Glass colored glaze for solving hot spot problem of photovoltaic cell and preparation method of glass colored glaze

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic glass, and provides glass colored glaze for solving the hot spot problem of a photovoltaic cell and a preparation method thereof.The method comprises the steps that raw materials are prepared, and the raw materials comprise glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment and an organic carrier; wherein the long-afterglow luminescent powder is a luminescent material which can be excited by ultraviolet light or blue light, the luminescent wavelength of the long-afterglow luminescent powder is 500-1100nm so as to be matched with the light absorption characteristic of a silicon-based battery, and the heat release peak temperature of the long-afterglow luminescent powder is 25-100 DEG C; mixing the glass powder, the long-afterglow luminescent powder, the pigment and the organic carrier according to a preset proportion to form glass colored glaze ink; printing the glass colored glaze ink on the front glass substrate through a silk-screen process to form a printing film layer with the thickness of 10-20 microns; the printed front glass substrate is subjected to high-temperature tempering sintering, a compact glass colored glaze layer is formed on the printing film layer, the tempering sintering temperature ranges from 600 DEG C to 730 DEG C, and the glass colored glaze is obtained. The glass colored glaze is suitable for various mainstream battery types.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of photovoltaic glass technology, and in particular to a glass glaze for solving the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] In building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) technology, the long-term reliable operation of photovoltaic modules, especially facade modules, faces severe challenges. In existing technologies, the output performance of photovoltaic cells is easily affected by weather changes and shading, leading to uneven illumination on the cell surface and causing shading and hot spot effects. The shading effect causes current mismatch within the module, resulting in a significant power decrease; the hot spot effect causes the local temperature of shaded cells to soar above 100°C, not only accelerating efficiency degradation but also severely damaging the reliability of the encapsulant film and cell lifespan. Although existing solutions use parallel bypass diodes to bypass abnormal cells to reduce energy consumption, this method only mitigates the gradual decline in performance and cannot fundamentally compensate for the photocurrent loss in shaded areas. It also struggles to control hot spot temperature, resulting in significant power loss, insufficient reliability, and high cost.

[0003] To address the aforementioned issues, existing technologies attempt to improve anti-shading performance through material optimization or structural design, but no solution has yet been found that utilizes the light storage and pyroluminescence properties of long-afterglow luminescent materials to solve the hot spot problem.

[0004] Therefore, a preparation method is urgently needed to solve at least one of the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application provides a glass glaze for solving the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells and its preparation method. The aim is to address the issue that existing technologies attempt to improve anti-shading performance through material optimization or structural design, but no solution has yet been found that utilizes the light storage and pyroluminescence properties of long afterglow luminescent materials to solve the hot spot problem.

[0006] In a first aspect, this application provides a method for preparing a glass glaze that solves the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells, the method comprising: Prepare raw materials, which include glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigments and organic carriers; wherein, the long afterglow luminescent powder is a luminescent material that can be excited by ultraviolet light or blue light, and its emission wavelength is 500 to 1100 nm to match the light absorption characteristics of silicon-based cells, and the pyrolysis peak temperature of the long afterglow luminescent powder is between 25°C and 100°C. The glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment and organic carrier are mixed in a preset ratio to form a glass enamel ink, wherein the long afterglow luminescent powder accounts for 5% to 20% of the mass of the glass enamel ink; The glass enamel ink is printed onto the front glass substrate using a screen printing process to form a printed film layer with a thickness of 10 to 20 μm. The printed front glass substrate is subjected to high-temperature tempering and sintering to form a dense glass enamel layer. The tempering and sintering temperature is 600℃ to 730℃ to obtain the glass enamel. The glass enamel is used in BIPV modules, which include a front glass layer, a glass enamel layer disposed on the front glass layer, and solar cells bonded between the front glass layer and the back glass layer by an upper adhesive film layer and a lower polymer adhesive film layer. The long-afterglow luminescent powder in the glass enamel layer can emit light for a long time after the excitation source is stopped, and releases photons due to its pyroluminescence properties when the temperature rises. The photons can be absorbed by the solar cells to increase the photocurrent of the solar cells in the shaded areas and reduce the power loss caused by the hot spot effect. At the same time, by controlling the pyroluminescence peak temperature of the long-afterglow luminescent powder, the temperature of the solar cells caused by the hot spot effect is controlled within a safe range, thereby improving the reliability and service life of the BIPV module.

[0007] In some embodiments, the long-afterglow luminescent powder that can be excited by ultraviolet light includes the blue light-emitting material CaAl2O4:Eu. 2 + ,Dy 3+ Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ Or green light material SrAl2O4:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ 、SrAl 14 O 15 Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ The long-afterglow luminescent powder that can be excited by blue light includes the yellow-light material Y3Al. 5-x Ga x O 12 :Ce 3+ ,Cr 3+ Red light material Y2O2S:Eu 3+ Mg, Ti or near-infrared materials Zn3Ga2Ge2O 10 :Cr 3+ .

[0008] In some embodiments, the pyrolysis peak temperature of the long afterglow luminescent powder is preferably between 35°C and 65°C to match the temperature control requirements for stable operation of the solar cell.

[0009] In some embodiments, the BIPV component includes: a front glass layer, a solar cell, a back glass layer, and an upper adhesive film layer and a lower polymeric adhesive film layer disposed between the front glass layer and the solar cell or between the solar cell and the back glass layer; the upper adhesive film layer and the lower polymeric adhesive film layer are formed by mixing polymeric materials with long-afterglow luminescent powder, wherein the long-afterglow luminescent powder has an emission wavelength of 500-1100 nm and a pyroluminescence peak temperature of 25℃-100℃, and the long-afterglow luminescent powder in the polymeric adhesive film layer emits light for a long time after the excitation source is stopped, and releases photons through pyroluminescence characteristics when the temperature rises, thereby increasing the photocurrent of the solar cell in the shaded area and controlling the hot spot temperature.

[0010] For example, the polymer film containing long-afterglow luminescent powder is prepared by mixing polymer materials and long-afterglow luminescent powder under conditions lower than the tempering and sintering temperature of glass enamel to form particles, and then forming the particles into a film layer by a pressing process, so as to avoid the efficiency decay of long-afterglow luminescent powder at high temperatures; the tempering and sintering temperature of the glass enamel is 600°C to 730°C.

[0011] In some embodiments, the solar cell is any one of Topcon solar cell, BC solar cell, HJT solar cell, and perovskite tandem solar cell, and the emission wavelength of the long afterglow luminescent powder is matched with the light absorption characteristics of the solar cell to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency; the emission wavelength is 500-1100nm.

[0012] In some embodiments, the glass enamel layer meets the preset architectural aesthetic requirements of BIPV components through the design of pigments with different colors and patterns, and combines pigments with a light transmittance of ≥80% with long afterglow luminescent powder to balance optical transmittance and supplemental lighting function in obstructed areas.

[0013] In some embodiments, the long-afterglow luminescent powder is applied to the glass enamel layer and the polymer film layer. The glass enamel layer is fixed to the front glass layer by a high-temperature sintering process, and the polymer film layer is formed by a low-temperature pressing process, which is used to synergistically improve the supplementary light efficiency of the shaded area and the hot spot temperature control effect.

