Water culture method of fresh edible ginseng

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of ginseng cultivation and preparation, in particular to a water culture method for fresh edible ginseng. The method specifically comprises the following steps: carrying out cold storage treatment on ginseng seedlings, planting the cold storage ginseng seedlings in a foam board, filling a water tank of the foam board with a water culture release substrate, culturing for 10-12 days in a dark environment, culturing for 30-40 days under an illumination condition, and harvesting to obtain the fresh edible ginseng. Yeast mud and edible fungus mycelia are combined to prepare the complex microbial inoculant, the complex microbial inoculant is used for fermenting selenium-rich organic matter solid raw materials, during water culture, a selenium source is locked in a complex biopolymer composed of thalli, mycelia and humus, slow and lasting release instead of rapid dissolution of selenium in the water culture process is achieved, and the selenium-rich organic matter solid raw materials are obtained. And stable, comprehensive and long-acting nutrition supply is provided for hydroponic plants.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ginseng cultivation and preparation technology, specifically to a hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng. Background Technology

[0002] Fresh ginseng is highly favored by the market for its tender taste and complete preservation of active ingredients. Traditional soil cultivation methods suffer from problems such as long growth cycles, continuous cropping obstacles, heavy metal residues, and damage to the appearance during harvesting. Hydroponics, as a clean and controllable modern cultivation method, provides a new path for the production of high-quality fresh ginseng. However, as a perennial herb, ginseng has a long growth cycle and comprehensive and balanced nutrient requirements, especially specific needs for biofortification of beneficial trace elements such as selenium. This places extremely high demands on the nutrient supply mode of hydroponic systems.

[0003] Current hydroponic technology mainly relies on inorganic nutrient solutions, but its application in ginseng cultivation has significant limitations: First, inorganic selenium in the nutrient solution, such as selenite, has low bioavailability and is toxic to plants at slightly higher concentrations, making it difficult to achieve safe and efficient selenium nutrient fortification. Second, inorganic salt nutrients are released too quickly, requiring frequent replacement or precise control of the liquid fertilizer, resulting in poor system stability and failing to meet the long-term, stable growth needs of ginseng. Third, conventional solid organic fertilizers or slow-release granules generally suffer from rapid structural disintegration and large-scale nutrient dissolution under the long-term immersion and circulation of hydroponic fluids, leading to uneven nutrient supply, fluctuations in the root environment, and easy blockage of the circulation system. Furthermore, some hydroponic cultivation methods involve the addition of chemically synthesized polymers to achieve slow release or coating effects. These non-natural chemically synthesized polymers are not easily degraded in the environment, potentially impacting the ecological environment.

[0004] To address the aforementioned bottlenecks, researchers have recently attempted to introduce organic slow-release carriers into hydroponics. However, selenium in ordinary organic materials has a low degree of organicification and is loosely bound to the substrate, making its release behavior uncontrollable. Furthermore, ensuring that carrier particles maintain their physical structural integrity in a hydroponic environment over a long period, achieving synergistic slow-release of selenium and other nutrients, is a key technological challenge. Existing bonding technologies and coating processes often struggle to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives, including strong adhesion, water resistance, biodegradability, and efficient slow release, thus hindering the development of high-performance slow-release carriers specifically designed for hydroponics.

[0005] Therefore, the present invention provides a hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng to solve the problems existing in the prior art. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In view of the shortcomings of the existing technology, the purpose of this invention is to provide a hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng.

[0007] A hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng includes the following steps: Wash the ginseng seedlings, place them on a slightly damp non-woven fabric, and store them in cold air at an ambient temperature of 1.5-2.5℃ for 20-30 days to obtain cold-stored ginseng seedlings. Soak the ginseng seedlings in gibberellic acid for 15-20 minutes, then plant them in a foam board with a water trough depth of 8cm. Fill the water trough of the foam board with hydroponic release substrate, piling it up to a height of 1-2cm. Add water to the foam board, spacing each hole 4-5cm apart, and plant two seedlings in each hole, leaving the rhizome of the ginseng seedling exposed. Under an environment of relative humidity of 75-90% and temperature of 20-22℃, the water circulation device is maintained for 10 minutes every 20 minutes, the CO2 concentration is 800-1200ppm, the nutrient solution EC value is ≤1000, and the germination stem elongation occurs after 10-12 days of cultivation. Then, light is applied, with PPFD controlled at 20-50, photoperiod at 5 hours, light quality at a ratio of red light to other light of 7:3, temperature at 20-22℃, and water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes. After 30-40 days of cultivation, fresh edible ginseng is obtained.

[0008] Furthermore, the preparation method for hydroponic release substrate specifically includes the following steps: 15-25% of zeolite powder is mixed into the selenium-rich organic solid raw material, and 5-7% of cottonseed protein-based binder is added to the total system of selenium-rich organic solid raw material and zeolite powder. The mixture is then kneaded by machine and extruded into granules with a diameter of 2-4 mm by granulator. The granules are dried at 50-60℃ for 10-20 minutes to obtain decomposed organic granules. Place the decomposed organic granules in a coating machine and add shellac-nanocellulose coating solution to the spraying hopper at a rate of 3-5% of the mass of the decomposed organic granules. Spray the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution onto the surface of the decomposed organic granules to form a coating layer with a thickness of 20-24μm. Heat-treat the coated decomposed organic granules at 60-80℃ for 1-2 hours to ensure that the coating layer is completely and uniformly cured. Pass the coating layer through a 2-4mm sieve to obtain the hydroponic release substrate.

