Optical device

Abstract

An optical device may be configured for quantum random number generation. The optical device may include: a light source configured to emit a light beam; a photodetector configured to detect light; and a polarizer disposed between the light source and the photodetector, in which the polarizer is configured to selectively pass light having a specific polarization. The optical device may include a package including at least a light source, a photodetector, and a polarizer. The polarizer is configured to selectively pass the light beam when the light beam has a polarization that matches a particular polarization. The optical device includes one or more mitigation features for mitigating light feedback entering the light source. The optical device is configured to facilitate or implement quantum random number generation (QRNG) based on detection of the light beam by the photodetector.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to random number generation for cryptographic and computational applications. More specifically, various implementations of this disclosure relate to methods and systems for implementing and utilizing quantum random number generator (QRNG) encapsulation schemes. Background Technology

[0002] The limitations and disadvantages of conventional random number generation schemes will become apparent to those skilled in the art by comparing them with some aspects of this disclosure as set forth in the remainder of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Systems and methods for encapsulating quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are provided, substantially as shown and / or described in combination with at least one of the accompanying drawings, as further elaborated in the technical solutions.

[0004] These and other advantages, aspects and novel features of this disclosure, as well as details of the embodiments shown in this disclosure, will be more fully understood from the following description and accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0005] Figure 1 An exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0006] Figure 2 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0007] Figure 3 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0008] Figure 4 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0009] Figure 5 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0010] Figure 6 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0011] Figure 7Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0012] Figure 8 A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a stacked vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0013] Figure 9 An exemplary package of a quantum random number generator (QRNG) device incorporating a stacked vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0014] This disclosure relates to solutions related to optical devices. Specifically, implementations based on this disclosure involve the creation of low-cost packages of systems or devices based on quantum random number generation. Random number generation is a process by which one or more (e.g., a sequence of) numbers are generated in a way that cannot be reasonably predicted, at least not better than if these numbers were generated randomly. Random number generation is typically accomplished using a random number generator (RNG). This random number generator can be a hardware-based component in which random number generation can be performed or completed based on and / or according to the current value of a property (e.g., a physical property) that is constantly changing in a way that is practically impossible to model. For quantum random number generation, the property used for the random number generation process can be a quantum phenomenon associated with and / or tracked within the component. Such a component can be referred to as a quantum random number generator (QRNG).

[0015] The present disclosure provides a low-cost quantum random number generator package, specifically by using a suitable optical emitter component in conjunction with a simple polarization selection sub-component. For example, in various embodiments, the low-cost quantum random number generator package can be provided by using a polarization selection sub-component based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The use of a VCSEL may be advantageous in this regard due to its low cost and the inherently desirable characteristics of its light emission. Nevertheless, while various embodiments are described herein as VCSEL-based implementations, this disclosure is not limited to the use of a VCSEL, and any suitable optical emitter component (e.g., an edge-emitting laser) can be used, provided it can be configured to provide light emission with suitable polarization characteristics (e.g., strain-free emission).

[0016] As noted, in many instances, VCSEL-based designs can be used because they can mitigate laser feedback and / or enable as much integration as possible. For this purpose, single-mode or low-mode-number VCSELs without any polarization stability can typically flip between polarizations under specific driving conditions. If such a VCSEL is carefully operated at that point under pulsed conditions, the polarization mode selection can be considered essentially quantum. These two polarizations are typically along the crystal axis of the VCSEL. Operating conditions can be carefully adjusted (e.g., via current levels) so that polarization selection can provide a 50 / 50 probability. Thus, by utilizing a polarizer set in the correct orientation and followed by a photodetector (e.g., a photodiode), a means of providing randomly generated quantum bits can be provided.

