Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is provided with: a reception unit that receives at least one piece of information among a transmission beam scan accompanying repetition, a reception beam forming for the transmission beam scan, and a virtual aperture for the transmission beam scan; and a control unit that, on the basis of the information, controls perception using at least one of the transmission beam scanning, the reception beam forming, and the virtual aperture.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems. Background Technology

[0002] In Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was standardized with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was standardized with the aim of further increasing capacity and improving the height of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] The study also explored subsequent systems to LTE (e.g., also known as the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+, the 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel.15 and later, etc.).

[0004] Existing technical documents

[0005] Non-patent literature

[0006] Non-patent document 1: 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010 Summary of the Invention

[0007] The problem that the invention aims to solve

[0008] Wireless sensing in future wireless communication systems (e.g., NR) is being researched.

[0009] However, the details of wireless sensing have not been fully investigated. If the details of wireless sensing are unclear, there are concerns about a reduction in sensing / communication quality.

[0010] Therefore, one of the purposes of this disclosure is to provide terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations that improve the resolution / accuracy of wireless sensing.

[0011] Methods for solving problems

[0012] One aspect of this disclosure relates to a terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives at least one of information including repeated transmit beam scanning, receive beamforming for the transmit beam scanning, and virtual aperture for the transmit beam scanning; and a control unit that, based on the information, controls the sensing of at least one of the transmit beam scanning, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture.

[0013] Invention Effects

[0014] According to one method of this disclosure, the resolution / accuracy of wireless sensing can be improved. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1A as well as Figure 1B This represents an example of a monostatic sensing scenario in a BS or UE.

[0016] Figure 2A as well as Figure 2B This is an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BS or UE.

[0017] Figure 3A as well as Figure 3B This is an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between the BS and UE.

[0018] Figure 4 This is an example of DMRS bandling.

[0019] Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmit antenna design used in VA implementation.

[0020] Figure 6A as well as Figure 6B This is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of the transmitting and receiving antennas.

[0021] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a ULA antenna.

[0022] Figure 8A as well as Figure 8BThis is a diagram showing an example of the antenna ports involved in options 1-1-1 and 1-1-2.

[0023] Figure 9 This is a diagram showing an example of the antenna port involved in option 1-1-3-1.

[0024] Figure 10 This is a diagram showing an example of the antenna port involved in option 1-1-3-2.

[0025] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the sensing antenna port involved in implementation method A1-2.

[0026] Figure 12A as well as Figure 12B This is a diagram illustrating an example of the utilization of the antenna port involved in implementation method A2.

[0027] Figure 13A as well as Figure 13B This is a diagram illustrating another example of the utilization of the antenna port involved in embodiment A2.

[0028] Figure 14 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the resources used for multiple sensing antenna ports involved in implementation method A3-1.

[0029] Figure 15A as well as Figure 15B This is a diagram illustrating an example of resource allocation involved in implementation method A3-2-1.

[0030] Figure 16A as well as Figure 16B This is a diagram illustrating an example of signal allocation for the sensing antenna port according to implementation method A3-2-2.

[0031] Figure 17 This represents an example of the time resources of the perceived UL and perceived DL of a pair.

[0032] Figure 18 This represents an example of a receiving window.

[0033] Figure 19 This represents an example of multiple pairs of time resources for perceiving DL and perceiving UL.

[0034] Figure 20 This represents an example of case 1-1 of implementation method B1-1.

[0035] Figure 21 This represents an example of scenario 1-2 of implementation method B1-1.

[0036] Figure 22 This is an example of case 2-1 representing implementation method B1-1.

[0037] Figure 23 This is an example of scenario 2-2 representing implementation method B1-1.

[0038] Figure 24 This represents an example of scenario 3 of implementation method B1-1.

[0039] Figure 25 This represents an example of Case 1 of Implementation Method B1-2-1.

[0040] Figure 26 This represents an example of scenario 2 of implementation method B1-2-1.

[0041] Figures 27A to 27D This represents an example of type 1 of implementation method B1-3-1.

[0042] Figures 28A to 28D This represents an example of type 3 of implementation method B1-3-1.

[0043] Figure 29 This represents an example of option 1 of implementation method B1-3-2.

[0044] Figure 30A as well as Figure 30B This represents an example of implementation method B1-3-3.

[0045] Figure 31A as well as Figure 31B This represents an example of the propagation distance in option 1 of implementation method B2-1.

[0046] Figure 32 Another example of the propagation distance in option 1 of implementation method B2-1.

[0047] Figure 33 This represents an example of the time slot format in Option 1 of Implementation B2-1.

[0048] Figure 34 This represents an example of the time slot format in option 2 of implementation method B2-1.

[0049] Figure 35A as well as Figure 35B This represents an example of the time slot format in Option 1 of Implementation B2-1.

[0050] Figure 36A as well as Figure 36B This represents an example of the time slot format in options 2 and 3 of implementation method B2-1.

[0051] Figure 37A as well as Figure 37B This represents an example of the time slot format in option 4 of implementation method B2-1.

[0052] Figure 38A as well as Figure 38B This represents an example of beam scanning.

[0053] Figure 39 This represents an example of a beam scan within two sensing bursts.

[0054] Figure 40A as well as Figure 40B This represents an example of a beam for a perception service.

[0055] Figure 41 This represents an example of beam scanning correlation parameters.

[0056] Figure 42 This represents an example of MIMO method 1-1.

[0057] Figure 43 This represents an example of MIMO method 1-2.

[0058] Figure 44 This represents an example of MIMO method 2-1.

[0059] Figure 45 This represents an example of MIMO method 2-2.

[0060] Figure 46 This represents an example of a Tx-Rx beam pair in a communication system or PRS / SRS-based UE positioning.

[0061] Figure 47 This represents an example of multiple Tx-Rx beam pairs.

[0062] Figure 48 This illustrates an example of a MIMO method using Rx-sensing beam scanning.

[0063] Figure 49 This represents an example of a MIMO method that does not use Rx-sensing beam scanning.

[0064] Figure 50 This represents an example of a scan of four Tx-Rx beams in monostatic sensing using BF / VA.

[0065] Figure 51 This represents an example of a scan of 16 Tx-Rx beams in bistatic sensing using BF.

[0066] Figure 52 This represents an example of scanning with four Tx beams in bistatic sensing using VA.

[0067] Figure 53 This is an example of a sensing service that represents location determination and tracking.

[0068] Figure 54 This represents an example of monocentric sensing with one sensing station.

[0069] Figure 55A as well as Figure 55B This represents an example of monocentric sensing involving multiple sensing stations working in coordination.

