Layers in compressed 3d content bitstream

Abstract

A video processing method may include encoding a first sub-bitstream of a static mesh codec base mesh bitstream as a first layer. The first sub-bitstream is encoded using a mesh codec. The method may include encoding a second sub-bitstream of the static mesh codec base mesh bitstream as a second layer using dependencies between the first layer and the second layer, where the first sub-bitstream is an intra-mesh stream and the second sub-bitstream is an inter-mesh stream. The method may include signaling an encoded first sub-bitstream and an encoded second sub-bitstream in a base grid bitstream. The second layer may represent either a spatial enhancement or a temporal enhancement of the first layer. The second layer may include an access unit including a prediction based on any one of the first layer and a previously encoded access unit.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of European Provisional Application No. 23306187.8, filed on 11 July 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] Video coding systems can be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems can include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems, methods, and means for video processing are disclosed. A video processing method may include encoding a first sub-bitstream of a static mesh codec base mesh bitstream. The first sub-bitstream is encoded using a mesh codec. The method may include encoding a second sub-bitstream of the static mesh codec base mesh using dependencies between a first layer and a second layer. The method may include signaling dependencies and instructions for the mesh codec used to encode the first sub-bitstream. The second layer may represent either spatial or temporal enhancements of the first layer.

[0004] The second layer may include access units, which include predictions based on either the first layer or previously encoded access units. Dependency signaling may include either signaling a dependency flag or a dependency type. Dependency signaling may be included in the base mesh parameter set. Dependency signaling may include a two-dimensional array dependency type, which may include a first dimension corresponding to the current layer and a second dimension corresponding to the reference layer. Indicators for the mesh codec may include flags internal to the base mesh codec.

[0005] This method may include encoding a second sub-bit stream of a base grid bitstream. The first sub-bit stream may be an intra-grid stream. The second sub-bit stream may be an inter-grid stream. This method may include transmitting the encoded first sub-bit stream and the encoded second sub-bit stream from the base grid bitstream. The first sub-bit stream of the base grid bitstream may be encoded as a first layer. The second sub-bit stream of the base grid bitstream may be encoded as a second layer.

[0006] This method may include encoding a third sub-bit stream of a base grid bit stream. The third sub-bit stream may be a skip layer. This method may also include transmitting the third sub-bit stream from the base grid bit stream.

[0007] The first layer can be a static mesh layer or a base layer. The second layer can be an inter-mesh layer or an enhancement layer. The second layer can be a spatial enhancement layer, a quality enhancement layer, or a temporal enhancement layer. The first access unit associated with the first layer includes the encoded data of the first layer, while the second access unit associated with the second layer includes the data associated with the first access unit.

[0008] The first access unit can be an intra-frame unit, while the second access unit can be an inter-frame unit. The second access unit may include one of the inter-layer prediction data, spatial refinement, or quality refinement corresponding to the first access unit.

[0009] The first layer can be independent of the second layer. The method may include sending a dependency flag indicating the dependency between the first and second layers. The first sub-bit stream may be identified by a first NAL identifier, and the second sub-bit stream may be identified by a second NAL identifier. The value of the first NAL identifier may be less than the value of the second NAL identifier.

[0010] The systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to decoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to encoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to signals (e.g., from an encoder and / or received by a decoder). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. Attached Figure Description

[0011] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments can be implemented.

[0012] Figure 1B The illustration shows that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to... Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0013] Figure 1C The illustration shows that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to... Figure 1A The diagram illustrates a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used within a communication system.

[0014] Figure 1D The illustration shows that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to... Figure 1A The diagram shows a further example RAN and a further example CN used in the communication system.

[0015] Figure 2The illustration shows an example video encoder.

[0016] Figure 3 The illustration shows an example video decoder.

[0017] Figure 4 The illustration shows an example of a system in which various aspects and examples can be implemented.

[0018] Figure 5 The illustration shows an example decoding process for a V-DMC (Video-based Dynamic Mesh Coding) bitstream.

[0019] Figure 6 The illustration shows an example decoding framework for a basic grid bitstream.

[0020] Figure 7 The illustration shows an example decoding framework for a basic grid bitstream.

[0021] Figure 8 The diagram illustrates the basic grid subflow access unit implemented across layers.

[0022] Figure 9 The illustration shows a basic grid sub-bitstream access unit implemented with the help of example space / quality enhancement across layers. Detailed Implementation

[0023] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, which is given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0024] Figure 1A This diagram illustrates an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system providing content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0025] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. As an example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of industrial and / or automated processing chains), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0026] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b can be base transceiver stations (BTS), Node-B, eNode B, home node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR NodeB, site controllers, access points (APs), wireless routers, and the like. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b can include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0027] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver per sector of the cell. In embodiments, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0028] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0029] More specifically, as noted above, communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0030] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which can use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0031] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technology (such as NR radio access) that can use New Radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0032] In the embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement various radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can, for example, use a dual connectivity (DC) principle to implement both LTE and NR radio access together. Therefore, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by various types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from various types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0033] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Global Microwave Access Interoperability (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0034] Figure 1ABase station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, home node B, home eNode B, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in local areas such as commercial locations, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, air corridors (e.g., for drone use), roads, and the like. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b does not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0035] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although not explicitly stated... Figure 1A As shown, but to be understood, RAN104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which can utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0036] CN 106 / 115 can also be used as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0037] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which can employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which can employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0038] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (Example:) Figure 1B As shown, among other things, WTRU 102 may also include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138. It will be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements.

[0039] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, and transceiver 120 may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0040] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0041] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0042] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Therefore, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to enable WTRU 102 to communicate via various RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0043] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data from the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access information from any type of suitable memory (such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132) and store data in any type of suitable memory. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, and the like. In other embodiments, processor 118 may access memory information that is never physically located on WTRU 102 (such as on a server or home computer (not shown)) and store the data in that memory.