[0017] The solutions based on this disclosure provide enhanced solutions for packaging such a configuration, particularly by incorporating it into a surface mount technology (SMT) based package. Various exemplary embodiments based on this disclosure can provide low-cost solutions for packaging VCSELs (or any suitable light emitters), photodetectors (PDs) (e.g., photodiodes), and polarizers for use in quantum random number generator (QRNG) systems. Exemplary embodiments can also incorporate means of mitigating feedback to provide more stable operation of the VCSEL. Furthermore, some exemplary embodiments can also provide increased integration, for example, by using polarizers fabricated directly on the photodetector (e.g., wire-grid polarizers). In some embodiments, further integration can also be used, wherein more electronics (e.g., additional sensor electronics such as transimpedance amplifiers, comparators, etc.) are added within the package.

[0018] In various implementations, a proposed arrangement (combination) of the VCSEL, PD, and polarizer can be incorporated into a dual-molded package for the optocoupler. This package may include a first mold and a second mold, wherein the first mold is transparent and the second mold is opaque, and wherein the first mold is at least partially disposed within and / or surrounded by the second mold. In various implementations, this dual-molded package for the optocoupler can be used with a polarizer element, which can be placed within the first mold—for example, instead of polyimide, Kapton, or insulating tape. This polarizer element can be a high-temperature wire-grid polarizer film or a wire-grid polarizer fabricated on glass. The polarizer element can be positioned and / or oriented in a specific manner—for example, relative to the two polarization axes from the VCSEL—such that one polarization can pass through with the highest possible transmission, while the other polarization can be blocked.

[0019] As noted, the polarization of a VCSEL can be used to facilitate quantum random number generation. However, for example, if there is too much laser feedback entering the VCSEL cavity, this quantum random number generation operation may be disturbed, and therefore, perpendicular incident light onto the reflective surface or part of the reflective surface of the VCSEL should be avoided. Therefore, in various implementations, to mitigate the problem of laser feedback, the polarizer and photodetector can be operated at an angle, which can prevent or reduce feedback entering the VCSEL.

[0020] Exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, along with related details, are shown in the accompanying drawings and are described below with reference to the drawings.

[0021] Figure 1 An exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (Refer to...) Figure 1 A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (hereinafter referred to as the “device”) 100 based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0022] like Figure 1 As shown in the exemplary embodiment, the device 100 includes a VCSEL 110, a photodetector (PD) 120, a polarizer 130, a transparent mold 140, and an opaque mold 150.

[0023] VCSEL 110 may include a semiconductor laser diode-based structure configured to provide laser beam emission perpendicularly from the top surface of the semiconductor structure. Different types of VCSELs can be used for this purpose, and this disclosure is not limited to any particular type; therefore, any suitable VCSEL can be used.

[0024] For example, VCSEL 110 may include a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) based structure, which can be configured to act as a mirror parallel to the top surface, with an active region between the mirrors, including one or more quantum wells for generating laser light. A DBR structure may be disposed on top of a substrate layer and a heat dissipation layer. The planar DBR mirror may include layers of materials based on alternating high and low refractive indices (RI). The thickness of each layer can be set to produce high reflectivity. For example, a thickness of one-quarter of the laser wavelength in the material can produce a light reflectivity greater than 99%. The use of high reflectivity can be used to balance the short axial length of the gain region. In some implementations, p-type and n-type regions may be embedded between the DBR mirrors to form a diode junction. This may involve more complex semiconductor processing to ensure electrical contact with the active layer / region, but can eliminate electrical power losses in the DBR structure. Nevertheless, this disclosure is not limited to any particular VCSEL design or implementation, and any suitable design or implementation may be used.

[0025] The photodetector (PD) 120 may include a suitable circuit system for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation. Various mechanisms and / or techniques can be used to provide the detection functionality provided by the photodetector, such as using photoelectric or photochemical effects, spectral response, etc., and this disclosure is not limited to any particular type or mechanism. In an exemplary implementation, PD 120 may include a photodiode.

[0026] Polarizer 130 may include suitable materials for providing polarization selection—that is, for selectively transmitting or otherwise processing the propagation of radiant energy (particularly light, such as laser light emitted by VCSEL 110) based on polarization, as described herein.