[0009] Furthermore, the preparation method of selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials specifically includes the following steps: Crush straw and legume roots and stems to 2-3 mm, add diatomaceous earth at a ratio of 10-12% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, add humic acid at a ratio of 5-7% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, mix well, then add sterile water to adjust the moisture content of the system to 55-60% to obtain the fermentation substrate. Inoculate the fermentation substrate with compound microbial agent at 15-20% of the total dry weight of the substrate, and add molasses at 2-4% of the total weight of the fermentation substrate after inoculation with compound microbial agent. Mix thoroughly. Place the material in the fermentation tank, cover with a breathable cloth, and ferment at 28-30℃ for 5-7 days. Turn the material over once on the 2nd and 4th days. Then age it at room temperature (20-25℃) for 15-20 days, turning it over once every 5 days. After aging, the material is dried at a low temperature of 45-50℃ and then pulverized through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain selenium-rich organic solid raw material.

[0010] Furthermore, the preparation method of the compound microbial agent specifically includes the following steps: Add 10-14 mg / kg of selenium solution to the yeast culture medium and inoculate yeast at an inoculation rate of 5-8 mg / g. Ferment at 28-30℃ with aeration for 36-48 hours, collect the fungal sludge by centrifugation, and obtain selenium-enriched yeast sludge. Inoculate shiitake mushroom spawn into a solid culture medium at an inoculation rate of 15-18 mg / g, spray with 10-14 mg / kg selenium solution, and culture in the dark at 25-27℃ for 24-30 hours. Collect the mycelium to obtain selenium-enriched edible fungus mycelium. A compound microbial agent is obtained by mixing selenium-enriched yeast sludge with selenium-enriched edible fungi mycelium at a mass ratio of 1:(2-3).

[0011] Furthermore, the preparation method of the cottonseed protein-based adhesive specifically includes the following steps: Weigh 100-110 parts by weight of cottonseed protein powder, add 500-520 parts by weight of deionized water, and disperse in a water bath at 50-55℃ at a speed of 300-500 rpm for 30-40 minutes. Then adjust the pH of the system to 9-10 by adding NaOH solution dropwise, and continue stirring at this pH for 1-2 hours to obtain cottonseed protein slurry. Add 15-20 parts by weight of citric acid powder to cottonseed protein slurry, maintain the temperature at 50-55℃, and stir continuously for 30-40 minutes. Adjust the pH of the system to 8.3-8.7 with NaOH solution to obtain protein-citric acid mixture. Dissolve dopamine in Tris-HCl buffer to prepare a 0.5-1.5% dopamine solution; The protein-citric acid mixture is heated to 60-65℃. Dopamine solution is added dropwise to the protein-citric acid mixture over 20-30 minutes while continuously stirring. The temperature is maintained at 60-65℃, and air is continuously introduced. The reaction is carried out for 3-6 hours. The product is then evaporated by rotary evaporation at 60-70℃ until the solid content reaches 25-35%, thus obtaining cottonseed protein-based adhesive.

[0012] Furthermore, the preparation method of the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution specifically includes the following steps: Weigh 80-100 parts by weight of shellac and dissolve it in 720-740 parts by weight of anhydrous ethanol. Stir magnetically for 4-6 hours until the shellac is completely dissolved to obtain a shellac ethanol solution. Aminated nanocellulose was dispersed in water, and the solid content of the aminated nanocellulose was controlled to be 0.5-1%. The pH was then adjusted to 5-6 with glacial acetic acid solution, and the mixture was ultrasonically treated for 10-15 minutes to obtain an aminated nanocellulose dispersion. Under continuous stirring at 100-200 rpm, the aminocellulose dispersion is added dropwise to the shellac ethanol solution at a mass ratio of (2-4):1. After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1-2 hours, then sonicated for 3-5 minutes. The pH is adjusted to 5.4-5.6, and the solid content of the system is adjusted to 8-12% with anhydrous ethanol to obtain the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution.

[0013] Furthermore, the power of the ultrasonic treatment was 200W.

[0014] Furthermore, the Tris-HCl buffer is a phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.5.

[0015] Furthermore, after aging, the selenium-rich organic solid raw material is dried at a low temperature until the moisture content is <12%.

[0016] Furthermore, the selenium solution is a sodium selenite solution with a concentration of 5-10 wt%.

[0017] The present invention has the following advantages: 1. This invention combines yeast sludge with edible mushroom mycelium to prepare a compound microbial agent, which is then used to ferment selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials. This selenium-enriched organic solid raw material is obtained through biomass conversion, can naturally degrade in the environment over time, and is non-toxic and harmless. Furthermore, the yeast efficiently assimilates inorganic selenium through liquid fermentation, rapidly generating microbial proteins rich in organic selenium, providing a high-concentration selenium source. Meanwhile, the edible mycelium, through solid-state fermentation, utilizes its powerful extracellular enzyme system to degrade complex substrates such as straw, while simultaneously using the yeast cells as nutrients for secondary conversion and fixation. The combination of these two processes forms a highly efficient relay of "liquid-selenium enrichment-solid-state conversion," significantly improving the efficiency of the fermentation process. The conversion rate of organic selenium also ensures that selenium is deeply integrated into the organic matter network, increasing the proportion of organic selenium in the selenium source. Through this synergistic effect, the selenium-enriched organic solid raw material, in its formation process, forms a three-dimensional network of mycelia of edible fungi, which is tightly combined with the humified substrate, giving the particles excellent physical strength and structural stability, making them less prone to disintegration when soaked in water for a long time. Furthermore, during hydroponics, the selenium source is locked in a complex biopolymer composed of fungal cells, mycelia, and humus, achieving a slow and sustained release of selenium during hydroponics, rather than rapid dissolution, providing a stable, comprehensive, and long-lasting nutrient supply for hydroponic plants.