[0014] In some embodiments, the preset mass ratio of the glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment, and organic carrier is: 50%-70% glass powder, 1%-20% long afterglow luminescent powder, 5%-15% pigment, and 10%-20% organic carrier.

[0015] Secondly, this application provides a glass glaze that solves the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells, which is prepared by the preparation method provided in any embodiment of this application.

[0016] This application utilizes a long-afterglow luminescent powder that can be excited by ultraviolet / blue light through material design. Its emission wavelength (500-1100nm) precisely matches the light absorption range of silicon-based cells, and its pyrolysis peak temperature (25℃-100℃) covers the typical temperature rise range of the hot spot effect. Glass powder, luminescent powder, pigment, and organic carrier are mixed in a specific ratio (luminescent powder accounts for 1%-20%) and a 10-20μm thick printed film layer is formed on an ultra-white glass substrate through screen printing. After tempering and sintering at 600℃-700℃, a dense colored glaze layer is formed. This glass colored glaze layer serves as the front panel functional layer of the BIPV module. Its luminescent powder continues to emit light after the light is stopped, and releases photons through the pyrolysis effect when the hot spot temperature rises, actively increasing the photocurrent of the cells in the shaded area, while controlling the temperature within a safe range.

[0017] This application differs from traditional passive bypass solutions by actively increasing the photocurrent in the shaded area through a dual mechanism of light storage and supplementation using long afterglow materials and pyroelectric temperature control. This reduces the shading effect and hot spot temperature rise from the source, avoiding a step-by-step decrease in power. The pyroelectric peak temperature (preferably 35℃-65℃) is precisely matched to the safe operating range of the battery cell, keeping the hot spot temperature within a reasonable range and significantly extending the life of the encapsulant and the battery. The glass enamel layer takes into account both architectural aesthetics (designing colors / patterns through pigments) and optical performance (high transmittance), making it suitable for various mainstream battery types such as Topcon and HJT. It also has nanosecond-level response capability to complex shading scenarios such as dust and dynamic shadows, making it highly practical.

[0018] In summary, existing technologies only passively alleviate hot spot problems by using bypass diodes or optimizing battery arrangement. However, this invention introduces the "light storage-pyroluminescence" characteristics of long-afterglow luminescent materials into the BIPV glass glaze layer for the first time. By precisely matching the material wavelength, pyroluminescence peak temperature, and battery light absorption characteristics, it achieves active control of photothermal coupling, namely "continuous supplemental light when light intensity is insufficient and active energy release when temperature rises." This breaks through the passive limitations of traditional solutions and represents a cross-domain innovation in material properties and photovoltaic module structure, demonstrating significant creativity and technological advancement.

[0019] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and do not limit this application. Attached Figure Description

[0020] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0021] Figure 1This is a schematic flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for preparing a glass glaze that solves the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells, as provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a glass glaze that solves the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells, provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0022] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and do not limit this application. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0024] The flowchart shown in the attached diagram is for illustrative purposes only and does not necessarily include all content and operations / steps, nor does it necessarily have to be performed in the described order. For example, some operations / steps can be broken down, combined, or partially merged, so the actual execution order may change depending on the actual situation.

[0025] It should be understood that, in order to clearly describe the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the terms "first" and "second" are used in the embodiments of the present invention to distinguish identical or similar items with essentially the same function and effect. Those skilled in the art will understand that the terms "first" and "second" do not limit the quantity or execution order, and the terms "first" and "second" are not necessarily different.

[0026] It should be understood that the terminology used in this specification is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the application. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0027] It should also be understood that the term “and / or” as used in this application specification and the appended claims means any combination of one or more of the associated listed items and all possible combinations, and includes such combinations.

[0028] The following detailed description of some embodiments of this application is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Unless otherwise specified, the following embodiments and features can be combined with each other.

[0029] In building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) technology, the long-term reliable operation of photovoltaic modules, especially facade modules, faces severe challenges. In existing technologies, the output performance of photovoltaic cells is easily affected by weather changes and shading, leading to uneven illumination on the cell surface and causing shading and hot spot effects. The shading effect causes current mismatch within the module, resulting in a significant power decrease; the hot spot effect causes the local temperature of shaded cells to soar above 100°C, not only accelerating efficiency degradation but also severely damaging the reliability of the encapsulant film and cell lifespan. Although existing solutions use parallel bypass diodes to bypass abnormal cells to reduce energy consumption, this method only mitigates the gradual decline in performance and cannot fundamentally compensate for the photocurrent loss in shaded areas. It also struggles to control hot spot temperature, resulting in significant power loss, insufficient reliability, and high cost.

[0030] To address the aforementioned issues, existing technologies attempt to improve anti-shading performance through material optimization or structural design, but no solution has yet been found that utilizes the light storage and pyroluminescence properties of long-afterglow luminescent materials to solve the hot spot problem.

[0031] Therefore, a preparation method is urgently needed to solve at least one of the above problems.

[0032] To resolve the above issues, please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 1 , Figure 1 This is a schematic flowchart illustrating a method for preparing a glass enamel that solves the hot spot problem in photovoltaic cells, according to an embodiment of this application. This method is used to prepare... Figure 2 The corresponding glass enamel for solving the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells. The glass enamel for solving the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells includes a front glass layer 1-2 and a glass enamel layer 1-1 printed and sintered on the front glass layer 1-2. The glass enamel layer 1-1 is formed by mixing and sintering glass powder, pigments and organic carriers. The 1-4 solar cells are bonded to the front glass layer 1-2 and the back glass layer 1-6 through the upper adhesive film layer 1-3 and the lower polymer adhesive film layer 1-5, respectively.

[0033] Please refer to Figure 1 Specifically, such as Figure 1 As shown, the method for preparing glass enamel to solve the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells includes steps S101 to S104. Details are as follows: Step S101. Prepare raw materials, including glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment and organic carrier; wherein, the long afterglow luminescent powder is a luminescent material that can be excited by ultraviolet light or blue light, and its emission wavelength is 500 to 1100 nm to match the light absorption characteristics of silicon-based cells, and the pyrolysis peak temperature of the long afterglow luminescent powder is between 25°C and 100°C.

[0034] Specifically, the core of this step is to screen and prepare the raw materials used to prepare the glass enamel layer, including glass powder, long-afterglow luminescent powder, pigments, and organic carriers. Among these, the long-afterglow luminescent powder is a key functional material, requiring the following characteristics: Excitation and luminescence properties: It can be excited by ultraviolet light (200-400nm) or blue light (400-500nm), with an emission wavelength range of 500-1100nm, to match the absorption spectrum of silicon-based cells (such as TOPCon, HJT, and perovskite tandem cells) (silicon-based materials have the highest absorption efficiency for light with wavelengths of 500-1100nm). Pyroluminescence properties: The pyroluminescence peak temperature is between 25℃ and 100℃ (preferably 35-65℃), ensuring that when the BIPV module experiences a temperature rise due to shading, the long-afterglow material can release photons through the pyroluminescence effect, specifically increasing the photocurrent of the cells in the shaded area.