[0044] The processor 118 may receive power from the power supply 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell battery packs (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0045] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or instead of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method.

[0046] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or video), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, and the like. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0047] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference through signal processing via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0048] Figure 1C The diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0049] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c; however, it will be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, eNode-B 160a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0050] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, and the like. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0051] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0052] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can be used as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and the like. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0053] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and so on.

[0054] The SGW 164 can connect to the PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0055] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network (such as PSTN 108) to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108, or can communicate with such an IP gateway. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0056] Despite WTRU in Figure 1A-1D While described as a wireless terminal, in some representative embodiments such a terminal may (e.g., temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0057] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0058] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can reach and be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA destined for a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic can be sent between source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS can use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneling DLS (TDLS). WLANs using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode can function without access points (APs), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as an "ad-hoc" communication mode in this document.

[0059] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, such as in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented. For CSMA / CA, STAs including the AP (e.g., each STA) can listen on the primary channel. If the primary channel is listened to / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, that STA can back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit in a given BSS at any given time.

[0060] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0061] The Very High Throughput (VHT) STA can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels (which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, data can be split into two streams by a segment parser. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing are performed separately on each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and data can be transmitted via the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0062] 802.11af and 802.11ah support sub-1 GHz operating modes. Compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac, 802.11af and 802.11ah reduce channel operating bandwidth and carrier. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including supporting (e.g., only supporting) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., for maintaining very long battery life).

[0063] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels, as well as channel bandwidths such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include channels that can be designated as primary channels. A primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by STAs operating in the BSS that support the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because an STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band can be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and potentially available.

[0064] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. Depending on the country code, the total bandwidth available for 802.11ah ranges from 6 MHz to 26 MHz.

[0065] Figure 1D The diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

[0066] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, but it will be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers (not shown) to WTRU 102a. A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement cooperative multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive cooperative transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0067] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary depending on different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or continuously varying absolute time lengths).

[0068] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / be connected to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, and also communicate with / be connected to another RAN (such as eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be used as mobility anchors for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0069] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, and the like. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0070] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and may include a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0071] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can be used as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of services utilized by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on Ultra-Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services that rely on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0072] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure the routing of traffic passing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and so on. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and so on.

[0073] UPF 184a and 184b can be connected via an N3 interface to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113. This N3 interface can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a packet-switched network (such as the Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and so on.

[0074] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108, or may communicate with such an IP gateway. Additionally, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via UPFs 184a and 184b through their N3 interfaces and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0075] Given Figure 1A-1D as well as Figure 1A-1D The corresponding descriptions, and one or more of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following items, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein. An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0076] Simulation devices can be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in a laboratory environment and / or a carrier network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can be used to perform tests via over-the-air wireless communication.

[0077] One or more emulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices can be used in test scenarios within test laboratories and / or non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to perform testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices can be test rigs. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0078] This application describes various aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in detail, and are generally described in a manner that may sound restrictive, at least to illustrate the individual characteristics. However, this is for the purpose of clarity and does not limit the application or scope of those aspects. In fact, all the different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. Furthermore, the aspects described can also be combined and interchanged with aspects described in earlier submissions.

[0079] The aspects described and considered in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figure 5-8 Some examples can be provided, but other examples are also welcome. Figure 5-8 The discussion does not limit the breadth of implementation. At least one of the aspects typically relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect typically relates to the transmission of generated or encoded bitstreams. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable storage media having instructions stored thereon for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or computer-readable storage media having a bitstream generated according to any of the methods stored thereon.

[0080] In this application, the terms “reconstruction” and “decoding” are used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” are used interchangeably, and the terms “image”, “picture” and “frame” are used interchangeably.

[0081] Various methods are described herein, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation of the method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. Furthermore, terms such as "first," "second," etc., may be used in various examples to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding." Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply a sequence of modified operations. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding and can occur, for example, before, during, or within a time period overlapping with the second decoding.

[0082] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify the module, for example, such as Figure 2 and Figure 3 The decoding modules of the video encoder 200 and decoder 300 are shown herein. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video encoding (whether described in standards or recommendations, whether pre-existing or future-developed) and any extensions to such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application may be used individually or in combination.

[0083] Various numerical values ​​are used in the examples described in this application. These and other specific values ​​are used for the purpose of describing the examples, and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0084] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are considered, but for clarity, encoder 200 is described below, without describing all anticipated variations.

[0085] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo pre-coding (201), for example, applying a color transform to the input color image (e.g., converting from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing remapping on the input image components to obtain a more compression-resistant signal distribution (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and attached to the bitstream.

[0086] In encoder 200, the image is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The image to be encoded is segmented (202) and processed in units, for example, coding units (CUs). For example, each unit is encoded using an intra-frame or inter-frame mode. When a unit is encoded in intra-frame mode, it performs intra-frame prediction (260). In inter-frame mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder determines (205) which of the intra-frame or inter-frame modes to use for encoding the unit and indicates the intra-frame / inter-frame decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. For example, the prediction residual is calculated by subtracting (210) the prediction block from the original image block.

[0087] The predicted residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other syntax elements are entropy encoded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly encode the residual without applying either the transform or quantization process.

[0088] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining (255) the decoded prediction residual and the prediction block. A loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed image to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at the reference image buffer (280).

[0089] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder. In the example decoder 300, the bitstream is decoded by decoder elements, as described below. The video decoder 300 typically performs operations similar to... Figure 2 The encoding process described herein is the reverse of the decoding process. Encoder 200 typically also performs video decoding as part of the encoding of video data.

