Avalanche multi-source cooperative prevention and control system along plateau high and cold

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of avalanche prevention and control along railways, in particular to an avalanche multi-source collaborative prevention and control system along plateau alpine railways, which comprises a monitoring module, an active trigger module, an avalanche protection module and an active snow cleaning module, through integrated monitoring of the monitoring module, an avalanche hazard source can be identified in an all-weather, three-dimensional and prospective manner, and an avalanche risk can be perceived; small-scale avalanche can be induced at preset time and preset places through the active triggering module under absolutely safe and controllable conditions, accumulated snow potential energy is actively released, and harmfulness caused by the avalanche is reduced; the avalanche protection module forms depth and echelon defense from the source to the railway line in the whole stage of avalanche, and the whole-process physical intervention of guiding, intercepting, blocking and storing is performed on the avalanche; residual accumulated snow invading the railway line is rapidly and efficiently removed through the active snow removing module; and active early warning and cooperative prevention and control of avalanche along the plateau and the high-altitude railway are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of avalanche prevention and control technology along railway lines, and in particular to a multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railway lines. Background Technology

[0002] High-altitude plateau regions are frequently threatened by avalanches. With more and more railways being built in these areas, avalanches will significantly impact train operation safety and passenger health and safety. Effective avalanche protection is an urgent problem for China to solve. Currently, many countries have not yet developed comprehensive measures for avalanche prevention in high-altitude areas, often only able to rely on regular monitoring and early warning systems or constructing physical barriers such as snow walls and snow fences in avalanche-prone areas. In high-altitude regions like Tibet in China, railway lines span long distances and traverse multiple avalanche-prone areas. With continuously increasing transportation demand, avalanche prevention along railway lines is becoming increasingly challenging.

[0003] For railways in low-altitude, low-frequency avalanche areas, many foreign countries employ a combination of manual monitoring and fixed snow barriers to address avalanche threats. Clearly, these measures are unsuitable for the long-distance, high-operational-demand railways in China's high-altitude plateau regions. Given China's specific circumstances, traditional prevention methods rely heavily on isolated ground-based monitoring equipment and physical barriers. While these can offer some protection against small-scale avalanches, they are often ineffective against high-intensity, sudden avalanche disasters due to monitoring delays and insufficient protective capabilities. Furthermore, traditional methods lack the capacity for coordinated protection across multiple measures, hindering rapid coordination between early warning information, protective structures, and snow removal operations. This often results in untimely warnings, inadequate protection, and delayed snow removal, further exacerbating the damage caused by avalanches along the railway lines and severely impacting the operational safety of high-altitude plateau railways.

[0004] Therefore, the realistic solution to the problem of avalanche prevention and control along high-altitude railways in China lies in proposing an effective multi-source collaborative prevention and control plan, integrating the comprehensive perception capabilities of drones, satellites, and ground monitoring equipment, and establishing a linkage mechanism for early warning, active triggering, blocking and interception, and emergency snow removal. This would enable the transformation and upgrading of avalanche disaster management along high-altitude railways from passive response to active prevention and control. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a solution for upgrading the management of avalanche disasters on high-altitude railways from passive response to proactive prevention and control, addressing the shortcomings of the aforementioned background technology.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railway lines, including a monitoring module, an active triggering module, an avalanche protection module, and an active snow removal module;

[0007] The monitoring module includes remote sensing satellites, drones, and ground monitoring equipment. The remote sensing satellites and drones are used to identify avalanche source areas and potential avalanche release areas, and the ground monitoring equipment is used to acquire snow layer parameters in the avalanche source areas.

[0008] The active triggering module is used to trigger a small-scale avalanche at a preset time and in the avalanche source area to actively release the potential energy of the accumulated snow.

[0009] The avalanche protection module is used to construct a deep, tiered defense from the avalanche source area to the railway line. The avalanche protection module includes a snow guiding structure, a snow blocking structure, a snow shielding structure, and a snow storage and dewatering structure. The snow guiding structure, snow blocking structure, snow shielding structure, and snow storage and dewatering structure are used to guide, intercept, block, and store avalanches that occur naturally or are triggered artificially.

[0010] The active snow removal module is used to remove residual snow that has intruded along the railway line after an avalanche.