[0035] Selection of long-afterglow luminescent powder: Ultraviolet light excitation type: blue light materials, green light materials; Blue light excitation type: yellow light materials, red light materials, near-infrared materials. Glass powder: Select low-melting-point glass powder (such as borosilicate glass powder) with a softening point and tempering sintering temperature (600-700℃) to ensure chemical bonding with the front glass substrate after sintering. Pigments: Select pigments (such as titanium dioxide, iron oxide) according to architectural aesthetic requirements, but the amount added must be controlled to ensure the light transmittance of the glaze layer (avoid excessive absorption of sunlight, which would affect the excitation efficiency of the long-afterglow material). Organic carrier: Use environmentally friendly organic resin (such as acrylic resin) mixed with solvent (such as terpineol) as the ink dispersion medium to ensure uniform dispersion of each component.

[0036] By directly covering the high-efficiency light absorption range of silicon-based solar cells with a emission wavelength of 500-1100nm, the photocurrent compensation efficiency of the cells in the shaded areas is maximized. The pyroluminescence peak temperature matches the temperature rise range of the hot spot effect (25℃-100℃). When the local temperature of the cell rises, the long-afterglow material releases energy through pyroluminescence, suppressing further temperature increases and controlling the temperature within a safe range (e.g., ≤65℃), thus avoiding film aging and cell damage. The selection of glass powder and organic carrier ensures the stability of each component in the subsequent sintering process, preventing the long-afterglow material from failing due to high temperatures.

[0037] Step S102. Mix glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment and organic carrier in a preset ratio to form glass glaze ink. The mass percentage of long afterglow luminescent powder in the glass glaze ink is 5% to 20%.

[0038] Specifically, glass powder, long-afterglow luminescent powder, pigment, and organic carrier are mixed in a preset ratio, and a uniform ink is prepared through a dispersion process. The mass percentage of the long-afterglow luminescent powder is controlled between 1% and 20%: a lower limit of 5% to ensure sufficient luminescent powder concentration for effective light compensation; and an upper limit of 20% to avoid excessive concentration leading to insufficient glass powder content, which would affect the glass transition sintering density of the colored glaze layer.

[0039] Mixing parameters: Glass powder: 60%-80% (provides the glass phase structure after sintering); Long afterglow luminescent powder: 1%-20% (functional core); Pigment: 0%-10% (added as needed, prioritizing light transmittance); Organic carrier: 10%-20% (adjusts ink viscosity). Dispersion process: Mix using a three-roll mill or ball mill for 30-60 minutes to ensure particle size ≤10μm, avoiding agglomeration that affects printing uniformity.

[0040] A 1%-20% luminescent powder ratio balances light compensation and glaze strength, preventing cracking or reduced light transmittance after sintering due to excessive filler. Fine grinding ensures uniform distribution of the luminescent powder in the ink, avoiding inconsistent light emission caused by uneven concentration in certain areas after printing, thus improving the performance stability of BIPV components.

[0041] Step S103. The glass enamel ink is printed onto the front glass substrate by screen printing to form a printed film layer with a thickness of 10 to 20 μm.

[0042] Specifically, glass enamel ink is applied to the surface of the front glass substrate via screen printing to form a uniform film layer with a thickness of 10-20 μm. This thickness range takes into account the following requirements: lower limit 10 μm: to ensure sufficient content of long afterglow material to provide continuous luminescence energy; upper limit 20 μm: to avoid excessive film thickness leading to decreased light transmittance or rough surface after sintering.

[0043] Screen printing parameters: Use a 200-300 mesh stainless steel screen, with screen tension controlled at 20-30 N / cm to ensure ink permeability and film thickness accuracy. Printing process: Use a squeegee pressure of 5-10 N / mm and a printing speed of 50-100 mm / s. A single print forms a wet film. After pre-drying (80-120℃, 5-10 minutes) to remove solvent, printing can be repeated to adjust the thickness.

[0044] By using a 10-20μm film layer, the light-emitting material load is ensured while avoiding significant impact on the light transmittance of the front glass substrate, thus ensuring normal sunlight incidence in the unshaded area. The screen printing process supports complex architectural pattern designs (such as decorative patterns on enamel curtain walls), achieving a combination of functionality and aesthetics to meet the building integration requirements of BIPV components.

[0045] Step S104. The printed front glass substrate is subjected to high-temperature tempering and sintering to form a dense glass enamel layer. The tempering and sintering temperature is 600℃ to 730℃ to obtain the glass enamel. The glass enamel is used in BIPV modules. The BIPV module includes a front glass layer, a glass enamel layer disposed on the front glass layer, and solar cells bonded between the front glass layer and the back glass layer by an upper adhesive film layer and a lower polymer adhesive film layer. The long-afterglow luminescent powder in the glass enamel layer can emit light for a long time after the excitation source is stopped, and releases photons due to its pyroluminescence properties when the temperature rises. The photons can be absorbed by the solar cells to increase the photocurrent of the solar cells in the shaded area and reduce the power loss caused by the hot spot effect. At the same time, by controlling the pyroluminescence peak temperature of the long-afterglow luminescent powder, the temperature of the solar cells caused by the hot spot effect is controlled within a safe range, thereby improving the reliability and service life of the BIPV module.

[0046] Specifically, the printed front glass substrate is placed in a tempering furnace and sintered at 600-700℃ for 10-30 minutes. This melts the glass powder in the ink and forms a chemical bond with the surface of the front glass substrate, while the organic carrier evaporates, ultimately forming a dense glass enamel layer. The process parameters balance the following objectives: Temperature 600-700℃: above the softening point of the glass powder (ensuring glass phase formation), below the tempering critical temperature of the front glass substrate (avoiding substrate deformation); Time 10-30 minutes: ensuring complete sintering while preventing the luminous efficiency of long-afterglow materials from decreasing due to prolonged high temperatures.

[0047] Tempering furnace control: Gradual heating is adopted (e.g., room temperature → 300℃ → 650℃, heating rate 5-10℃ / minute) to avoid sudden temperature changes that could cause cracking of the glass substrate; Cooling process: After sintering, the substrate is cooled to room temperature in the furnace or enters the tempering process (if the front glass substrate needs to be tempered simultaneously) to improve the mechanical strength of the substrate.

[0048] The sintered glass enamel layer forms a tightly bonded chemical bond with the front glass substrate, exhibiting a hardness ≥6H and significantly improved weather resistance (such as resistance to UV and damp heat), making it suitable for long-term outdoor use. Under short-time sintering at 600-700℃, the pyroluminescence characteristics of the long-afterglow material are not significantly affected (unlike the low-temperature film formation of polymer film processes, the glass enamel process avoids high-temperature failure through material selection and optimized sintering parameters). The long-afterglow material in the dense enamel layer continuously compensates for the photocurrent in the shaded area through a triple mechanism of light storage, emission, and pyroluminescence when shaded. Simultaneously, by controlling the pyroluminescence peak temperature, the cell temperature is stabilized within a safe range, fundamentally reducing the hot spot effect and improving the lifespan of the BIPV module.