[0090] Specifically, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by the video encoder 200. First, entropy decoding (330) is performed on the bitstream to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other encoded information. Image segmentation information indicates how to segment the image. Therefore, the decoder can segment (335) the image based on the decoded image segmentation information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. Image blocks are reconstructed by combining (355) the decoded prediction residual and the prediction block. The prediction block (370) can be obtained from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). A loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at the reference image buffer (380).

[0091] The decoded image can undergo further post-decoding processing (385), such as inverse color transformation (e.g., from YCbCr4:2:0 to RGB4:4:4) or inverse remapping of the remapping process performed in pre-encoding processing (201). Post-decoding processing can utilize metadata derived in pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In the example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying a loop filter (365) and / or after post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) can be sent to a display device for rendering to the user.

[0092] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a system in which the various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 can be implemented as a device including the various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects of the various aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 can be implemented individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the various aspects described in this document.

[0093] System 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing various aspects, such as those described in this document. Processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuitry as known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440 that may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including but not limited to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, disk drives, and / or optical disk drives. As a non-limiting example, storage device 440 may include internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0094] System 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents one or more modules that can be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. It is well known that a device may include one or both encoding and decoding modules. Furthermore, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400, or it may be incorporated into processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software as known to those skilled in the art.

[0095] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder / decoder 430 to execute the various aspects described in this document may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more entries of various entries during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored entries may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from processing equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0096] In some examples, the internal memory of processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, external memory of the processing device (e.g., processor 410 or encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. External memory can be memory 420 and / or storage device 440, such as volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the operating system of a television. In at least one example, fast external volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0097] Inputs to the components of system 400 can be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives, for example, RF signals transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) component (COMP) input terminals (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) universal serial bus (USB) input terminals; and / or (iv) high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminals. Figure 4 Other examples not shown include composite video.

[0098] In various examples, the input device of block 445 has associated corresponding input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also known as selecting a signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) further band-limiting to a narrower band to select (e.g.,) a signal band that may be referred to as a channel in some examples, (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired data packet stream. The RF section of various examples includes one or more elements for performing these functions, such as frequency selectors, signal selectors, band limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF section may include tuners that perform various functions among these functions, including, for example, down-converting the received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., intermediate frequency or near-baseband frequency) or down-converting it to baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF section and its associated input processing elements receive RF signals transmitted via a wired (e.g., cable) medium and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-converting, and re-filtering to the desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the order of the components described above (and others), remove some of these components, and / or add other components that perform similar or different functions. Adding components may include inserting components between existing components, such as, for example, inserting amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters. In various examples, the RF section includes an antenna.

[0099] USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices across USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed, either within a separate interface IC or within processor 410. Demodulation, error correction, and demultiplexing streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410 and encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with memory and storage elements to process the data streams as needed for presentation on an output device.

[0100] Various components of system 400 can be provided within an integrated housing in which various components can be interconnected and transmit data therebetween using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., internal buses as known in the art, including inter-IC (I2C) buses, wiring and printed circuit boards).

[0101] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data via the communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or network interface card (NIC), and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0102] In various examples, wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)), are used to stream or otherwise provide data to system 400. In these examples, the Wi-Fi signal is received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 in these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples use a set-top box to provide streaming data to system 400, delivering data via an HDMI connection to input block 445. Still other examples use an RF connection to input block 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Furthermore, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or Bluetooth® networks.

[0103] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Various examples of display 475 include one or more of, for example, touchscreen displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, curved displays, and / or foldable displays. Display 475 can be used in televisions, tablet computers, laptop computers, cellular phones (mobile phones), or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smartphone) or separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of stand-alone digital video discs (or digital universal discs) (DVDs, for both terms), disk players, stereo systems, and / or lighting systems. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functionality based on the output of system 400. For example, a disk player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0104] In various examples, signaling (such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols enabling device-to-device control with or without user intervention) is used to transmit control signals between system 400 and display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495. Output devices can be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through corresponding interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices can be connected to system 400 via communication interface 450 using communication channel 460. In electronic devices (such as, for example, televisions), display 475 and speaker 485 can be integrated into a single unit with other components of system 400. In various examples, display interface 470 includes display drivers, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0105] For example, if the RF section of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, then display 475 and speaker 485 can alternatively be separated from one or more other components. In various examples where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, output signals can be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, HDMI ports, USB ports, or COMP outputs.

[0106] The example can be executed by computer software implemented via processor 410, or by hardware, or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the example can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. As a non-limiting example, memory 420 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as optical storage devices, magnetic storage devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. As a non-limiting example, processor 410 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can encompass one or more of microprocessors, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, and processors based on multi-core architectures.

[0107] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, “decoding” can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such a process also includes, or alternatively includes, processes performed by a decoder of the various implementations described herein, such as receiving information indicating a dependency between a first layer and a second layer, receiving information indicating a trellis codec for encoding a first sub-bitstream, and, based on the received information, decoding a first sub-bitstream of a static trellis codec base trellis to a first layer, and decoding a second sub-bitstream of a trellis codec base trellis to a second layer.

[0108] As further examples, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding; in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding; and in yet another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or generally to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the specific descriptive context and is considered well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0109] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above regarding “decoding,” the term “encoding,” as used herein, can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as segmentation, differential coding, transform, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such a process also includes, or alternatively includes, processes performed by an encoder of the various implementations described herein, such as encoding a first sub-bitstream of a static lattice codec base grid as a first layer, wherein the first sub-bitstream is encoded using a lattice codec, and encoding a second sub-bitstream of the static lattice codec base grid as a second layer, wherein there is a dependency between the first and second layers. The encoder can signal the dependency and the indication of the lattice codec used to encode the first sub-bitstream.