[0011] Furthermore, the remote sensing satellite distinguishes and identifies the snow cover range based on the difference in reflectivity of optical sensors on different object surfaces, estimates the snow layer thickness based on the difference in reflection intensity in the shortwave infrared band, uses infrared remote sensing to measure the snow temperature at different times to help identify the thermal stability of the snow, thereby identifying metastable snow layers, uses synthetic aperture radar to send microwave signals to the railway line area, and determines whether the snow layer is dry or wet, high-density or low-density snow by the scattering intensity of the reflected object surfaces, analyzes the stability of the snow layer, uses lidar to generate a regional digital elevation model, and uses the digital elevation model to screen the slope, curvature, and aspect of the region to determine the avalanche source area.

[0012] Furthermore, the UAV is equipped with a high-definition aerial camera and lidar to conduct low-altitude inspections of the railway line area, generate a high-precision digital elevation model, measure the thickness of the snow layer and minor changes in the terrain. The UAV is also equipped with a ground-penetrating radar to emit high-frequency electromagnetic waves and receive reflected waves from different areas. Based on the intensity and propagation speed of the reflected waves, the density, thickness, and humidity of the snow layer are analyzed, and discontinuous cracks and slip layers in the snow layer are identified. The UAV is also equipped with an infrared imaging unit to monitor the state changes of the snow layer in real time and identify the melting state of the snow layer.

[0013] Furthermore, the ground monitoring equipment includes ultrasonic snow depth sensors arranged on both sides of the railway line and snow accumulation monitoring sensors arranged in the potential avalanche release area and buried underground. The ultrasonic snow depth sensors are used to monitor the snow depth in the corresponding area, and the snow accumulation monitoring sensors are used to monitor and calculate the density and water content of the snow layer.

[0014] Furthermore, the active triggering module employs a blasting method to actively trigger avalanches in the avalanche source area.

[0015] Furthermore, the snow guiding structure includes an arc-shaped snow guiding wall, a single-sided inclined snow guiding wall, and an anchoring foundation. The arc-shaped snow guiding wall and the single-sided inclined snow guiding wall are both installed in the avalanche source area through the anchoring foundation. The arc-shaped snow guiding wall is provided with an arc-shaped surface so that the vertically impacting snow flow slides down to both sides along the arc-shaped surface, controlling the snow flow to pass through the gap between two adjacent arc-shaped snow guiding walls. The single-sided inclined snow guiding wall is located downstream of the arc-shaped snow guiding wall to receive the snow flow sliding down from between the arc-shaped snow guiding walls and guide the snow flow away from the railway line.

[0016] Furthermore, the snow-blocking structure includes an arc-shaped snow-blocking block, which has a concave snow-blocking groove in the direction of snowfall. The snow-blocking groove is used to intercept the flowing snow and reduce its kinetic energy. Multiple arc-shaped snow-blocking blocks are arranged in an array.

[0017] Furthermore, the snow-blocking structure includes a snow-blocking net, a support frame, and a base. The snow-blocking net is connected to the support frame, and the support frame is connected to the base. The snow-blocking net is the main body for receiving snow flow.

[0018] Furthermore, the snow storage and snow removal structure is set between the mountain slope and the railway line, including a snow interception trough excavated adjacent to the end of the mountain slope, clay backfilled in the snow interception trough, graded gravel laid in the snow interception trough, and snow interception net arranged on the graded gravel. The clay is used to cut off the permeable layer to prevent snow water from seeping into the foundation, and a drainage outlet is provided at the bottom of the snow interception trough.

[0019] Furthermore, the active snow removal module includes a rail snowplow, which is equipped with a snowplow, a roller brush snow thrower, and a snow blower. The snowplow is used to strip snow from the railway line and shovel it out diagonally upwards. The roller brush snow thrower removes residual snow with high-speed rotating bristles. The snow blower uses high-pressure airflow to precisely blow away residual snow.

