Battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance self-adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow velocity monitoring

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of thermal management of immersed liquid-cooled batteries, and particularly relates to a battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance self-adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow velocity monitoring. Multi-point temperature information of a battery module is obtained through a temperature monitoring unit, and a temperature equalization index is calculated; the flow resistance change of the liquid cooling loop is judged by combining the flow speed monitoring unit with the running state of the circulating cooling pump, and the central control unit dynamically adjusts the rotating speed of the circulating cooling pump and / or controls the flow channel adjusting assembly to switch the cooling liquid flow channel based on the combination result of the temperature uniformity state and the flow resistance state. Therefore, the temperature consistency of the battery module and the self-adaptive control of the flow resistance of the liquid cooling system are realized under different operation conditions, the cooling of a key area can be enhanced when local hot spots exist, the flow path is optimized and the energy consumption is reduced when the flow resistance is increased or the load is relatively low, the thermal safety, the operation stability and the energy efficiency level of the battery system are improved, and the service life of the battery system is prolonged. The method is suitable for liquid cooling heat management scenes of high-energy-density batteries.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of immersed liquid-cooled battery thermal management, and particularly relates to a battery module uniform temperature and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, rail transit, large-scale energy storage systems and high-power charging facilities, the stability and consistency of the working temperature of power batteries as core energy carriers are directly related to the safety, service life and performance of the system. Especially under high energy density, high rate charging and discharging and complex environmental conditions, the heat generated by the battery increases significantly, so that the battery thermal management system becomes one of the key technologies to ensure the reliable operation of the whole machine. Among them, the liquid cooling technology has gradually replaced the air cooling and partial phase change cooling methods and become the mainstream solution for the current power battery thermal management due to its high heat exchange efficiency, good temperature control precision and strong adaptability.

[0003] The existing liquid-cooled battery thermal management system usually arranges temperature sensors at key positions of the battery module or battery cell, collects temperature information in real time, and adjusts the circulating cooling pump speed, radiator working state or cooling liquid flow rate based on the set threshold or control algorithm by the controller to realize closed-loop control of the battery working temperature. This kind of technology can prevent the overall overheating of the battery to a certain extent and meet the basic safety operation requirements. However, the control logic of this kind of technology mainly regards the whole battery pack or single module as a whole with uniform thermal characteristics and mainly relies on the average temperature or the highest temperature as the basis for regulation and control, so it is difficult to accurately reflect the complex spatial heat distribution characteristics inside the battery.

[0004] With the continuous increase of battery system scale and power density, the existing technology gradually realizes that it is difficult to effectively suppress the temperature difference expansion within or between modules by simply relying on overall temperature control. Some technologies begin to optimize the flow channel structure of the liquid cooling plate, set up parallel cooling branches, introduce flow regulating valves, and other ways to adjust the flow direction and flow of the cooling liquid, in order to strengthen the cooling of the local high temperature area, so as to improve the temperature uniformity of the battery pack. For example, the Chinese patent with publication number CN 121123488A discloses a battery pack liquid cooling system, a battery pack and a liquid cooling control method for the battery pack, which includes: a plurality of cooling branches connected in parallel with each other, each cooling branch is configured to cool a corresponding battery module among a plurality of battery modules of the battery pack, and each cooling branch is composed of a flow regulating valve and a cooling channel corresponding to the corresponding battery module; a circulating cooling pump configured to deliver cooling liquid to the plurality of cooling branches; and a controller configured to monitor the cell temperature and temperature rise rate of each battery module and control the operation of the circulating cooling pump and the flow regulating valve of each cooling branch based on the cell temperature and temperature rise rate. This scheme establishes a connection between the temperature rise rate and the cooling strength between different modules of the battery pack, reduces or even eliminates the temperature difference between the battery modules through local differentiated temperature management, suppresses thermal runaway, prolongs the life of the battery pack and saves energy, and at the same time introduces dynamic temperature parameters such as temperature rise rate at the control level to improve the response ability to sudden heat load changes.

[0005] Although this technology improves temperature consistency and heat dissipation response speed to some extent, the monitoring and control core is still mainly based on temperature parameters, and the control decision is mainly based on temperature threshold or temperature change trend, and there is insufficient attention to the running state of the liquid cooling system itself, especially the changes in the actual flow conditions of the cooling liquid in the pipeline and flow channel, which have not been fully and systematically monitored and utilized. Therefore, the control strategy has difficulty in making effective judgments in the face of non-temperature dominant system abnormalities.

[0006] In actual operation, the cooling medium of the liquid cooling system may mix impurities, generate bubbles, change viscosity due to long-term circulation, or cause local flow passage cross-sectional area to decrease or even be blocked due to manufacturing errors, corrosion deposition, foreign matter entering, etc., thereby causing the overall or local flow resistance of the system to increase, which is manifested as the cooling liquid flow rate decreasing and the heat exchange capacity weakening under the condition that the circulating cooling pump speed remains unchanged. Such problems are not caused by the increase of the battery heat load itself, but by the deterioration of the cooling circuit health status, but the existing temperature-based control system is difficult to accurately identify such abnormalities.

[0007] Due to the lack of a real-time monitoring and discrimination mechanism for changes in flow rate or flow resistance, existing liquid cooling control systems often assume that the cause of increased battery temperature or increased temperature difference is an increase in heat dissipation demand when they detect an increase in battery temperature or an increase in temperature difference. As a result, they take measures to increase pump speed or enhance heat dissipation capacity. This strategy not only fails to fundamentally improve the cooling effect in scenarios with abnormal flow resistance, but may also lead to a significant increase in energy consumption, aggravated system pressure fluctuations, accelerated aging of components such as pipes, valves and liquid cooling plates, and even induce new reliability problems.

[0008] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a liquid cooling control technology that can comprehensively solve the above problems and achieve more precise, faster, and more stable control, so as to further improve the temperature consistency of power batteries, extend their service life, and ensure safe use. Summary of the Invention

[0009] In view of the common problems of existing battery liquid cooling systems, such as simple control logic, inability to distinguish between temperature unevenness and flow restriction, easy energy waste and insufficient local heat dissipation, this application aims to solve the technical problems of difficulty in effectively ensuring the temperature consistency of battery modules under complex operating conditions and difficulty in timely identification and correction of abnormal flow resistance of liquid cooling systems.