[0070] Figure 56A as well as Figure 56B This represents an example of bistatic sensing from BS to UE, or from UE to BS.

[0071] Figure 57A as well as Figure 57B This represents an example of bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, or from UE1 to UE2.

[0072] Figure 58 This is an example of the process of beam scanning and beam management.

[0073] Figure 59 This is an example of the process of beam scanning and beam management.

[0074] Figure 60 This represents an example of a Tx sensing beam scan with repeated beam levels.

[0075] Figure 61 This represents an example of a Tx sensing beam scan accompanied by repeated bursts of intensity.

[0076] Figure 62 This represents an example of Tx sensing beam scanning with multiple beam levels repeated.

[0077] Figure 63 This represents an example of repetitive Rx sensing beam scanning in monostatic sensing.

[0078] Figure 64 This represents an example of bistatic sensing with repeated Rx sensing beam scanning.

[0079] Figure 65 This illustrates an example of a process involving repeated beam scanning and beam management.

[0080] Figures 66A to 66D This is an example of Tx antenna configuration and time / frequency domain resource configuration in TDMed-VA.

[0081] Figures 67A to 67C This represents an example of Tx sensing beam scanning in TDMed-VA.

[0082] Figure 68A as well as Figure 68B This represents an example of a beam class TDMed-VA with repeated beams.

[0083] Figure 69A as well as Figure 69B This indicates a case with recurrent acute-grade TDMed-VA.

[0084] Figure 70 This represents an example of using the repetitive / EA / pulse integration method 1.

[0085] Figure 71 This represents an example of using method 2 of VA.

[0086] Figure 72 This is an example of using EA and VA flexibly.

[0087] Figure 73 This illustrates an example of a process involving repeated beam scanning and beam management.

[0088] Figure 74 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment.

[0089] Figure 75 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment.

[0090] Figure 76 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0091] Figure 77 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0092] Figure 78 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0093] (Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC))

[0094] ISAC's motivation is to achieve high sensing performance and new / extended services through the use of various frequencies and cellular NW devices, and to optimize NW parameters through the analysis of real-time sensing data. Research is underway on: extended use cases for 5G systems to provide sensing services for various industries / applications addressing multiple objectives, and potential requirements for these use cases, as well as several use cases that may also include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, cameras).

[0095] For example, application scenario 1 is sensing for traffic management at tourist destinations. For example, application scenario 2 is intruder detection in smart home environments.

[0096] As for ISAC, sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing are being investigated. For sensing-assisted communication, sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation are being investigated. For communication-assisted sensing, network sensing and coordinated sensing are being investigated. To achieve these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL)-operated radio access technology (RAT), frame structures, and reference signals are being investigated. Furthermore, for shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms used in ISAC, higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing are being investigated.

[0097] In ISAC, the following are the research topics: unified waveforms that simultaneously meet the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirped signals); ISAC beamforming based on beamforming for communication (e.g., transmitted signals, received signals), sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmitted signals, reflected signals), and simultaneously achieving interference suppression between them; and CSI mining (CSI mining by AI) that extracts sensing information from channel information of communication (e.g., UL transmitted signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals) via AI / DL networks.

[0098] The study investigates three types of radar and communication systems: independent radar and communication systems, joint radar and communication systems, and integrated radar and communication systems. The following discussion will focus on ISAC systems that share hardware and bandwidth among radar and communication systems.

[0099] (Wireless Sensing)

[0100] Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is an important means to realize the vision of 6G cyberphysical systems (CPS). ISAC can be implemented through the development of 5G-advanced (A) and 6G with higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing reference signals (RS) are the main technologies used for the implementation of wireless sensing.

[0101] As for the application scenarios of ISAC, there are metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) perception, crowd estimation, etc. HAPS can be an aircraft at an altitude of about 20km, or it can be used for non-terrestrial networks (NTN).

[0102] HAPS sensing, supported by communication capabilities, enables ultra-remote-distance sensing using echo signals. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the strength of the echo signal, an extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) sensing waveform or sequence is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal at a given transmit power.

[0103] (Perception Method)

[0104] In conventional communication systems, there is communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, as well as joint transmission between multiple BSs and one UE. Similarly, conventional radar systems include: monostatic radar, where one radar transmits radar signals and receives echoes from the target object; and bistatic / multistatic radar, where one radar transmits radar signals and more than one radar receives echoes from the target object.

[0105] Independent systems utilize dedicated hardware and frequency bands for both radar and communications. This dedicated hardware can be installed in the same location or in a dedicated component.

[0106] Joint systems use the same hardware and dedicated frequency bands for both radar and communications.

[0107] The unified system uses the same hardware and frequency band for both radar and communications.

[0108] Sensing in the ISAC system can be achieved through any of the following sensing methods.

[0109] - Monostatic Sensing: Monostatic sensing utilizes the concept of monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one base station (BS) or one user equipment (UE) and senses the signal via echo. In this method, there is no cooperation between BSs, between UEs, or between BSs and UEs. Applications of this method include, for example, terahertz imaging.

[0110] - Bistatic / Multistatic Sensing: This method utilizes bistatic / multistatic radar for sensing. It requires at least two Base Stations (BSs) or two User Equipments (UEs) to detect signals through reflected signals. Applications of this method include, for example, localization.

[0111] - UE-Assisted Sensing: This concept utilizes NR positioning for UE-assisted sensing (UE-assisted sensing, UE-assisted sensing, sensing aided by UE). This sensing method requires both a Base Station (BS) and a UE, and sensing is achieved through communication (UL / DL) signals. This sensing method operates within the existing 5G NR framework. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. An example application scenario for this sensing method is breath monitoring.

[0112] [Single-base sensing]

[0113] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monobase sensing. Figure 1A ), and UE single-base perception ( Figure 1B ( ) perception methods.

[0114] Scenarios suitable for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics.

[0115] - The sensing target is located near the sensing BS / UE and requires a high or moderate level of SNR in the echo signal.

[0116] - The target may also not have communication capabilities.

[0117] The requirements for monobase sensing capabilities have the following characteristics.

[0118] -Due to the full duplex nature of the BS or UE, higher capabilities are required.

[0119] The performance of monostatic sensing has the following characteristics.

[0120] - By not using quantization, accuracy is increased.

[0121] - Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal.

[0122] - Shorter latency.

[0123] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing]

[0124] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS to BS (BS-BS, BS1-BS2, gNB-to-gNB, gNB1-to-gNB2). Figure 2A Bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-BS, UE-to-gNB) Figure 2B Bistatic sensing from BS to UE (BS-UE, gNB-to-UE) Figure 3A ), and bistatic sensing from UE to UE (UE-UE, UE1-UE2, UE-to-UE, UE1-to-UE2). Figure 3B ( ) perception methods.