[0027] The transparent molding 140 may include a suitable transparent material that allows the propagation of radiant energy (in particular light, such as laser light emitted by the VCSEL 110).

[0028] The opaque molding 150 may include a suitable opaque material that allows the passage of radiant energy (especially light, such as laser light emitted by the VCSEL 110) to be blocked.

[0029] In exemplary operation, device 100 can be used to provide and / or support quantum random number generation. For this purpose, during such operation, VCSEL 110 can emit light that can propagate within a cavity of device 100 filled with transparent molding 140, wherein opaque molding 150 prevents the emitted light from escaping the cavity. The polarization selection of the emitted light can then be used to facilitate quantum random number generation. In this regard, as noted, such polarization selection can be considered quantum in nature, and therefore, the polarization of the laser emitted by VCSEL 110 can be used as a quantum phenomenon driving quantum random number generation. For this purpose, polarizer 130 can be used to provide polarization selection applied to the light emitted by VCSEL 110, wherein PD 120 provides a polarization-selection-based response—for example, providing an indication of different quantum states in response to the detection (or non-detection) of light transmitted by polarizer 130.

[0030] As noted, to further enhance performance, device 100 may incorporate mechanisms and / or features to allow for mitigation of laser feedback. This can be accomplished, for example, by configuring polarizer 130 (relative to other components—i.e., VCSEL 110 and PD 120) so that it can have optimal positioning and / or orientation. Specifically, polarizer 130 is positioned such that it is between VCSEL 110 and PD 120, and is oriented such that it is parallel to PD 120 and at an angle relative to VCSEL 110. Thus, as Figure 1 As shown, PD 120 is similarly positioned at an angle relative to VCSEL 110. This arrangement allows for polarization selection while preventing (or at least reducing) feedback into the VCSEL.

[0031] Figure 2 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (See reference...) Figure 2 This paper presents a quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (hereinafter referred to as the “device”) 200 based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).

[0032] Device 200 can be substantially similar to device 100 and can operate in a substantially similar manner. However, device 200 incorporates alternative designs. For example, Figure 2 As shown, device 200 includes a VCSEL 210, a photodetector (PD) 220, a polarizer 230, a transparent mold 240, and an opaque mold 250. Each of these components may be substantially similar to a similarly named component of device 100 and may operate in substantially a similar manner.

[0033] However, as Figure 2As shown, in device 200, the positions of VCSEL 210 and PD 220 are interchanged, with PD 220 disposed on the flat bottom surface of transparent molding 240, and VCSEL 210 disposed at an angle relative to PD 220 within transparent molding 240. Therefore, as... Figure 2 As shown, taking into account the interchange of the positions of VCSEL 210 and PD 220, the position and orientation of polarizer 230 are adjusted to maintain a parallel position relative to PD 220.

[0034] Figure 3 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (See reference...) Figure 3 A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (hereinafter referred to as the “device”) 300 based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0035] Device 300 can be substantially similar to device 100 and can operate in a substantially similar manner. However, device 300 incorporates alternative designs. For example, Figure 3 As shown, device 300 includes a VCSEL 310, a photodetector (PD) 320, a polarizer 330, a transparent mold 340, and an opaque mold 350. Each of these components may be substantially similar to a similarly named component of device 100 and may operate in substantially a similar manner.

[0036] However, the difference with device 300 lies in its integration of a design based on an integrated photodetector (PD), in which a photodetector (PD) with an integrated polarization element is used. In other words, in device 300, the polarizer element (polarizer 330) is directly integrated onto the photodetector element (PD 320), as... Figure 3 As shown. In this regard, as an added integration step, polarizer 330 can be directly fabricated on PD 320, thus eliminating the need to place the polarizer within the first molding process (e.g., during the first molding process). For example, polarizer 330 can be fabricated at the wafer level and as part of the photodetector manufacturing process.