[0018] 2. This invention combines cottonseed protein modified with citric acid with dopamine. The core principle is the oxidative self-polymerization of dopamine under weakly alkaline aerobic conditions and its covalent cross-linking with protein. The intermediate generated by dopamine oxidation can react with active groups such as amino and thiol groups on the cottonseed protein molecular chain to form strong covalent bonds, significantly improving the cohesive strength and water resistance of the adhesive, making it less likely to be redissolved in water after drying, and giving it strong interfacial adhesion. The cottonseed protein-based adhesive prepared by this method can greatly improve the interfacial bonding between the adhesive and hydrophobic or inorganic raw materials such as selenium-rich organic matter and zeolite powder, reducing weak points inside the particles. The decomposed organic particles made using cottonseed protein-based adhesive have their internal structural integrity and wet stability fundamentally strengthened. This allows the particles to withstand long-term immersion and water flow impact in hydroponic environments and resist disintegration, providing a physical basis for achieving long-term slow release.

[0019] 3. This invention combines aminated nanocellulose with shellac and prepares a coating solution to coat mature organic particles. Under weakly acidic conditions, the positively charged ammonium ions on the surface of the aminated nanocellulose electrostatically attract the negatively charged carboxyl groups in the shellac molecules, forming stable ionic bonds. This molecular-level bonding allows the nanocellulose to be uniformly dispersed and anchored in the shellac matrix, constructing a dense composite network with nanofibers as the reinforcing framework and shellac as the continuous phase. The high modulus of the nanocellulose significantly improves the strength and toughness of the pure shellac membrane, making the coating less prone to cracking. Furthermore, the nanofibers create tortuous permeation pathways in the membrane, effectively delaying the diffusion of water molecules and ions. For hydroponic substrate release, the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution achieves slow and controllable release of core nutrients through high barrier properties, avoiding rapid dissolution and ensuring a long-term supply. Secondly, the enhanced mechanical properties provide excellent physical protection for the particles, allowing them to maintain structural integrity and prevent disintegration under long-term water immersion and water flow impact. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the preparation of the hydroponic release substrate according to the present invention.

[0021] Figure 2 The figures are line graphs showing the statistical time and cumulative release of the embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 3 The graph shows the time and disintegration rate statistics for the embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions of this invention, the technical solutions of this invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of this invention.

[0024] Example 1: A hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes the following steps: Preparation of compound microbial agents: Add 10 mg / kg of 5 wt% sodium selenite solution to the yeast culture medium, and inoculate yeast at an inoculation rate of 5 mg / g. Ferment at 28°C with aeration for 36 hours, and collect the sludge by centrifugation to obtain selenium-enriched yeast sludge. Shiitake mushroom spawn was inoculated into a solid culture medium at an inoculation rate of 15 mg / g, and a 5 wt% sodium selenite solution at a concentration of 10 mg / kg was sprayed. The mixture was then cultured in the dark at 25°C for 24 hours. Mycelium was collected to obtain selenium-enriched edible mushroom mycelium. A compound microbial agent is obtained by mixing selenium-enriched yeast sludge with selenium-enriched edible fungi mycelium at a mass ratio of 1:2.

[0025] Preparation of selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials: Crush straw and legume roots and stems to 2mm, add diatomaceous earth at a ratio of 10% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, add humic acid at a ratio of 5% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, mix well, then add sterile water to adjust the moisture content of the system to 55% to obtain the fermentation substrate. Inoculate the compound microbial agent at 15% of the total dry weight of the fermentation substrate, and add molasses at 2% of the total mass of the fermentation substrate after inoculation with the compound microbial agent. Mix thoroughly. Place the material in the fermentation tank, cover with a breathable cloth, and ferment at 28℃ for 5 days. Turn the pile once on the 2nd and 4th days. Then age at room temperature (20℃) for 15 days, turning it once every 5 days. After aging, the material is dried at a low temperature of 45℃ until the moisture content is <12%, then pulverized through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain selenium-rich organic solid raw material.

[0026] Preparation of cottonseed protein-based adhesive: Weigh 100 parts by weight of cottonseed protein powder, add 500 parts by weight of deionized water, and disperse in a 50°C water bath at 300 rpm for 30 minutes. Then adjust the pH of the system to 9 by adding NaOH solution dropwise, and continue stirring at this pH for 1 hour to obtain cottonseed protein slurry. Add 15 parts by weight of citric acid powder to cottonseed protein slurry, maintain the temperature at 50℃, stir continuously for 30 minutes, and adjust the pH of the system to 8.3 with NaOH solution to obtain protein-citric acid mixture; Dopamine was dissolved in Tris-HCl buffer to prepare a 0.5% dopamine solution. The Tris-HCl buffer was a phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.5. The protein-citric acid mixture was heated to 60°C. Dopamine solution was added dropwise to the protein-citric acid mixture over 20 minutes while stirring continuously. The temperature was maintained at 60°C and air was continuously introduced. The reaction was carried out for 3 hours. The product was then evaporated by rotary evaporation at 60°C until the solid content reached 25%, thus obtaining cottonseed protein-based adhesive.

[0027] Preparation of shellac-nanocellulose coating solution: Weigh 80 parts by weight of shellac and dissolve it in 720 parts by weight of anhydrous ethanol. Stir magnetically for 4 hours until the shellac is completely dissolved to obtain a shellac ethanol solution. Aminated nanocellulose was dispersed in water, and the solid content of the aminated nanocellulose was controlled to be 0.5%. The pH was then adjusted to 5 with glacial acetic acid solution, and the mixture was sonicated for 10 min to obtain an aminated nanocellulose dispersion. Under continuous stirring at 100 rpm, the aminocellulose dispersion was added dropwise to the shellac ethanol solution at a mass ratio of 2:1. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then sonicated for 3 minutes, and the pH was adjusted to 5.4. Finally, the solid content of the system was adjusted to 8% with anhydrous ethanol to obtain the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution.

