Electric power carbon metering device based on power grid topological structure and power flow theory

Abstract

The invention discloses an electric power carbon metering device based on a power grid topological structure and a power flow theory, and relates to the technical field of electric power system carbon metering, the device collects electric power parameters and calculates electric energy data through a metering module, a management module processes carbon data, and real-time carbon metering of a source side, a grid side and a load side is achieved. By adopting hardware design (such as metering IC and SPI communication) and software algorithm (such as self-calibration and carbon flow calculation), the problems of hysteresis and inaccuracy of the existing power grid average emission factor method are solved, minute-level updating and node-level tracing are achieved, and the carbon metering accuracy and practicability are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of carbon metering technology in power systems, specifically to a power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, the effective advancement of dual-carbon targets relies heavily on accurate carbon measurement methods and unified carbon measurement standards. While the accounting boundaries, methods, and carbon emission factors and calculation coefficients for relevant energy sources and processes have been clearly defined, providing a standard basis for corporate carbon emission accounting, Chinese enterprises currently exhibit a significant lag in carbon accounting. They typically rely on historical consumption records and purchase invoices as the basis for annual accounting, lacking mature methods and means for real-time carbon measurement. This makes it impossible for enterprises to accurately predict their actual annual carbon emissions within a compliance cycle, posing certain risks and challenges to corporate carbon compliance and carbon asset management.

[0003] Currently, most methods for calculating indirect carbon emissions from electricity end-users use the grid average emission factor method, which applies a uniform carbon emission factor to calculate indirect carbon emissions. While this method is simple, easy to understand, and convenient to apply, in practice, the uniform emission factor exhibits significant lag. Furthermore, due to the rapid development of clean energy generation, there are substantial differences in carbon emission factors across different micro-regions, which the grid average emission factor method fails to reflect. This results in insufficient accuracy in calculating carbon emissions from end-users in different micro-regions, and unclear delineation of carbon emission responsibility, making it difficult to guide electricity end-users, especially electricity-consuming enterprises, to achieve significant breakthroughs in dual-carbon areas such as carbon emission assessment, carbon emission regulation, carbon footprint, and carbon tariffs. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention aims to at least solve one of the technical problems existing in the prior art. To this end, one objective of this invention is to propose a power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory. This device possesses advantages such as minute-level updates, node-level traceability, flexible binding to upstream devices, and high accuracy, thus promoting the advancement of carbon metering from theory to application.

[0005] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides a power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory, comprising: A metering module; the metering module includes at least one power parameter acquisition unit and a control unit connected to the power parameter acquisition unit; the power parameter acquisition unit is used to acquire voltage and current signals in the power grid and convert them into power parameters; the control unit is used to calculate electrical energy data and carbon data based on the power parameters; The management module is communicatively connected to the metering module and is used to receive the electrical energy data and carbon data, and to perform data processing, storage, display, and communication. The carbon data includes at least one of source-side carbon emissions, load-side carbon emissions, grid-side carbon emissions, or carbon emission factors calculated based on grid topology and power flow theory.

[0006] Preferably, the power parameter acquisition unit includes a signal conditioning circuit and a power parameter metering IC; the signal conditioning circuit includes a voltage divider circuit, a Shunt current measurement circuit and a current transformer circuit, used to convert single-phase voltage, single-phase current and neutral current into low-voltage, low-current signals, which are then sampled and measured by the power parameter metering IC.

[0007] Preferably, the control unit includes an energy metering section and a carbon metering section; the energy metering section communicates with the power parameter acquisition unit via an SPI interface to obtain power parameters and calculate energy data; the carbon metering section receives the energy data, executes a carbon metering algorithm to calculate carbon data, and includes a metering chip circuit, a power supply circuit, a data storage circuit, and an SPI communication circuit.

[0008] Preferably, the carbon metering algorithm includes: based on power grid flow theory, calculating direct carbon emissions from power plants, carbon emission factors from power plants, nodal carbon emission factors, regional carbon emission factors, indirect carbon emissions from electricity consumption, carbon flow rate, carbon flow density, and carbon emissions from grid losses, so as to achieve carbon emission flow tracing from the source side to the load side.

[0009] Preferably, the management module includes a power isolation circuit, an LCD display, a communication interface, and a data storage circuit; the management module is configured to perform residual current calculation, series fault arc identification, and carbon flow data calculation, and upload the data to the carbon emission flow system platform through the communication interface.