[0110] As further examples, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding; in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding; and in yet another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or generally to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the specific context of the description and is considered well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0111] Note that the syntax elements used in this article, such as the encoding syntax for base_mesh_codec_internal_flag, dependency_flag, dependency_type, etc., are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not preclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0112] When the accompanying drawings are presented as flowcharts, it should be understood that block diagrams of the corresponding devices are also provided. Similarly, when the accompanying drawings are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that flowcharts of the corresponding methods / processes are also provided.

[0113] The implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented, for example, in a method or process, apparatus, software program, data stream, or signal. Even if discussed only in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the implementation of the discussed features can also be implemented in other forms (e.g., apparatus or program). Apparatus can be implemented, for example, in suitable hardware, software, and firmware. Methods can be implemented, for example, in a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, microprocessor, integrated circuit, or programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as, for example, computers, cellular phones, portable / personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and other devices that facilitate the transfer of information between end users.

[0114] References to “an example” or “an example” or “an implementation” or “an implementation” and their variations mean that the specific features, structures, characteristics, etc., described in connection with the example are included in at least one example. Therefore, the phrases “in an example” or “in the example” or “in an implementation” or “in the implementation” appearing throughout this application and any other variations do not necessarily refer to the same example.

[0115] Furthermore, this application may relate to "determining" fragments of various information. Determining information may include one or more of, for example, estimation information, calculated information, predicted information, or information retrieved from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0116] Furthermore, this application may relate to “accessing” fragments of various information. Accessing information may include one or more of the following: receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., retrieving information from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0117] Furthermore, this application may relate to "receiving" fragments of various information. As with "access," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include one or more of, for example, accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., retrieving information from memory). Moreover, "receiving" is generally referred to in one or more ways during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0118] To be understood, for example, in the cases of “A / B,” “A and / or B,” and “at least one of A and B,” the use of any of the following “ / ,” “and / or,” and “at least one of…” is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and / or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C,” such wording is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first and second listed options (A and B), or only the first and third listed options (A and C), or only the second and third listed options (B and C), or all three options (A, B, and C). As will be clear to those skilled in the art and related fields, this can be extended to as many entries as possible listed.

[0119] Furthermore, among other things, as used herein, the term "signaling" also refers to the corresponding decoder instructing something. Encoder signals can include, for example, parameters such as `base_mesh_codec_internal_flag`, `dependency_flag`, `dependency_type`, which can be signaled at various levels (e.g., in the Basic Mesh Parameter Set (BMPD), Basic Mesh Parameter Set (BMPS), etc., and / or via SEI messages, etc.). Thus, in the example, the same parameters are used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Therefore, for example, the encoder can transmit (explicitly signal) a specific parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameter. Conversely, if the decoder already has the specific parameter as well as other parameters, signaling can be used without transmission (implicitly signaling) to allow only the decoder to know and select the specific parameter. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding the transmission of any actual functionality. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, in various examples, information is signaled to the corresponding decoder using one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. Although the verb form of the phrase "to send a signal" was mentioned earlier, the word "signal" can also be used as a noun in this text.

[0120] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, implementations can generate various signals that are formatted to carry, for example, information that can be stored or transmitted. The information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method or data generated by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bitstream of the described example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, electromagnetic waves (e.g., using the radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or as a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. It is well known that signals can be transmitted via a variety of different wired or wireless links. Signals may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0121] Numerous examples are described herein. Features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. Furthermore, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. For example, features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal including information generated as described herein. This information may allow a decoder to decode the bitstream, encoder, bitstream, and / or decoder according to any of the described examples. For example, features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or transmitting and / or receiving bitstreams or signals and / or decoding bitstreams or signals. For example, features described herein may be implemented by a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions, medium storing data, or signal. For example, features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device performing decoding. The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) an image obtained (e.g., an image reconstructed from a residual of a video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, cellular phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0122] Multi-layer (e.g., multi-layered) designs can be used, for example, in video compression schemes. Multi-layered (e.g., or MUL) bitstreams enable the multiplexing of (e.g., different, often interdependent) bitstreams into a single bitstream. In a multi-layered (e.g., or MUL) bitstream, (e.g., each) sub-bitstream can be wrapped within a layer. Layers can be uniquely identified. Inter-layer prediction can be used. Bitstreams from one layer can predict additional features based on bitstreams from another layer.

[0123] Multi-layered (e.g., MUL) designs can offer benefits. Bitstream dependencies can be expressed using MUL designs. For example, this design can be expressed using a high-level syntax for the bitstream without affecting the encoding scheme. MUL designs can allow sub-bitstream extraction. MUL designs can be used to select and discard layers. For example, MUL designs can be used to select and discard layers based on external factors in the application. For instance, if there are insufficient computational resources to decode (e.g., all) layers in the bitstream, the player can skip decoding that layer.

[0124] In the context of V3C, MUL can be used to add scalability features. With the help of MUL design, V3C content can be enhanced with quality information, spatial information, or temporal information.

[0125] A dynamic mesh codec can be used. (By...) Figure 5 The illustration shows an example decoding process for a V-DMC (Video-based Dynamic Mesh Coding) bitstream. V-DMC allows for flexibility in decoding static mesh streams (e.g., Figure 5 The intra-frame stream in the codec is selected as a static mesh codec.

[0126] A conceptual interface for use with (e.g., any) codec streams of static mesh data can be defined within the context of the V-DMC framework.

[0127] Multi-layered designs allow bitstreams (e.g., groups of bitstreams) to be encoded and / or decoded independently. Inter-layer prediction can exist across different layers within a bitstream.

[0128] Complex functionalities can be achieved using multi-layered coding designs (e.g., through different codecs). For example, MV-HEVC and 3D-HEVC (e.g., and SHVC) can employ multi-layered approaches, where different HEVC codec representations (e.g., layers) of a video sequence can be multiplexed into the bitstream. Each layer can depend on another layer (e.g., other layers). Dependencies can be created, for example, through inter-layer prediction. By leveraging the similarity between different layers, inter-layer dependencies can allow for improved compression performance.