[0010] This application discloses a battery module temperature and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring by introducing a collaborative monitoring and joint judgment mechanism for temperature and flow rate. The system can adaptively adjust the pump speed and flow channel structure according to the temperature and flow resistance states. The system includes: The battery module consists of multiple cells that form main channels and branch channels for the flow of coolant. A circulating cooling circuit is used to deliver coolant to the battery module; The temperature monitoring unit is used to collect temperature information at different locations of the battery module and at the inlet and outlet of the coolant to reflect the temperature distribution of the battery module. The flow rate monitoring unit is used to acquire information on the flow status of coolant in the circulation loop and key flow channels; Flow channel adjustment components are used to change the flow direction and flow rate distribution of coolant in different flow channels; The central control unit is communicatively connected to the temperature monitoring unit, flow rate monitoring unit, circulating cooling circuit, and flow channel adjustment component. The central control unit calculates the temperature uniformity index of the battery module based on the data collected by the temperature monitoring unit to characterize the degree of temperature distribution uniformity inside the battery module. At the same time, it combines the data collected by the flow rate monitoring unit with the operating status of the circulating cooling pump to judge the flow resistance change of the liquid cooling circuit. Based on this, the central control unit generates corresponding control commands according to the combination of temperature uniformity and flow resistance status, dynamically adjusts the speed of the circulating cooling pump and / or controls the flow channel adjustment component to switch the coolant flow channel, thereby realizing temperature uniformity control of the battery module and adaptive adjustment of the flow resistance of the liquid cooling system under different operating conditions.

[0011] By incorporating temperature uniformity control and flow resistance management into a unified closed-loop control framework, this application constructs a liquid cooling control system with rapid response and adaptive adjustment capabilities. This system can automatically select matching control strategies according to different operating stages, rapidly improve cooling efficiency when enhanced heat dissipation is required, and actively return to a low-energy-consumption operating state when the load decreases or flow is restricted. Overall, it achieves a dynamic balance between cooling performance and energy efficiency, which not only improves the operational safety and consistency of the battery module under all operating conditions, but also provides strong support for reducing energy consumption and maintenance costs of battery systems in vehicle applications or energy storage scenarios. Attached Figure Description

[0012] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall architecture of the liquid cooling system described in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement of temperature and flow rate sensors in the liquid cooling system described in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a flowchart of the control logic of the liquid cooling system according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the control flow of the flow channel adjustment component of the liquid cooling system according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the main flow channel and branch flow channels of the coolant inside the battery module according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the coolant flow in the liquid cooling system of the present invention in the high-temperature priority mode; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the coolant flow in the low-resistance mode of the liquid cooling system described in this embodiment of the invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the variable flow channel with a flow divider valve and a throttling device in the liquid cooling system of this invention. Figure 9 This is a comparison curve of the operating conditions of the liquid cooling system described in the embodiment of the present invention and the traditional constant pump speed liquid cooling system; The markings in the diagram are as follows: Battery module 100, battery cell 200, main pipeline 301, main flow channel 302, first main flow channel 3021, second main flow channel 3022, branch flow channel 303, electric diversion valve 401, adjustable flow element 402. Detailed Implementation

[0013] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this application. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this application are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0014] It should be noted that all directional and positional terms used in this invention, such as "up," "down," "left," "right," "front," "back," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," "outer," "top," "lower," "lateral," "longitudinal," and "center," are only used to explain the relative positional relationships and connections between components in a specific state (as shown in the accompanying drawings). They are merely for the convenience of describing the invention and do not require the invention to be constructed and operated in a specific orientation; therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the invention. Furthermore, descriptions involving "first," "second," etc., are for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying their relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated.

[0015] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiment," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0016] like Figures 1-8 As shown, this application discloses a battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring, comprising: The battery module 100 contains a plurality of cells 200 arranged in an array, and a plurality of main channels 302 and a plurality of branch channels 303 are formed between adjacent cells 200. A circulating cooling circuit, including a circulating cooling pump and a cooling channel, is used to deliver coolant to the battery module 100 for liquid cooling heat dissipation. A temperature monitoring unit is set at multiple predetermined locations in the battery module 100 to acquire temperature distribution information of the battery module 100 and temperature information of the coolant inlet and outlet in the battery module 100. A flow rate monitoring unit is installed in the main channel 301 and / or at least one main channel 302 and branch channel 303 of the cooling channel to obtain information on the flow status of the coolant at the corresponding location. A flow channel adjustment component is disposed in the cooling flow channel to change the flow direction and flow rate distribution of coolant in the main flow channel 302 or the branch flow channel 303. The central control unit is communicatively connected to the temperature monitoring unit, flow rate monitoring unit, circulating cooling component, and flow channel adjustment component. It is configured to calculate the temperature uniformity index ΔT (temperature range) of the battery module 100 based on the data collected by the temperature monitoring unit, determine the system flow resistance change based on the data collected by the flow rate monitoring unit and the operating status of the circulating cooling pump, and generate control commands based on the combination of the temperature uniformity index ΔT and the flow resistance change to dynamically adjust the speed of the circulating cooling pump and / or control the flow channel adjustment component to switch the cooling flow channel, so as to perform temperature uniformity control of the battery module and adaptive adjustment of the flow resistance of the circulating cooling loop.

[0017] The battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system disclosed in this application is built around the battery module 100 as the core heat dissipation object. By guiding the flow of coolant in the main flow channel 302 and branch flow channels 303 naturally formed inside the cell array, the coolant can flow directly close to the surface of the cell 200 without adding additional complex structures. In the example of this application, the main flow channel 302 is the core flow channel in the liquid cooling system that undertakes the main function of coolant delivery, runs through the core area of ​​the battery module 100 and has low flow resistance. It is the main path of coolant in the circulation loop. Structurally, the main flow channel 302 has the characteristics of large channel cross-section, direct direction and stable flow resistance characteristics. Branch flow channel 303 refers to the cell gap formed between adjacent cells 200 within the battery module 100. The channel of branch flow channel 303 is adapted to the cell gap 200, with multiple branches and a wide coverage area, used for local enhanced heat dissipation. Its flow resistance is slightly higher than that of the main flow channel 302. Combined with the continuous liquid supply capacity of the circulating cooling circuit, the battery module can still maintain a stable heat dissipation foundation under high load or long-term operation conditions. On this basis, by setting temperature monitoring units at multiple key locations in the battery module, including both the hot spot areas of the cell array and the inlet and outlet of the coolant, the temperature distribution of the battery module 100 and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the coolant can be fully captured, thus providing a reliable basis for subsequent temperature uniformity control.Simultaneously, flow rate monitoring units are introduced into the main pipeline 301 and key flow channels of the coolant delivery path, enabling the liquid cooling system to sense in real time whether the coolant flows smoothly and whether its flow capacity changes. This design simultaneously considers thermal and flow states, allowing the liquid cooling system to no longer rely solely on a single temperature signal for adjustment, but to comprehensively reflect the battery's heat dissipation requirements and the operating status of the liquid cooling circuit itself. The flow channel adjustment component, as the core component for changing the coolant flow direction and flow rate, includes at least one electric diverter valve 401 and at least one adjustable flow element 402. By adjusting the direction of the electric diverter valve 401 and the opening of the adjustable flow element 402, the proportion of coolant in the main pipeline 302 and the branch flow channels 303 between the cells can be flexibly allocated. When the temperature in a local area is too high, the proportion of coolant in the corresponding branch flow channel 303 can be increased. When the system flow resistance increases, it can switch to a more favorable flow path, such as closing at least some branch flow channels 303, thereby avoiding the increase in energy consumption caused by ineffectively increasing the pump speed. Central control unit After receiving information on temperature distribution and coolant flow, the system analyzes the temperature information to calculate the current temperature uniformity of the battery module. It also assesses flow rate changes based on the operating status of the circulating cooling loop, identifying different operating states such as uneven temperature and normal flow, uneven temperature and restricted flow, balanced temperature and restricted flow, or balanced temperature and normal flow. Based on this, the central control unit generates corresponding control strategies according to different state combinations. When enhanced heat dissipation is needed and flow conditions permit, the system increases coolant delivery capacity or adjusts flow channel distribution to improve cooling in high-temperature areas. When restricted flow is detected, the system prioritizes reducing flow resistance by altering the flow channel state, avoiding excessive system load caused by simply increasing pump speed. After all adjustments are executed, the system re-enters the data acquisition and state assessment process, forming a continuous closed-loop control. This allows the liquid cooling system to adaptively adjust based on the battery's thermal state and the actual operating conditions of the liquid cooling loop, achieving stable and sustainable heat dissipation.