[0037] As with other devices, to mitigate feedback-related effects, polarizer elements can be positioned and / or oriented to facilitate the prevention (or at least reduce) of feedback entering the VCSEL. Therefore, as... Figure 3 As shown, the integrated PD / polarizer sub-components (i.e., PD 320 and integrated polarizer 330) can be placed at an angle relative to VCSEL 310 as a whole.

[0038] Figure 4Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (See reference...) Figure 4 A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (hereinafter referred to as the “device”) 400 based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0039] Device 400 can be substantially similar to device 100 and can operate in a substantially similar manner. However, device 400 incorporates alternative designs. For example, Figure 4 As shown, device 400 includes a VCSEL 410, a photodetector (PD) 420, a polarizer 430, a transparent mold 440, and an opaque mold 450. Each of these components may be substantially similarly named to the similarly named components of device 100 and may operate in substantially a similar manner. Furthermore, device 400 may utilize an integrated design similar to that of device 300, and therefore, polarizer 430 may be directly integrated onto PD 420.

[0040] However, regarding the positioning of the main sub-components (VCSEL, photodetector, and polarizer), device 400 uses a different design compared to devices 100, 200, and 300. Specifically, device 400 combines all three sub-components (VCSEL 410, photodetector (PD) 420, and polarizer 430) by placing or positioning them on the same plane, instead of angularly positioning some sub-components to reduce reflections toward the VCSEL (and thus prevent or reduce feedback effects) as is done in devices 100, 200, and 300 where the photodetector and polarizer sub-components are angled relative to the VCSEL. For this purpose, as shown, device 400 may include a molded lead frame 460 on which, or at, the VCSEL 410 and photodetector (PD) 420 (with an integrated polarizer 430) are placed on the same plane as shown.

[0041] Furthermore, a reflective component (e.g., a mirror) 470 is used to facilitate coupling of the beam emitted by the VCSEL 410 in a manner that allows for mitigation of feedback effects. For example, as Figure 4 As shown, the reflector 470 can be positioned at an angle to allow the beam emitted by the VCSEL 410 to be reflected at an angle onto the photodetector (PD) 420 (with an integrated polarizer 430).

[0042] Figure 5 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (See reference...) Figure 5A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (hereinafter referred to as the “device”) 500 based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0043] Device 500 can be substantially similar to device 100 and can operate in a substantially similar manner. However, device 500 incorporates alternative designs. For example, Figure 5 As shown, device 500 includes a VCSEL 510, a photodetector (PD) 520, and a polarizer 530. Each of these components may be substantially similarly named to the similarly named components of device 100 and may operate in substantially a similar manner. Furthermore, device 500 may utilize an integrated design similar to that of device 300, and therefore, polarizer 530 may be directly integrated onto PD 520.

[0044] However, instead of using a dual-molding-based design similar to that used in devices 100, 200, 300, and 400—comprising a first transparent molded portion (e.g., transparent molded portion 140) and a surrounding second opaque molded portion (e.g., opaque molded portion 150)—device 500 can alternatively use a simpler single-overlay molding-based configuration (package). This configuration could include a silicon dispensed dome with a single-overlay molding on top. For example, as... Figure 5 As shown, the apparatus 500 includes a silicon dispensing dome 540 with an overmolding 550 surrounding it. The overmolding 550 may include a highly reflective overmolding compound or material at least at the interface with the silicon dispensing dome 540, and may be applied via a single overmolding step.

[0045] Compared to dual-molding-based configurations, single-molding-based configurations can exhibit different characteristics, presenting different challenges. For example, a single-molding-based configuration similar to that used in device 500 may have a low signal-to-noise ratio (S / N) characteristic, which can impact performance. Therefore, devices implemented based on such configurations may need to be tailored or modified to address this issue. For instance, to address and mitigate the low S / N ratio, the polarizer can be mounted or fabricated on a photodetector (e.g., a photodiode) and can be configured to rely on the curvature of the silicon dome and the scattering of the highly reflective molding compound to reduce feedback entering the VCSEL.