[0010] Preferably, the device further includes software program configured to perform the following steps: S1. Initialize the metering module and management module after power-on; S2. Determine whether to perform online self-calibration based on the self-calibration conditions; the self-calibration conditions include the first measurement after the device is powered on, every 24 hours of operation, or activation by the user pressing a button. S3. Periodically sample power parameters and calculate power data. The sampling period is set to 5 seconds or 10 seconds, and the data update frequency is 4kSPS. S4. Calculate carbon data based on the electrical energy data and output it to the carbon flow system.

[0011] Preferably, periodic sampling includes, within each sampling period, first sequentially collecting the instantaneous current values ​​of phase A, phase B, and phase C for harmonic FFT analysis, and then collecting other power parameters.

[0012] Preferably, the device supports configuring the carbon metering device level and binding with upstream carbon metering devices through the interface. The carbon metering device level includes first-level node, second-level node or lower level. The first-level node carbon metering device is bound to the power plant or has no upper-level node, and the second-level and lower node carbon metering devices are bound to the upper-level node to obtain upstream carbon data for calculating the carbon index of the current node.

[0013] Preferably, when the carbon metering device is a first-level node and is bound to a node without a superior node, the device supports setting the power plant unit type and its typical carbon emission factor; the unit type includes ultra-supercritical units, gas turbine units, wind turbine units, or photovoltaic turbine units.

[0014] Preferably, the device updates the carbon data display every 10 minutes and stores historical data, supporting the viewing of daily carbon emissions, current carbon emissions, carbon emission factors, tidal network loss, or historical records of network loss carbon emissions through the interface.

[0015] The advantages of this invention compared to the prior art are: This invention, tailored to the characteristics of power systems, combines traditional energy metering technology with modern carbon metering technology. It analyzes the mapping relationship between the information layer and the physical layer of carbon metering, achieving minute-level calculations of dynamic carbon emission factors in the time dimension and reaching nodes at different voltage levels in the spatial dimension, while fully reflecting the grid loss characteristics. Carbon metering devices deployed on lines at the source, grid, and load sides exchange carbon and electrical data with upstream and downstream nodes at each level, enabling real-time tracking of carbon emission flows throughout the entire process. In practical applications, this device boasts advantages such as simple implementation, high flexibility, and high calculation accuracy, propelling power system carbon metering from theoretical research to practical application and providing a demonstration for the feasibility verification of physical carbon metering equipment. Attached Figure Description

[0016] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0017] Figure 1 This is a diagram of the overall hardware architecture of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a diagram of the metering module architecture of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a diagram of the management module architecture of the present invention; Figure 4 This is the main program design flowchart of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the sampling process for each cycle of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a flowchart illustrating the design of the data self-calibration function of the present invention. Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating the carbon metering algorithm design of the present invention. Figure 8 This is a design diagram of the source-side carbon metering device of the present invention. Figure 9 This is a graph showing historical data on carbon emissions and carbon emission factors for this invention. Figure 10 This is a design diagram of the interface of the load-side carbon metering device of the present invention; Figure 11 This is a diagram showing the parameter settings for the upstream power plant in this invention; Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram showing the binding of the primary node carbon metering device and the source-side carbon metering device of the present invention. Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the binding of the secondary or lower node carbon metering device of the present invention with the upstream carbon metering device; Figure 14 This is a design diagram of the interface of the grid-side carbon metering device of the present invention; Figure 15 Historical data charts of tidal network loss and carbon emissions from network loss. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The embodiments of this application are described in detail below. Examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application.

[0019] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "joining" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application according to the specific circumstances.

[0020] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0021] The present invention provides an electricity carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory, comprising: (1) Hardware design of electricity carbon metering device ① Overall Architecture The device's hardware circuitry is mainly divided into two parts: a metering module and a management module. The overall architecture is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, Figure 1 In this system, the metering module consists of three power parameter acquisition units and one control unit, responsible for acquiring power parameters and calculating electrical energy and carbon data. The management module consists of a management chip and related peripheral circuits, enabling data storage, interaction, and display.

[0022] The metering module consists of three power parameter acquisition units and one control unit. The power parameter acquisition units primarily consist of signal conditioning circuits and related circuits for the power parameter metering IC. Each acquisition unit converts single-phase voltage, single-phase current, and neutral current into low-voltage, low-current signals via a voltage divider circuit, a Shunt current measurement circuit, and a current transformer circuit. The metering IC then samples and measures the power parameters. The control unit of the metering module mainly consists of two parts: energy metering and carbon metering. The energy metering part comprises a metering chip and its external circuitry. The main control chip accesses data from the energy metering chip in the energy acquisition circuit via an SPI serial port. The carbon metering module receives data output from the energy metering module and performs carbon data conversion, calculation, and storage.