[0018] The battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system disclosed in this application, by introducing a dual-dimensional monitoring mechanism of temperature and flow rate and combining it with an adjustable flow channel structure, can significantly improve the temperature uniformity inside the battery module in practical applications, enabling more targeted cooling of local hot spots, thereby reducing temperature fluctuations between cells, helping to extend battery life and improve overall safety. At the same time, the system can identify changes in flow resistance and adjust the operating strategy accordingly, thereby avoiding blindly increasing cooling power under flow-restricted conditions, keeping the circulating cooling loop in a more reasonable operating range, thereby reducing energy waste and component wear. Thus, it achieves the goal of improving battery temperature equalization performance while meeting the energy efficiency and reliable operation requirements of the liquid cooling system, making it particularly suitable for high-power, highly integrated, and long-cycle battery system scenarios.

[0019] As a preferred example of this application, the temperature monitoring unit includes pipeline temperature sensors installed at the coolant inlet and outlet of the battery module 100, and multiple battery temperature sensors installed inside the battery module 100 and installed in a layered and zoned encryption manner. The pipeline temperature sensors are used to acquire temperature information when the coolant enters and exits the battery module, and the battery temperature sensors are used to acquire temperature distribution information at different heights and in different areas inside the battery module. In the examples of this application, the temperature monitoring unit includes a temperature detection module. This module, through the structure and arrangement of the aforementioned pipeline temperature sensor and battery temperature sensor, continuously collects temperature information when the coolant enters and leaves the battery module 100 during the operation of the liquid cooling system. This reflects the overall level of heat absorbed by the coolant during circulation. The battery temperature sensor inside the battery module 100 synchronously collects temperature data from different heights and areas according to a preset layered and zoned encryption method. This allows the system to more precisely perceive the temperature change characteristics inside the battery module 100, especially focusing on areas prone to heat accumulation. This avoids temperature information distortion or omissions caused by relying on only a few measuring points. This dual temperature acquisition method, from the outside to the inside and from the whole to the part, ensures that temperature changes in key areas are captured in a timely manner while avoiding resource waste caused by deploying too many sensors in areas with gentle temperature changes. In some examples of this application, both the pipeline temperature sensor and the battery temperature sensor use high-precision platinum resistance thermometers (Pt100) or semiconductor digital sensors with an accuracy of not less than ±0.5℃. Their layout structure is as follows... Figure 2 As shown, encryption is deployed in hotspot areas.

[0020] As a preferred example of this application, the battery temperature sensors are arranged with decreasing density from top to bottom in the vertical direction of the battery module, and with decreasing density from the center area to the edge area in the planar direction. The arrangement of the battery temperature sensors in this application conforms to the heat dissipation characteristics of the battery module 100. In the vertical direction, they follow the principle of "gradually sparser from top to bottom." The tab area, as the top high-temperature area of ​​the cell, easily accumulates heat and experiences rapid temperature changes; therefore, one sensor is placed every 1-2 units of height to quickly and accurately capture temperature fluctuations at the top. The temperature change in the middle area is relatively gradual; one sensor is placed every 2-3 units of height to ensure comprehensive monitoring while avoiding resource waste. The bottom area has the lowest temperature and the most gradual temperature change; one sensor is placed every 4-5 units of height to accurately match the heat dissipation characteristics of this area. In the planar direction, a "…" The layout gradually thins out from the center to the edge. The central area of ​​the cell stack array is the hot spot area where the most heat accumulates. One sensor is placed for every two cells to ensure that no temperature changes in the hot spot area are missed. The four corners and edge areas of the module generate less heat and have lower temperatures. As non-hot spot areas, one sensor is placed for every 5-6 cells to achieve full coverage without causing sensor redundancy. One high-precision thermocouple sensor is placed at the coolant inlet and outlet, with the error controlled within ±0.5℃. This is used to monitor the temperature difference between the coolant entering and leaving the module in real time, and then use the threshold of this basic temperature difference as the trigger condition for the high-temperature priority mode.

[0021] By employing the aforementioned sensor density-decreasing deployment scheme, the liquid cooling system can more accurately focus on areas within the battery module 100 prone to heat accumulation and temperature abrupt changes during actual operation. This improves the speed and accuracy of identifying local hotspots, preventing them from expanding undetected. Furthermore, the gradient deployment in both planar and vertical directions enhances the effectiveness and specificity of temperature information without significantly increasing the number of sensors or wiring complexity. Simultaneous monitoring of the temperature difference between the coolant inlet and outlet further strengthens the system's ability to perceive changes in overall heat dissipation, enabling it to identify trends in heat exchange capacity before localized temperature anomalies spread. This allows the central control unit to more accurately identify the internal temperature distribution of the battery module, particularly providing more timely and reliable detection of localized high temperatures and abnormal temperature rises. This, in turn, provides temperature input conditions more closely aligned with actual operating conditions for subsequent temperature regulation and operational status assessment.