[0046] Figure 6 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (See reference...) Figure 6A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (hereinafter referred to as the “device”) 600 based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0047] Device 600 may be substantially similar to device 100 or device 500, and may operate in a substantially similar manner. However, device 600 incorporates alternative designs. For example, Figure 6 As shown, device 600 includes a VCSEL 610, a photodetector (PD) 620, and a polarizer 630. Each of these components may be substantially similarly named to the similarly named components of device 100 and may operate in substantially a similar manner. Furthermore, device 600 may utilize an integrated design similar to that of device 300, and therefore, polarizer 630 may be directly integrated onto PD 620.

[0048] However, device 600 may alternatively use a housing-based configuration instead of a dual-molding-based design similar to that used in devices 100, 200, 300, and 400, or a single-overlay molding-based configuration similar to that used in device 500. This configuration may include using a housing bonded (e.g., using an adhesive) to the top of a substrate on which the main sub-components (VCSEL, PD, etc.) are mounted or placed.

[0049] For example, such as Figure 6 As shown, device 600 includes a housing 640 bonded to or otherwise attached to substrate 660, such as using adhesive 642, wherein housing 640 creates a cavity 650 on top of substrate 660. Housing 640 may include an opaque material. Substrate 660 may include suitable materials and / or sub-components, such as ceramic, leadframe, printed circuit board (PCB), etc. VCSEL 610 and PD 620 with integrated polarizer 630 may be disposed within cavity 650 on top of substrate 660.

[0050] The device 600 may also incorporate one or more optical routing components to provide or otherwise facilitate the desired beam routing between the VCSEL 610 and the PD 620. Various types and / or techniques can be used for this. For example, in Figure 6 In the illustrated embodiment, device 600 may incorporate a reflection-based optical routing component (e.g., a mirror) 670 within housing 640, which may be attached to the interior of housing 640, for example, using adhesive 672. The mirror 670 may be arranged to provide optimal optical routing, such as by positioning the mirror 670 at a predetermined optimal angle. Figure 6 (shown as "beam center path"), so that the beam from VCSEL 610 can be coupled to PD 620.

[0051] Figure 7 Another exemplary quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (See reference...) Figure 7 A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (hereinafter referred to as the “device”) 700 based on a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown.

[0052] Device 700 can be substantially similar to device 600 and can operate in a substantially similar manner. In this regard, as... Figure 7 As shown, device 700 includes a VCSEL 710, a photodetector (PD) 720, a polarizer 730, a housing 740, a cavity 750, a substrate 760, and an optical routing component 770. Each of these components can be substantially similar to similarly named components of device 600, including the housing 740 and the optical routing component 770, which are joined and / or attached in a similar manner using adhesives 742 and 772, and can operate in a substantially similar manner. However, as Figure 7 As shown, the optical routing component 770 can be a mirrorless structure (configured to route the beam from VCSEL 710 to PD 720 within the structure) instead of a mirror (a mirror may require the housing to be formed into an irregular shape to accommodate, for example...). Figure 6 (The attachment of the reflector shown).

[0053] Figure 8 A quantum random number generator (QRNG) device based on a stacked vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. (See reference...) Figure 8 The stacked VCSEL quantum random number generator (QRNG) device (or simply "device") 800 is shown.

[0054] Device 800 may be substantially similar to any of devices 100 to 700 and may operate in a substantially similar manner. However, device 800 incorporates alternative designs. Specifically, device 800 may utilize a stack-based design, in which different sub-components are typically arranged in a layered stack, one on top of another.

