 163. In addition to Figure 1 In addition to the LCSC 158, two additional LCSC 158s are included, for the second and third lines 162 and 163, respectively. The transmission cable 104 includes corresponding conductors and sensing lines 112, which have sensing resistors 118 and jumper wires 152, as described above. Figure 1As described for the first line 159. Each of the additional main conductor lines includes a corresponding plug terminal for connection to the load 108. The controller 154 is operatively connected to receive feedback from the second LCSC 158 and the third LCSC 158, respectively, indicating the current in the second sensing line 112 and the third sensing line 112, for feedback-based control of the plurality of switching devices S1, S2, S3, S4, S10, S11.

[0086] Figure 1 and Figure 8 The DC operation of system 100 is the same as the AC operation described above, but with the addition of an inrush current circuit, which operates as follows. After circuit breaker devices S7 and S8 are closed and the power supply and controller 154 are charged, controller 154 commands the start sequence as in the AC operation. However, after a predetermined time (e.g., several hundred milliseconds), controller 154 commands inrush current switching devices S5 and S6 to close, shunting current-limiting resistors R5 and R6 after the inrush current has been limited, to reduce power loss caused by inrush current limiting resistors R5 and R6. Furthermore, unlike the AC operation described above, zero-crossing detection or timing is not required. In the event of any fault, the controller commands inrush current switching devices S5 and S6 to open, resetting for the next inrush current cycle. If DC arc protection is required, circuit breaker devices S7 and S8 can be optionally modified.

[0087] Figure 11 A dedicated DC configuration is shown, in which a zero-point detector is omitted. Furthermore, switching devices S3 and S4 have a node connected in series between them to a ground line 176. This configuration enables DC operation with IMPS functionality. A first inrush current limiter 178 and a second inrush current limiter 180 are operably connected for control by a controller 154 with a driver. The ground line 176 is connected to a node 177 electrically connected in series between switching devices S3 and S4, but bypasses the main sensor 170. The configuration of the system 100 shown for dedicated DC operation is illustrated in the diagram. Figure 12 In this process, the inrush limiter is further simplified and has the same characteristics as... Figure 11 The same function is provided. A first inrush current resistor R6 is electrically connected in series in the first line 159 between the first circuit breaker device S8 and the switching device S2. An inrush current resistor R5 is connected in series in the second line 162 between the circuit breaker device S7 and the switching device S1. The controller 154 includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller 154 to use pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the switching devices S1 and S2 to charge the load capacitor for inrush current control. In addition... Figure 12 Resistors R5 and R6 in the middle or replaced Figure 12 Resistors R5 and R6, and corresponding inrush current switching devices S5 and S6 (in Figure 8(The marked symbols) can be electrically connected in series between the first circuit breaker devices S7 and S8 and the switching devices S1 and S2, respectively. The controller 154 includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to use switching devices S1, S2 or (if applicable) S5, S6 during startup. Figure 8 The gate driver is controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) (marked in the middle) to limit inrush current. This modulates the gate driver based on the measured peak current. Once steady state is reached, the PWM transitions to a steady-state constant gate voltage.

[0088] Figure 14 An embodiment of a DC inrush current limiter is shown, which can be used in place of other inrush current limiters disclosed herein, for example, for... Figure 8 The switching devices S1 and S2 in the middle. Figure 14 A surge current limiter that can be used with two different surge current limiter technologies is shown. The first modulates the MOSFET by applying a PWM signal to the gate to pulse the load current, thereby gradually charging the load toward the system voltage. Feedback from the charging voltage to the gate drive controller determines the width and rate of the PWM signal until the load is fully charged and the MOSFET is fully turned on, or the controller times out and indicates a fault. In the second technology, the gate voltage can be ramped to control the shoot-through charging current by changing the device resistance.

[0089] Continue to refer to Figure 14 The first solid-state inrush current switching unit 194 is electrically connected in series between the circuit breaker device and the first zero-crossing detector, for example in Figure 8 One of each of lines 159 and 162, or alternatively, switching devices S1 and S2 may also be used as inrush current limiters during startup using the method described above. Inrush current switching unit 194 is an option for inrush current limiting and includes a normally open (NO) MOSFET 204 with a normally open desaturation circuit having a gate driver 196 operably connected to the gate of MOSFET 204 (and connected to controller 154) to control the switching state of MOSFET 204. A metal-oxide rheostat (MOV) 198 is connected in parallel with the normally open MOSFET 204.

[0090] Now for reference Figure 15 In another option for inrush current limiting, the normally closed (NC) JFET 206 has a gate driver 200 operatively connected to the gate of the JFET 206 (and to the controller 154) to control the switching state of the JFET 206. A resistor 202 is connected in electrical parallel with the JFET 206. This configuration is achieved, for example, by turning on... Figure 8 or Figure 11S1 and S2 in the circuit initially turn off JFET 206 by applying a negative gate voltage. Then, S1 and S2 are turned on through the parallel resistor 202 in the circuit, thus limiting the inrush current. JFET 206 can then operate in one of two modes: maintaining a negative gate voltage to keep JFET 206 off until the inrush current subsides, then turning off the gate voltage to close JFET 206 and short-circuit 202; or applying PWM to the gate voltage to turn the resistor 202 on and off to pulse-charge the load. Figure 14-15 In the case of using inrush limiter / unit 194, for example, instead of Figure 12 The inrush current resistors R5 and R6, and the controller 154 may include machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller 154 to modulate the MOSFET / JFET resistors in the first and second inrush current switching devices by modulating the gate voltage to limit the current amplitude in the soft-start circuit configuration, and / or PWM control of the gate voltage.