[0022] As a preferred example of this application, the flow rate monitoring unit includes a first flow rate sensor disposed at the inlet of the main circulation cooling loop 301, and a plurality of second flow rate sensors disposed on the main flow channel 302 and the branch flow channels 303 leading to the hot spot area inside the battery module 100. The first flow rate sensor is used to acquire the overall flow rate information of the coolant at the inlet of the overall loop, and the second flow rate sensor is used to acquire the local flow rate information of the coolant in the branch of the hot spot area. This application introduces a flow rate detection module into the circulating cooling loop that simultaneously covers the overall flow state and the local flow state in hot spots. This enables the liquid cooling system to form a clear and layered flow perception capability during operation. The first flow rate sensor, located at the inlet of the main pipe 301, primarily reflects the overall flow of coolant as it enters the system, providing direct evidence for determining whether there is an increase in overall flow resistance or a decrease in delivery efficiency. The second flow rate sensor, deployed on key branches (main flow path 302 and branch flow path 303) leading to the hot spots inside the battery module 100, reflects the actual coolant supply level in high-heat-load areas, thereby ensuring that the cooling state in the areas with the most concentrated heat remains under control. Within the system, during the operation of the liquid cooling system, the central control unit processes and compares the acquired overall flow velocity data and local flow velocity data. When the overall flow velocity decreases significantly while the pump operation is basically stable, the system identifies this as a signal of increased overall flow resistance. Conversely, when the flow velocity in a local branch decreases and corresponds to a rise in temperature in a hot spot area, it is identified as a manifestation of local flow restriction or insufficient liquid supply. Through this collaborative analysis based on overall and local flow velocity information, the liquid cooling system can accurately distinguish between overall flow anomalies and local flow anomalies without relying on complex models, thus providing a clear direction for subsequent adjustments and improving the overall reliability, adaptability, and long-term operational stability of the battery thermal management system. In the example of this application, the first flow velocity sensor and the second flow velocity sensor can be ultrasonic or electromagnetic flowmeters with an accuracy of not less than ±2%.

[0023] As a preferred example of this application, the flow channel adjustment component includes: An electric diversion valve 401 is installed at the bifurcation point between the main pipeline 301 and the main flow channel 302 and branch flow channel 303 leading to different areas inside the battery module 100. An adjustable flow element 402 is connected in series on the main flow channel 302 or the branch flow channel 303; The electric diverter valve 401 is used to selectively change the main flow direction of the coolant according to the control command of the central control unit, and the adjustable flow element 402 is used to continuously and adjustablely control the flow ratio of the corresponding flow channel.

[0024] Through the structural design and collaborative control method of the aforementioned flow channel adjustment components, this application enables the liquid cooling system to achieve a high degree of control over the coolant flow direction and flow distribution while maintaining a relatively simple structure. This allows for direct reorganization of the coolant flow path when facing different temperature distributions and flow resistance conditions. The electric diverter valve 401, located at the core node of fluid distribution, is controlled by the central control unit via a PWM signal to steer the valve core. Its action can quickly determine whether the coolant should preferentially flow to hot spots or through low-resistance channels without increasing the additional flow channel length. The series-connected adjustable flow element 402 achieves smooth control of the flow ratio through small-amplitude continuous adjustments. The adjustable flow element is connected in series with non-critical branches in the edge areas (such as the second main flow channel 3022 located in a convenient area, or high-resistance branches closed in low-resistance mode, such as branch flow channel 303). 402, the opening degree is adjusted by a stepper motor, with each adjustment increment being 2%, thereby controlling the proportion of branch flow. At the same time, an adjustable flow element 402 is added to the branch flow channel 303 between the battery cells 200. In high-temperature priority mode, it remains fully open (100%), and in low-resistance mode, it is completely closed (0%), to avoid the high-resistance flow channel between the battery cells increasing the loop voltage drop. When it is determined that the overall flow resistance of the system increases or the loop voltage drop needs to be reduced, the electric diverter valve 401 is controlled to switch to the flow direction state dominated by the low-resistance channel, and the opening degree of the adjustable flow element 402 is adjusted simultaneously to limit the flow of the high-resistance branch or even cut off its flow. Through the directional selection function of the electric diverter valve 401 and the continuous flow regulation function of the adjustable flow element 402, the flow direction selection and flow distribution of the coolant are always consistent with the real-time requirements of the liquid cooling system, thereby achieving adaptive matching for different operating conditions.

[0025] As a preferred example of this application, the main flow channel 302 includes a first main flow channel 3021 located in the middle of the battery module 100 and corresponding to the hot spot area of ​​the cell stack, and a second main flow channel 3022 located at the edge of the battery module 100. The branch flow channel 303 is arranged perpendicular to the main flow channel 302 and extends to the gap area between the cells 200. The flow channel adjustment component can be switched between a high-temperature zone priority path and a low-resistance flow channel path under the control of the central control unit. In the high-temperature zone priority path, the second main flow channel 3022 is closed and the first main flow channel 3021 and the branch flow channel 303 are opened to concentrate the coolant flow to the hot spot area. In the low-resistance flow channel path, the branch flow channel 303 is closed and the first main flow channel 3021 and the second main flow channel 3022 are opened to reduce the circulation flow resistance and coordinate with the speed adjustment of the circulating cooling pump. This application differentiates the main flow channel 302 and branch flow channels 303 in terms of functional zoning and spatial location. The first main flow channel 3021, located in the middle, directly corresponds to the high-heat area of ​​the battery cell stack 200. When the liquid cooling system needs enhanced heat dissipation, it can combine with the branch flow channel 303 to carry the main coolant flow. The second main flow channel 3022, located at the edge, provides a low-resistance direct passage for the coolant, ensuring smooth overall flow when the liquid cooling system does not require enhanced heat dissipation. The flow channel adjustment component, through the coordinated action of the electric diversion valve 401 and the adjustable flow element 402, effectively suppresses the high-temperature zone priority path. The coolant is diverted to non-critical areas, concentrating a large proportion of the flow through the first main channel 3021 and the branch channels 303. This quickly removes heat from the central hot spots. In low-resistance flow paths, the high-resistance branch channels 303 are actively closed, leaving only the main channel 302 for circulation. This reduces loop pressure drop and minimizes wasted energy. This design allows the liquid cooling system to achieve a dynamic balance between cooling capacity and flow resistance without complex calculations when facing different operating conditions through path switching. It avoids the contradiction between simultaneously pursuing high flow rate and low resistance in traditional liquid cooling systems, thus improving the overall stability and adaptability of the liquid cooling system. In the example of this application, the main channel 302 is arranged vertically, and the branch channels 303 are arranged horizontally.