[0125] The scenarios applicable to BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics.

[0126] - It requires close synchronization and collaboration between BSs, as well as scheduling and coordination among multiple BSs.

[0127] - The target may also not have communication capabilities.

[0128] The requirements for BS-BS bistatic sensing capabilities have the following characteristics.

[0129] - Due to half duplex, it can be achieved even with lower power.

[0130] -Due to the synchronization between BS, a high level of capability is required.

[0131] The performance of BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics.

[0132] - By not using quantization, accuracy is increased.

[0133] - Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal.

[0134] The delay is moderate.

[0135] The scenarios applicable to UE-BS dual-base sensing, BS-UE dual-base sensing, and UE-UE dual-base sensing have the following characteristics.

[0136] - The target needs to be surrounded by a communication UE.

[0137] The requirements for UE-BS dual-base sensing capabilities have the following characteristics.

[0138] - Due to half duplex, it can be achieved even with lower power.

[0139] -High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0140] The requirements for BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE-UE bistatic sensing capabilities have the following characteristics.

[0141] - Due to half duplex, it can be achieved even with lower power.

[0142] - The UE requires sufficient computing resources and high detection accuracy of reflected signals.

[0143] -High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0144] The performance of UE-BS dual-base sensing, BS-UE dual-base sensing, and UE-UE dual-base sensing has the following characteristics.

[0145] - By quantifying the feedback value, the accuracy becomes moderate.

[0146] -Accuracy is related to the configured resources and the UE location.

[0147] - The delay is relatively long.

[0148] In the embodiments described below, the following scenarios and ideas may also be used.

[0149] -In the ISAC scenario, communication and sensing capabilities are required.

[0150] - For lower complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half-duplex) can also be considered to replace full-duplex in BS and UE.

[0151] In a TDD-based ISAC system, it is preferable that the sensed signal and the reflected / echoed signal are transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing that includes monostatic BS sensing and bistatic BS1-BS2 sensing, it is preferable that the sensed signal is transmitted in the DL time resource, and the reflected / echoed signal is preferably received in the UL time resource. For example, in UE-based sensing that includes monostatic UE sensing and bistatic UE1-UE2 sensing, it is preferable that the sensed signal is transmitted in the UL time resource, and the reflected / echoed signal is preferably received in the DL time resource. In bistatic BS-UE sensing, it is preferable to use the DL time resource for sensing. In bistatic UE-DL sensing, it is preferable to use the UL time resource for sensing.

[0152] (Key performance indicators (KPIs) used for perception (from the perspective of application scenarios))

[0153] As key performance indicators (KPIs) for ISAC, research is being conducted on the coverage area or range of the sensing service, resolution (distance / speed), latency, refresh rate, probability of non-detection or detection, reliability level, and false detection.

[0154] As key performance indicators (KPIs) for NR positioning, the following were studied: position accuracy, velocity accuracy, orientation accuracy, timestamp accuracy, availability, latency, time to the initial decision, update rate, power consumption, energy per decision, and system scalability.

[0155] Different KPIs can be applied to multiple different application scenarios. Several KPIs for sensing and positioning can also be the same. At least a portion of multiple application scenarios in sensing and positioning can be applied to the same KPIs. Therefore, designs related to NR positioning can serve as a baseline for sensing.

[0156] (NR communication frame structure)

[0157] In NR, radio frames are fixed at 10ms, and subframes are fixed at 1ms. Time slots are defined as 14 OFDM symbols.

[0158] The parameter set (numerology) and CP length define the time characteristics in OFDM symbols and the frequency characteristics in the PRB. The parameter set (subcarrier spacing (SCS) setting) is μ=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (corresponding to SCSΔf=2 respectively). μ• 15kHz (15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960 kHz) is any one of these. The SCS and the duration of the symbol / slot vary with the parameter set. The CP length is either normal CP or extended CP. With normal CP, the number of symbols per slot is 14. With extended CP, the number of symbols per slot is 12. Extended CP is only supported in 60kHz SCS (μ=2).

[0159] In T c =1 / (Δf max ·N f ), Δf max =480kHz, N f =4096, constant κ=T s / T c T s =1 / (Δf ref ·N f，ref ), Δf ref =15kHz, N f，ref In the case of =2018, the CP length is typically (144κ·2) in the symbol indices 0 and 7. -μ +16κ)·T c In the remaining code elements, it is 144κ·2 -μ ·T c The CP length is extended to 512κ·2. -μ ·T c The OFDM symbol length is 2048kJ / 2. -μ ·T c In FR1, μ ranges from 0 to 2. In FR2-1, μ ranges from 2 to 4, with μ=4 used only for SS / PBCH blocks. In FR2-2, μ ranges from 3 to 6.

[0160] The time slot format defines the UL / DL / flexible resource configuration within a single time slot (14 OFDM symbols). The time slot format indicates how each of the multiple symbols within a single time slot is used (which symbol is used for UL and which for DL ​​within a specific time slot). For multiple symbols within a time slot, existing standards allow 61 predefined combinations.

[0161] The protection period (GP) is the handover interval between UL and DL. Regarding the UL / DL transition time defined in existing specifications, it is 13.02 μs for FR1 and 7.01 μs for FR2. UEs unable to perform full-duplex communication do not expect the following: transmissions occurring earlier than N from the end of the last received DL symbol. Rx-Tx T cMatters concerning subsequent ULs within the same cell, or, sending N earlier than the end of the last transmitted UL symbol. Tx-Rx T c The matter of UL within the same community afterward.

[0162] The duration of protection needs to provide the following four effects.

[0163] - Time to propagate in the air (T) proc ).

[0164] - Sufficient migration time (T) in the case of transmitter changes between defined ON / OFF power levels off->on T on->off ).

[0165] - Sufficient time (T) for mode changes between transmission and reception in the UE and BS. Tx->Rx T RX->Tx ).

[0166] - Configuration of the margin for cell phase synchronization error (T) sync ).

[0167] Regarding the Lower Layer perspective, there are several constraints (or matters that should be considered).

[0168] - A specific length of protection period (a specific number of protection symbols) is required in the case of switching from DL to UL to avoid conflicts between DL reception and UL transmission.

[0169] - Protection period in cases where switching from UL to DL is not required. Timing advance (TA) is used to align DL and UL. An RF propagation delay of approximately 300ms to 1μs is assumed.