[0129] For example, atlas sub-bitstreams can be implemented using sample stream NAL units. NAL layer IDs can be introduced. The use of NAL units may be restricted (e.g., NAL layer IDs are zero). Decoders conforming to a specification (e.g., as specified in ISO / IEC 23090-5) may ignore (e.g., ignore all) NAL units with a non-zero nal_layer_id value.

[0130] The general decoding process for the basic grid sub-bitstream can be as follows. The V-DMC bitstream can be demultiplexed into separate sub-bitstreams. One of the sub-bitstreams can be either the basic grid sub-bitstream or the basic grid bitstream. The basic grid bitstream can (e.g., further) be multiplexed with streams that include grid data and / or motion data (e.g., intra-grid stream and inter-grid stream, respectively). For example, consider... Figure 6 .

[0131] A base grid decoder can, for example, use a static grid decoder to generate a quantized base grid from a base grid sub-bitstream. For instance, motion fields can be obtained through entropy decoding and spatiotemporal prediction. The decoded motion fields can, for example, be added to a reference base grid. For example, the decoder base grid can be generated by applying inverse quantization.

[0132] In some examples, flexible designs can be used to introduce coded static trellises with (e.g., any) compatible static trellis codecs into the V-DMC framework. MUL designs can be used to introduce flexibility into the V3C standard family. Conceptual interfaces can leverage the use of MUL designs to allow for the flexibility of using (e.g., any) compatible static trellis codecs within the V-DMC framework. Design principles can include signaling multiple layers within the bitstream (e.g., as specified in standards such as V3C). Multiple layers can be supported for the base trellis bitstream. See, for example, [link to documentation]. Figure 7 .

[0133] Multiple layers can be identified at different levels of the V-DMC bitstream. This document describes the signaling for layered design in the base grid bitstream. Base grid sub-bitstreams can follow a NAL structure. The base grid NAL cell header can specify the NAL layer ID. Each (e.g., every) sub-component of the base grid bitstream can correspond to a specific NAL layer ID. The base grid bitstream can define layers that provide enhancements (e.g., spatial and / or temporal enhancements). Spatial / quality enhancements can be signaled in the NAL layers using scalable / quality layer identifiers. Temporal enhancements can be signaled in the NAL layers using temporal layer identifiers.

[0134] Temporal enhancements using MUL can be applied to current designs of the base grid bitstream. Inter-grid sub-bitstreams can temporally enhance the static grid.

[0135] A static grid layer may include a time layer in the base grid bitstream, for example, having a NAL time ID equal to zero. Access cells with NAL layer IDs (e.g., having values ​​greater than zero) may depend on the static grid layer. A layered bitstream (e.g., having a NAL layer ID of 1) may (e.g., only) have a lower dependency on a layered bitstream (e.g., having a NAL layer ID of 0) than a sub-bitstream (e.g., a sub-bitstream with a layer ID equal to 1 may depend on a video bitstream with a layer ID of 0). The base grid bitstream may consist of at least one stream, such as an intra-grid sub-bitstream. Intra-grid sub-bitstreams may be included in NAL cells where the NAL cell time identifier is set to the value 0. The base grid bitstream may have intra-grid sub-bitstreams. Grid sub-bitstreams may have at least one time layer in the bitstream.

[0136] Other streams, such as inter-frame streams, skip streams, and / or other streams, may exist within the base grid bitstream. Substreams can provide additional enhancements and / or refinements to the static grid.

[0137] Access units in a static mesh temporal layer can correspond to a temporal layer that includes encoded data from the static mesh. The static mesh can be encoded using different codecs (such as Draco or MPEG edge breaker). The static mesh data can be temporarily augmented using motion data from each vertex of the static mesh. This temporary augmentation data or inter-frame encoded data can be included in an inter-mesh layer (e.g., a higher-value temporal ID / temporal layer). The inter-mesh temporal layer can have (e.g., must have) a higher layer identifier than the static mesh temporal layer. Access units in the inter-mesh temporal layer can have inter-layer predictions. Access units in the temporal layer can have predictions of previously encoded access units. Such access units in… Figure 8 The diagram is shown in the image.

[0138] Space augmentation layers and / or mass augmentation layers can be implemented (e.g., see [link]). Figure 9 Spatial enhancement layers can correspond to layers that include encoded data that provides spatial refinement to the static mesh. Additional vertices can be added to the static mesh. Such additional vertices can increase spatial resolution. Quality enhancement layers can correspond to layers that include encoded data that can provide quality refinement to the static mesh. Different precisions and / or different quantization levels of the static mesh vertices can provide such quality refinement.

[0139] A group of NAL units can be associated with each other according to specified classification rules. A group of NAL units can be sequential in decoding order. A group of NAL units can include (e.g., at most one) encoded mesh information with a specific value nuh_layer_id. The mesh information can correspond to static mesh data, motion data, quality data, and / or spatial data.

[0140] Signaling can be used at different levels of the bitstream to indicate whether the underlying grid sub-bitstream is a MUL.

[0141] Information associated with each layer can be expressed using an existing base grid parameter set (such as a base grid sequence parameter set). The base grid sequence parameter set can correspond to information specific to a sequence within a layer. Higher-level parameter sets than the base grid sequence parameter set may be desired. Higher-level parameter sets can be introduced to describe different layers within the encoded grid sequence. The base grid parameter set (BMPS) can (e.g., should) be available for the decoding process before it is referenced (e.g., included in at least one access unit with a time ID equal to 0). Syntax elements in the base grid parameter set can be applied to one or more (e.g., all) different layers in the base grid sub-bitstream. SEI messages that signal notifications within the bitstream can provide this functionality. Some (e.g., most) of the same information will be repeated in the base grid sequence parameter set (the BMPS for each layer). In some application scenarios, the base grid sequence parameter set can be transmitted out-of-band. This may result in increased initial latency (e.g., when retransmissions are involved to ensure reliability in out-of-band transmission). The V3C parameter set extension can provide signaling information about whether the underlying mesh bitstream is multi-layered and about one or more layers of the bitstream (e.g., each layer).