[0026] As a preferred example of this application, the central control unit is configured to synchronously acquire data from each temperature sensor and flow rate sensor at a preset time T, and perform noise reduction and filtering preprocessing. Based on the processed temperature data, it calculates the temperature uniformity index ΔT of the battery module 100 and compares it with a first temperature threshold to determine the temperature uniformity status. At the same time, it performs correlation analysis between the processed flow rate data and the pump speed signal of the circulating cooling pump. When the pump speed remains constant and the flow rate decreases by more than the first flow resistance threshold or the change in the ratio of pump speed to flow rate exceeds a set range, it determines that the flow resistance is abnormal. The central control unit determines the current operating status based on the combination of the temperature uniformity status and the flow resistance status and outputs corresponding control commands. This application establishes a unified and high-frequency data acquisition and processing mechanism in the central control unit, for example, with a preset acquisition cycle of 1 second (T). This allows the liquid cooling system to continuously obtain reliable temperature and flow rate information by closely following the changes in the thermal state of the battery module and the flow state of the coolant. All acquired data undergoes unified noise reduction and filtering before entering the judgment stage, effectively reducing the impact of environmental interference and instantaneous sensor fluctuations on the judgment results. In the example of this application, the temperature uniformity index ΔT = Tmax - Tmin, where Tmax and Tmin are the highest and lowest temperatures at all temperature measurement points, respectively. By comparing this index with a preset first temperature threshold, when ΔT is greater than the preset first temperature threshold (e.g., 3℃), it indicates that... Uneven temperature distribution in the module necessitates a comparison of flow rate changes with pump speed signals to directly reflect the actual flow conditions in the cooling circuit. When the pump speed is stable but the flow rate drops significantly (e.g., 10%-15%), flow obstruction is identified. By setting the drop ratio range and the ratio change range, normal operating fluctuations and abnormal states can be effectively distinguished, reducing misjudgments and ineffective adjustments. When the pump speed to flow rate ratio changes beyond the set range, it indicates a blockage in a certain flow channel or a change in liquid viscosity, indicating abnormal flow resistance. After completing the temperature uniformity and flow resistance status determinations, the central control unit combines the two determination results to clarify the current operating status of the liquid cooling system and uses this status as the basis for generating and executing subsequent liquid cooling adjustment strategies.

[0027] By introducing the aforementioned data acquisition, processing, and judgment logic, this application enables the liquid cooling system to improve the perception accuracy of the battery module's thermal state and the cooling circuit's operating state without increasing the complexity of the hardware structure. This allows for earlier detection and accurate differentiation of temperature unevenness and flow resistance anomalies, creating conditions for timely and targeted control measures. Simultaneously, it avoids the bias caused by single-parameter judgments, ensuring the liquid cooling system maintains stable and reliable judgment results under different operating conditions and stages. Based on preset threshold settings, it reduces the uncertainty of control decisions, helping to lower energy consumption fluctuations and the burden on actuators caused by frequent adjustments. This allows the liquid cooling system to maintain stable and consistent judgment output even under complex operating conditions, thereby improving the overall thermal safety level of the battery module and the operational reliability and response efficiency of the liquid cooling system.

[0028] As a preferred example of this application, the central control unit forms the following combined operating state based on the combination of the temperature uniformity index ΔT and the flow resistance change, including: When the temperature uniformity is insufficient and the flow resistance is normal, control the speed of the circulating cooling pump to increase by a preset ratio or control the flow channel adjustment component to switch to the high-temperature zone priority path. When the temperature uniformity is insufficient and the flow resistance increases, the flow channel adjustment component is switched to a low-resistance flow channel path to reduce the flow resistance. After the flow rate is restored, the speed of the circulating cooling pump is increased. When the temperature uniformity is good and the flow resistance is increased, keep the speed of the circulating cooling pump constant and control the flow channel adjustment component to adjust the flow channel distribution ratio. When the temperature uniformity is good and the flow resistance is normal, the speed of the circulating cooling pump is reduced by a preset ratio to achieve energy-saving operation.

[0029] This application combines the assessment of temperature uniformity and flow resistance states as the core basis for control decisions, transforming the control method of the liquid cooling system from single-parameter driven to multi-state coordinated response. It can automatically match the corresponding control strategy in the following operating scenarios: In the first scenario, temperature uniformity is insufficient, but flow resistance is normal. The first control strategy is to increase the speed of the circulating cooling pump (e.g., +15%-20%), or drive the electric diverter valve 401 and the adjustable flow element 402 to switch the flow channel adjustment component to the high-temperature zone priority path. That is, when there are local hot spots in the system and the coolant flows smoothly, by increasing the pump speed or guiding the flow to enter the high-temperature zone first, the heat dissipation capacity of the hot spot area can be significantly enhanced without changing the overall structure of the system, thereby suppressing the expansion of the temperature difference. In the second scenario, insufficient temperature uniformity leads to increased flow resistance. The second control strategy prioritizes switching the flow channel adjustment component to a low-resistance flow channel path to reduce resistance. After the cooling flow channel velocity returns to normal, the speed of the circulating cooling pump is appropriately increased. That is, when hot spot problems and flow resistance problems occur simultaneously, the system prioritizes eliminating the constraint of flow restriction, and then appropriately increases the cooling intensity after the flow conditions improve, thereby avoiding the generation of ineffective energy consumption. In the third scenario, temperature uniformity is good, but flow resistance increases. The third control strategy is to keep the pump speed of the circulating cooling pump constant and only adjust the flow channel distribution ratio to ensure balanced liquid supply to each module. That is, when the temperature distribution is relatively balanced but local flow is restricted, the liquid supply to each module can be rebalanced by simply adjusting the flow channel distribution ratio, so that the original uniform temperature state can be maintained without being destroyed. In the fourth scenario, temperature uniformity is good and flow resistance is normal. The fourth control strategy is to reduce the pump speed of the circulating cooling pump (e.g., -10% to -20%) to save energy. That is, when the overall system is operating well, the pump speed is actively reduced to match the cooling capacity with the actual demand, which can effectively reduce energy consumption and equipment load.

[0030] This application introduces an execution strategy based on a combination of temperature uniformity and flow resistance, enabling the liquid cooling system to maintain a reasonable match between cooling capacity and actual demand under different operating conditions. It can quickly respond and concentrate cooling resources when hot spots appear, prioritize the elimination of obstruction factors when flow is restricted, and actively reduce energy consumption when the system is stable. This improves the overall temperature consistency and operational safety of the battery module, while reducing the working time of the circulating cooling pump and related components under unnecessary high load conditions, thereby reducing energy consumption and wear risks. This design not only improves the adaptability of the liquid cooling system to complex operating conditions, but also makes the system operation more stable and controllable.

[0031] As a preferred example of this application, the flow channel adjustment component is switched to a high-temperature zone priority path and a low-resistance flow channel path under the action of the central control unit, corresponding to the high-temperature priority mode and the low-resistance mode, respectively. The triggering condition for the high temperature priority mode is: when the battery module temperature uniformity index ΔT exceeds the preset second temperature threshold and the flow resistance is within the normal range, in this mode, the electric diversion valve 401 is controlled to open the central main flow channel 302 and the branch flow channel 303 between the cells and restrict the second main flow channel 3022 of the non-critical branch, and at the same time, the speed of the circulating cooling pump is increased to enhance the flow of coolant in the hot spot area. The second temperature threshold is greater than the first temperature threshold. The triggering condition for the low resistance mode is as follows: when the flow rate decrease ratio of the branch flow channel 303 between the cells 200 exceeds the second flow resistance threshold or the battery is under low load, the electric diversion valve 401 is controlled to close the branch flow channel 303 between the cells and open multiple main flow channels, while simultaneously reducing the speed of the circulating cooling pump.