[0091] Now for reference Figure 13 System 100 can be integrated into a larger system 10 having multiple power sources 102, 103, including AC source 102 connected to active front end (AFE) 107 via a circuit breaker (CB). System 100 (e.g., as...) Figure 1 (As shown) is connected between AFE 107 and main transmission cable 104. Multiple DC sources 103 are each connected via corresponding systems 100 in series, terminal connectors 106 (as shown) Figure 5 As shown), DC / DC converter 113, auxiliary system 100, and feedthrough connector 111 are intermittently connected to the main transmission cable 104. Multiple intermediate loads 109 can be connected to the main transmission cable 104 via corresponding feedthrough connectors 111. Terminal loads 108 are connected via... Figure 5 The terminal connector 106 shown is connected to the main transmission cable 104. Figure 13 Each instance of the system 100 shown can function as a fault management circuit breaker (FMCB).

[0092] The methods and systems of this disclosure, as described above and in the accompanying drawings, provide fault management power supply (FMPS) functionality for AC and DC systems, including protection against faults such as electric shock due to human contact with power lines. While the apparatuses and methods disclosed herein have been shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that changes and / or modifications can be made thereto without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A system comprising: A transmission cable including a connector at the load end of the transmission cable, the connector being configured to electrically connect the transmission cable to a load to supply power from a power source to the load, wherein the transmission cable comprises: The first dominant conductor wire within the first wire insulator; A sensing wire, the sensing wire being wound around the first wire insulator, wherein a sensing resistor is electrically connected in series with the sensing wire; One or more additional main conductor wires, each main conductor wire comprising a corresponding conductor within a corresponding wire insulation; and A cable insulator, the cable insulator being disposed around a wire harness including the first main conductor wire, the sensing wire, and the one or more additional main conductor wires; and A protection system operatively connected to the transmission cable, wherein the protection system comprises: A leakage current sensor circuit (LCSC) is operatively connected to the sensing line to provide feedback indicating the current in the sensing line; and A controller is operatively connected to provide feedback-based control to a plurality of switching devices operatively connected to the first line and one or more additional lines for fault protection, wherein the controller is operatively connected to receive feedback from the LCSC indicating the current in the sensing line for feedback-based control of the plurality of switching devices.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the protection system comprises: A first circuit breaker device in a first line, the first circuit breaker device being electrically connected in series between a first node configured to be connected to the power supply and the first main body line; and The second circuit breaker device in the second line is electrically connected in series between a second node configured to be connected to the power supply and a second main conductor line that is one of the one or more additional main conductor lines.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein, The connector of the transmission cable includes a cable plug, the cable plug comprising: The first plug terminal is electrically connected to the connection end of the first main body wire; One or more additional plug terminals, each of which is electrically connected to a connection terminal of each of the one or more additional main conductor lines; and A sensing plug terminal is electrically connected to the sensing line, wherein the sensing resistor is electrically connected in series between the sensing plug terminal and the sensing line.

4. The system of claim 3, further comprising a load plug configured to be connected to the cable plug, the load plug comprising: A first load terminal, which is electrically in contact with the first plug terminal, is used to conduct power from the first main conductor wire to the load. One or more additional load terminals, each of which is electrically contacted with one or more additional plug terminals, for conducting power from the one or more additional main conductor lines to the load; A load sensing terminal that is in electrical contact with the sensing plug terminal; and A jumper wire electrically connects the first load terminal to the load sensing terminal to conduct through the sensing resistor between the first main conductor line and the sensing line.

5. The system of claim 2, wherein the sensing line comprises an insulated magnetic wire.

6. The system according to claim 5, wherein, The sensing wires are wound around the first main conductor wire without gaps to form a shield.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the LCSC comprises: Voltage source; A first LCSC resistor is connected in series between the sensing resistor and the voltage source; A second LCSC resistor is electrically connected to a first LCSC node between the voltage source and the first resistor, wherein the second LCSC resistor is electrically connected between the first LCSC node and ground; A metal oxide rheostat (MOV) is electrically connected in parallel with the second LCSC resistor; and A current sensing logic is operatively connected to detect the current through the first LCSC resistor and output feedback indicating the current to the controller.