[0020] The above-described solution of the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0021] The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways provided by this invention upgrades the management of avalanche disasters along high-altitude and cold-climate railways from a decentralized and passive approach to an integrated proactive prevention and control system that combines perception, decision-making, execution, and recovery. Through the integrated monitoring of the monitoring module, avalanche hazard sources can be identified 24 / 7, in a three-dimensional and forward-looking manner, and avalanche risks can be perceived, providing accurate data support and decision-making references for subsequent system actions, reducing early warning delays and misjudgments caused by manual judgment. The active triggering module can induce small-scale avalanches at preset times and locations under absolutely safe and controllable conditions, actively releasing the potential energy of accumulated snow and reducing snowfall. The system aims to mitigate the hazards of avalanches and prevent the natural and uncontrolled occurrence of catastrophic avalanches that could damage railway infrastructure and threaten personnel safety. Avalanche protection modules constitute a comprehensive, tiered defense system covering the entire avalanche process from its source to the railway line. This system provides physical intervention throughout the entire process of guiding, intercepting, blocking, and storing avalanches, whether naturally occurring or artificially triggered, ensuring that the energy impacting the railway line remains below a safe threshold and preventing snow accumulation on the tracks. An active snow removal module rapidly and efficiently clears residual snow that has intruded into the railway line after an avalanche event, minimizing railway disruption and ensuring uninterrupted transportation. Ultimately, this system achieves proactive early warning and coordinated prevention and control of avalanches along high-altitude and plateau railway lines, guaranteeing the safe and smooth operation of railway transportation.

[0022] Other beneficial effects of the present invention will be described in detail in the following detailed description section. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the system of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the monitoring module of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the snow guiding structure of the avalanche protection module of the present invention, wherein (a) is a schematic diagram of the main body and (b) is a schematic diagram of the installation.

[0026] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the snow-blocking structure of the avalanche protection module of the present invention, wherein (a) is a snow-blocking structure array and (b) is an arc-shaped snow-blocking block;

[0027] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the snow-blocking structure of the avalanche protection module of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the snow storage and snow removal structure of the avalanche protection module of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 7This is a schematic diagram of the active snow removal module of the present invention.

[0030] [Explanation of Labels in the Attached Image]

[0031] 10-Monitoring module; 11-Remote sensing satellite; 12-UAV; 13-Ground monitoring equipment; 20-Active triggering module; 30-Avalanche protection module; 31-Arc-shaped snow guide wall; 32-Single-sided inclined snow guide wall; 33-Arc-shaped snow barrier block; 34-Snow net; 35-Support frame; 36-Snow interception trough; 37-Graded gravel; 38-Snow interception net; 40-Active snow removal module; 41-Snowplow; 42-Roller brush snow thrower; 43-Snow blower. Detailed Implementation

[0032] To make the technical problems, solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, a detailed description will be provided below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this invention. Furthermore, the technical features involved in the different embodiments of this invention described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0033] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that the terms "center," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing the invention and for simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0034] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a locking connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0035] like Figure 1As shown, an embodiment of the present invention provides a multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railway lines, including a monitoring module 10, an active triggering module 20, an avalanche protection module 30, and an active snow removal module 40. Through the setup of these modules, the management of avalanche disasters along high-altitude and cold-climate railway lines is upgraded from a decentralized and passive approach to an integrated, collaborative, and proactive prevention and control system encompassing perception, decision-making, execution, and recovery. The monitoring module 10 serves as the information hub and decision-making foundation of the entire system, perceiving avalanche risks in an all-weather, three-dimensional, and forward-looking manner, and providing accurate data support and decision-making references for subsequent system actions. The active triggering module 20 is used to trigger small-scale avalanches at preset times and locations under absolutely safe and controllable conditions, actively releasing the potential energy of accumulated snow to prevent the natural and disorderly occurrence of catastrophic large avalanches, which could damage railway facilities and threaten personnel safety. The avalanche protection module 30 constitutes a deep, tiered defense from the avalanche source to the railway line, providing physical intervention throughout the entire process of guiding, intercepting, blocking, and storing avalanches, whether naturally occurring or artificially triggered. This ensures that the energy impacting the railway line is below a safe threshold, and that snow accumulation on the tracks is less likely. The active snow removal module 40 is used to quickly and efficiently remove residual snow that has intruded into the railway line (tracks, overhead contact lines, signaling equipment, etc.) after an avalanche event, minimizing railway interruption time and ensuring uninterrupted transportation.