[0032] This application introduces a switchable high-temperature priority mode and a low-resistance mode within the same liquid cooling system, enabling the coolant flow path and flow distribution to be dynamically adjusted directly based on the actual thermal and flow resistance states of the battery module. This avoids the problem of unreasonable cooling resource allocation caused by fixed cooling paths in traditional liquid cooling systems. In some examples of this application, when the temperature uniformity index ΔT of the battery module 100 exceeds 8°C (the second temperature threshold) and there is no significant abnormality in flow resistance, such as when the pump speed remains constant and the flow rate decrease does not exceed the first flow resistance threshold (e.g., 10%), the system determines that heat dissipation in hot spots should be prioritized, triggering the high-temperature priority mode. In this mode, the valve core of the electric diverter valve 401 rotates to the position where "the central first main flow channel 3021 + the branch flow channel 303 between the battery cells is open," as shown in the schematic diagram. Figure 5 , Figure 6 As shown, centralized cooling is implemented for areas prone to heat accumulation between battery cells. The adjustable flow element 402 opening for non-critical branches (second main flow channel 3022) in the edge area is 0%, while the adjustable flow element 402 opening for the cell gap branch flow channel 303 is 100%. The circulating cooling pump speed is increased by 20% to ensure that the coolant flow velocity in the hot spot area is ≥1.5m / s. The coolant flows centrally to the hot spot area inside the battery module 100, and the flow rate of the cell gap branch flow channel 303 accounts for more than 70%. This increases the coolant flow rate in the cell gap branch flow channel 303 by 20%-30%, quickly removing heat from the stacked battery cells 200. The heat accumulated in the interlayer (the area with the highest energy density) due to high load keeps the temperature difference between each cell 200 within 3℃, improving temperature uniformity and avoiding the risk of local thermal runaway. When the flow resistance of the branch flow channel 303 between cells 200 increases by more than 15% (pump speed remains constant and the flow rate decreases by more than 15%) or the battery is under low load (temperature uniformity index ΔT is small, such as ΔT less than 1℃), a low resistance mode is triggered. In this mode, the valve core of the electric diverter valve 401 rotates to the "multiple main flow channels straight through" position, including the central first main flow channel 3021 and the edge second main flow channel 3022, as shown in the schematic diagram. Figure 7 As shown, the high-resistance branch of the cell gap (branch flow channel 303) is closed, and only the main flow channel is used to reduce local resistance in the flow channel. The adjustable flow element 402 of the main flow channel 302 is fully opened (100% opening), while the adjustable flow element 402 of the cell gap branch flow channel 303 is closed (0% opening). By simplifying the flow channel structure, the circuit voltage drop is reduced, and the speed of the circulating cooling pump is reduced by 10%-15%. The coolant circulates only through the main flow channel 302, reducing energy consumption while ensuring the basic flow rate of the coolant (coolant flow velocity ≥ 0.8 m / s). In some embodiments of this application, when the temperature difference M between the coolant inlet and outlet in the battery module 100 is collected in real time, a high-temperature priority mode is triggered when M > 5°C.

[0033] The two modes described above redistribute cooling resources at the level of flow channel structure and flow direction. During operation, the central control unit continuously provides data feedback and verification, and fine-tunes the operating status based on real-time temperature and flow rate changes. This ensures that the system maintains a cooling state that matches the current demand at different operating stages, avoiding insufficient heat dissipation in hot spots and preventing energy waste caused by excessive circulation under low load or abnormal operating conditions. This allows the liquid cooling system to achieve a more reasonable balance between temperature uniformity and energy efficiency, thereby improving the overall adaptability and operating economy of the system.

[0034] As a preferred example of this application, this application discloses a control method for an adaptive liquid cooling system for battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance based on temperature and flow rate monitoring, comprising the following steps: S1: Real-time acquisition of temperature data at multiple points inside the battery module 100 and coolant flow rate data in the cooling circuit; S2: Calculate the temperature uniformity index ΔT of the current battery module based on the collected temperature data, and determine the change in flow resistance of the current system based on the collected flow rate data and the operating status of the circulating cooling pump. S3: Select the corresponding control strategy based on the combination of the temperature uniformity index ΔT and the flow resistance change; S4: Execute the selected control strategy to dynamically adjust the speed of the circulating cooling pump and / or control the flow channel adjustment component to switch the coolant flow channel; S5: Return to step S1 to form a closed-loop control.

[0035] In step S3, selecting a control strategy based on the combined states includes: When the temperature uniformity index ΔT is greater than the first temperature threshold and the flow resistance change does not exceed the first flow resistance threshold, the first strategy of increasing the speed of the circulating cooling pump and controlling the flow channel adjustment component to switch to the high temperature priority flow channel is selected. When the temperature uniformity index ΔT is greater than the first temperature threshold and the flow resistance change exceeds the second flow resistance threshold, a second strategy is selected: prioritize controlling the flow channel adjustment component to switch to the low-resistance flow channel, and then increase the speed of the circulating cooling pump after the flow rate recovers. When the temperature uniformity index ΔT is less than or equal to the first temperature threshold and the flow resistance change exceeds the first flow resistance threshold, a third strategy is selected: keep the speed of the circulating cooling pump constant and only control the flow channel adjustment component to adjust the flow channel distribution ratio. When the temperature uniformity index ΔT is less than or equal to the first temperature threshold and the flow resistance change does not exceed the first flow resistance threshold, the fourth strategy of reducing the speed of the circulating cooling pump is selected.

[0036] The control method for the adaptive liquid cooling system for battery module temperature uniformity and flow resistance based on temperature and flow rate monitoring described in this application integrates temperature monitoring and flow rate monitoring into the same closed-loop control framework. With continuous closed-loop as the core, sensors acquire real-time temperature information and coolant flow rate information at multiple points inside the battery module. The control unit quickly processes the collected data and calculates the current temperature uniformity index. Then, based on the preset correspondence, it selects a matching control strategy. By changing the speed of the circulating cooling pump or switching the coolant flow channel, it directly affects the flow rate and flow path of the coolant, so that the cooling effect or flow resistance is adjusted in the desired direction. The process of sensor acquisition → controller analysis → state determination → actuator adjustment → re-acquisition and verification forms a continuous cycle. This cycle can complete a full response in a short time (no more than 2 seconds), enabling the system to quickly follow changes in temperature and flow resistance and continuously correct its own operating state.