8. The system of claim 2, wherein the plurality of switching devices comprises: The first switching device in the first circuit; The second switching device in the second circuit, the second circuit being one of one or more additional circuits; The third switching device is located in the switching circuit that is electrically connected between the first and second lines; and A fourth switching device is connected in series in the switching circuit between the third switching device and the second circuit.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the protection system further comprises a main sensor operatively connected to the first line and the second line to generate feedback to the controller indicating a current difference between the first line and the second line, wherein the controller is operatively connected to control switching of the first switching device, the second switching device, the third switching device and the fourth switching device, and to control the first circuit breaker device and the second circuit breaker device for fault protection based on feedback from the main sensor.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the controller includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to: The integrity of the transmission cable and its connection to the load are checked by measuring the current feedback from the LCSC. When the current is detected to be within the expected range, and when the current imbalance amplitude detected in the feedback from the main sensor is lower than the predetermined limit, the first and second switches are closed to supply power to the load. When the current imbalance in the feedback from the main sensor is detected to be higher than a predetermined limit, or when a lack of current is detected in the sensing line, the first and second switches are disconnected and the third and fourth switches are closed to short-circuit the main transmission cable and divert current from the cable, load and possible faults. Start the fault indicator at a predetermined time; and After a failure, a first restart attempt is made, including detecting that the current imbalance in the feedback from the main sensor is below a predetermined limit, and closing the first and second switches to supply power to the load during the system voltage zero crossing. If the first attempt fails, repeat the restart attempt up to three times; If three restart attempts fail, the first and second circuit breaker devices are tripped.

11. The system according to claim 9, further comprising: A first inrush current limiter is electrically connected in series in the first line between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. and A second inrush current limiter is connected in series in the second line between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device. The first inrush limiter and the second inrush limiter are operatively connected to be controlled by the controller.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the controller includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform DC Fault Management Power Supply (FMPS) functions for power supplies and loads in the protection system.

13. The system according to claim 11, wherein, The first inrush current limiter includes a first inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a first solid-state inrush current switch, and the two are electrically connected in series in the first circuit between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. The second inrush current limiter includes a second inrush current resistor connected in parallel with a second solid-state inrush current switch, and the two are electrically connected in series in the second circuit between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device.

14. The system of claim 13, further comprising: In the protection system, the grounding line is configured to be electrically connected to ground, wherein the grounding line is connected in series with the node between the third solid-state switch and the fourth solid-state switch, but bypasses the main sensor, wherein the one or more additional main conductor lines include grounding conductors electrically connected to the grounding line.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to: The integrity of the transmission cable and its connection to the load are checked by measuring the current feedback from the LCSC. When a current within the expected range is detected, and when the current imbalance amplitude detected in the feedback from the main sensor is lower than a predetermined limit, the first switch and the second switch are closed during this period. After a predetermined inrush time, the first solid-state inrush switch and the second solid-state inrush switch are ordered to close, thereby shunting the first inrush resistor and the second inrush resistor. When the current imbalance in the feedback from the main sensor is detected to be higher than a predetermined limit, or when a lack of current is detected in the sensing line, the first and second switches are disconnected and the third and fourth switches are closed to short-circuit the main transmission cable and divert current from the cable, load and possible faults, and the first and second solid-state inrush current switches are disconnected. Start the fault indicator after a predetermined timeout period; and After a failure, a first restart attempt is made, including detecting that the current imbalance amplitude in the feedback from the main sensor is below a predetermined limit, and closing the first and second switches to supply power to the load. If the first attempt fails, repeat the restart attempt up to three times; and If three restart attempts fail, the first and second circuit breaker devices are tripped.

16. The system according to claim 9, further comprising: The first inrush current resistor is connected in series in the first circuit between the first circuit breaker device and the first switch device. and A second inrush current resistor is connected in series in the second line between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device, wherein the controller includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to charge the load capacitor for inrush current control using pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the first and second switching devices.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the controller includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to perform a DC fault management power supply (FMPS) function for the power supply and load in the protection system.

18. The system according to claim 9, further comprising: A first inrush current limiter is electrically connected in series in the first line between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. and A second inrush current limiter is connected in series in the second line between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device. The first inrush limiter and the second inrush limiter are operatively connected to be controlled by the controller, and Wherein, the first inrush current limiter includes a first inrush current switching device electrically connected in series between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device; wherein, the second inrush current limiter includes a second inrush current switching device electrically connected in series between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device; wherein, the controller includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to: During startup, pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the first and second inrush current switches is used to limit the inrush current.

19. The system according to claim 9, further comprising: A first inrush current limiter is electrically connected in series in the first line between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device. and A second inrush current limiter is connected in series in the second line between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device. The first inrush limiter and the second inrush limiter are operatively connected to be controlled by the controller, and Wherein, the first inrush current limiter includes a first inrush current switching device electrically connected in series between the first circuit breaker device and the first switching device; wherein, the second inrush current limiter includes a second inrush current switching device electrically connected in series between the second circuit breaker device and the second switching device; wherein, the controller includes machine-readable instructions configured to cause the controller to: The current amplitude is limited by modulating the gate voltage to modulate the MOSFET resistance in the first and second inrush current switching devices.

20. The system of claim 9, wherein the first line includes a positive single-pair Ethernet input (SPE-IN+) node between the third switching device and the main sensor, wherein the second line includes a negative single-pair Ethernet input (SPE-IN-) node between the fourth switching device and the main sensor, and further includes: A single pair of Ethernet (SPE) RX / TX components can be operatively connected to the SPE-IN+ and SPE-IN- nodes to transmit data over a transmission cable.

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