[0055] In this regard, such as Figure 8As shown, device 800 includes a VCSEL 810, a photodetector (PD) 820, a polarizer 830, a silicon distribution dome 840, a glass layer 850, and a transparent layer 860. These components can be arranged in a stack, with the VCSEL 810 at the bottom, the silicon distribution dome 840 incorporating the VCSEL, followed by the glass layer 850, then the polarizer 830, then the transparent layer 860, and finally the photodetector (PD) 820 on top. For this purpose, as... Figure 8 As shown, polarizer 830 can be disposed at the interface between glass layer 850 and transparent layer 860. However, this disclosure is not limited to this arrangement, and therefore, in alternative implementations, polarizer 830 can be disposed (manufactured) on other components. For example, polarizer 830 can be additionally or alternatively disposed (manufactured) on top of PD 820. Further, VCSEL 810 can be disposed on the top side of base plate 870, while photodetector (PD) 820 can be disposed on the bottom side of top plate 880. Base plate 870 and top plate 880 can comprise suitable materials, such as bismaleimide triazine (BT) resin. When device 800 is incorporated into a larger device or package, pad 890 can be disposed on the bottom side of base plate 870 and the top side of top plate 880. This is in Figure 9 As shown in the image.

[0056] Device 800 can be configured to operate based on side-emitting LED technology. The design used in device 800 can be modified as described above. For example, for polarizer 830, a wire grid polarizer (WGP) structure can be used on the glass-to-transparency interface (and / or on top of the PD).

[0057] The desired optical routing can be provided by selecting materials that allow coupling of a light source (e.g., VCSEL 810) to a photodetector (PD) 820 while mitigating feedback effects. For example, a silicon-allocated dome 840 and intermediate layers can introduce a deflection of the emitted beam from the VCSEL. This can be achieved through physical means (e.g., the curvature of the dome surface) and differences in the RI (refractive index) of the materials used in the layers (e.g., as shown in the image). Figure 8 This can be achieved by using one or two of the following (as shown in the diagram), which can introduce a small deflection to prevent feedback from entering the VCSEL.

[0058] Figure 9 An exemplary package of a quantum random number generator (QRNG) device incorporating a stacked vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is shown. Figure 9 The image shows the package 900 of the assembly device 800.

[0059] Package 900 includes a printed circuit board (PCB) 910 to which device 800 is bonded. As described above, device 800 can be configured to operate based on side-emitting LED technology, and therefore, device 800 can be laterally bonded to the top of PCB 910. For example, surface mount technology (SMT) can be used to bond device 800 to PCB 910, particularly... Figure 9 The orientation is shown. To facilitate the bonding of device 800, PCB 910 may include (e.g., on its top side) pads 920, which can be used to connect device 800 (particularly pads 890 via device 800). For this purpose, as... Figure 9 As shown, solder 930 can be used for the pads 890 of the connection device 800 and the pads 920 of the PCB 910.

[0060] In some implementations, the package used in the proposed QRNG devices (e.g., any of devices 100 to 800) may also include additional electronics with a higher pin count in the leadframe. Such additional electronics may include, for example, a laser driver that precisely drives the VCSEL within the package, additional sensor electronics such as amplifiers (e.g., transimpedance amplifiers and comparators configured to convert photodiode current into bit-level voltages) and one or more of the like.

[0061] According to this disclosure, an exemplary optical device can be configured for quantum random number generation, wherein the optical device includes a light source configured to emit a light beam, a photodetector configured to detect the light, and a polarizer disposed between the light source and the photodetector, wherein the polarizer is configured to selectively allow light with a specific polarization to pass through. The optical device includes a package that includes at least the light source, the photodetector, and the polarizer; wherein the polarizer is configured to selectively allow the light beam to pass through when the light beam has a polarization matching the specific polarization; wherein the optical device includes one or more mitigation features for mitigating light feedback entering the light source; and wherein the optical device is configured to facilitate or achieve quantum random number generation (QRNG) based on the detection of the light beam by the photodetector.

[0062] In an exemplary embodiment, the light source includes a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).

[0063] In an exemplary embodiment, the photodetector includes a photodiode.

[0064] In an exemplary embodiment, the polarizer includes a wire grid polarizer (WGP) structure.

[0065] In an exemplary embodiment, the polarizer is integrated onto the photodetector.

[0066] In an exemplary embodiment, the polarizer is placed parallel to and / or oriented to the photodetector.

[0067] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more mitigation features include placing and / or directional polarizers in a manner that prevents or reduces feedback into the light source.