[0028] Preparation of hydroponic release substrate: 15% of the total mass of selenium-enriched organic solid raw material is mixed with zeolite powder, and 5% of the total mass of selenium-enriched organic solid raw material and zeolite powder is added as cottonseed protein-based binder. The mixture is then kneaded by machine and extruded into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by granulator. The granules are dried at 50°C for 10 min to obtain decomposed organic granules. The decomposed organic granules were placed in a coating machine, and shellac-nanocellulose coating solution was added to the spraying hopper at a rate of 3% of the mass of the decomposed organic granules. The shellac-nanocellulose coating solution was sprayed onto the surface of the decomposed organic granules to form a coating layer with a thickness of 20μm. The coated decomposed organic granules were then heat-treated at 60℃ for 1 hour to ensure that the coating layer was completely and uniformly cured. The mixture was then passed through a 2mm sieve to obtain the hydroponic release substrate.

[0029] Hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng: The ginseng seedlings were washed, placed on a slightly damp non-woven fabric, and subjected to cold storage treatment at an ambient temperature of 1.5℃ for 20 days to obtain cold-stored ginseng seedlings. Soak the ginseng seedlings in gibberellic acid for 15 minutes, then plant them in a foam board with a water trough depth of 8 cm. Fill the water trough of the foam board with hydroponic release substrate, piling it up to a height of 1 cm. Add water to the foam board, with each hole spaced 4 cm apart. Plant two seedlings in each hole, leaving the rhizome of the ginseng seedling exposed. Under an environment of 75% relative humidity and 20℃, with the water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes, CO2 concentration of 800ppm, and nutrient solution EC value ≤1000, the germinating stems elongated after 10 days of cultivation. Subsequently, light was applied, with PPFD controlled at 20, photoperiod at 5 hours, light quality at a ratio of red light to other light of 7:3, temperature at 20℃, and water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes. After 30 days of cultivation, fresh edible ginseng was obtained.

[0030] Example 2: A hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes the following steps: Preparation of compound microbial agents: Add 12 mg / kg of 8 wt% sodium selenite solution to the yeast culture medium, and inoculate yeast at an inoculation rate of 7 mg / g. Ferment at 29°C with aeration for 40 hours, and collect the sludge by centrifugation to obtain selenium-enriched yeast sludge. Shiitake mushroom spawn was inoculated into a solid culture medium at an inoculation rate of 17 mg / g, and a sodium selenite solution with a concentration of 8 wt% and a concentration of 12 mg / kg was sprayed. The mixture was then cultured in the dark at 26°C for 28 hours. Mycelium was collected to obtain selenium-enriched edible fungus mycelium. A compound microbial agent is obtained by mixing selenium-enriched yeast sludge with selenium-enriched edible fungi mycelium at a mass ratio of 1:2.5.

[0031] Preparation of selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials: The straw and the roots and stems of legumes were crushed to 2mm. Diatomaceous earth was added at a ratio of 11% of the total dry weight of the straw and the roots and stems of legumes, and humic acid was added at a ratio of 6% of the total dry weight of the straw and the roots and stems of legumes. The mixture was mixed evenly, and then sterile water was added to adjust the moisture content of the system to 58% to obtain the fermentation substrate. Inoculate the compound microbial agent at 18% of the total dry weight of the fermentation substrate, and add molasses at 3% of the total mass of the fermentation substrate after inoculation with the compound microbial agent. Mix thoroughly. Place the material in the fermentation tank, cover with a breathable cloth, and ferment at 29℃ for 6 days. Turn the pile once on the 2nd and 4th days. Then age at room temperature (23℃) for 18 days, turning it once every 5 days. After aging, the material is dried at 48°C until the moisture content is less than 12%, then pulverized through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain selenium-rich organic solid raw material.

[0032] Preparation of cottonseed protein-based adhesive: Weigh 105 parts by weight of cottonseed protein powder, add 510 parts by weight of deionized water, and disperse in a 53°C water bath at 400 rpm for 35 minutes. Then adjust the pH of the system to 9.5 by adding NaOH solution dropwise, and continue stirring at this pH for 1.5 hours to obtain cottonseed protein slurry. Add 18 parts by weight of citric acid powder to cottonseed protein slurry, maintain the temperature at 53℃, stir continuously for 35 minutes, and adjust the pH of the system to 8.5 with NaOH solution to obtain protein-citric acid mixture; Dopamine was dissolved in Tris-HCl buffer to prepare a 1% dopamine solution. The Tris-HCl buffer was a phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.5. The protein-citric acid mixture was heated to 63°C. Dopamine solution was added dropwise to the protein-citric acid mixture over 25 minutes with continuous stirring. The temperature was maintained at 63°C and air was continuously introduced. The reaction was carried out for 4 hours. The product was then evaporated by rotary evaporation at 65°C until the solid content reached 30%, thus obtaining cottonseed protein-based adhesive.

[0033] Preparation of shellac-nanocellulose coating solution: Weigh 90 parts by weight of shellac and dissolve it in 730 parts by weight of anhydrous ethanol. Stir magnetically for 5 hours until the shellac is completely dissolved to obtain a shellac ethanol solution. Aminated nanocellulose was dispersed in water, and the solid content of the aminated nanocellulose was controlled to be 0.8%. The pH was then adjusted to 5.5 with glacial acetic acid solution, and the mixture was sonicated for 13 min to obtain an aminated nanocellulose dispersion. Under continuous stirring at 150 rpm, the aminocellulose dispersion was added dropwise to the shellac ethanol solution at a mass ratio of 3:1. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours, then sonicated for 4 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 5.5, and the solid content of the system was adjusted to 10% with anhydrous ethanol to obtain the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution.