[0049] In summary, the above four steps, through raw material selection, proportion optimization, precise coating, and high-temperature sintering, form a glass enamel layer that combines decorative and functional properties. Among them, the spectral matching and pyroelectric characteristics of the long-afterglow luminescent powder are the core innovations. Compared with the traditional bypass diode solution, this method transforms from "passive bypass" to "active light compensation," which not only makes up for power loss but also improves reliability through temperature control, providing a systematic solution to the hot spot problem of BIPV modules.

[0050] In some embodiments, the long-afterglow luminescent powder that can be excited by ultraviolet light includes the blue light-emitting material CaAl2O4:Eu. 2 + ,Dy 3+ Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ Or green light material SrAl2O4:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ 、SrAl 14 O 15 Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ The long-afterglow luminescent powder that can be excited by blue light includes the yellow-light material Y3Al. 5-x Ga x O 12 :Ce 3+ ,Cr 3+ Red light material Y2O2S:Eu 3+ Mg, Ti or near-infrared materials Zn3Ga2Ge2O 10 :Cr 3+ .

[0051] UV-excited long-afterglow luminescent powder: Blue light material: CaAl2O4:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ or Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ Its excitation wavelength is 200-400nm (ultraviolet light), and its emission wavelength is 450-500nm (blue light). This type of material can directly absorb the ultraviolet component of sunlight, store light, and continue to emit light when there is no direct sunlight.

[0052] Green light material: SrAl2O4:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ or SrAl 14 O 15 Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ The excitation wavelength is 200-400nm, and the emission wavelength is 500-550nm (green light). Green light is more easily absorbed by silicon-based cells, and is especially suitable for the spectral response range of cells such as TOPCon and HJT.

[0053] Blue light-excited long-afterglow luminescent powder: Yellow light material: Y3Al 5-x Ga x O 12 :Ce 3+ ,Cr 3+ The excitation wavelength is 400-480nm (blue light), and the emission wavelength is 550-600nm (yellow light), matching the high-efficiency absorption of the yellow spectrum by the solar cell.

[0054] Red light material: Y2O2S:Eu 3+ Mg,Ti, with an excitation wavelength of 450-490nm and an emission wavelength of 600-700nm (red light), are suitable for perovskite tandem solar cells that require red light compensation.

[0055] Near-infrared material: Zn3Ga2Ge2O 10 :Cr 3+ The excitation wavelength is 450-500nm, and the emission wavelength is 800-1100nm (near-infrared). This technology aims to improve the utilization rate of long-wavelength photons by taking advantage of the absorption characteristics of near-infrared light in silicon-based solar cells.

[0056] Based on the energy distribution of ultraviolet (approximately 5%) and blue (approximately 20%) light in sunlight, corresponding excitation types of luminescent powder are selected to ensure efficient light storage during the day. For example, ultraviolet excitation materials directly utilize ultraviolet energy, while blue excitation materials utilize the high-energy portion of the visible spectrum to broaden the energy absorption range. Blue light (450-500nm), green light (500-550nm), yellow light (550-600nm), red light (600-700nm), and near-infrared light (800-1100nm) cover the main light absorption range (500-1100nm) of silicon-based solar cells. In particular, near-infrared light can penetrate the antireflective layer on the surface of the solar cell, exciting the silicon material to generate photogenerated carriers and maximizing compensation for photocurrent loss in shaded areas. The selected materials are all rare-earth-doped inorganic luminescent powders, which are heat-resistant (do not decompose at the glass enamel sintering temperature of 600-700℃) and weather-resistant, making them suitable for the long-term outdoor use environment of BIPV modules.

[0057] In some embodiments, the pyrolysis peak temperature of the long afterglow luminescent powder is preferably between 35°C and 65°C to match the temperature control requirements for stable operation of the solar cell.

[0058] The pyroelectric properties of long-afterglow luminescent powders were tested using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pyroelectric spectroscopy (TSL) to screen materials with pyroelectric peak temperatures between 35℃ and 65℃. For example, SrAl2O4:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ Adjusting the doping concentration can raise the pyroelectric peak from 25℃ to 60℃; for YY3Al5-x Ga x O 12 :Ce 3+ ,Cr 3+ Through Ga 3+ The doping ratio is optimized to control the pyroluminescence peak at 50-55℃. When the cell generates hot spots due to shading, the temperature starts to rise from room temperature (25℃). When it reaches 35℃, it triggers the pyroluminescence of the long afterglow material, releasing the stored photons. When the temperature rises to 65℃, the pyroluminescence efficiency reaches its peak, and the continuous luminescence reduces the cell temperature, forming a negative feedback mechanism of "temperature rise-luminescence-cooling".

[0059] The optimal operating temperature for silicon-based solar cells is 25-55℃. Efficiency drops significantly above 65℃, and the reliability of the photoresist film begins to deteriorate. The pyroluminescence peak range of 35-65℃ ensures that compensation is initiated as soon as an abnormal temperature rise occurs (e.g., at 35℃), and luminescence is enhanced as the temperature approaches the critical temperature (65℃), firmly controlling the temperature within a safe range and avoiding cell degradation and photoresist film aging caused by localized overheating. The pyroluminescence response speed is on the nanosecond to millisecond scale, matching the temperature rise rate of the hot spot effect (typically 0.1-1℃ per second), ensuring that photons are released immediately upon a slight temperature rise, suppressing hot spot development, rather than passively waiting for the temperature to become too high before intervention (as with traditional bypass diodes that require reaching a threshold voltage to activate).

[0060] In some embodiments, the BIPV component includes: a front glass layer, a solar cell, a back glass layer, and an upper adhesive film layer and a lower polymeric adhesive film layer disposed between the front glass layer and the solar cell or between the solar cell and the back glass layer; the upper adhesive film layer and the lower polymeric adhesive film layer are formed by mixing polymeric materials with long-afterglow luminescent powder, wherein the long-afterglow luminescent powder has an emission wavelength of 500-1100 nm and a pyroluminescence peak temperature of 25℃-100℃, and the long-afterglow luminescent powder in the polymeric adhesive film layer emits light for a long time after the excitation source is stopped, and releases photons through pyroluminescence characteristics when the temperature rises, thereby increasing the photocurrent of the solar cell in the shaded area and controlling the hot spot temperature.

[0061] Adhesive film composition: Upper adhesive film layer: Located between the front glass substrate and the solar cell, it is made of polymer materials such as PVB, EVA, POE, or PVE mixed with long-afterglow luminescent powder, with a thickness of 50-100μm. Lower adhesive film layer: Located between the solar cell and the back glass, it can be made of pure polymer materials or the same mixed luminescent powder (depending on design requirements), serving both bonding and protection functions.

[0062] Mixing process: Polymer particles (such as EVA particles) are mixed with long afterglow luminescent powder at a mass ratio of 95:5 to 80:20 and melt-mixed in a twin-screw extruder at 120-150℃ (600-700℃ lower than the sintering temperature of glass enamel) to form uniform masterbatch; the masterbatch is made into a film by casting or calendering process with a thickness accuracy of ±5μm to ensure that the luminescent powder is uniformly dispersed without agglomeration.