[0036] In this embodiment, the monitoring module 10 includes a remote sensing satellite 11, a drone 12, and ground monitoring equipment 13, adopting an integrated monitoring approach, which demonstrates the ability to perceive avalanche risks in an all-weather, three-dimensional manner. Specifically, when using remote sensing satellite 11 for monitoring, the reflectivity differences of optical sensors on different object surfaces are used to distinguish snow from other objects such as grassland, vegetation, and water, thereby roughly identifying the snow cover area. The thickness of the snow layer is estimated based on the difference in reflection intensity in the shortwave infrared band. Then, infrared remote sensing is used to measure the snow temperature at different times to help identify the thermal stability of the snow, as metastable snow layers may have large temperature gradients. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is used to send microwave signals to the railway line area. The reflected echoes from object surfaces generate image maps. The scattering characteristics of the snow layer are affected by factors such as its density, crystal morphology, and humidity. The scattering intensity of the reflected object surfaces can be used to determine whether the snow layer is dry or wet, and whether it is high-density or low-density snow, facilitating further analysis of the snow layer's stability. LiDAR is used to generate a regional digital elevation model (DEM). Based on the DEM, the slope, curvature, and aspect of the region are screened. These parameters are important for identifying avalanche fracture zones and further determining the location of avalanche sources.

[0037] After using remote sensing satellites to determine the avalanche source, a UAV 12 equipped with a high-definition aerial camera and lidar was used to conduct a more detailed low-altitude inspection of the railway line area, generating a higher-precision digital elevation model and more accurately measuring the thickness of the snow layer and subtle changes in the terrain. Furthermore, the UAV 12 can be further equipped with a high-precision ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to emit high-frequency electromagnetic waves and receive reflected waves from different areas. Based on the intensity and propagation speed of the reflected waves, key parameters such as the density, thickness, and humidity of the snow layer can be further analyzed. Simultaneously, the GPR identifies structural features in the snow layer, such as discontinuous cracks and slip layers, based on the different reflection characteristics of the electromagnetic waves. Since snow melting can destabilize the snow layer and trigger avalanches, the UAV 12 is further equipped with an infrared imaging unit to monitor changes in the state of the snow layer in real time. By identifying the melting state of the snow layer based on changes in temperature and reflectivity, it helps to identify potential avalanche release areas.

[0038] The ground monitoring equipment 13 includes ultrasonic snow depth sensors deployed along both sides of the railway line. These sensors measure the time interval between the emitted and returned ultrasonic pulses to obtain the snow depth in the vicinity of the railway line, especially in potential avalanche release areas, thus enabling avalanche early warning monitoring. Simultaneously, the ground monitoring equipment 13 also includes snow accumulation monitoring sensors deployed in the potential avalanche release areas and buried underground. These snow accumulation monitoring sensors use an inter-electrode array to calculate the density of the snow layer by measuring the dielectric response of a high-frequency excitation electric field. They also employ a combined impedance / dielectric method to measure the water content of the snow layer by measuring changes in the electrical conductivity of the snow. By monitoring the density and water content of the snow layer in the potential avalanche release area in real time, more accurate avalanche early warning can be achieved.

[0039] In this embodiment, the active triggering module 20 employs an explosive method to actively trigger avalanches. The powerful shockwave and vibration generated by the explosion instantly disrupt the cohesion and friction within the snow layer, triggering the sliding of the unstable snow layer. The explosion point is typically selected at the source area where avalanches are most likely to be triggered. For example, a certain type of drone 12 can be remotely controlled to carry 0.5-2g of emulsion explosives to the airspace above the avalanche source area, dropping the explosives to blast the snow and actively triggering a small local avalanche on the slope. This allows the snow to collapse within a controllable range, releasing some snow volume in advance and preventing large-scale avalanches later. It should be noted that considering the harsh environment of plateaus and high altitudes, and the limited accessibility for humans, using a drone 12 for active avalanche triggering is a safer and more reliable choice.

[0040] Alternatively, a remotely controlled drone could be used to carry de-icing agents and drop them over the avalanche source area. These agents accelerate snow melting, alter the snow layer structure and moisture distribution, thereby enhancing snow layer stability and reducing the formation of slip layers, thus delaying avalanches. Simultaneously, the reduced snow accumulation and weak layers also help prevent avalanches caused by large-scale snow accumulation.