[0034] Preparation of hydroponic release substrate: 20% of the total mass of selenium-enriched organic solid raw material is mixed with zeolite powder, and 6% of the total mass of selenium-enriched organic solid raw material and zeolite powder is added as cottonseed protein-based binder. The mixture is then kneaded by machine and extruded into granules with a diameter of 3 mm by granulator. The granules are dried at 55°C for 15 min to obtain decomposed organic granules. The decomposed organic granules were placed in a coating machine, and shellac-nanocellulose coating solution was added to the spraying hopper at a rate of 4% of the mass of the decomposed organic granules. The shellac-nanocellulose coating solution was sprayed onto the surface of the decomposed organic granules to form a coating layer with a thickness of 22μm. The coated decomposed organic granules were then heat-treated at 70℃ for 1.5 hours to ensure that the coating layer was completely and uniformly cured. The mixture was then passed through a 3mm sieve to obtain the hydroponic release substrate.

[0035] Hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng: The ginseng seedlings were washed and placed on a slightly damp non-woven fabric. They were then subjected to cold storage treatment at an ambient temperature of 2°C for 25 days to obtain cold-stored ginseng seedlings. Soak the ginseng seedlings in gibberellic acid for 18 minutes, then plant them in a foam board with a water trough depth of 8 cm. Fill the water trough of the foam board with hydroponic release substrate, piling it up to a height of 1.5 cm. Add water to the foam board, with each hole spaced 4 cm apart, and plant two seedlings in each hole, exposing the rhizome of the ginseng seedlings. Under an environment of 80% relative humidity and 21℃, with the water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes, CO2 concentration of 1000ppm, and nutrient solution EC value ≤1000, the germinating stems elongated after 11 days of cultivation. Subsequently, light was applied, with PPFD controlled at 30, photoperiod at 5 hours, light quality at a ratio of red light to other light of 7:3, temperature at 21℃, and water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes. After 35 days of cultivation, fresh edible ginseng was obtained.

[0036] Example 3: A hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes the following steps: Preparation of compound microbial agents: Add 14 mg / kg of 10 wt% sodium selenite solution to the yeast culture medium, and inoculate yeast at an inoculation rate of 8 mg / g. Ferment at 30°C with aeration for 48 hours, and collect the sludge by centrifugation to obtain selenium-enriched yeast sludge. Shiitake mushroom spawn was inoculated into a solid culture medium at an inoculation rate of 18 mg / g, and a 10 wt% sodium selenite solution at a concentration of 14 mg / kg was sprayed on it. The mixture was then cultured in the dark at 27°C for 30 hours. Mycelium was collected to obtain selenium-enriched edible mushroom mycelium.

[0037] Preparation of selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials: A compound microbial agent is obtained by mixing selenium-enriched yeast sludge with selenium-enriched edible fungi mycelium at a mass ratio of 1:3. Crush straw and legume roots and stems to 3mm, add diatomaceous earth at a ratio of 12% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, add humic acid at a ratio of 7% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, mix well, then add sterile water to adjust the moisture content of the system to 60% to obtain the fermentation substrate. Inoculate the compound microbial agent at 20% of the total dry weight of the fermentation substrate, and add molasses at 4% of the total mass of the fermentation substrate after inoculation with the compound microbial agent. Mix thoroughly. Place the material in the fermentation tank, cover with a breathable cloth, and ferment at 30℃ for 7 days. Turn the pile once on the 2nd and 4th days. Then age at room temperature (25℃) for 20 days, turning it once every 5 days. After aging, the material is dried at 50°C until the moisture content is <12%, then pulverized through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain selenium-rich organic solid raw material.

[0038] Preparation of cottonseed protein-based adhesive: Weigh 110 parts by weight of cottonseed protein powder, add 520 parts by weight of deionized water, and disperse in a 55°C water bath at 500 rpm for 40 minutes. Then adjust the pH of the system to 10 by adding NaOH solution dropwise, and continue stirring at this pH for 2 hours to obtain cottonseed protein slurry. Add 20 parts by weight of citric acid powder to cottonseed protein slurry, maintain the temperature at 55℃, stir continuously for 40 minutes, and adjust the pH of the system to 8.7 with NaOH solution to obtain protein-citric acid mixture; Dopamine was dissolved in Tris-HCl buffer to prepare a 1.5% dopamine solution. The Tris-HCl buffer was a phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.5. The protein-citric acid mixture was heated to 65°C. Dopamine solution was added dropwise to the protein-citric acid mixture over 30 minutes while stirring continuously. The temperature was maintained at 65°C and air was continuously introduced. The reaction was carried out for 6 hours. The product was then evaporated by rotary evaporation at 70°C until the solid content reached 35%, thus obtaining cottonseed protein-based adhesive.

[0039] Preparation of shellac-nanocellulose coating solution: Weigh 100 parts by weight of shellac and dissolve it in 740 parts by weight of anhydrous ethanol. Stir magnetically for 6 hours until the shellac is completely dissolved to obtain a shellac ethanol solution. Aminated nanocellulose was dispersed in water, and the solid content of the aminated nanocellulose was controlled to be 1%. The pH was then adjusted to 6 with glacial acetic acid solution, and the mixture was sonicated for 15 min to obtain an aminated nanocellulose dispersion. Under continuous stirring at 200 rpm, the aminocellulose dispersion was added dropwise to the shellac ethanol solution at a mass ratio of 4:1. After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, then sonicated for 5 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 5.6, and the solid content of the system was adjusted to 12% with anhydrous ethanol to obtain the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution.