[0063] The mixing temperature of 120-150℃ is much lower than the high-temperature failure temperature of the luminescent powder (usually >300℃), avoiding the impact of the high temperature (600-700℃) during the sintering of the glass enamel on some materials and broadening the selection range of luminescent powders (such as certain organic long-afterglow materials or low-heat-resistant inorganic materials that can be used for the adhesive film layer). The adhesive film layer covers the upper and lower surfaces of the solar cell, forming a three-dimensional supplementary lighting with the glass enamel layer (upper surface) – “top enamel luminescence + upper and lower adhesive film luminescence” – which is especially comprehensive for light compensation in areas with edge obstruction or gaps between solar cells. The polymer adhesive film itself provides adhesion, waterproofing, and weather resistance. After being mixed with luminescent powder, it additionally provides pyroluminescence compensation without affecting the basic performance, achieving “two uses in one material”.

[0064] For example, the polymer film containing long-afterglow luminescent powder is prepared by mixing polymer materials and long-afterglow luminescent powder under conditions lower than the tempering and sintering temperature of glass enamel to form particles, and then forming the particles into a film layer by a pressing process, so as to avoid the efficiency decay of long-afterglow luminescent powder at high temperatures; the tempering and sintering temperature of the glass enamel is 600°C to 730°C.

[0065] Masterbatch preparation: Raw material ratio: polymer matrix (e.g., POE) 80-95wt%, long afterglow luminescent powder 5-20wt%, antioxidant 0.5-1wt% (e.g., hindered phenols), UV absorber 0.5-1wt% (e.g., benzotriazoles). Mixing equipment: Use a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with a screw length-to-diameter ratio of 30:1. The temperature of the first stage is 120℃ (feeding zone), the second stage is 140℃ (melting zone), and the third stage is 150℃ (mixing zone). The screw speed is 200-300rpm to ensure thorough mixing of the luminescent powder and polymer.

[0066] Film forming process: The masterbatch is cast into a film through a T-die, with a die temperature of 150-160℃, a cooling roller temperature of 50-60℃, and a traction speed of 5-10m / min, forming a film of uniform thickness; the film is then laminated with the front glass substrate, battery cells, and back glass in a laminator, with a lamination temperature of 130-150℃, a pressure of 1-2 bar, and a time of 10-20 minutes, forming an integrated module.

[0067] To avoid high-temperature failure: the sintering temperature of glass enamel (600-700℃) may cause some long afterglow materials (such as those containing Dy) to fail. 3+The luminescent efficiency of phosphors decreases due to lattice distortion at high temperatures, while the low-temperature process (≤160℃) of the film layer completely avoids this problem, allowing the use of more temperature-sensitive but high-performance materials (such as high-brightness green phosphors SrAl2O4:Eu). 2+ ,Dy 3+ Existing BIPV module encapsulant layer production equipment requires no major modifications; only a mixing step needs to be added, reducing industrialization costs. Simultaneously, low-temperature pressing does not affect the electrode welding of the solar cells or the bonding strength of the backsheet, ensuring module reliability.

[0068] In some embodiments, the solar cell is any one of Topcon solar cell, BC solar cell, HJT solar cell, and perovskite tandem solar cell, and the emission wavelength of the long afterglow luminescent powder is matched with the light absorption characteristics of the solar cell to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency; the emission wavelength is 500-1100nm.

[0069] Topcon batteries have a light absorption peak of 600-900nm and use red (600-700nm) or near-infrared (800-1100nm) luminescent powder to enhance long-wavelength photon absorption.

[0070] BC battery: It responds well to blue light (450-500nm) and green light (500-550nm), and is matched with ultraviolet-excited blue / green light-emitting powder to improve the utilization rate of short-wavelength light.

[0071] HJT batteries: Broad-spectrum absorption (400-1100nm), can be mixed with blue (450-500nm), yellow (550-600nm), and near-infrared (800-1100nm) luminescent powders to cover the entire light absorption range.

[0072] Perovskite tandem solar cell: The upper perovskite layer absorbs 400-800nm, and the lower silicon-based layer absorbs 800-1100nm. Therefore, blue light (450-500nm) is used to excite yellow light (550-600nm) and near-infrared (800-1100nm) luminescent powder to compensate for the spectral requirements of the upper and lower layers respectively.

[0073] By precisely matching the light absorption characteristics of different battery technologies with the emission wavelength, for example, the tunneling oxide layer of Topcon cells has high transmittance to near-infrared light, and near-infrared luminescent powder can directly excite the silicon substrate; the double-junction structure of perovskite tandem cells achieves layered supplementary lighting through luminescent powders of different wavelengths, avoiding energy waste. Whether it is a traditional silicon-based cell or a new type of tandem cell, efficient compensation can be achieved by adjusting the luminescent powder combination, supporting the technological iteration of BIPV modules (such as when upgrading from HJT to perovskite tandem, only the luminescent powder ratio needs to be changed, without changing the overall structure).

[0074] In some embodiments, the glass enamel layer meets the preset architectural aesthetic requirements of BIPV components through the design of pigments with different colors and patterns, and combines pigments with a light transmittance of ≥80% with long afterglow luminescent powder to balance optical transmittance and supplemental lighting function in obstructed areas.

[0075] Pigment Selection and Design: Color Design: Inorganic pigments such as titanium dioxide (white), iron oxide (red / yellow), and cobalt oxide (blue) are used, and patterns (such as geometric shapes and gradient patterns) are created through screen printing to meet the decorative requirements of building curtain walls. Light Transmittance Control: The amount of pigment added is ≤15wt%, and ultrafine pigments with a particle size ≤5μm are selected to ensure that the sunlight transmittance of the colored glaze layer is ≥80% (test wavelength 300-1200nm), avoiding excessive absorption of incident light that could affect the excitation efficiency of long-afterglow materials.

[0076] Structural optimization: The thickness of the colored glaze layer is controlled at 10-20μm, with the pigment distributed in the gap between the glass powder and the long afterglow luminescent powder, which not only creates the color effect, but also does not hinder the absorption of ultraviolet / blue light and secondary luminescence of the luminescent powder.

[0077] Through color and pattern design, BIPV modules can replace traditional glass curtain walls, meeting architects' diverse aesthetic needs (such as imitation stone and gradient colors), and driving the transformation of photovoltaic buildings from "functional equipment" to "architectural aesthetic elements." A light transmittance of ≥80% ensures sufficient sunlight intake, maintaining normal power generation in unshaded areas; the composite system of pigments and luminescent powder compensates for energy loss during shading, avoiding the decrease in power generation efficiency caused by decorative requirements in traditional colored glaze curtain walls, achieving "aesthetics without sacrificing performance."

[0078] In some embodiments, the long-afterglow luminescent powder is applied to the glass enamel layer and the polymer film layer. The glass enamel layer is fixed to the front glass layer by a high-temperature sintering process, and the polymer film layer is formed by a low-temperature pressing process, which is used to synergistically improve the supplementary light efficiency of the shaded area and the hot spot temperature control effect.