[0170] (DMRS bundling: Physical layer procedures for data / Physical uplink shared channel related procedure / UE procedure for transmitting the physical uplink shared channel / UE procedure for determining time domain windows for bundling DM-RS (Rel.17))

[0171] [Nominal TDW]

[0172] For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A with configured grant, PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, and PUSCH transmissions of TB processing over multiple (TBoMS) spanning multiple time slots, with pusch-DMRS-Bundling enabled, and for PUCCH repetition PUCCH transmissions, with PUCCH-DMRS-Bundling enabled, the UE determines one or more nominal (nominal, planned) time domain windows (TDWs) as follows.

[0173] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A, PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, and PUSCH transmissions of TBoMS, the duration of each nominal TDW except the last nominal TDW is represented by the number of consecutive time slots and follows the conditions below.

[0174] -- If pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength is set, this duration is given by it.

[0175] -- If the pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength is not set, the duration is calculated as min(maxDurationDMRS-Bundling, M). Here, maxDurationDMRS-Bundling is the maximum duration of the nominal TDW that conforms to the UE capability. M is the duration in N·K consecutive time slots of PUSCH transmission. Here, N and K follow the following conditions.

[0176] --- For PUSCH transmission of type A, N=1, and K is the number of repetitions.

[0177] --- For PUSCH transmission of PUSCH repetition type B, N=1, and K is the nominal repetition count.

[0178] --- For TBoMS PUSCH transmission, N is the number of time slots used to determine the transport block size (TBS), and K is the number of repetitions of the number N used to determine the TBS.

[0179] - For repeated PUCCH transmissions, the duration of each nominal TDW except the last nominal TDW is represented by the number of consecutive time slots and follows the conditions below.

[0180] -- This duration is given by pucch-TimeDomainWindowLength if it is set.

[0181] -- If pucch-TimeDomainWindowLength is not set, this duration is calculated as min(maxDurationDMRS-Bundling, M). Here, maxDurationDMRS-Bundling is the maximum duration of the nominal TDW that conforms to the UE capability. M is the duration in consecutive time slots from the initial time slot determined for repeated PUCCH transmissions to the final time slot determined for repeated PUCCH transmissions.

[0182] - For PUSCH repetition type A PUSCH transmissions scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 when AvailableSlotCounting is valid, as well as PUSCH repetition type A PUSCH transmissions with set permission, and for PUSCH transmissions for TBoMS, the nominal TDW follows the following conditions.

[0183] -- The initial nominal TDW started in the initial time slot determined for the initial PUSCH transmission.

[0184] -- The end of the final nominal TDW is the last time slot determined for the final PUSCH transmission.

[0185] -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the initial time slot determined for PUSCH transmission after the last time slot determined for the previous nominal TDW PUSCH transmission.

[0186] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 when AvailableSlotCounting is not set for the UE or when AvailableSlotCounting is invalid, as well as PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A with set permission, and for PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, the nominal TDW follows the following conditions.

[0187] -- The initial nominal TDW begins with the initial timeslot of the initial PUSCH transmission.

[0188] -- The end of the final nominal TDW is the last slot of the final PUSCH transmission.

[0189] -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the first slot after the last slot of the previous nominal TDW.

[0190] - For repeated PUCCH transmissions, the nominal TDW follows these conditions.

[0191] -- The initial nominal TDW begins with the initial time slot determined for the initial PUCCH transmission.

[0192] -- The end of the final nominal TDW is the final time slot determined for the final PUCCH transmission.

[0193] -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the initial time slot determined for PUCCH transmission after the last time slot determined for the previous nominal TDW PUCCH transmission.

[0194] `pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength` sets the nominal TDW length for DMRS bundling of PUSCH using the number of consecutive time slots. This value must not exceed the maximum duration for DMRS bundling of PUSCH as specified in the UE radio access capability specification. In PUSCH repetition types A / B, if this field is not present, the UE applies a default value as specified in the UE radio access capability specification, which is the minimum of the duration for all PUSCH repetitions and the maximum duration for DMRS bundling of PUSCH using consecutive time slots. In TBoMS, if this field is not present, the UE applies a default value as specified in the UE radio access capability specification, which is the minimum of the duration for TBoMS transmission and the maximum duration for DMRS bundling of PUSCH using consecutive time slots.

[0195] [Actual TDW]

[0196] For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A with configuration permission, PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, and PUSCH transmissions with TB processing spanning multiple time slots, the nominal TDW consists of one or more actual TDWs. The UE determines the actual TDW in the following manner.

[0197] - The initial actual TDW begins with the initial symbol of the initial PUSCH transmission in any of the following time slots within the nominal TDW: PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with setting permission, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple time slots.

[0198] - The actual termination of TDW follows these conditions.

[0199] -- In the case where the actual TDW reaches the end of the last PUSCH transmission within the nominal TDW, the end of the actual TDW is the last symbol of the last PUSCH transmission in the time slot used for PUSCH transmission in any of the following: PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with setting permission, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple time slots.

[0200] -- In the case that a PUSCH transmission occurs in any of the following PUSCH transmissions scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 throughout the nominal TDW: PUSCH repetition type A, PUSCH repetition type A with setting permission, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing throughout multiple time slots, an event occurs that causes the inability to maintain power consistency and phase continuity, and the PUSCH transmission is located within a time slot used for PUSCH transmissions scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2: PUSCH repetition type A, PUSCH repetition type A with setting permission, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing throughout multiple time slots, the actual end of the TDW is the last symbol of the PUSCH transmission preceding this event.

[0201] - When pusch-WindowRestart is active, the start of a new actual TDW is: the initial symbol of a PUSCH transmission following an event that causes the inability to maintain power consistency and phase continuity, which is located in a time slot used for PUSCH transmissions of any of the following: PUSCH repetition type A, PUSCH repetition type A with setting permission, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing across multiple time slots, scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2.

[0202] Joint channel estimation

[0203] To improve channel estimation accuracy, the BS estimates DMRS across multiple time slots of the PUSCH / PUCCH. Within the BS, to enable joint channel estimation across multiple time slot DMRS, the UE maintains power consistency and phase continuity within the actual TDW, while simultaneously transmitting multiple DMRSs (DMRS bundling) for multiple PUSCH / PUCCH transmissions. Figure 4 ).

[0204] Actual TDW is determined based on nominal TDW and events. The UE terminates actual TDW before an event occurs that causes a failure to maintain power consistency and phase continuity. Examples of events include frequency hopping (FH), timing advance (TA), downlink slots in unpaired spectrum, and the dropping of PUSCH / PUCCH. Events can be classified as dynamic or semi-static. Dynamic events are those triggered by MAC CE or DCI (e.g., TA adjustment), excluding FH and UL beam switching used in multi-TRP operations. Semi-static events include events such as FH and UL beam switching used in multi-TRP operations, and events triggered by RRC parameters (e.g., DL slots set via tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon / Dedicated).