[0023] The management module mainly consists of a management chip and related peripheral circuits. The management module and the metering module interact via SPI communication. Calculations related to residual current, series fault arcing, and electrical fire early warning are all performed by the management module. Power metering results, carbon metering results, power quality analysis results, and electrical fire monitoring results are all displayed on a TFT-LCD screen. The management module is also responsible for transmitting data to the host computer via the communication interface for storage and display.

[0024] ② Metering module design The metering module is a crucial hub for data transmission in carbon metering devices. Its hardware architecture is as follows: Figure 2 As shown, Figure 2 It consists of two parts: a data acquisition unit and a control unit. The data acquisition unit is responsible for acquiring the three-phase (A, B, and C) power parameters and sending the acquired data to the control unit via an isolation circuit. The control unit supplies power to the data acquisition unit and also includes functions for electricity metering and carbon metering, realizing the calculation, storage, and transmission of electricity and carbon data.

[0025] All instructions sent by the management module must be processed by the control unit; therefore, the MCU of the control unit needs to have good computing performance and fast operating speed. First, the control unit must supply power to the three power parameter acquisition units; second, the metering results from the power parameter acquisition units must be summarized and converted within the control unit. The control unit consists of two parts: an energy metering module and a carbon metering module. The energy metering part of the control unit is completed by a smart meter. This paper designs carbon metering modules for the source, grid, and load sides based on energy metering.

[0026] The energy metering module collects data transmitted from the chip, calculates the energy data, and transmits it to the carbon metering module to calculate the carbon data. The carbon metering module's circuitry includes a metering chip circuit, a power supply circuit, a power output circuit, a backup power supply circuit, a debugging interface circuit, a data storage circuit, and an SPI communication circuit. The power output circuit supplies power to the energy metering module, the carbon metering chip calculates and converts the carbon data, the storage circuit stores the carbon information, the SPI communication interface uploads the carbon data to the management module, and the debugging interface circuit enables software interaction and debugging with an external computer. The metering module has three buttons: a start button, a reset button, and a self-calibration function button.

[0027] ③ Management module design The management module is the centralized data processing station for the carbon metering device. Its hardware architecture is as follows: Figure 3 As shown, Figure 3 During operation of the carbon metering device, the management module is powered by the control unit through a power isolation circuit, and the terminal uses an LCD display. All data from the control unit is sent to the management module, which uses this data to perform residual current calculation, series fault arc identification, and carbon flow data calculation.

[0028] During operation of the carbon metering device, the management module is powered by the control unit through a power isolation circuit and uses the B0505S for circuit design. It utilizes the principle of magnetic coupling to achieve electrical isolation between input and output, preventing the transmission of electrical noise and interference, and providing electrical safety protection. Both the chip input and output are filtered to meet electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference requirements. The terminal uses an LCD display. The LCD_CS serial port is used to receive the chip select signal, the RST serial port is used to receive the reset signal, and the WR and RD serial ports are used to receive write and read signals, respectively.

[0029] All data from the control unit, including electricity metering data and carbon metering data, is sent to the management module. Based on this data, the management module performs residual current calculations, series fault arc identification, and carbon flow data calculations. Specifically, the source-side carbon metering device calculates direct carbon emissions and carbon emission factors at the source side; the load-side carbon metering device calculates load-side carbon flow rate, carbon flow density, carbon emissions, and nodal carbon emission factors; and the grid-side carbon metering device calculates grid loss carbon emissions and carbon emission factors. The final data is uploaded to the carbon emission flow system platform through the management module to calculate regional carbon emissions and carbon emission factors. Considering the large amount of data computation and operations required by the management module, and the need to meet real-time requirements for data processing and uploading, a high-capacity, high-performance, and reliable embedded chip is required. The management module uses a main flash memory boot mode, and its data storage circuit is designed based on an SPI FLASH chip, supporting terminal caching of data for one week.

[0030] (2) Software design of electricity carbon metering device The software design of the carbon metering device mainly includes the design of the main program function, the design of the power parameter acquisition function, the design of the data self-calibration and power metering function, and the design of the carbon metering function.