[0079] Dual-layer material layout: Glass enamel layer (upper layer): Screen-printed and sintered on the inner side of the front glass substrate, containing high-temperature resistant, long-afterglow luminescent powder. It absorbs ultraviolet light and stores energy, emitting light continuously when shaded, while also providing architectural decoration. Polymer film layer (middle layer): Low-temperature resistant, long-afterglow luminescent powder is compounded in the upper film layer. It absorbs blue light transmitted through the enamel layer and emits light a second time, covering the upper and lower surfaces of the solar cell, enhancing supplemental lighting in edge and gap areas.

[0080] Under strong daylight, both the enamel layer and the film layer store light simultaneously. When shaded, the enamel layer preferentially releases the stored ultraviolet excitation light, while the film layer releases blue excitation light, forming continuous luminescence at different wavelengths and locations, extending the supplementary lighting time (continuous luminescence for 6-12 hours at night). When hot spots occur, the luminescent powder in the enamel layer (pyroluminescence peak 35-65℃) and the film layer (pyroluminescence peak 25-100℃) responds in stages: in the low-temperature range (35-50℃), the film layer dominates luminescence, while in the mid-temperature range (50-65℃), the enamel layer enhances luminescence, forming compensation that covers the entire temperature range.

[0081] The top layer of colored glaze addresses top obstructions (such as dust and bird droppings) to supplement lighting, while the middle layer of film addresses shadows on the sides and bottom of the cells (such as shadows between cells), avoiding blind spots in lighting from a single material. The high-temperature sintering of the colored glaze layer ensures long-term reliability (lifespan ≥ 25 years), while the low-temperature process of the film layer enables material diversity. Together, they improve lighting efficiency (more than 30% higher than a single layer) and enhance the accuracy of hot spot temperature control (temperature fluctuation ≤ 5℃).

[0082] In some embodiments, the preset mass ratio of the glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment, and organic carrier is: 50%-70% glass powder, 1%-20% long afterglow luminescent powder, 5%-15% pigment, and 10%-20% organic carrier.

[0083] Glass powder (50%-70wt%): Select low melting point borosilicate glass powder (softening point 550-650℃) with a particle size of 1-5μm to ensure the formation of a continuous glass phase after sintering, providing structural support and chemical stability.

[0084] Long afterglow luminescent powder (5%-20wt%): Lower limit 5%: Ensure that the content of luminescent powder in each square centimeter of film is ≥0.1mg to provide sufficient light storage; Upper limit 20%: Avoid excessive luminescent powder leading to insufficient glass powder content, which will cause the film to crack after sintering (when the glass powder content is <50%, the mechanical strength will decrease significantly).

[0085] Pigment (5%-15wt%): Adjust according to the required color depth. For example, add 5-10wt% for white pigment (TiO2) and 10-15wt% for dark pigment (such as blue), while ensuring that the light transmittance of sunlight is ≥80%.

[0086] Organic carrier (10%-20wt%): composed of acrylic resin (8-12wt%) and terpineol (2-8wt%), adjusting the ink viscosity to 1000-2000mPa*s to ensure good leveling and no edge jaggedness during screen printing.

[0087] A glass powder content of 50%-70% ensures that the sintered film has a hardness ≥6H, a flexural strength ≥100MPa, and impact resistance that meets GB / T 2680 standards. It also provides a stable glass matrix for the luminescent powder, preventing detachment or agglomeration during long-term use. A luminescent powder concentration of 1%-20% strikes a balance between spectral absorption (sufficient particle capture of excitation light) and light scattering (avoiding self-absorption due to excessive concentration). Tests show that at this ratio, the light storage efficiency of the luminescent powder is increased by 40% compared to a single glass matrix, and the pyroluminescence intensity is increased by 35%. A 10%-20% organic carrier ensures good screen transmittance of the ink and the integrity of the dried film, preventing printing defects (such as pinholes and uneven thickness) from affecting subsequent sintering quality.

[0088] In some embodiments, a spectral sensor is deployed to monitor the ultraviolet / blue light energy distribution (200-500nm wavelength band) of sunlight in the target area in real time, a temperature sensor collects the surface temperature of the BIPV module (accuracy ±0.5℃), and a camera captures images of the module's appearance to determine the degree of shading (e.g., dust coverage area, shadow location). The cell type (Topcon / HJT / perovskite tandem), module installation tilt angle, and local climate data (average annual sunshine duration, extreme temperature range) are simultaneously input to the edge computing module.

[0089] Machine learning model construction: The random forest algorithm is used to train the prediction model of "luminescent powder ratio - environmental parameters - compensation efficiency". The input features include: environmental parameters: ultraviolet light intensity, blue light intensity, ambient temperature, humidity; component parameters: cell type, enamel layer transmittance, and film layer thickness; the output target is the optimal long afterglow luminescent powder type (ultraviolet excitation / blue light excitation) and mass ratio (1%-20% range subdivided, accuracy 0.1%), while optimizing the pigment ratio (adjusting the color depth while ensuring that the sunlight transmittance is ≥80%).

[0090] Closed-loop control execution: Production phase: Based on long-term meteorological data of the project location (obtained via API), a model is run in advance to generate a customized mixing scheme to guide the mixing of raw materials (e.g., increasing CaAl2O4:Eu in high UV areas). 2+ ,Dy 3+ Up to 18%, the moisture-proof Y3Al type has been added to the rainy and humid areas of Hainan. 5-x Ga x O 12 :Ce 3+ ,Cr 3+ Up to 15%). Operation and maintenance phase: When the sensor detects that the shading rate is >15% for 3 consecutive days (such as during the shading season), the model automatically fine-tunes the excitation threshold of the luminescent powder in the film layer to improve the sensitivity of pyroluminescence.

[0091] Compared to traditional fixed-ratio schemes, machine learning systems can improve photocurrent compensation efficiency in shaded areas by 25%-30%. For example, during sandstorms in North China in spring, the model dynamically increases the proportion of UV-excited luminescent powder, utilizing the UV light scattered by sandstorms to enhance light storage, resulting in a 28% improvement in compensation efficiency compared to a fixed ratio. Through transfer learning, the model can quickly adapt to different climate zones (from temperate to tropical), solving the performance degradation problem of traditional schemes in extreme environments (such as compensation delay caused by pyrolysis peak temperature drift in tropical high-temperature regions). It avoids material waste caused by excessive luminescent powder addition by automatically reducing the proportion of rare rare-earth luminescent powder (such as near-infrared material Zn3Ga2Ge2O) in low-light areas. 10 :Cr³ + (From 20% to 8%), material costs decreased by 11%-20%.

[0092] In some embodiments, the proposed intelligent control method for sintering process based on neural networks includes: hardware system integration: installing an infrared thermal imager (resolution 1024×768) in the tempering furnace to monitor the surface temperature distribution of the glass enamel layer in real time, and embedding a thermocouple sensor at the edge of the front glass substrate to monitor the temperature of the core area (accuracy ±1℃).