[0040] Preparation of hydroponic release substrate: 25% of the total mass of selenium-enriched organic solid raw material is mixed with zeolite powder, and 7% of the total mass of selenium-enriched organic solid raw material and zeolite powder is added as cottonseed protein-based binder. The mixture is then softened by a machine and extruded into granules with a diameter of 4 mm by a granulator. The granules are dried at 60°C for 20 min to obtain decomposed organic granules. The decomposed organic granules were placed in a coating machine, and shellac-nanocellulose coating solution was added to the spraying hopper at a rate of 5% of the mass of the decomposed organic granules. The shellac-nanocellulose coating solution was sprayed onto the surface of the decomposed organic granules to form a coating layer with a thickness of 24μm. The coated decomposed organic granules were then heat-treated at 80℃ for 2 hours to ensure that the coating layer was completely and uniformly cured. The mixture was then passed through a 4mm sieve to obtain the hydroponic release substrate.

[0041] Hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng: The ginseng seedlings were washed, placed on a slightly damp non-woven fabric, and subjected to cold storage treatment at an ambient temperature of 2.5℃ for 30 days to obtain cold-stored ginseng seedlings. Soak the ginseng seedlings in gibberellic acid for 20 minutes, then plant them in a foam board with a water trough depth of 8 cm. Fill the water trough of the foam board with hydroponic release substrate, piling it up to a height of 2 cm. Add water to the foam board, with each hole spaced 5 cm apart, and plant two seedlings in each hole, leaving the rhizome of the ginseng seedling exposed. Under an environment of 90% relative humidity and 22℃, with the water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes, CO2 concentration of 1200ppm, and nutrient solution EC value ≤1000, the germinating stems elongated after 12 days of cultivation. Subsequently, light was applied, with PPFD controlled at 50, photoperiod at 5 hours, light quality at a ratio of red light to other light of 7:3, temperature at 22℃, and water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes. After 40 days of cultivation, fresh edible ginseng was obtained.

[0042] Comparative Example 1: Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 1 differs in that it does not add selenium-enriched yeast mud, and when preparing selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials, it uses selenium-enriched edible fungi mycelium of equal mass to replace the compound fungal agent. The remaining steps remain unchanged, and it is referred to as Comparative Example 1.

[0043] Comparative Example 2: Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 2 differs in that it does not add selenium-enriched edible fungi mycelium, and when preparing selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials, it uses selenium-enriched yeast mud and other materials to replace the compound inoculant. The remaining steps remain unchanged, and it is referred to as Comparative Example 2.

[0044] Comparative Example 3: Compared with Example 1, the difference of Comparative Example 3 is that cottonseed protein slurry was not added when preparing the cottonseed protein-based adhesive. Instead, chitosan of equal mass was used instead of cottonseed protein slurry. The other steps remained the same, and it was referred to as Comparative Example 3.

[0045] Comparative Example 4: Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 4 differs in that shellac is not added when preparing the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution. Instead, the shellac is replaced with sodium alginate in equal mass. The other steps remain unchanged. This is referred to as Comparative Example 4.

[0046] Comparative Example 5: Compared with Example 1, the difference of Comparative Example 5 is that, when preparing the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution, aminated nanocellulose is not added, but the aminated nanocellulose is replaced by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in equal mass. The other steps remain unchanged, and it is referred to as Comparative Example 5.

[0047] 2g samples were taken from Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-3 respectively, and the total selenium content of the samples was determined and denoted as M. The samples were placed in clean conical flasks, and sterile water preheated to 22°C was added at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20. The volume of the sterile water was denoted as V. The containers were sealed and placed in a constant-temperature shaking incubator. The conditions were set as follows: temperature 25°C, shaking frequency 50 rpm. Samples were taken at time points of 0.5h, 2h, 6h, 12h, 1d, 2d, 4d, and 8d. For each sample, 5mL of supernatant was taken using a syringe or pipette and immediately filtered through a 0.45μm aqueous filter membrane. The filtrate was used for selenium concentration determination. After sampling, an equal volume and isothermal amount of sterile water were immediately added to the container to maintain a constant total extraction volume V. The selenium concentration in the filtrate at each time point was determined using atomic fluorescence spectrometry and denoted as Ct. The cumulative release amount Qt at each time point was calculated. Qt = (Ct*V + ΣCi*5) / M; Wherein, ΣCi*5 is the liquid replenishment correction term, which is the result obtained by summing the selenium concentration Ct*5mL of samples taken at all previous time points at the current time point.

[0048] Plot a release curve with time on the x-axis and cumulative release amount Qt on the y-axis, as shown below. Figure 2 As shown, the time and Qt data are shown in Table 1.

[0049] Table 1: Cumulative Release Data Time / Release Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2 Comparative Example 3 0.5h 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.18 0.25 0.15 2h 0.25 0.21 0.20 0.28 0.55 0.32 6h 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.47 1.17 0.61 12h 0.72 0.70 0.65 0.78 1.83 0.95 1d 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.25 2.97 1.54 2d 1.82 1.80 1.75 1.95 4.26 2.41 4d 2.75 2.71 2.70 2.94 5.53 5.57 8d 3.94 3.92 3.90 4.65 6.87 6.88 Take 2g samples from Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 3-5, denoted as m0, and spread them evenly in a mesh bag. Immerse the bag in a beaker containing 500mL of sterile water and place it in a constant temperature incubator at 20-22℃. Samples are taken and observed at 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 9d, and 11d. At each time point, the sample is removed, the surface moisture is blotted with filter paper, and dried at 60℃ to constant weight, denoted as m. t Calculate the disintegration rate; Disintegration rate = (m0 - m) t ) / m0*100%; The results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3 As shown.