[0205] (TB processing over multiple time slots (TBoMS))

[0206] If there is a numberOfSlotsTBoMS greater than 1 in the PUSCH scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or DCI format 0_2, the UE applies the TBoMS procedure when deciding on the time domain resource configuration.

[0207] In PUSCH repetition type A and TBoMS, the starting symbol S for the beginning of the time slot and the number of consecutive symbols L allocated to PUSCH starting from symbol S are determined from the beginning of the indexed line and the length indicator SLIV.

[0208] In TBoMS, when transmitting a PUSCH that is scheduled via DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 within the PDCCH and accompanied by a CRC scrambled with C-RNTI, MCS-C-RNTI, or CS-RNTI with NDI=1, the UE follows the following conditions.

[0209] - The number of slots N used for TBS determination is indicated by numberOfSlotsTBoMS.

[0210] - The number of repetitions K of the slot number N used for TBS determination is determined as follows.

[0211] -- If numberOfRepetitions exists in the resource configuration table, the number of repetitions K is equal to numberOfRepetitions.

[0212] -- Otherwise, K=1.

[0213] - In the case of repeated TBoMS support by the UE, the UE does not expect N·K to be greater than 32.

[0214] According to TBoMS, coding gain can be achieved with a lower coding rate, and bandwidth can be reduced by configuring TB across multiple time slots.

[0215] The PUSCH in each of the N time slots is configured with the same symbol.

[0216] (Perception performance)

[0217] In long-range sensing scenarios (e.g., high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing) and high-resolution imaging scenarios, high angular resolution and estimation accuracy are required. Therefore, correlation techniques are needed to improve sensing performance.

[0218] Angular resolution is affected by the antenna aperture. The antenna aperture can be improved using virtual aperture (VA) or multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar. Estimation accuracy is affected by resolution and SINR or SNR. SINR can be improved using low PAPR signal, energy accumulation (EA), or pulse integration (PI).

[0219] To improve sensing accuracy, it is preferable to use a higher SNR in the sensing channel / signal. However, higher transmit power in the sensing channel / signal may cause concerns about increased interference with sensing / communication. Therefore, it is advisable to consider transmitting the sensing channel / signal multiple times using lower power.

[0220] To improve the resolution and accuracy of the sensing distance, a wider bandwidth (BW) is preferred. However, transmitting a wider bandwidth in a single transmission is challenging, especially when the UE is transmitting the sensed channel / signal. Therefore, it is advisable to consider transmitting a single channel / signal with a narrower bandwidth multiple times on different frequency resources.

[0221] It is believed that multiple scans with narrower beams are useful before obtaining information related to the rough location of the target.

[0222] As sensing parameters, distance, angle, and speed can be considered. As key performance indicators (KPIs), resolution (separable difference) and accuracy (error) can be considered. The relationship between sensing parameters, KPIs, and the influencing factors for those KPIs is as follows.

[0223] The distance resolution is represented by ΔR = c / 2B. The influence factor for this is bandwidth B.

[0224] - The accuracy of the distance is determined by σ R =ΔR / sqrt(2·SINR) = c / (2B·sqrt(2·SINR)) represents this. Its influencing factors are bandwidth B, SINR, radar cross section (RCS), and algorithm.

[0225] - The resolution of the angle is determined by θ 3dB =0.886λ / D represents this. The influencing factors are the antenna aperture D and the frequency.

[0226] - The accuracy of the angle is determined by σ θ =θ 3dB / (1.6·sqrt(2·SINR)) represents the sum of its components. The influencing factors for this sum are antenna aperture D, SINR, RCS, and the algorithm.

[0227] - The resolution of velocity is given by Δv = (λ / 2)·Δf d =λ / (2T) represents this. The influencing factors for it are the duration T (or overhead) and frequency of the signal used for sensing.

[0228] - The accuracy of the speed is determined by σ v =Δv / sqrt(2·SINR) = λ / (2MT·sqrt(2·SINR)) represents the effect. Its influencing factors are duration T, SINR, RCS, and algorithm.

[0229] - The factors affecting the sensing range (measurable maximum distance, measurable maximum angle (field of view), and measurable maximum speed) for distance, angle, and speed are transmission power, frequency, and RCS.

[0230] As such, the resources of perception (bandwidth, time, antenna aperture) affect resolution, and SINR affects perception accuracy.

[0231] (SNR improvement methods)

[0232] Pulse integration in conventional radar: In pulsed radar, typically, the required detection performance cannot be achieved using a single pulse. Pulse integration is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by superimposing signal samples and equalizing noise and interference. Pulse integration can also follow at least one of the following methods.

[0233] - In coherent integration, multiple samples are superimposed in phase, and the usable SNR is increased based on the number of pulses being integrated. Coherent integration depends on the target's RCS fluctuation and is not always possible. Due to this RCS fluctuation, the coherent processing interval (CPI) can become too short for sufficient sample collection. X ij Y is the (i, j)th input in row M, column N of pulse X. The coherent integral of multiple pulses within X is given by Y. i =Σ j=1 N X ij Provided.

[0234] - In incoherent integration, the phase information of the signal is discarded, and the squared intensity of multiple samples of the signal is synthesized. Incoherent integration has a lower integration gain than coherent integration. X ij Y is the (i, j)th input in the M row and N column of pulse X. The incoherent (video) integral of multiple pulses within X is given by Y. i =sqrt(Σ j=1 N |X ij | 2 (This is given.)

[0235] Application in ISAC systems: Coherent integration is being studied as an ISAC EA. The low SNR resulting from increased sensing range is a significant problem. The EA can improve the SNR of the echo signal. At longer sensing distances, a greater accumulation amount is required.

[0236] (Methods to improve angular resolution)

[0237] In MIMO radar, the angular resolution is related to the number of Rx antennas N, approximately 2 / N. MIMO radar requires proper configuration of Tx / Rx antennas and multiple orthogonal channels on multiple different Tx antennas. Multiple orthogonal channels are, for example, TDM / FDM / CDM. For instance, NM Rx antennas (spaced Md, TDM) are configured with N Tx antennas (spaced d).

[0238] Previous MIMO radars, through Tx / Rx antenna configurations and the design of orthogonal signals across multiple Tx antennas, were able to achieve larger VAs for better angular resolution.

[0239] The application of MIMO radar in the ISAC system can also follow at least one of the following methods.

[0240] ISAC Hybrid Duplex adds a new Tx antenna for sensing using a larger antenna spacing. The Tx antenna spacing is equal to the aperture of multiple Rx antennas. VA is implemented using the new Tx antenna and multiple orthogonal signals transmitted via TDM. To sense the signal, the new additional Tx antenna and associated hardware are required, increasing cost and complexity.