[0093] An edge computing unit is deployed, equipped with an LSTM neural network model, to process temperature data in real time and predict the luminous efficiency change of long afterglow luminescent powder during sintering (based on a material thermal degradation kinetic model training).

[0094] Dynamic process parameter adjustment: Heating stage: When the model detects that the temperature rise rate in a certain area exceeds 12℃ / min (which may cause lattice distortion of the luminescent powder), the heating power is automatically adjusted to control the rate within the safe range of 5-10℃ / min. Holding stage: The holding time is dynamically adjusted according to the type of luminescent powder (e.g., the optimal holding time is 15 minutes for near-infrared materials and 25 minutes for green materials). The holding time is controlled by a PID algorithm in a closed loop based on the luminescence intensity signal fed back from the real-time spectrometer.

[0095] Quality traceability and model iteration: Luminous efficiency tests are conducted on each batch of sintered components (500-1100nm spectral intensity is measured after excitation with a 365nm UV lamp). The data is fed back into the neural network to optimize the temperature-time control strategy and achieve a closed loop of "production-testing-learning".

[0096] Compared to the traditional fixed sintering process (650℃ / 20 minutes), the luminescence decay rate of long afterglow materials under intelligent control is reduced from 12% to less than 5%. For example, for temperature-sensitive red light materials, by segmented heating (500℃→600℃→650℃, with a 5-minute pause at each stage), the luminescence efficiency retention rate after sintering is increased from 78% to 92%. Defect early warning capability: Infrared thermal imagers combined with neural networks can identify areas of uneven temperature within the tempering furnace in advance (such as localized overheating caused by aging heating tubes), reducing the sintering scrap rate from 8% to below 2%. Energy consumption optimization: By dynamically adjusting the holding time, the energy consumption per furnace is reduced by 10%-15%. Based on an annual production of 100,000 square meters of modules, this translates to annual electricity savings of approximately 300,000 kWh.

[0097] In some embodiments, a digital twin-based intelligent prediction and dynamic compensation system for hot spots is proposed, comprising: digital twin model construction: a three-dimensional thermal-electric coupling model of the BIPV component is established using COMSOL Multiphysics. Input parameters include: physical parameters: pyroelectric characteristic curve of long-afterglow phosphor, thermal conductivity of the glass enamel layer (1.2 W / m*K), and electrical parameters of the solar cell (short-circuit current temperature coefficient -0.045% / ℃); environmental parameters: real-time wind speed, solar irradiance, and location of obstructions (obtained through UAV inspection image recognition). The model is updated every 10 seconds to predict areas where hot spots may appear within the next 30 minutes (areas with temperatures ≥65℃ and lasting for more than 5 minutes).

[0098] Dynamic compensation execution mechanism: Hardware layer: A micro-LED array (wavelength matched to the excitation spectrum of long-afterglow luminescent powder, such as 365nm ultraviolet LED, 450nm blue LED) is integrated into the glass enamel layer, with each LED corresponding to a 10×10cm component area. Control logic: When the digital twin model predicts that a hot spot will occur in a certain area (the cell temperature is expected to rise to 60℃), the corresponding LED array is automatically triggered to emit excitation light, forcibly activating the long-afterglow material to release photons in advance, reducing the cell heating rate (target: reduce the temperature rise rate from 1.5℃ / min to below 0.5℃ / min).

[0099] Multi-source data fusion: Combining infrared thermal images of component surfaces (drone inspection) and real-time monitoring data of cell IV curves (through embedded sensors), the parameters of the digital twin model are corrected to form a "prediction-execution-feedback" closed loop, improving the prediction accuracy to over 95%.

[0100] By providing a 30-minute advance warning and activating the compensation mechanism, the hot spot incidence rate is reduced from 5% / year to below 0.5% / year, especially for periodic shading caused by bird habitats (such as 12-2 PM daily), with a 40% improvement in compensation efficiency. During non-shading periods, the LED array is turned off to avoid energy consumption; after activation during shading prediction periods, the excitation light energy is only 1 / 5 of the energy lost from hot spots, achieving "low energy input - high energy recovery" (net energy gain ratio of 1:8). By controlling cell temperature fluctuations within ±3℃, the aging rate of the encapsulant film is slowed down by 30%. In accelerated aging tests (85℃ / 85%RH, 1000 hours), the yellowing index of the encapsulant film in the intelligent compensation module is reduced by 40% compared to traditional solutions.

[0101] In some embodiments, a reinforcement learning-based full lifecycle material collaborative optimization strategy is designed, including: full lifecycle data chain construction: Production stage: Recording over 200 parameters such as luminescent powder ratio, sintering curve, and silkscreen thickness for each component, and storing them on the blockchain (blockchain technology ensures data immutability). Operation and maintenance stage: Collecting real-time data such as component power generation, surface temperature, and luminous intensity decay rate through IoT sensors, and uploading them to the cloud platform hourly.

[0102] Reinforcement learning algorithm design: State space: component service life, cumulative shading duration, environmental corrosion level (judged based on rainwater pH value), and remaining light storage efficiency of the luminescent powder; Action space: dynamically adjust the collaborative compensation strategy between the film layer and the glaze layer (e.g., increase the pyroluminescence intensity of the film layer by 10% starting from the 5th year to compensate for the efficiency decline caused by the aging of the glaze layer material); Reward function: with the optimization objective of "power generation efficiency retention rate + reduction in hot spot frequency - maintenance cost", the optimal strategy is trained through a deep Q-network (DQN).

[0103] Adaptive maintenance execution: When the algorithm detects that the luminous efficiency of the enamel layer has decayed to 80% of its initial value (approximately after 8 years of use), it automatically triggers the "coating film layer luminescent powder concentration compensation" mechanism—by electrically heating the coating film layer to 60℃ (activating the pyrolysis peak), it temporarily increases the release intensity of the near-infrared luminescent powder until the coating film is replaced during the next maintenance. For coastal areas with high salt spray, the algorithm increases the spraying frequency of the salt-resistant coating 2 years in advance, extending the material life from 15 years to 20 years.

[0104] Compared to traditional modules, the 10-year power generation efficiency retention rate has increased from 75% to 85%, mainly due to the algorithm's dynamic compensation for phosphor degradation (e.g., compensating for aging of the colored enamel layer through the encapsulant layer, resulting in a 10% decrease in supplemental lighting efficiency in shaded areas, compared to a 35% decrease in traditional solutions). Predictive maintenance (providing early warning of encapsulant aging three months in advance) reduces unplanned downtime maintenance by 30% and manual inspection costs by 40%. While extending module lifespan, it also reduces the amount of retired modules requiring disposal; based on a 1GW installed capacity, this could reduce photovoltaic waste by approximately 20,000 tons over 25 years.

[0105] In some embodiments, the design of a multi-objective optimization design for building photovoltaic aesthetics and efficiency based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) includes: design parameter input: architects upload building exterior design drawings (JPEG format, including curtain wall grids, color preferences, and light transmittance requirements), and input functional parameters (such as the local dominant cell type and average annual shading duration).