[0050] Table 2: Disintegration Rate Data Table Time / Disintegration Rate Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Comparative Example 3 Comparative Example 4 Comparative Example 5 1d 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.1 2.4 2.6 3d 0.8 0.7 0.6 3.5 5.8 6.2 5d 1.9 1.7 1.6 6.8 10.5 10.9 7d 3.4 3.2 3.0 10.5 16.0 17.1 9d 5.2 5.0 4.7 15.0 22.5 23.8 11d 7.1 7.0 6.6 20.1 30.2 31.5 Selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-2 were selected. All forms of selenium were converted into selenate by microwave digestion. The total selenium content was then determined by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry. 1g of the selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials from Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-2 were taken and extracted with deionized water by shaking for 1h. After centrifugation, the supernatant was taken and the selenium content was determined and recorded as the inorganic selenium content.

[0051] Organic selenium conversion rate = (total selenium content - inorganic selenium content) / total selenium content * 100%, and the results are shown in Table 3.

[0052] Table 3: Organic Selenium Conversion Rate Data Table Time / Disintegration Rate Total selenium content (mg / kg) Inorganic selenium content (mg / kg) Organic selenium conversion rate (%) Example 1 45.2 6.6 85.4 Example 2 45.7 6.4 86.1 Example 3 45.9 6.2 86.5 Comparative Example 1 42.1 14.6 65.2 Comparative Example 2 39.8 14.0 64.8 As shown in Table 1, Examples 1-3 exhibit ideal sustained-release curves: the release curves of the three examples almost overlap and are extremely flat. The 24-hour release is low, approximately 1.15 mg / g, and the cumulative release over 8 days is approximately 3.9 mg / g, exhibiting a perfect S-shaped sustained-release characteristic. This directly proves that the organic selenium co-converted by "yeast-edible mycelium" is effectively fixed by the "cottonseed protein-zeolite" network, resulting in slow and controllable release.

[0053] The release curve of Comparative Example 1, which lacks yeast, is generally low, with the lowest total release. This indicates that the absence of yeast leads to insufficient total active selenium source in the substrate, resulting in reduced fertilizer potential. Comparative Example 2, lacking edible fungal mycelium, exhibits a severe initial burst of release, with a 12-hour release of 1.83 mg / g, more than 2.5 times that of the example, and the release is even faster in the later stages. This demonstrates that without the three-dimensional network constructed by edible fungal mycelium, selenium cannot be effectively fixed and encapsulated, leading to rapid loss.

[0054] The release curve of Comparative Example 3 was similar to that of Example 1 for the first two days, but the release rate accelerated sharply after the fourth day, and the final release amount far exceeded that of Example 1. This indicates that the water resistance and curing ability of chitosan adhesive to the network structure are far inferior to those of cottonseed protein adhesive modified with dopamine, and it is unable to maintain structural stability under long-term immersion to control the release.

[0055] As can be seen from Table 2, the structures of Examples 1-3 are extremely stable, with very low disintegration rates and slow growth, and a cumulative disintegration rate of only about 7% after 11 days. This indicates that the cottonseed protein-based binder provides strong internal binding force, and the shellac-nanocellulose coating provides excellent external hydrophobic protection. The two work together to ensure the integrity of the particles under long-term water immersion.

[0056] The disintegration rate of Comparative Example 3 was significantly higher than that of Example 3, reaching 20.1% after 11 days, confirming that the adhesive strength of chitosan adhesive weakens under long-term wet conditions, leading to the disintegration of the internal structure of the particles.

[0057] Comparative Example 4, coated with sodium alginate, and Comparative Example 5, without nanocellulose, both exhibited a disintegration rate exceeding 30% after 11 days, with Comparative Example 4 disintegrating even faster. This demonstrates that shellac's hydrophobicity is the first crucial line of defense against moisture; and the reinforcing effect of nanocellulose is essential for maintaining the mechanical strength and density of the coating layer itself. The absence of either component leads to coating failure, resulting in rapid disintegration of the core particles.

[0058] As shown in Table 3, the total selenium content of Examples 1-3 was 45.2-45.9 mg / kg, while that of Comparative Examples 1-2 was 39.8-42.1 mg / kg. This indicates that the compound microbial agent, as a selenium carrier, can carry more selenium source. The organic selenium conversion rate of Examples 1-3 was over 85%, while that of Comparative Examples 1-2 was only 64-65%. This shows that the relay mode of "liquid selenium enrichment-solid conversion" effectively reduced the volatilization of selenium. In solid-state fermentation, yeast and edible mycelium not only assimilate some inorganic selenium themselves, but also carry out secondary conversion and deep integration of selenium source, so that selenium is firmly bound to mycelium, humus and complex organic polymers, which greatly reduces the proportion of water-soluble inorganic selenium and improves the conversion rate of organic selenium and the proportion of organic selenium in selenium source.

[0059] It should be understood that those skilled in the art can make improvements or modifications based on the above description, and all such improvements and modifications should fall within the protection scope of the appended claims. Parts not described in detail in this specification are prior art known to those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A hydroponic method for consuming fresh ginseng, characterized in that, Specifically, the following steps are included: Wash the ginseng seedlings, place them on a slightly damp non-woven fabric, and store them in cold air at an ambient temperature of 1.5-2.5℃ for 20-30 days to obtain cold-stored ginseng seedlings. Soak the ginseng seedlings in gibberellic acid for 15-20 minutes, then plant them in a foam board with a water trough depth of 8cm. Fill the water trough of the foam board with hydroponic release substrate, piling it up to a height of 1-2cm. Add water to the foam board, spacing each hole 4-5cm apart, and plant two seedlings in each hole, leaving the rhizome of the ginseng seedling exposed. Under an environment of relative humidity of 75-90% and temperature of 20-22℃, the water circulation device is maintained for 10 minutes every 20 minutes, the CO2 concentration is 800-1200ppm, the nutrient solution EC value is ≤1000, and the germination stem elongation occurs after 10-12 days of cultivation. Then, light is applied, with PPFD controlled at 20-50, photoperiod at 5 hours, light quality at a ratio of red light to other light of 7:3, temperature at 20-22℃, and water circulation device running for 10 minutes every 20 minutes. After 30-40 days of cultivation, fresh edible ginseng is obtained.

2. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 1, characterized in that, The preparation method for hydroponic release substrates includes the following steps: 15-25% of zeolite powder is mixed into the selenium-rich organic solid raw material, and 5-7% of cottonseed protein-based binder is added to the total system of selenium-rich organic solid raw material and zeolite powder. The mixture is then kneaded by machine and extruded into granules with a diameter of 2-4 mm by granulator. The granules are dried at 50-60℃ for 10-20 minutes to obtain decomposed organic granules. Place the decomposed organic granules in a coating machine and add shellac-nanocellulose coating solution to the spraying hopper at a rate of 3-5% of the mass of the decomposed organic granules. Spray the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution onto the surface of the decomposed organic granules to form a coating layer with a thickness of 20-24μm. Heat-treat the coated decomposed organic granules at 60-80℃ for 1-2 hours to ensure that the coating layer is completely and uniformly cured. Pass the coating layer through a 2-4mm sieve to obtain the hydroponic release substrate.

3. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 2, characterized in that, The preparation method of selenium-enriched organic solid raw materials specifically includes the following steps: Crush straw and legume roots and stems to 2-3 mm, add diatomaceous earth at a ratio of 10-12% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, add humic acid at a ratio of 5-7% of the total dry weight of straw and legume roots and stems, mix well, then add sterile water to adjust the moisture content of the system to 55-60% to obtain the fermentation substrate. Inoculate the fermentation substrate with compound microbial agent at 15-20% of the total dry weight of the substrate, and add molasses at 2-4% of the total weight of the fermentation substrate after inoculation with compound microbial agent. Mix thoroughly. Place the material in the fermentation tank, cover with a breathable cloth, and ferment at 28-30℃ for 5-7 days. Turn the material over once on the 2nd and 4th days. Then age it at room temperature (20-25℃) for 15-20 days, turning it over once every 5 days. After aging, the material is dried at a low temperature of 45-50℃ and then pulverized through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain selenium-rich organic solid raw material.

4. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 3, characterized in that, The preparation method of compound microbial agents, specifically... Includes the following steps: Add 10-14 mg / kg of selenium solution to the yeast culture medium and inoculate yeast at an inoculation rate of 5-8 mg / g. Ferment at 28-30℃ with aeration for 36-48 hours, collect the fungal sludge by centrifugation, and obtain selenium-enriched yeast sludge. Inoculate shiitake mushroom spawn into a solid culture medium at an inoculation rate of 15-18 mg / g, spray with 10-14 mg / kg selenium solution, and culture in the dark at 25-27℃ for 24-30 hours. Collect the mycelium to obtain selenium-enriched edible fungus mycelium. A compound microbial agent is obtained by mixing selenium-enriched yeast sludge with selenium-enriched edible fungi mycelium at a mass ratio of 1:(2-3).

5. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 2, characterized in that, The preparation method of cottonseed protein-based adhesive specifically includes the following steps: Weigh 100-110 parts by weight of cottonseed protein powder, add 500-520 parts by weight of deionized water, and disperse in a water bath at 50-55℃ at a speed of 300-500 rpm for 30-40 minutes. Then adjust the pH of the system to 9-10 by adding NaOH solution dropwise, and continue stirring at this pH for 1-2 hours to obtain cottonseed protein slurry. Add 15-20 parts by weight of citric acid powder to cottonseed protein slurry, maintain the temperature at 50-55℃, and stir continuously for 30-40 minutes. Adjust the pH of the system to 8.3-8.7 with NaOH solution to obtain protein-citric acid mixture. Dissolve dopamine in Tris-HCl buffer to prepare a 0.5-1.5% dopamine solution; The protein-citric acid mixture is heated to 60-65℃. Dopamine solution is added dropwise to the protein-citric acid mixture over 20-30 minutes while continuously stirring. The temperature is maintained at 60-65℃, and air is continuously introduced. The reaction is carried out for 3-6 hours. The product is then evaporated by rotary evaporation at 60-70℃ until the solid content reaches 25-35%, thus obtaining cottonseed protein-based adhesive.

6. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 2, characterized in that, The preparation method of shellac-nanocellulose coating solution specifically includes the following steps: Weigh 80-100 parts by weight of shellac and dissolve it in 720-740 parts by weight of anhydrous ethanol. Stir magnetically for 4-6 hours until the shellac is completely dissolved to obtain a shellac ethanol solution. Aminated nanocellulose was dispersed in water, and the solid content of the aminated nanocellulose was controlled to be 0.5-1%. The pH was then adjusted to 5-6 with glacial acetic acid solution, and the mixture was ultrasonically treated for 10-15 minutes to obtain an aminated nanocellulose dispersion. Under continuous stirring at 100-200 rpm, the aminocellulose dispersion is added dropwise to the shellac ethanol solution at a mass ratio of (2-4):

1. After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1-2 hours, then sonicated for 3-5 minutes. The pH is adjusted to 5.4-5.6, and the solid content of the system is adjusted to 8-12% with anhydrous ethanol to obtain the shellac-nanocellulose coating solution.

7. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 6, characterized in that, The power of the ultrasonic treatment was 200W.

8. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 5, characterized in that, Tris-HCl buffer is a phosphate buffer with a pH of 8.

5.

9. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 3, characterized in that, After aging, the selenium-rich organic solid raw materials are dried at low temperature until the moisture content is <12%.

10. The hydroponic method for fresh edible ginseng according to claim 4, characterized in that, The selenium solution is a sodium selenite solution with a concentration of 5-10 wt%.

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