[0037] This application introduces the aforementioned closed-loop control method based on dual parameters of temperature and flow rate, enabling the liquid cooling system to promptly identify and take corresponding measures in the early stages of changes in the temperature distribution of the battery module. This effectively suppresses the trend of increasing temperature difference and reduces the risk of local overheating. At the same time, it avoids blindly increasing the pump speed and causing unnecessary energy consumption when the flow resistance of the cooling circuit is abnormal or the load is low, ensuring that the cooling capacity matches the actual demand. This allows for clear and reliable optimization and adjustment under different operating conditions, guaranteeing heat dissipation intensity under high load or insufficient temperature uniformity, and proactively reducing operating energy consumption when conditions permit. Overall, this improves the stability, response speed, and operating economy of the liquid cooling system, and reduces reliability risks caused by excessive circulation or insufficient cooling during long-term operation.

[0038] This application's overall improvement scheme systematically upgrades the traditional liquid-cooled battery thermal management system, which relies solely on single-point temperature feedback, by introducing a real-time monitoring mechanism for both temperature and flow rate parameters and combining it with a dynamic switching control approach using variable flow channels. Its core advantage lies in its ability to simultaneously address the battery module's temperature uniformity control, flow safety, and energy consumption optimization. Through multi-point temperature acquisition and temperature difference calculation, the system accurately identifies the actual thermal distribution within the battery module, proactively guiding the coolant to concentrate its flow towards high-temperature areas before hot spots even form, resulting in a more balanced overall temperature distribution and suppressing localized overheating at its source. Simultaneously, the introduction of flow rate monitoring and correlation analysis with pump speed signals enables the system to perceive changes in flow resistance in real time. This allows for rapid judgment and automatic switching to a low-resistance flow channel operation mode when abnormalities such as pipe blockage, coolant aging, or impurity accumulation occur, avoiding the risk of continuous temperature rise due to flow obstruction. This ensures thermal safety while reducing the need for manual intervention. At the operational strategy level, the system combines temperature uniformity and flow resistance status for judgment. The system operates at high flow rates only when absolutely necessary, actively reducing pump speed to minimize energy consumption and liquid agitation losses when temperature distribution is uniform and flow is smooth. This achieves a dynamic balance between performance and energy efficiency. Simultaneously, the adaptive adjustment of the flow channel structure and pressure distribution significantly reduces local high pressure differentials and cavitation risks, decreasing the formation of bubbles and deposits in the coolant, thereby extending coolant lifespan and improving long-term system stability. Furthermore, the redundant judgment basis formed by dual-parameter monitoring ensures the system retains basic decision-making capabilities even if a single sensor signal malfunctions. Combined with variable flow channels, this reduces wear issues caused by long-term high-load operation of fixed pipelines, enabling the entire liquid cooling system to maintain reliable operation under high-power, high-cycle conditions. The overall solution boasts excellent parameter adjustability and scenario adaptability, allowing for flexible setting of control thresholds based on different battery module structures and application environments. It is suitable for various scenarios such as vehicle power batteries and energy storage systems, comprehensively solving the key technical bottlenecks of traditional liquid cooling systems, including insufficient temperature uniformity, uncontrollable flow resistance, and the difficulty in balancing energy consumption and safety.

[0039] Compared with existing liquid cooling thermal management systems that only focus on single-point temperature control, the improved liquid cooling system in this application has the following significant advantages: (1) It can respond quickly in the early stage of hot spot generation, and prioritize the adjustment of coolant flow in high temperature area to keep the temperature difference between modules within 3℃, which is about 40% lower than the temperature difference of traditional system; (2) When the resistance increases, the system can immediately switch to low resistance mode so that the flow rate can be restored to the normal range within 10 seconds, thus avoiding continuous overheating caused by local blockage. (3) Under typical operating conditions, the energy consumption of the circulating cooling pump can be reduced by about 15%-20%.

[0040] Example Taking the liquid cooling temperature control of an electric vehicle power battery pack under 2C discharge conditions as an example, the system integrates a temperature monitoring unit (temperature detection module), a flow rate monitoring unit (flow rate detection module), a central control unit, a circulating cooling pump, and a flow channel adjustment component (flow channel adjustment component). Its overall architecture is shown in the attached figure. Figure 1 As shown: Temperature sensor array such as Figure 2 As shown, the flow sensors are arranged in the coolant inlet and outlet and in the hot spot area inside the battery module; the flow sensors are installed in the main pipeline and key branches to collect flow rate signals in real time. The signals from each sensor are collected, filtered, and fused by the central control unit to calculate the temperature uniformity index ΔT (temperature range) and flow resistance changes in real time. Control logic flow such as Figure 3 As shown: When ΔT is greater than the set threshold and the flow resistance change exceeds the threshold, the mode determination branch is entered. For different combinations (high difference + high resistance, high difference + low resistance, low difference + high resistance, low difference + low resistance), the corresponding strategy is selected: adjust the pump speed, switch the flow channel, or use both together. Flow channel adjustment component control such as Figure 4 As shown, it consists of an electric diverter valve and an adjustable flow element. In the "high temperature priority mode", the valve directs more flow through the hot spot area; in the "low resistance mode", the adjustable flow element is adjusted to reduce the loop voltage drop and improve the circulation efficiency. The circulating cooling pump adjusts its speed according to the PWM signal sent by the central control unit to achieve closed-loop dynamic regulation.

[0041] In this embodiment, when the temperature difference M between the battery module outlet and inlet or the temperature uniformity index ΔT is detected to be 8°C, and the branch current resistance increases by 15%, the controller of the central control unit performs the following actions: 1. Increase the speed of the circulating cooling pump by 20%, and switch the flow channel adjustment component to high temperature priority mode to ensure that hot spots receive more coolant flow; 2. When ΔT drops below 3℃, resume low-resistance mode and reduce the pump speed to the reference speed to save energy.

[0042] 3. The sensor sampling frequency is maintained at 50 Hz throughout the process, and the control cycle is 500 ms.

[0043] By comparing it with a traditional liquid cooling system with a constant pump speed, such as Figure 9 As shown, under the same environmental and load conditions, the system of the present invention can reduce the stable value of ΔT by about 40% and the average power consumption of the circulating cooling pump by about 18%.