[0031] ① Main Program Design After powering on, the carbon metering device first initializes each unit and module, configuring all device functions and the serial port. After initialization, the device determines whether the online self-calibration function needs to be run based on its operating conditions and executes the corresponding program. Following this, the device periodically samples and calculates the monitored power parameters, with each sampling cycle lasting 10 seconds. After power data calculation, the carbon data calculation program begins. The calculated carbon data is then fed into the carbon flow system, completing the entire main program. The overall process of the carbon metering device is as follows: Figure 4 As shown.

[0032] ② Power parameter acquisition In this design, the metering device adopts the normal operating mode, the power parameter sampling period is set to 5s, and the data update frequency is 4kSPS. The sampling process for each period is as follows: Figure 5 As shown, Figure 5Within the first 3 seconds of each acquisition cycle, the instantaneous values ​​of single-phase current are continuously read for 1 second, following the order of items A, B, and C. These continuously read instantaneous current values ​​will be used as input values ​​for the harmonic FFT calculation of each phase current, enabling the terminal device to complete the harmonic content analysis of 50 continuous current waveforms. After completing the acquisition of the three-phase current instantaneous values, data reading and conversion are performed on other power parameters monitored by the power parameter acquisition unit. Within the first 3 seconds of each acquisition cycle, the instantaneous values ​​of single-phase current are continuously read for 1 second, following the order of items A, B, and C. These continuously read instantaneous current values ​​will be used as input values ​​for the harmonic FFT calculation of each phase current, enabling the terminal device to complete the harmonic content analysis of 50 continuous current waveforms. After completing the acquisition of the three-phase current instantaneous values, data reading and conversion are performed on other power parameters monitored by the power parameter acquisition unit.

[0033] ③ Data self-calibration and power metering functions The data self-calibration function enables the carbon metering device to perform self-calibration of its legal metrological functions. The device needs to run an automatic calibration program under any of the following circumstances: First, when the terminal performs its first power parameter measurement after power-on; second, after the terminal has run for 24 hours; third, when the user initiates the self-calibration function via a button. When the self-calibration function's operating conditions are met, the device's metering unit will send online self-calibration commands sequentially to the three power parameter acquisition units via SPI communication, activating their self-calibration function.

[0034] Taking a power acquisition unit as an example, the process of online self-calibration is explained. After enabling the self-calibration function, at the beginning of the next power parameter sampling cycle, the power parameter acquisition unit samples each channel and uploads the data to the control unit. The control unit calculates the error of the channel conversion constant and determines whether calibration is required for each channel. If calibration is required, the mSure start flag is modified, and the measurement channels of the power parameter acquisition unit are calibrated sequentially. If calibration is not required, the process proceeds to the next step. When calibration is required, each power parameter acquisition unit performs two self-calibration procedures to verify whether each channel has met the calibration requirements. The online self-calibration process for each power parameter acquisition unit is as follows: Figure 6 As shown.

[0035] ④ Carbon metering function This paper focuses on carbon metering, and therefore elaborates on the carbon metering function. The design of the carbon metering function includes two main parts: carbon metering algorithm design and carbon metering interface design.

[0036] A. Carbon metering algorithm design After receiving electricity metering data, the carbon metering module performs calculations to convert electricity into carbon emissions, which are divided into source-side carbon metering, load-side carbon metering, and grid-side carbon metering. The calculation process is as follows: Figure 7 As shown, Figure 7 Based on power grid flow and carbon emission flow theory, carbon emissions are calculated starting from the source side, sequentially calculating direct carbon emissions from power plants, power plant carbon emission factors, nodal carbon emission factors, regional carbon emission factors, and indirect carbon emissions from electricity consumption, completing a closed loop from the source side to the load side. For grid-side carbon emissions, after calculating the nodal carbon emission factors, carbon flow density, carbon flow rate, and indirect carbon emissions from grid losses are calculated sequentially.

[0037] B. Carbon metering device interface design Based on the carbon metering algorithm, this paper designs a carbon metering interface. The interface elements include various parameters in the metering algorithm and their display forms, including source-side carbon metering interface design, load-side carbon metering interface design, and grid-side carbon metering interface design.

[0038] Source-side carbon metering device interface design Source-side carbon metering devices are typically deployed at power plant locations, and their interface design is as follows: Figure 8 As shown.

[0039] The source-side carbon metering device displays the daily carbon emissions, current carbon emissions, and current electricity carbon emission factor by default, updating the data every 10 minutes. The "Parameter Configuration" function shown in the diagram allows for setting the power plant's fuel type and its carbon emission factor to obtain accurate source-side carbon emissions. Using the carbon emissions index and the carbon emission factor calculation method in the source-side carbon index calculation, the source-side carbon emission factor can be calculated and displayed.