[0068] In an exemplary embodiment, the polarizer is positioned and / or oriented at an angle optimized to prevent or reduce feedback from entering the light source.

[0069] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more mitigation features include an optical routing component configured to provide or otherwise facilitate the routing of light from a light source to a photodetector while preventing or reducing feedback into the light source.

[0070] In an exemplary embodiment, the optical routing component includes a reflection-based optical routing component.

[0071] In an exemplary embodiment, the reflection-based optical routing component includes a mirror, wherein the mirror is positioned and / or oriented at an angle optimized to prevent or reduce feedback from entering the light source.

[0072] In an exemplary embodiment, the package includes an optocoupler dual-molded package.

[0073] In an exemplary embodiment, the optical coupler dual-molded package includes a first mold and a second mold, wherein the first mold is a transparent mold comprising a transparent material, wherein the second mold is an opaque mold comprising an opaque material, wherein the first mold includes at least a light source, a photodetector, and a polarizer; and wherein the first mold is at least partially disposed within and / or surrounded by the second mold.

[0074] In an exemplary embodiment, the packaging includes a housing-based packaging.

[0075] In an exemplary embodiment, the housing-based package includes a housing defining a cavity, wherein the housing comprises an opaque material, and wherein the cavity includes at least a light source, a photodetector, and a polarizer.

[0076] In an exemplary embodiment, the package includes a package based on single-overlay molding.

[0077] In an exemplary embodiment, the package based on a single overmolding includes a silicon distribution dome and an overmolding, wherein the silicon distribution dome includes at least a light source, a photodetector, and a polarizer; wherein the silicon distribution dome is at least partially disposed within and / or surrounded by the overmolding; and wherein the overmolding includes a highly reflective overmolding compound or material at least at its interface with the silicon distribution dome.

[0078] In an exemplary embodiment, the optical device further includes one or more additional electronic components.

[0079] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more additional electronic components include one or more of a laser driver, an amplifier, and a comparator.

[0080] In an exemplary embodiment, the package includes at least one of one or more additional electronic components.

[0081] In an exemplary embodiment, the optical device includes a stacked structure.

[0082] As used herein, “and / or” refers to any one or more of the items in a list connected by “and / or”. For example, “x and / or y” refers to any element in the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. In other words, “x and / or y” refers to “one or both of x and y”. As another example, “x, y and / or z” refers to any element in the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. In other words, “x, y and / or z” refers to “one or more of x, y, and z”. As used herein, the term “exemplary” means used as a non-limiting instance, example, or illustration. As used herein, the terms “for example” and “such as” list one or more non-limiting instances, examples, or illustrations.

[0083] As used herein, the terms “circuit” and “circuit system” refer to physical electronic components (e.g., hardware) and any software and / or firmware (“code”) that can configure, be executed by, and / or otherwise associate with the hardware. As used herein, for example, a particular processor and memory (e.g., volatile or non-volatile memory devices, general-purpose computer-readable media, etc.) may include a first “circuit” when executing a first line or more of code, and a second “circuit” may be included when executing a second line or more of code. Furthermore, a circuit may include analog and / or digital circuit systems. For example, such a circuit system may operate on analog and / or digital signals. It should be understood that a circuit may reside in a single device or chip, on a single motherboard, in a single chassis, in multiple enclosures located in a single geographic location, or in multiple enclosures distributed across multiple geographic locations, etc. Similarly, the term “module” may, for example, refer to physical electronic components (e.g., hardware) and any software and / or firmware (“code”) that can configure, be executed by, and / or otherwise associate with the hardware.

[0084] As used herein, a circuit or module is “operable” to perform a function, provided that the circuit system or module includes the hardware and code required to perform the function (if necessary), regardless of whether the function is disabled or not enabled (e.g., through user-configurable settings, factory adjustments, etc.).