[0241] For example, the Rx antenna spacing is (d) relative to the (x, y) direction. x d y ), Tx antenna spacing is (L x d x L y d y The number of Tx antennas is (η) x η y In the case of ), the virtual Rx antenna spacing in VA is (d x d y The number of virtual Rx antennas is (η) x L x η y L y ).

[0242] ISAC THz imaging employs a completely new Tx antenna and a new Rx antenna. The horizontal spacing of the Tx antennas is wavelength λ. The vertical spacing of the Rx antennas is wavelength λ. CA is achieved using the new Tx / Rx antennas and multiple orthogonal signals that are TDM and CDM. For sensing, new Tx / Rx antennas and hardware are required, increasing costs and making it unsuitable for communication.

[0243] For example, if the Tx antenna spacing in the x direction is λ and the number of Tx antennas is M, and the Rx antenna spacing in the y direction is λ and the number of Rx antennas is N, then the number of virtual Rx antennas in the (x, y) direction is (x, y).

[0244] (Aspect Ratio Resolution Improvement Method Based on VA)

[0245] In order to reduce costs, research is underway to repurpose digital antennas from current communication systems for sensing.

[0246] However, the VA in previous MIMO radar systems required specific designs for transmit / receive antenna spacing and hardware structures.

[0247] The following is an example of a method used in VA implementation.

[0248] The transmit antenna is divided into multiple transmit groups. The transmit precoding used for each transmit group, as well as the precoded virtual transmit antenna spacing, can also be designed to achieve VA.

[0249] Each transmitting group may also contain more than one transmitting antenna.

[0250] In the case of a group containing multiple transmit antennas, although the SNR is higher, the VA is smaller.

[0251] To achieve higher sensing performance, an optimal number of transmitting antennas and a well-designed transmitting array are required.

[0252] Alternatively, each transmission group can consist of a single transmission antenna. In this case, transmission precoding may not be required.

[0253] Furthermore, in systems with the same transmit / receive antennas (e.g., dynamic TDD systems), antennas can be allocated semi-statically / dynamically for both transmit and receive in order to achieve the expected VA.

[0254] Alternatively, the system model targeted by VA can also be a monostatic sensing model that uses one or more targets. In monostatic sensing, the angle of arrival (AoA) of the signal in the sensing object (e.g., sensing station (e.g., base station / terminal)) is equal to the angle of departure (AoD) of the signal.

[0255] Furthermore, the system model targeted by VA can also be a model that uses perception other than monobase perception targeting one or more targets.

[0256] Figure 5 This illustrates an example of a transmit antenna design used for VA implementation. In this example, the actual transmit antennas are first grouped, with each transmit antenna divided into transmit group 1 through transmit group 4. These divided transmit groups are generated as Tx VAs (virtual Tx aperture, antenna).

[0257] Next, the Rx VA (virtual Rx aperture) is implemented by designing the receiving antennas corresponding to each transmitting group. The configuration of each receiving antenna can also be based on the location of each transmitting group. In this example, each receiving antenna consists of 8×4 antenna elements.

[0258] Here, for the reason of the existence of inappropriate Tx VA, there may be non-expected / unnecessary antenna spacing (e.g., the portion of the central (horizontal) row in the aperture shown in this example (recorded by dashed lines)) and repetition of virtual antennas (e.g., the portion of the central (vertical) column in the aperture shown in this example (recorded by dashed lines)).

[0259] Therefore, the unplanned antenna spacing and the repetition of the virtual antenna were corrected, realizing the expected Rx VA.

[0260] There are several possible configurations for the transmitting and receiving antennas.

[0261] For example, both the transmitting and receiving antennas can be configured on a single panel (antennasallocation scenario 1, see [reference]). Figure 6A ).

[0262] Furthermore, for example, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna can also be configured separately on different panels (antenna configuration scenario 2, see...). Figure 6B ).

[0263] (Antenna configuration scenario 1: VA with Tx / Rx antenna configuration)

[0264] In antenna configuration scenario 1, N antennas spaced at half-wavelength intervals (λ / 2) are used / repurposed for both transmission and reception. In other words, it is also possible to have an antenna configuration that requires a total of N antennas for both transmission and reception.

[0265] For example, in the case of N uniform linear array (ULA) antennas, it is also possible that 2M antennas are used for transmitting and N-2M antennas are used for receiving.

[0266] In this scenario, for example, 2M transmit antennas could be configured at both ends of the ULA antenna, and defined as two transmit groups with M transmit antennas each (see [link to relevant documentation]). Figure 7 ).

[0267] In such an antenna configuration, to achieve VA (Vertical Aspect Ratio), orthogonal signals can also be transmitted from two transmission groups. These orthogonal signals can, for example, be orthogonal signals in time / frequency / space / code resources.

[0268] Beamforming with beam scanning can also be performed in multiple antennas within a single transmit group.

[0269] A gap will occur between the distance of the transmit antennas required by the VA and the distance of the virtual transmit antennas between transmit groups achieved through transmit antenna selection and beamforming.

[0270] To correct this gap, a two-step estimation algorithm can also be used.

[0271] In the two-step estimation algorithm, firstly, a coarse estimation can also be performed based on the signal transmitted (beam scan) through a certain transmission group (e.g., transmission group 1) (step 1).

[0272] Next, the angle estimated in step 1 can be used to fix / correct the received signal of other transmitting groups (e.g., transmitting group 2), and the fixed / corrected signal and VA can be used to estimate the angle (step 2).

[0273] Based on the two-step estimation algorithm, higher performance than existing methods can be achieved by implementing VA. Furthermore, a higher SNR gain can be achieved without hardware changes.

[0274] In the evaluation results, for a single target scenario, the optimal M for the minimum RMSE, and the two Tx groups can also follow at least one of the following observations.

[0275] - Observation 1: The optimal number of Tx antennas M within each Tx group decreases as SNR increases, becoming 1 relative to high SNR. For low SNR, it becomes a larger M for beamforming gain. For high SNR, it becomes a smaller M for angular resolution.

[0276] - Observation 2: The root mean square error (RMSE) performance of the VA method using the optimal M is superior to that of the existing VA method which includes the true VA. The Tx / Rx antenna of the existing VA method is fixed. It cannot be dynamically changed based on SNR conditions.

[0277] (Antenna configuration scenario 2: VA without Tx / Rx antenna configuration)

[0278] In dynamic TDD systems without Tx / Rx configurations (e.g., HAPS sensing), all antennas can be used for both transmission and reception. During Tx, Tx beamforming using beam scanning is performed. During Rx, reception using all directions and processing using a digital synthesizer are performed. Echo signals for beam scanning in T1 and for beam scanning in T2 are synthesized.