[0040] Additionally, clicking on the daily carbon emissions, current carbon emissions, and current electricity carbon emission factor will display historical data stored in the device, such as... Figure 9 As shown, Figure 9 On the source-side carbon metering device interface, clicking on the daily carbon emissions, current carbon emissions, and current electricity carbon emission factor will display the corresponding historical data stored in the device.

[0041] Interface design of load-side carbon metering device Load-side carbon metering devices are typically deployed at the node inlet, and their interface design is as follows: Figure 10 As shown.

[0042] The load-side carbon metering device displays the daily carbon emissions, current carbon emissions, and current electricity carbon emission factor by default, updating the data every 10 minutes. The load-side carbon index can be calculated using the load-side carbon index calculation method. Clicking on the daily carbon emissions, current carbon emissions, and current electricity carbon emission factor will also display historical data stored in the device, such as... Figure 9 As shown in the diagram, the "Equipment Management" function allows modification of information about current carbon metering devices. This includes setting the carbon metering device level (i.e., the location level of the carbon metering device in the physical network, such as a substation directly connected to a power plant being a first-level node carbon metering device; a node directly connected to that substation being a second-level node carbon metering device, and so on), the carbon metering device name (the name of the carbon metering device; setting the name facilitates binding downstream carbon metering devices to it), and the upstream carbon metering device (the upstream carbon metering device corresponding to this carbon metering device; binding to the upstream carbon metering device is for obtaining carbon metering data from the upstream carbon metering device).

[0043] When binding a carbon metering device, there are three options to choose from: 1) Select "Level 1 Node Carbon Metering Device" for the carbon metering device level, and select "No Upper-Level Node" for the upstream carbon metering device.

[0044] The specific explanation for this situation is as follows: The carbon metering device is a Level 1 carbon metering device, and "no upstream node" indicates that the upstream of the carbon metering device is from outside the province, or that the corresponding substation data cannot be obtained. In this case, it is necessary to set the unit type of the upstream power plant, such as... Figure 11 As shown.

[0045] The purpose of setting the unit type is to use the typical power generation carbon emission factor of each type of unit to replace the carbon emission factor data output by the source-side electricity meter for calculation. The typical power generation carbon emission factors of each type of unit are shown in Table 1.

[0046] Table 1 Typical power generation carbon emission factors for various types of generating units

[0047] 2) Select the first-level carbon metering device as the carbon metering device level, and select "power plant" as the upstream carbon metering device.

[0048] The specific explanation for this scenario is as follows: The carbon metering device is a first-level node carbon metering device. The upstream carbon metering device selects and saves a pre-configured carbon metering device at a power plant. At this point, the node is considered successfully bound to the upstream source-side carbon metering device, and the carbon emission factor from the upstream source-side carbon metering device can be obtained to calculate the load-side carbon data for this node. For example... Figure 12 As shown.

[0049] 3) Select carbon metering devices at level 2 or below, and select carbon metering devices at level 1 or below upstream.

[0050] The specific explanation for this scenario is as follows: The node is a secondary or lower-level carbon metering device. The upstream carbon metering device can be a higher-level carbon metering device, and this information is saved. In this case, the node is considered successfully bound to the upstream carbon metering device, and can obtain data from the upstream carbon metering device for calculating the load-side carbon data of this node. For example... Figure 13 As shown, Figure 13 When the carbon metering device is selected as a level 2 or lower node carbon metering device, and the upstream carbon metering device is selected as a level 1 or lower node carbon metering device, it is considered that the node is successfully bound to the upstream node carbon metering device, and the data of the upstream node carbon metering device can be obtained to calculate the load-side carbon data of the node.

[0051] This paper summarizes the binding relationship between the carbon metering device level and the upstream carbon metering device, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0052] Table 2. Correspondence between carbon metering device level and upstream carbon metering device

[0053] Interface design of grid-side carbon metering device Grid-side carbon metering devices are typically deployed at the node outgoing line location, and their interface design is as follows: Figure 14 As shown, Figure 14 The system displays the power trough loss and carbon emission from power trough loss by default, and updates the data every 10 minutes.