[0142] Different codecs can be used in the base mesh bitstream; for example, a non-MPEG codec can be used for the reference or base layer, while one or more enhancement layers can be based on the V-DMC encoding standard. Configuring different codecs can have many advantages. For example, this can allow devices compatible with non-MPEG codecs to decode static meshes without enhancement layers. In the example, the Draco mesh compression scheme can be used.

[0143] In some examples, the base layer may use a specific codec that differs from one or more other temporal enhancement layers. Syntax elements describing which codecs correspond to each temporal layer (e.g., each temporal layer) can be signaled in SEI messages, the base mesh sequence parameter set, and / or the base mesh master parameter set (BMPS).

[0144] Signaling the relationship between the SEI message and the codec at the time layer may be redundant, for example, because the relationship may not change across multiple sequences of the underlying trellis sub-bitstream. The SEI message may (but may not) be processed by the decoder.

[0145] The Basic Mesh Master Parameter Set (BMPS) or a similar functional parameter set may contain one or more layers (e.g., all) of the Basic Mesh bitstream. Information about one or more (e.g., each) time layers in the Basic Mesh bitstream can be efficiently expressed in a parameter set of a higher order than the Basic Mesh Sequence Parameter Set (e.g., the Basic Mesh Master Parameter Set).

[0146] Syntax elements can exist in the bitstream that indicate (e.g., signal) whether the data in the base sublayer corresponds to a static mesh codec defined in the V3C codec family, or whether the static mesh coding scheme is specified outside the V3C standard family. Syntax elements can be, for example, flags in the base mesh bitstream (e.g., `base_mesh_codec_internal_flag`). Syntax elements can exist in the SEI message of the base mesh bitstream, or they can exist in higher-order parameter sets (e.g., the base mesh master parameter set).

[0147] The base mesh decoder can be configured such that it corresponds to the static mesh buffer (e.g. Figure 7 The memory (as shown) can store (e.g., only) a single static grid frame. The static grid frame can be labeled "for long-term reference". The decoded static grid frame can be used for temporally enhanced inter-frame prediction or spatially / quality-enhanced inter-layer prediction.

[0148] A base grid decoder can be configured to process multi-layer grid frame information. The base grid decoder may include a multi-layer parser that processes the base grid bitstream and demultiplexes different layers within the base grid bitstream. Different decoders can be used to decode different layers of the grid frame. The base grid decoder may include a specific decoder for each grid information in each layer. For example, an access unit containing five grid information lines can be processed and decoded by a base grid decoder containing five decoder layers. One of the decoders can be a static grid decoder. Decoded information from the static grid decoder can be used by other decoders to decode additional grid-related information. This additional information can be temporal information, such as motion information, quality information, or spatial information. An inter-grid decoder can be used to decode motion information. The static grid bitstream may correspond to a layer with a layer ID value of zero. The inter-grid bitstream may correspond to a layer with a layer ID value of one. The semantics of the hierarchical layers can establish some form of dependency on other layers; for example, an inter-grid layer may depend on a static grid layer for decoding. The decoded static grid data can be further used by the inter-grid decoder to decode or process the inter-grid bitstream.

[0149] Syntax elements such as `dependency_flag` can specify which layer(s) can be used for inter-layer prediction of a particular layer. For example, if layer A is a direct reference layer for layer B, then layer B can be encoded at least partially based on information included in layer A. In some embodiments, one or more (e.g., all) layers (e.g., lower layers) with a smaller layer ID can be direct reference layers for a particular layer. There may be cases where only some of the lower layers can be direct reference layers for a particular layer. For example, the `dependency_flag` flag can be signaled in the Basic Mesh Parameter Set (BMPS), the Basic Mesh Sequence Parameter Set Extension, and / or a specific SEI message. One or more (e.g., some) layers can be independent, such as static mesh layers. In this case, a reference may not be needed to decode the static mesh bitstream. In this case, the dependency flag can be turned off for independent layers.

[0150] The information used to encode the current layer may include static mesh data, motion data, mass, or spatial data from the reference layer. In some implementations, additional syntax elements may be used to indicate the type of information derived from or imported from the reference layer for encoding the current layer. For example, in some embodiments, the reference layer may be used for inter-layer motion prediction, inter-layer spatial prediction, or a combination thereof. Such an element may be referred to as `dependency_type`. `dependency_type` can be a two-dimensional array specifying which type of inter-layer prediction is used to encode the current layer using the reference layer. For example, it may represent `Dependency_type[i][j]`, where `i` corresponds to the current layer (e.g., the layer to be encoded) and `j` corresponds to the reference layer (e.g., the layer to be referenced). Values ​​for the dependency type may correspond to, for example, the following table. Dependency Types Semantics 0 No prediction 1 Inter-layer motion prediction 2 Interlayer quality prediction 3 Interlayer spatial prediction 4-7 Reserved for future use

[0151] Dependency types can be signaled in the Basic Mesh Parameter Set (BMPS), Basic Mesh Sequence Parameter Set (BSPS), or (for example, specific) SEI messages.