[0044] The embodiments of this application have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. Unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of this application can be combined with each other. This application is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. The specific embodiments described above are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can make many other forms under the guidance of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims, and all of these forms are within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring, characterized in that, include: The battery module consists of multiple cells that form main and branch channels for the flow of coolant. The circulating cooling circuit includes a circulating cooling pump and a cooling channel, which is used to drive the coolant to circulate in the battery module and the cooling channel for liquid cooling heat dissipation. A temperature monitoring unit is set at multiple predetermined locations on the battery module to collect temperature information at multiple locations on the battery module and characterize the temperature distribution state of the battery module. A flow rate monitoring unit is installed in the main channel and / or at least one main channel and branch channel of the cooling flow channel to collect information on the flow status of coolant at least some of the flow channel locations in the circulating cooling circuit. Flow channel adjustment components are used to change the flow direction and flow rate distribution of coolant in the main flow channel and branch flow channels; The central control unit is communicatively connected to the temperature monitoring unit, the flow rate monitoring unit, the circulating cooling circuit, and the flow channel adjustment component. It is configured to calculate the temperature uniformity index ΔT of the battery module based on the data collected by the temperature monitoring unit, determine the system flow resistance change based on the data collected by the flow rate monitoring unit and the operating status of the circulating cooling pump, and generate control commands based on the combination of the temperature uniformity index ΔT and the flow resistance change to dynamically adjust the speed of the circulating cooling pump and / or control the flow channel adjustment component to switch the cooling flow channel, so as to perform temperature uniformity control of the battery module and adaptive adjustment of the flow resistance of the circulating cooling circuit.

2. The adaptive liquid cooling system for battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The temperature monitoring unit includes pipeline temperature sensors installed at the coolant inlet and outlet of the battery module, and multiple battery temperature sensors installed inside the battery module and installed in a layered and zoned manner. The pipeline temperature sensors are used to acquire temperature information when the coolant enters and exits the battery module, and the battery temperature sensors are used to acquire temperature distribution information at different heights and in different areas inside the battery module.

3. The adaptive liquid cooling system for battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to claim 2, characterized in that, The battery temperature sensors are arranged with decreasing density in the vertical direction of the battery module from top to bottom, and in the planar direction from the center area of ​​the battery module to the edge area.

4. The adaptive liquid cooling system for battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to claim 1, characterized in that, The flow rate monitoring unit includes a first flow rate sensor located at the inlet of the main circulation cooling circuit and a second flow rate sensor located on several main and branch flow channels leading into the battery module. The first flow rate sensor is used to acquire the overall flow rate information of the coolant at the inlet of the overall circuit, and the second flow rate sensor is used to acquire the local flow rate information of the coolant in the main and branch flow channels.

5. A battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The flow channel adjustment component includes: An electric diversion valve is installed at the junction of the main pipeline and the main and branch pipelines leading to different areas inside the battery module. An adjustable flow element is connected in series on the main flow channel or the branch flow channel; The electric diverter valve is used to selectively change the flow direction of the coolant according to the control command of the central control unit, and the adjustable flow element is used to continuously and adjustablely control the flow ratio of the corresponding flow channel.

6. The battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to claim 5, characterized in that, The main flow channels include a first main flow channel located in the middle of the battery module and corresponding to the hot spot area of ​​the cell stack, and a second main flow channel located at the edge of the battery module. The branch flow channels are arranged perpendicular to the main flow channels and extend to the cell gap area. The flow channel adjustment component can switch between a high-temperature zone priority path and a low-resistance flow channel path under the control of the central control unit. In the high-temperature zone priority path, the second main flow channel is closed and the first main flow channel and the branch flow channels are opened to concentrate the coolant flow to the hot spot area. In the low-resistance flow channel path, the branch flow channels are closed and the first and second main flow channels are opened to reduce the circulation flow resistance and coordinate with the speed adjustment of the circulating cooling pump.

7. The adaptive liquid cooling system for battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to claim 6, characterized in that, The central control unit is configured to synchronously acquire and preprocess data from each temperature sensor and flow rate sensor at a preset time T. Based on the processed temperature data, it calculates the temperature uniformity index ΔT of the battery module and compares it with a first temperature threshold to determine the temperature uniformity status. At the same time, it performs correlation analysis between the processed flow rate data and the pump speed signal of the circulating cooling pump. When the pump speed remains constant and the flow rate decreases by more than the first flow resistance threshold or the change in the ratio of pump speed to flow rate exceeds a set range, it determines that the flow resistance is abnormal. The central control unit determines the current operating status based on the combination of the temperature uniformity status and the flow resistance status and outputs corresponding control commands.

8. The adaptive liquid cooling system for battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to claim 7, characterized in that, The central control unit forms the following combined operating states based on the combination of the temperature uniformity index ΔT and the flow resistance change: When the temperature uniformity is insufficient and the flow resistance is normal, control the speed of the circulating cooling pump to increase by a preset ratio or control the flow channel adjustment component to switch to the high-temperature zone priority path. When the temperature uniformity is insufficient and the flow resistance increases, the flow channel adjustment component is switched to a low-resistance flow channel path to reduce the flow resistance. After the flow rate is restored, the speed of the circulating cooling pump is increased. When the temperature uniformity is good and the flow resistance is increased, keep the speed of the circulating cooling pump constant and control the flow channel adjustment component to adjust the flow channel distribution ratio. When the temperature uniformity is good and the flow resistance is normal, the speed of the circulating cooling pump is reduced by a preset ratio to achieve energy-saving operation.

9. A battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to claim 6, characterized in that, The flow channel adjustment component is switched to a high-temperature zone priority path and a low-resistance flow channel path under the action of the central control unit, which correspond to the high-temperature priority mode and the low-resistance mode, respectively. The triggering condition for the high temperature priority mode is: when the battery module temperature uniformity index ΔT exceeds the preset second temperature threshold and the flow resistance is within the normal range, in this mode, the electric diversion valve is controlled to open the branch flow channel between the first main channel and the cell gap, and the second main channel is restricted or closed. At the same time, the speed of the circulating cooling pump is increased to enhance the flow of coolant in the hot spot area. The second temperature threshold is greater than the first temperature threshold. The triggering condition for the low resistance mode is as follows: when the flow rate of the branch flow channel between the cells decreases by more than the second flow resistance threshold or the battery is under low load, the electric diverter valve is controlled to close the branch flow channel between the cells and open multiple main flow channels, while the speed of the circulating cooling pump is linked.

10. A battery module temperature equalization and flow resistance adaptive liquid cooling system based on temperature and flow rate monitoring according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that, Its control method includes the following steps: S1: Real-time acquisition of multi-point temperature data inside the battery module and coolant flow rate data in the cooling circuit; S2: Calculate the temperature uniformity index ΔT of the current battery module based on the collected temperature data, and determine the change in flow resistance of the current system based on the collected flow rate data and the operating status of the circulating cooling pump. S3: Select the corresponding control strategy based on the combination of the temperature uniformity index ΔT and the flow resistance change; S4: Execute the selected control strategy to dynamically adjust the speed of the circulating cooling pump and / or control the flow channel adjustment component to switch the coolant flow channel; S5: Return to step S1 to form a closed-loop control.

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