[0279] In the evaluation results of the new VA method and the existing EA method in antenna configuration scenario 2, with the same SNR (-22dB) required for chirp and the same overhead, the angle RMSE of the new VA method and the existing EA method are 0.02° and 0.4°, respectively. Regarding HAPS sensing performance, the new VA method supports wireless sensing of HAPS at an altitude of 20km and a coverage radius of 15km, an AoA of 37°, and an angle error of 0.02°. The position error is reduced from 176m to 8.8m.

[0280] (analyze)

[0281] For the MIMO mode of ISAC, ISAC MIMO beamforming and ISAC VA can be considered.

[0282] In ISAC MIMO beamforming, sensing beams can be generated in a manner that covers a predefined sensing area.

[0283] In ISAC VA, it is possible to achieve improved angular resolution and accuracy, especially for signals.

[0284] In both ISAC MIMO beamforming and ISAC VA, the use of multiple antennas in both the transmitter and receiver is common.

[0285] On the other hand, all transmit antennas can be used in ISAC MIMO beamforming, while only a portion of the transmit antennas can be used in ISAC VA.

[0286] Furthermore, in ISAC MIMO beamforming, different antennas can correspond to the same signal, while in ISAC VA, different antennas can correspond to different signals.

[0287] Furthermore, directional beamforming is used in ISAC MIMO beamforming, while it is not used in ISAC VA.

[0288] Previous studies have investigated the design of the spacing / location of sensing-related transmit / receive antennas in communication systems, which differ from half-wavelength spacing. However, research on the design of the spacing / location of transmit / receive antennas with half-wavelength spacing (e.g., for the implementation / generation of VA) is insufficient.

[0289] Furthermore, the structure / definition of antenna ports used to support ISAC MIMO (e.g., antenna ports for sensing) are not adequately studied.

[0290] Furthermore, research on the structure / definition of orthogonal signals for multiple antenna ports (e.g., for implementation / generation of VA) is insufficient.

[0291] (Research)

[0292] EA is being studied to improve SNR. VA is being studied to improve angular resolution without increasing the physical antenna aperture.

[0293] As a temporal domain technique, there is EA / repetition. To improve angular resolution, as a spatial domain MIMO technique, there are beamforming (BF) and VA. EA / repetition and BF are used to improve SNR. BF and VA are used to improve angular resolution.

[0294] EA and VA are applicable to different requirements or scenarios. These requirements or scenarios can be integrated with the ISAC system or dynamically set based on a specific scenario. For example, beamforming is required in an ISAC system for better SNR (beamforming gain). Due to the narrower beamwidth caused by beamforming, beam scanning is needed to achieve complete coverage of the sensing area.

[0295] However, how beam scanning for EA and VA is supported and designed has not been fully studied. Furthermore, how the combination and switching of EA and VA is supported and designed has not been fully studied.

[0296] Therefore, the inventors of this invention have studied beam management methods in sensing.

[0297] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, each of the following embodiments (e.g., each case) may be used individually or in combination of at least two.

[0298] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be rewritten as each other. In addition, in this disclosure, "A / B / C" may also mean "at least one of A, B and C".

[0299] In this disclosure, terms such as notification, activation, deactivation, indication (or indication), selection, configuration, update, and determination can be overridden. Similarly, terms such as support, control, ability to control, operation, and ability to operate can also be overridden.

[0300] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-level parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., can also be modified interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) elements (MAC ControlElement (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., can also be modified interchangeably.

[0301] In this disclosure, higher-layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) messages, etc. from the core network), or a combination thereof.

[0302] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may also use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MACCE) or a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Broadcast information may also be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Minimum System Information (Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI)), or Other System Information (OSI).

[0303] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may also be, for example, downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), etc.

[0304] In this disclosure, "having the ability to..." and "the ability to support / report on..." can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0305] In this disclosure, a b The expressions a, b, and b appended to the right of a can also be rewritten. In this disclosure, a c The expressions a^c and a with c appended to the upper right corner can also be rewritten interchangeably. In this disclosure, a b cThe expressions a_b^c, a with b appended to the lower right and c appended to the upper right of a, can also be rewritten. In this disclosure, ceil(x), the ceiling function, and the floor function can also be rewritten. In this disclosure, floor(x), the floor function, and the floor function can also be rewritten. In this disclosure, sqrt(x) and the square root (root) can also be rewritten. In this disclosure, x... ~ It can be represented by appending a ~ to x, or read as a tilde (x). In this disclosure, x – It can be represented by assigning a hyphen (-) to x, or it can be called an x ​​bar. In this disclosure, x mod y, mod(x, y), the mod function, and the modulo operation can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0306] The following abbreviations may also be used in this disclosure.

[0307] Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

[0308] - Time-division-multiplexed: TDM

[0309] Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

[0310] - Frequency-division-multiplexed: FDM

[0311] - Code division multiplexing (CDM)

[0312] - Code-division-multiplexed: by CDM

[0313] Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN)

[0314] Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)

[0315] - Secure User Plane Location (SUPL)

[0316] - SUPL Location Platform: SLP

[0317] Location Management Function (LMF)

[0318] - Sensing function: SF

[0319] - LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)

[0320] - NR Positioning Protocol A: NRPPa

[0321] - Terrestrial network: TN

[0322] - Non-terrestrial network: NTN

[0323] The Xn interface is open. It supports the exchange of signaling information between two NG-RAN nodes and the forwarding of PDUs for each tunnel endpoint. Logically, Xn is a point-to-point interface between two NG-RAN nodes. This logical interface can be implemented even in the absence of a physical direct connection between the two NG-RAN nodes.

[0324] The F1 interface is open. It supports the exchange of signaling information between multiple endpoints and, further, data transmission for each endpoint. Logically, F1 is a point-to-point interface between two endpoints. A point-to-point logical interface can be implemented even in the absence of a physical direct connection between the two endpoints. The F1 interface supports independence of the control plane and user plane. It makes the radio network layer and transport network layer independent. The F1 interface can achieve the effect of both information associated with the UE and information not associated with the UE. Designed with a future-oriented perspective, the F1 interface meets various new requirements and supports new services and functions. As a gNB or en-gNB, a set of one gNB-CU and multiple gNB-DUs can be observed from other logical nodes. The gNB terminates the Xn interface and the NG interface. The en-gNB terminates the X2 interface and the S1-U interface. The gNB-CU can also operate independently of the control plane (CP) and the user plane (UP).