[0152] The base layer information can be provided by a static mesh codec. For example, the base layer information can be specified by MPEG. Alternatively, it can be provided outside the MPEG specification. In this example, the static mesh codec can provide certain base layer information. For instance, it can provide information such as the decoded vertices and / or vertex attribute values ​​of the base layer decoded mesh (e.g., per-corner attributes such as texture coordinates and per-face attributes such as FaceID and materialID). It can also provide information such as the representation of the base layer decoded mesh (e.g., including the number of vertices, the number of repeating vertices, vertex precision values, color format used for color vertex attributes, etc.). Furthermore, it can provide information such as whether the base layer mesh is an IRAP base mesh frame. This information can be signaled via an IDR base mesh frame, a BLA base mesh frame, a CRA base mesh frame, or something similar.

[0153] The mesh order count of the base layer decoding mesh can be set to be equal to (e.g., any) the order count of the enhancement layer images (e.g., if they exist in the same access unit). The order count of the mesh access frames can be signaled in the bitstream (e.g., if the enhancement layer images are not present).

[0154] The base layer's grid order count can be signaled in the base grid bitstream. The grid order count from the base grid static grid bitstream can differ from the grid order count in the base grid bitstream. The grid order count in the base grid bitstream can override and / or rewrite the grid order count of grid frames retrieved from subcoders within the base grid codec.

[0155] For example, the base layer of the base mesh bitstream can be specified via a static mesh codec (e.g., specified in MPEG or non-MPEG specific). Mesh frames (e.g., encoded mesh frames with layer ID 0) can be included in the bitstream, for example, mesh frames that include the base layer. The size of the sub-DPB of the layer ID can be equal to one. The number of vertices, the number of repeating vertices, per-corner attributes (e.g., texture coordinates) and per-face attributes (e.g., FaceID, materialID), color space of color attributes, vertex position precision, and non-positional attributes with layer ID 0 can be provided in the bitstream. The corresponding mesh frame (e.g., with layer ID 0) can be used for inter-layer prediction of access cells. The mesh frame with layer ID 0 can (e.g., also) include information specifying the type of mesh frame to which the mesh frame belongs.

[0156] Here, the type of the grid frame can be indicated, for example, by the NAL unit type of the decoded grid frame. The NAL unit type of the decoded grid frame can be equal to IDR_W, CRA, or BLA_W. A value of NAL unit type equal to IDR_W specifies that the decoded grid frame is an IDR grid frame. A value of NAL unit type equal to BLA_W specifies that the decoded grid frame is a BLA grid frame. A value of NAL unit type equal to CRA specifies that the decoded grid frame is a CRA grid frame.

[0157] In the example, a decoded grid frame with layer ID 0 can be stored in a grid buffer. It can be marked as "for long-term reference".

[0158] In the example, bitstreams can be generated, transmitted, and / or received without a base layer. For example, the base layer of a non-MPEG codec's base mesh bitstream might not have a coded mesh frame with layer ID 0 in the bitstream (e.g., because the base layer might be a non-MPEG mesh layer that may come from an external source and is not included in the bitstream). The size of the sub-DPB of the layer ID can be equal to one. The number of vertices, the number of repeating vertices, the color space of the color attributes, the precision of the vertex positions, and the non-positional attributes with layer ID 0 can be provided by an external source. For each access unit, a decoded mesh frame with the layer ID can be provided by an external source. When not provided, no mesh frame with layer ID 0 can be used for inter-layer prediction of the current access unit. If a mesh frame with layer ID 0 is available, it can include information specifying the type of the mesh frame to which it belongs. The type of the mesh frame can be indicated by the NAL unit type of the decoded mesh frame. The value of the NAL unit type of the provided decoded mesh frame can be equal to IDR_W, CRA, or BLA_W. A NAL cell type value equal to IDR_W can specify that the decoded grid frame is an IDR grid frame. A NAL cell type value equal to BLA_W can specify that the decoded grid frame is a BLA grid frame. A NAL cell type value equal to CRA can specify that the decoded grid frame is a CRA grid frame.

[0159] Decoded grid frames with layer ID 0 can be stored in a grid buffer and / or can be marked as "for long-term reference".

[0160] The decoding capabilities of each layer can be signaled in the Basic Mesh Parameter Set (BMPS), the Basic Mesh Sequence Parameter Set, or in a signaling unit (e.g., an SEI message). For each layer, the syntax elements describing the decoding capabilities can be independent of other layers. For example, the decoding capabilities of a base layer may differ from those of inter-mesh layers. The decoding capabilities of different decoders at different layers can be expressed using Profile Layer Level (PTL) syntax elements. A set of combinations of different PTLs can be defined, which in turn specifies the overall PTL / decoding capability of the base mesh bitstream. For base mesh bitstreams without a layered design, individual combinations of different decoders can be specified.

[0161] Although the features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROMs and Digital Universal Discs (DVDs)). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A video encoding device, comprising a processor, the processor being configured to: Encode the first sub-bit stream of the basic grid bit stream; The second sub-bitstream of the basic grid bitstream is encoded, where, The first sub-bitstream is an intra-grid stream, while the second sub-bitstream is an inter-grid stream; and Transmit the encoded first sub-bit stream and the encoded second sub-bit stream from the base grid bit stream.

2. The video encoding device according to claim 1, wherein, The first sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the first layer, while the second sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the second layer.

3. The video encoding device according to claim 1, wherein, The processor is configured to: Encode the third sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream, where the third sub-bitstream is a skipped layer; and Send the third sub-bit stream from the base grid bit stream.

4. The video encoding device according to claim 2, wherein, The first layer is the static mesh layer or base layer, while the second layer is the inter-mesh layer or reinforcement layer.

5. The video encoding device according to claim 2, wherein, The second layer is either a space enhancement layer, a mass enhancement layer, or a time enhancement layer.

6. The video encoding device according to claim 2, wherein, The first access unit associated with the first layer includes the encoded data of the first layer, while the second access unit associated with the second layer includes the data associated with the first access unit.

7. The video encoding device according to claim 6, wherein, The first access unit is an intra-frame unit, while the second access unit is an inter-frame unit. The second access unit includes one of the inter-layer prediction data, spatial refinement, or quality refinement corresponding to the first access unit.