[0041] In this embodiment, the avalanche protection module 30 includes a snow guiding structure, a snow intercepting structure, a snow blocking structure, and a snow storage and drainage system. The snow guiding structure is located near the avalanche source area, and its design goal is not to rigidly prevent avalanches, but rather to actively intervene in and guide the snow flow. Specifically, the snow guiding structure includes an arc-shaped snow guide wall 31, a single-sided inclined snow guide wall 32, and anchoring foundations. The arc-shaped snow guide wall 31 is installed on the slope near the avalanche source area via anchoring foundations and can absorb most of the snow flow. Under the influence of gravity, snow flow that impacts the arc-shaped snow guide wall 31 perpendicularly will slide down the arc surface of the wall to both sides, controlling the snow flow to pass through the gap (channel) between adjacent arc-shaped snow guide walls 31. Simultaneously, a single-sided inclined snow guide wall 32 is further installed downstream of the arc-shaped snow guide wall 31 to absorb the snow flow sliding down between the arc-shaped snow guide walls 31 and, under the influence of gravity, guide it away from the railway line. Therefore, by combining the arc-shaped snow guide wall 31 and the single-sided inclined snow guide wall 32, the initial avalanche in the source area can flow and develop in a direction away from the railway line, thereby guiding the avalanche in the source area to avoid the railway line as much as possible and reducing the intensity of subsequent development along the railway line.

[0042] The snow-blocking structure includes arc-shaped snow-blocking blocks 33, located downstream of the snow-guiding structure. Each arc-shaped snow-blocking block 33 has a concave snow-blocking groove in the snow-facing direction. This groove intercepts the snow flow that continues to develop after passing through the snow-guiding structure. Simultaneously, the impact of the snow flow with the snow-blocking groove dissipates some of its kinetic energy, reducing its speed and causing some snow to deposit closer to the railway line, thus reducing the amount of snow that might enter the railway. Multiple arc-shaped snow-blocking blocks 33 need to be deployed in the corresponding area. If the arc-shaped snow-blocking blocks 33 are not cleared of snow in time, the array of arc-shaped snow-blocking blocks 33, after being filled with snow, can form a micro-topography in a localized area, similar to the principle of a "speed bump." Through friction and collision with the snow, it can also reduce the kinetic energy and speed of the snow flow.

[0043] The snow-blocking structure is located downstream of the snow-trapping structure and close to the railway line. It is responsible for blocking the remnants of avalanches that, even after being weakened, still arrive. The snow-blocking structure specifically includes a snow-blocking net 34, a support frame 35, and a base. The base is fixed to the ground to provide a stable support foundation. The support frame 35 is fixedly connected to the base, and the snow-blocking net 34 is welded to the support frame 35. Through the blocking effect of the snow-blocking net 34, the snow flow velocity is further reduced, and most of the snow flow is caught, primarily in solid form. Only a small portion of faster-moving or more humid snow may flow through the mesh.

[0044] The snow storage and drainage structure is arranged between the mountain slope and the railway line, including a snow interception trough 36 excavated adjacent to the end of the mountain slope, clay backfilled in the snow interception trough, graded gravel 37 laid in the snow interception trough 36, and a snow interception net 38 laid on the graded gravel. The snow interception trough 36 can be trapezoidal as shown in the figure, and the height of the snow interception net 38 is lower than the highest point of the snow interception trough 36. The clay backfilled after excavating the snow interception trough 36 is used to cut off the permeable layer and prevent snowmelt infiltration from causing foundation deformation. A drainage outlet 39 is also provided at the bottom of the snow interception trough 36. When snow flows through the snow interception trough 36, it slides down onto the snow interception net 38 due to gravity. Influenced by temperature, precipitation, and its own water content, some near-liquid snow can seep through the snow interception net 38 and be directly discharged from the drainage outlet 39 at the bottom of the snow interception trough 36 (to a designated location). Snow flows that are closer to solid are directly caught on the snow interception net 38 and can then be removed by direct cleaning or heating to melt them. Therefore, the avalanche protection module constitutes a deep, tiered defense from the avalanche source area to the railway line, providing physical intervention throughout the entire process of guiding, intercepting, blocking, and storing avalanches, thus achieving the goal of reliable avalanche protection.