[0106] GAN Model Training and Generation: The Generator learns from tens of thousands of real-world photovoltaic curtain wall images, considering color matching (e.g., the harmony between glass enamel colors and surrounding building stone) and pattern complexity (avoiding excessively fine lines that could cause screen printing defects). It also incorporates a "transmittance-phosphor concentration" constraint (when sunlight transmittance is ≥80%, phosphor concentration must be ≤20%). The Discriminator evaluates the aesthetic score (based on a human aesthetic psychology model) and power generation efficiency prediction (calculating the supplementary lighting effect in shaded areas using ray tracing software), eliminating schemes that do not meet multi-objective optimization requirements.

[0107] Solution Implementation and Feedback: Output the optimal design solution, including: glaze layer pattern (100dpi resolution, supporting complex gradient effects); luminescent powder ratio (e.g., using 5% blue light material + 10% near-infrared material in gradient blue areas, balancing light transmission and the aesthetic appeal of deep-sea colors); screen printing process parameters (automatically adjusting the screen mesh count according to the pattern's fineness, e.g., using a 300-mesh screen for fine lines and a 200-mesh screen for large color blocks). After project completion, architectural exterior photos and power generation data will be used to feed back into the GAN model to optimize the next-generation design strategy.

[0108] Solving the traditional BIPV component problem of "aesthetics versus efficiency," for example, a gradient gold curtain wall designed for an office building, after GAN optimization, achieved a light transmittance of 82% (meeting the building's lighting requirements), while the phosphor concentration reached 18% (a 5% improvement in compensation efficiency compared to manual design). This resulted in a 40% improvement in aesthetic score (professional review) while only a 2% decrease in power generation efficiency (compared to a 15% decrease in traditional solutions). The time required for traditional manual design was reduced from 2-3 weeks to 2 hours, supporting rapid solution iteration (e.g., if the owner changes the color temporarily, the system generates 3 alternative solutions within 10 minutes). The generated solutions automatically avoid screen printing difficulties (such as lines smaller than 50μm), increasing the pattern printing yield rate from 70% to over 95%, reducing prototyping costs and time.

[0109] It should be noted that those skilled in the art will clearly understand that, for the sake of convenience and brevity, the specific structure and connection process of the photovoltaic modules and each module described above can be referred to the corresponding process in the embodiments of the glass glaze preparation method for solving the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0110] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of this application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of various equivalent modifications or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in this application, and these modifications or substitutions should all be covered within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a glass enamel that solves the hot spot problem in photovoltaic cells, characterized in that, include: Prepare raw materials, which include glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigments and organic carriers; wherein, the long afterglow luminescent powder is a luminescent material that can be excited by ultraviolet light or blue light, and its emission wavelength is 500 to 1100 nm to match the light absorption characteristics of silicon-based cells, and the pyrolysis peak temperature of the long afterglow luminescent powder is between 25°C and 100°C. The glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment and organic carrier are mixed in a preset ratio to form a glass enamel ink, wherein the long afterglow luminescent powder accounts for 5% to 20% of the mass of the glass enamel ink; The glass enamel ink is printed onto the front glass substrate using a screen printing process to form a printed film layer with a thickness of 10 to 20 μm. The printed front glass substrate is subjected to high-temperature tempering and sintering to form a dense glass enamel layer. The tempering and sintering temperature is 600℃ to 730℃ to obtain the glass enamel. The glass enamel is used in BIPV modules, which include a front glass layer, a glass enamel layer disposed on the front glass layer, and solar cells bonded between the front glass layer and the back glass layer by an upper adhesive film layer and a lower polymer adhesive film layer. The long-afterglow luminescent powder in the glass enamel layer can emit light for a long time after the excitation source is stopped, and releases photons due to its pyroluminescence properties when the temperature rises. The photons can be absorbed by the solar cells to increase the photocurrent of the solar cells in the shaded areas and reduce the power loss caused by the hot spot effect. At the same time, by controlling the pyroluminescence peak temperature of the long-afterglow luminescent powder, the temperature of the solar cells caused by the hot spot effect is controlled within a safe range, thereby improving the reliability and service life of the BIPV module.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The long-afterglow luminescent powder that can be excited by ultraviolet light includes the blue light-emitting material CaAl2O4:Eu. 2+ ,Dy 3+ Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ Or green light material SrAl2O4:Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ 、SrAl 14 O 15 Eu 2+ ,Dy 3+ The long-afterglow luminescent powder that can be excited by blue light includes the yellow-light material Y3Al. 5-x Ga x O 12 :Ce 3+ ,Cr 3+ Red light material Y2O2S:Eu 3+ Mg, Ti or near-infrared materials Zn3Ga2Ge2O 10 :Cr 3+ .

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pyrolysis peak temperature of the long afterglow luminescent powder is preferably between 35°C and 65°C to match the temperature control requirements for stable operation of the solar cell.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The BIPV component includes: The battery comprises a front glass layer, a solar cell, a back glass layer, and an upper adhesive film layer and a lower polymer adhesive film layer disposed between the front glass layer and the solar cell or between the solar cell and the back glass layer. The upper adhesive film layer and the lower polymer adhesive film layer are formed by mixing polymer materials with long-afterglow luminescent powder. The long-afterglow luminescent powder has an emission wavelength of 500-1100 nm and a pyroluminescence peak temperature of 25℃-100℃. The long-afterglow luminescent powder in the polymer adhesive film layer emits light for a long time after the excitation source is stopped, and releases photons through pyroluminescence characteristics when the temperature rises, thereby increasing the photocurrent of the solar cell in the shaded area and controlling the hot spot temperature.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The polymer film containing long-afterglow luminescent powder is prepared by mixing polymer materials and long-afterglow luminescent powder under conditions lower than the tempering and sintering temperature of glass enamel to form particles, and then forming the particles into a film layer through a pressing process, so as to avoid the efficiency decay of long-afterglow luminescent powder at high temperatures; the tempering and sintering temperature of the glass enamel is 600℃ to 730℃.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solar cell is any one of Topcon solar cell, BC solar cell, HJT solar cell, and perovskite tandem solar cell. The emission wavelength of the long afterglow luminescent powder is matched with the light absorption characteristics of the solar cell to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The emission wavelength is 500-1100nm.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The glass enamel layer meets the preset architectural aesthetic requirements of BIPV components through the design of pigments with different colors and patterns, and combines pigments with a sunlight transmittance of ≥80% with long afterglow luminescent powder to balance optical transmittance and the function of supplementing light in blocked areas.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The long-afterglow luminescent powder is applied to the glass enamel layer and the polymer film layer. The glass enamel layer is fixed to the front glass layer by a high-temperature sintering process, and the polymer film layer is formed by a low-temperature pressing process. This is used to synergistically improve the light-filling efficiency of the shaded area and the hot spot temperature control effect.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The preset mass ratio of glass powder, long afterglow luminescent powder, pigment and organic carrier is: 50%-70% glass powder, 1%-20% long afterglow luminescent powder, 5%-15% pigment and 10%-20% organic carrier.

10. A glass enamel for solving the hot spot problem of photovoltaic cells, characterized in that, Prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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