8. The video encoding device according to claim 2, wherein, The first layer is independent of the second layer.

9. The video encoding device according to claim 2, wherein, The processor is configured to send dependency flags indicating the dependency between the first layer and the second layer.

10. The video encoding device according to claim 2, wherein, The first sub-bit stream is identified by the first NAL identifier, while the second sub-bit stream is identified by the second NAL identifier.

11. The video encoding device according to claim 10, wherein, The value of the first NAL identifier is less than the value of the second NAL identifier.

12. A method for video encoding, comprising: Encode the first sub-bit stream of the basic grid bit stream; Encode the second sub-bitstream of the basic grid bitstream, where the first sub-bitstream is an intra-grid stream and the second sub-bitstream is an inter-grid stream; and Transmit the encoded first sub-bit stream and the encoded second sub-bit stream from the base grid bit stream.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein, The first sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the first layer, while the second sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the second layer.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: Encode the third sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream, where the third sub-bitstream is a skipped layer; and Send the third sub-bit stream from the base grid bit stream.

15. The method according to claim 13, wherein, The first layer is the static mesh layer or base layer, while the second layer is the inter-mesh layer or reinforcement layer.

16. The method according to claim 13, wherein, The second layer is either a space enhancement layer, a mass enhancement layer, or a time enhancement layer.

17. The method according to claim 13, wherein, The first access unit associated with the first layer includes the encoded data of the first layer, while the second access unit associated with the second layer includes the data associated with the first access unit.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein, The first access unit is an intra-frame unit, while the second access unit is an inter-frame unit. The second access unit includes one of the inter-layer prediction data, spatial refinement, or quality refinement corresponding to the first access unit.

19. The method according to claim 13, wherein, The first layer is independent of the second layer.

20. The method of claim 13, further comprising sending a dependency flag indicating a dependency between the first layer and the second layer.

21. The method according to claim 13, wherein, The first sub-bit stream is identified by the first NAL identifier, while the second sub-bit stream is identified by the second NAL identifier.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein, The value of the first NAL identifier is less than the value of the second NAL identifier.

23. A video decoding device, comprising a processor, the processor being configured to: Receive a base grid bitstream comprising an encoded first sub-bitstream and an encoded second sub-bitstream; and Decoding the encoded first sub-bitstream and the encoded second sub-bitstream yields the first sub-bitstream and the second sub-bitstream, where, The first sub-bitstream is an inter-grid stream, while the second sub-bitstream is an intra-grid stream.

24. The video decoding device according to claim 23, wherein, The first sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the first layer, while the second sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the second layer.

25. The video decoding device according to claim 23, wherein, The processor is configured to: Receive the base grid bitstream including the third sub-bitstream; and Decode the third sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream, where the third sub-bitstream is a skipped layer.

26. The video decoding device according to claim 24, wherein, The first layer is the static mesh layer or base layer, while the second layer is the inter-mesh layer or reinforcement layer.

27. The video decoding device according to claim 24, wherein, The second layer is either a space enhancement layer, a mass enhancement layer, or a time enhancement layer.

28. The video decoding device according to claim 24, wherein, The first access unit associated with the first layer includes the encoded data of the first layer, while the second access unit associated with the second layer includes the data associated with the first access unit.

29. The video decoding device according to claim 28, wherein, The first access unit is an intra-frame unit, while the second access unit is an inter-frame unit. The second access unit includes one of the inter-layer prediction data, spatial refinement, or quality refinement corresponding to the first access unit.

30. The video decoding device according to claim 24, wherein, The first layer is independent of the second layer.

31. The video decoding device according to claim 24, wherein, The processor is configured to receive a dependency flag indicating the dependency between the first layer and the second layer.

32. The video decoding device according to claim 24, wherein, The first sub-bit stream is identified by the first NAL identifier, while the second sub-bit stream is identified by the second NAL identifier.

33. The video decoding device according to claim 32, wherein, The value of the first NAL identifier is less than the value of the second NAL identifier.

34. A method for video decoding, comprising: Receive a base grid bitstream comprising an encoded first sub-bitstream and an encoded second sub-bitstream; as well as Decoding the encoded first sub-bit stream and the encoded second sub-bit stream yields the first sub-bit stream and the second sub-bit stream, where the first sub-bit stream is an inter-grid stream and the second sub-bit stream is an intra-grid stream.

35. The method according to claim 34, wherein, The first sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the first layer, while the second sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream is encoded as the second layer.

36. The method of claim 34, further comprising: Receive the base grid bitstream, including the third sub-bitstream; as well as Decode the third sub-bitstream of the base grid bitstream, where the third sub-bitstream is a skipped layer.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein, The first layer is the static mesh layer or base layer, while the second layer is the inter-mesh layer or reinforcement layer.

38. The method according to claim 35, wherein, The second layer is either a space enhancement layer, a mass enhancement layer, or a time enhancement layer.

39. The method according to claim 35, wherein, The first access unit associated with the first layer includes the encoded data of the first layer, while the second access unit associated with the second layer includes the data associated with the first access unit.

40. The method according to claim 39, wherein, The first access unit is an intra-frame unit, while the second access unit is an inter-frame unit. The second access unit includes one of the inter-layer prediction data, spatial refinement, or quality refinement corresponding to the first access unit.

41. The method according to claim 35, wherein, The first layer is independent of the second layer.

42. The method of claim 35, further comprising receiving a dependency flag indicating a dependency between the first layer and the second layer.

43. The method according to claim 35, wherein, The first sub-bit stream is identified by the first NAL identifier, while the second sub-bit stream is identified by the second NAL identifier.

44. The method according to claim 43, wherein, The value of the first NAL identifier is less than the value of the second NAL identifier.

Images