[0045] When snow still accumulates along the railway line, such as near the tracks, the active snow removal module 40 uses a rail-mounted snowplow to actively clear snow along the railway line. The rail-mounted snowplow is equipped with a snowplow 41, a roller-brush snow thrower 42, and a snow blower 43. The snowplow 41 is located at the front of the rail-mounted snowplow and has blades with a certain cutting angle. As the rail-mounted snowplow moves forward, the snowplow 41 can peel the snow off the railway line and shovel it upwards along a special curve. It should be noted that the rail-mounted snowplow can raise and lower the snowplow 41 via a lifting cylinder to ensure that the blades do not excessively cut and damage railway facilities when the height along the railway line changes.

[0046] For residual snow on the track surface that the snowplow 41 did not completely clear, such as on the track sides and in the gaps between the track bed, the roller brush snow blower 42, located behind the snowplow 41, uses high-speed rotating bristles to further remove the residual snow, ensuring that there is no large area of ​​snow accumulation on the track surface. The snow blower 43 targets areas that the snowplow 41 and roller brush snow blower 42 cannot reach, such as gaps between the track and fasteners, the tight-fitting parts of turnout switches, and the surface of track insulation components. It uses high-pressure airflow to precisely blow away the snow in these areas, ensuring that the snow near the track is completely removed.

[0047] Of course, the rail snowplow itself can adopt a relatively mature solution from existing technologies, such as the GCX-1000K rail snowplow, which can operate at a speed of up to 20 km / h, clear snow along the railway line up to 2.6 meters wide, and throw snow up to a height of over 15 meters. In this embodiment, the rail snowplow is used as part of the system, working in conjunction with other modules to achieve the purpose of coordinated snow control.

[0048] In summary, the multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways provided in this embodiment, through the integrated monitoring of the monitoring module 10, can identify avalanche hazard sources in an all-weather, three-dimensional, and proactive manner, perceive avalanche risks, and provide accurate data support and decision-making references for subsequent system actions, reducing early warning delays and misjudgments caused by manual judgment. The active triggering module 20 can induce small-scale avalanches at preset times and locations under absolutely safe and controllable conditions, actively releasing the potential energy of accumulated snow, reducing the harm caused by avalanches, and preventing the natural and disorderly occurrence of catastrophic large avalanches that could damage facilities along the railway line and threaten personnel. Safety, etc.; the avalanche protection module 30 constitutes a comprehensive, tiered defense against avalanches from their source to the railway line, providing physical intervention throughout the entire process of guiding, intercepting, blocking, and storing avalanches, whether naturally occurring or artificially triggered, ensuring that the energy impacting the railway line is below the safety threshold and that snow is less likely to accumulate on the tracks; the active snow removal module 40 is used to quickly and efficiently remove residual snow that has intruded into the railway line after an avalanche event, minimizing railway interruption time and ensuring smooth transportation. Ultimately, it achieves proactive early warning and collaborative prevention and control of avalanches along plateau and high-altitude railway lines, ensuring the safe and smooth operation of railway transportation.

[0049] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0050] The above embodiments are merely illustrative of several implementation methods of this application, and their descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the protection scope of this application. Therefore, the protection scope of this application should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railway lines, characterized in that, It includes a monitoring module, an active triggering module, an avalanche protection module, and an active snow removal module; The monitoring module includes remote sensing satellites, drones, and ground monitoring equipment. The remote sensing satellites and drones are used to identify avalanche source areas and potential avalanche release areas, and the ground monitoring equipment is used to acquire snow layer parameters in the avalanche source areas. The active triggering module is used to trigger a small-scale avalanche at a preset time and in the avalanche source area to actively release the potential energy of the accumulated snow. The avalanche protection module is used to construct a deep, tiered defense from the avalanche source area to the railway line. The avalanche protection module includes a snow guiding structure, a snow blocking structure, a snow shielding structure, and a snow storage and dewatering structure. The snow guiding structure, snow blocking structure, snow shielding structure, and snow storage and dewatering structure are used to guide, intercept, block, and store avalanches that occur naturally or are triggered artificially. The active snow removal module is used to remove residual snow that has intruded along the railway line after an avalanche.

2. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 1, characterized in that, The remote sensing satellite distinguishes and identifies the snow cover range based on the difference in reflectivity of optical sensors on different object surfaces, estimates the snow layer thickness based on the difference in reflection intensity in the shortwave infrared band, measures the snow temperature at different times using infrared remote sensing to help identify the thermal stability of the snow and thus identify metastable snow layers, sends microwave signals to the railway line area using synthetic aperture radar, and determines whether the snow layer is dry or wet, high-density or low-density snow by the scattering intensity of the reflected object surfaces, analyzes the stability of the snow layer, and uses lidar to generate a regional digital elevation model. Based on the digital elevation model, the slope, curvature, and aspect of the region are screened to determine the avalanche source area.

3. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 1, characterized in that, The UAV is equipped with a high-definition aerial camera and lidar to conduct low-altitude inspections of the railway line area, generate a high-precision digital elevation model, measure the thickness of the snow layer and minor changes in the terrain. The UAV is also equipped with a ground-penetrating radar to emit high-frequency electromagnetic waves and receive reflected waves from different areas. Based on the intensity and propagation speed of the reflected waves, the density, thickness, and humidity of the snow layer are analyzed, and discontinuous cracks and slip layers in the snow layer are identified. The UAV is also equipped with an infrared imaging unit to monitor the state changes of the snow layer in real time and identify the melting state of the snow layer.

4. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ground monitoring equipment includes ultrasonic snow depth sensors arranged on both sides of the railway line and snow accumulation monitoring sensors arranged in the potential avalanche release area and buried underground. The ultrasonic snow depth sensors are used to monitor the snow depth in the corresponding area, and the snow accumulation monitoring sensors are used to monitor and calculate the density and water content of the snow layer.

5. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 1, characterized in that, The active triggering module uses a blasting method to actively trigger avalanches in the avalanche source area.

6. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 1, characterized in that, The snow guiding structure includes an arc-shaped snow guide wall, a single-sided inclined snow guide wall, and an anchoring foundation. The arc-shaped snow guide wall and the single-sided inclined snow guide wall are both installed in the avalanche source area through the anchoring foundation. The arc-shaped snow guide wall is provided with an arc-shaped surface so that the vertically impacting snow flow slides down to both sides along the arc-shaped surface, controlling the snow flow to pass through the gap between two adjacent arc-shaped snow guide walls. The single-sided inclined snow guide wall is located downstream of the arc-shaped snow guide wall to receive the snow flow sliding down from between the arc-shaped snow guide walls and guide the snow flow away from the railway line.

7. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 6, characterized in that, The snow-blocking structure includes arc-shaped snow-blocking blocks, each arc-shaped snow-blocking block having a concave snow-blocking groove in the direction facing the snow. The snow-blocking groove is used to intercept the flowing snow and reduce its kinetic energy. Multiple arc-shaped snow-blocking blocks are arranged in an array.

8. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 7, characterized in that, The snow-blocking structure includes a snow-blocking net, a support frame, and a base. The snow-blocking net is connected to the support frame, and the support frame is connected to the base. The snow-blocking net is the main body used to receive snow flow.

9. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 8, characterized in that, The snow storage and snow removal structure is set between the mountain slope and the railway line, including a snow interception trough excavated adjacent to the end of the mountain slope, clay backfilled in the snow interception trough, graded gravel laid in the snow interception trough, and snow interception net arranged on the graded gravel. The clay is used to cut off the permeable layer to prevent snow water from seeping into the foundation, and a drainage outlet is provided at the bottom of the snow interception trough.

10. The multi-source collaborative prevention and control system for avalanches along high-altitude and cold-climate railways according to claim 1, characterized in that, The active snow removal module includes a rail snowplow, which is equipped with a snowplow, a roller brush snow thrower, and a snow blower. The snowplow is used to strip snow from the railway line and shovel it out diagonally upwards. The roller brush snow thrower removes residual snow with high-speed rotating bristles. The snow blower uses high-pressure airflow to precisely blow away residual snow.

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