[0054] The grid-side carbon metering device displays the tidal flow loss and carbon emission levels by default, updating the data every 10 minutes. The grid-side carbon index can be calculated using the appropriate method. Clicking on the tidal flow loss or carbon emission levels will also display historical data stored in the device, such as… Figure 15 As shown in the diagram, the "Equipment Management" function allows modification of information about the current carbon metering device, including setting the carbon metering device level, carbon metering device name, and upstream carbon metering device. The binding relationship and conditions between the carbon metering device level and the upstream carbon metering device are the same as those for the load-side carbon metering device.

[0055] The present invention and its embodiments have been described above. This description is not restrictive, and the accompanying drawings are only one embodiment of the present invention; the actual structure is not limited thereto. In conclusion, if those skilled in the art are inspired by this description and design similar structures and embodiments without departing from the spirit of the invention, such designs should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory, characterized in that: The device comprises: a metering module; the metering module comprises at least one power parameter acquisition unit and a control unit connected with the power parameter acquisition unit; the power parameter acquisition unit is used for acquiring voltage and current signals in a power grid and converting them into power parameters; the control unit is used for calculating power data and carbon data based on the power parameters; a management module; the management module is in communication connection with the metering module, used for receiving the power data and carbon data and performing data processing, storage, display and communication; wherein ； the carbon data comprises at least one of source-side carbon emission, load-side carbon emission, grid-side carbon emission or carbon emission factor calculated based on power grid topology and power flow theory. 2.The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory of claim 1, wherein: the power parameter acquisition unit comprises a signal conditioning circuit and a power parameter metering IC; the signal conditioning circuit comprises a voltage dividing circuit, a Shunt current measurement circuit and a current transformer circuit, used for converting single-phase voltage, single-phase current and zero-line current into low-voltage and small-current signals, and completing sampling and metering by the power parameter metering IC. 3.The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory of claim 1, wherein: the control unit comprises a power metering part and a carbon metering part; the power metering part communicates with the power parameter acquisition unit through an SPI interface to obtain power parameters and calculates power data; the carbon metering part receives the power data, executes a carbon metering algorithm to calculate carbon data, and comprises a metering chip circuit, a power supply circuit, a data storage circuit and an SPI communication circuit.

4. The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory according to claim 3, characterized in that: the carbon metering algorithm comprises: based on power grid power flow theory, calculating power plant direct carbon emission, power plant carbon emission factor, node carbon emission factor, regional carbon emission factor, electricity indirect carbon emission, carbon flow rate, carbon flow density and grid loss carbon emission, realizing carbon emission flow tracing from source side to load side.

5. The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory according to claim 1, characterized in that: the management module comprises a power supply isolation circuit, an LCD display screen, a communication interface and a data storage circuit; the management module is configured to execute residual current calculation, series arc fault identification and carbon flow data calculation, and upload data to a carbon emission flow system platform through the communication interface.

6. The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory according to claim 1, characterized in that: the device further comprises a software program configured to execute the following steps: S1, initializing the metering module and the management module after power-on; S2, judging whether to execute online self-calibration function according to self-calibration conditions; the self-calibration conditions comprise first measurement after device power-on, every 24 hours of operation or user key start; S3, periodically sampling power parameters and calculating power data, the sampling period is set to 5 seconds or 10 seconds, and the data update frequency is 4kSPS; S4, calculating carbon data based on the power data and outputting to a carbon flow system.

7. The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory according to claim 6, characterized in that: the periodic sampling comprises, in each sampling period, first sampling current instantaneous values of phase A, phase B and phase C in sequence for harmonic FFT analysis, and then sampling other power parameters. 8.The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory of claim 1, wherein: The device supports configuring carbon metering device levels and upstream carbon metering device binding through the interface, wherein the carbon metering device levels include a primary node, a secondary node or the following levels, the primary node carbon metering device is bound to a power plant or has no superior node, and the secondary and following nodes bind to the superior node to obtain upstream carbon data for calculating the carbon index of the current node.

9. The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory according to claim 8, characterized in that: When the carbon metering device level is a primary node and is bound to a node without a superior node, the device supports setting the power plant unit type and its typical carbon emission factor; the unit type includes an ultra-supercritical unit, a gas unit, a wind turbine generator or a photovoltaic generator. 10.The power carbon metering device based on power grid topology and power flow theory of claim 1, wherein: The device updates the carbon data display every 10 minutes as a unit, stores historical data, and supports viewing the daily carbon emission, the current carbon emission, the carbon emission factor, the historical record of the power flow network loss or the network loss carbon emission through the interface.

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