[0085] Other embodiments of the invention may provide a non-transient computer-readable medium and / or storage medium, and / or a non-transient machine-readable medium and / or storage medium having stored machine code and / or a computer program having at least one code segment executable by a machine and / or a computer, thereby enabling the machine and / or computer to perform the processes described herein.

[0086] Various embodiments of the invention can also be embedded in a computer program product comprising all features capable of implementing the methods described herein, and capable of executing those methods when the computer program product is loaded into a computer system. As used herein, a computer program means any expression of a set of instructions represented in any language, code, or notation, which is intended to cause an information-processing system to perform a particular function directly or after any one or both of the following: a) being translated into another language, code, or notation; or b) being copied in a different material form.

[0087] While the methods and / or systems of the present invention have been described with reference to specific implementations, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes and equivalent alternatives can be made without departing from the scope of the methods and / or systems. Furthermore, many modifications can be made to adapt specific situations or materials to the teachings of this disclosure without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, the methods and / or systems of the present invention are not intended to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed, but rather to include all implementations falling within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An optical device configured for quantum random number generation, the optical device comprising: The light source is configured to emit a beam of light; A photodetector is configured to detect light; as well as A polarizer is disposed between the light source and the photodetector, wherein the polarizer is configured to selectively allow light with a specific polarization to pass through; The optical device includes a package, which includes at least the light source, the photodetector, and the polarizer. The polarizer is configured to selectively allow the light beam to pass through when the light beam has a polarization that matches the specific polarization; The optical device includes one or more mitigation features for reducing light feedback entering the light source; and The optical device is configured to facilitate or enable quantum random number generation based on the detection of the light beam by the photodetector.

2. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The light source includes a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser.

3. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The photodetector includes a photodiode.

4. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The polarizer includes a wire grid polarizer structure.

5. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The polarizer is integrated into the photodetector.

6. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The polarizer is placed parallel to and / or oriented to the photodetector.

7. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The one or more mitigation features include positioning and / or orienting the polarizer in a manner that prevents or reduces feedback entering the light source.

8. The optical device of claim 7, wherein, The polarizer is positioned and / or oriented at an angle optimized to prevent or reduce feedback entering the light source.

9. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The one or more mitigation features include an optical routing component configured to provide or otherwise facilitate the routing of light from the light source to the photodetector, while preventing or reducing feedback into the light source.

10. The optical device of claim 9, wherein, The optical routing component includes a reflection-based optical routing component.

11. The optical device of claim 10, wherein, The reflection-based optical routing component includes a mirror, wherein the mirror is positioned and / or oriented at an angle optimized to prevent or reduce feedback entering the light source.

12. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The package includes an optocoupler dual-molded package.

13. The optical device of claim 12, wherein, The optical coupler dual-molded package includes a first molding and a second molding. The first molding is a transparent molding that includes a transparent material. Wherein, the second molding is an opaque molding that includes an opaque material. The first molding includes at least the light source, the photodetector, and the polarizer; and The first molded part is at least partially disposed within and / or surrounded by the second molded part.

14. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The packaging includes housing-based packaging.

15. The optical device of claim 14, wherein, The housing-based package includes a housing defining a cavity, wherein the housing comprises an opaque material, and wherein the cavity includes at least the light source, the photodetector, and the polarizer.

16. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The packaging includes packaging based on single-overlay molding.

17. The optical device of claim 16, wherein, The single-overlay molding based package includes a silicon distribution dome and an overlay molding. The silicon distribution dome includes at least the light source, the photodetector, and the polarizer; Wherein, the silicon distribution dome is at least partially disposed within and / or surrounded by the overmolding; and The overmolding includes a highly reflective overmolding material at least at the interface with the silicon distribution dome.

18. The optical device of claim 1, wherein, The optical device further includes one or more additional electronic components.

19. The optical device of claim 18, wherein, The one or more additional electronic components include one or more of a laser driver, an amplifier, and a comparator.

20. The optical device according to claim 19, wherein, The package includes at least one of the one or more additional electronic components.

21. The optical device according to claim 1, wherein, The optical device includes a stacked-based structure.

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