[0325] In this disclosure, sensing, wireless sensing, and measurement can be interchanged. In this disclosure, measured values, measurement results, and sensed information can also be interchanged. In this disclosure, location (positioning), positioning, position, location measurement, position estimation, measured value, estimated value, measurement result, and sensing can also be interchanged.

[0326] In this disclosure, the terms "perceived object," "object," "target," "non-UE target," "UE target," and "perceived object" can be interchanged. In this disclosure, a perceived object may or may not have communication capabilities. In this disclosure, a perceived object may also include a UE. In this disclosure, the terms "UE target," "target with communication capabilities," "target device," and "UE" can be interchanged. In this disclosure, a non-UE target and a target without communication capabilities can also be interchanged.

[0327] In this disclosure, the first signal, communication signal, RS, radar signal, mixed signal of communication and radar, integrated signal, ISAC signal, sensing signal, and signal transmitted by the transmitter can also be rewritten in relation to each other. In this disclosure, the second signal, echo signal, impacted signal, reflected signal, refracted signal, diffracted signal, signal transmitted and received by the sensing transmitter and receiver, and signal received by the receiver can also be rewritten in relation to each other.

[0328] In this disclosure, UE, base station (BS), station, node, sensing station, sensing transmitting station, sensing receiving station, sensing node, sensing entity, sensing device, wireless communication device, IAB, repeater, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), transmitter, receiver, transmitting-receiving device, and object (target) can be interchanged. In this disclosure, transmit, Tx, and transmitter can also be interchanged. In this disclosure, receive, Rx, and receiver can also be interchanged. In this disclosure, transmitter, sensing transmitting station, and transmitting node can also be interchanged. In this disclosure, receiver, sensing receiving station, and receiving node can also be interchanged. In this disclosure, transmitter can also be BS / UE / wireless communication device / transmitting-receiving unit. In this disclosure, receiver can also be BS / UE / wireless communication device / transmitting-receiving unit. In this disclosure, transmitter and receiver can also be a single BS / UE / wireless communication device / transmitting-receiving unit. In this disclosure, transmitters and receivers, transceivers, integrated transceivers, BS, UE, and sensing stations located at the same location can also be rewritten.

[0329] In this disclosure, the server, sensing server, positioning server, 5GC, core network, LMF, AMF, SF, SLP, BS, network (NW), management function, and function can also be rewritten.

[0330] In this disclosure, the base station (BS), NG-RAN node, gNB, ng-eNB, NG-RAN, RAN, network (NW), TRP, TP, and RP can also be rewritten.

[0331] In this disclosure, the terms antenna port, sensing antenna port, sensing antenna port, ISAC antenna port, and ISAC antenna port can be interchanged.

[0332] In this disclosure, time-domain resources, one or more symbols / subslots / slots / subframes / radio frames can also be rewritten.

[0333] In this disclosure, frequency domain resources, one or more REs (subcarriers) / RBs / resource block groups (RBGs) / RB sets / subbands / BWPs / CCs / cells / carriers / band domains can also be rewritten.

[0334] In this disclosure, the maintenance of coherence, power consistency, and phase continuity can also be rewritten. In this disclosure, coherent iterative bundling, coherent bundling, bundled joint channel estimation, bundled joint measurement, TBoMS, and coherent estimation can also be rewritten.

[0335] In this disclosure, scanning, switching, and jumping can also be rewritten.

[0336] In this disclosure, the repetition factor, aggregation factor, and repetition frequency can also be interchanged.

[0337] In this disclosure, the information / settings / instructions for the sensed channel / signal, the measurement resource settings for the sensed channel / signal, the sensed measurement resource settings, the measurement resource settings, the transmission resource settings for the sensed channel / signal, the sensed transmission resource settings, the transmission resource settings, and the multiple recurring information / settings / instructions for the sensed signal can also be rewritten to each other.

[0338] In this disclosure, the Tx beam, sensing Tx beam, and spatial domain Tx filter can be rewritten interchangeably. Similarly, the Rx beam, sensing Rx beam, and spatial domain Rx filter can also be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, the Tx-Rx beam, Tx-Rx beam pair, sensing Tx-Rx beam, and sensing Tx-Rx beam pair can also be rewritten interchangeably. Finally, the beam, Tx beam, Rx beam, sensing beam, spatial domain filter, QCL type D RS, QCL type D source RS, and TCI state can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0339] In this disclosure, SNR and SINR can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0340] In this disclosure, phase 1, beam scanning, and position determination can be rewritten interchangeably. In this disclosure, phase 2, beam management, beam tracking, and tracking can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0341] (Wireless communication method)

[0342] <Implementation Method A1>

[0343] (Analysis 1)

[0344] In existing communication systems with only communication functions (e.g., NR), antenna ports are defined logically, and there is no explicit relationship between antenna ports and actual antennas / hardware.

[0345] Regarding polarization in existing communication systems, cross-polarization is defined as two ports.

[0346] Furthermore, regarding panels in existing notification systems, in the case of a base station (BS) / UE with multiple panels (multi-panel), the panel / antenna port group is explicitly / implicitly defined relative to the transmitter / receiver.

[0347] In the (existing / future) ISAC VA, transmit antennas / transmit groups / transmit antenna groups can be explicitly defined.

[0348] However, in order to support ISAC MIMO schemes (e.g., ISAC VA / ISAC MIMO transmission), there is insufficient research on how to define the antenna (transmit antenna) / antenna group.

[0349] Therefore, the definition of the sensing antenna port will be explained in the following implementation A1.

[0350] The antenna port used for sensing (hereinafter referred to as the sensing antenna port) can also be defined.

[0351] The sensing antenna port can also be associated with the antenna.

[0352] This association can be either explicit or implicit.

[0353] Implementation Method A1-1

[0354] The sensing antenna port can also be associated with an antenna / antenna group.

[0355] This association can also be an explicit association, for example.

[0356] This association could also be based on antenna hardware / antenna location, for example.

[0357] The UE / BS may, for example, follow at least one of the following options 1-1-1 to 1-1-3 to make a judgment / decision regarding the association.

[0358] [Option 1-1-1]

[0359] The sensing antenna port can also be defined by polarization.

[0360] For example, an antenna with a first value of polarization (e.g., the index involved in the polarization = 1) can be defined as a sensing antenna port (e.g., antenna port 0) with a first value / index (e.g., 0), and an antenna with a second value of polarization (e.g., the index involved in the polarization = 2) can be defined as a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0361] This polarization can also be linear polarization, for example. This linear polarization can also be an X-polarization based on a first angle (e.g., +45°) and a second angle (e.g., -45°). In this case, the first angle can also correspond to a polarization of a first value and a sensing antenna port of a first value / index (e.g., 0), and the second angle can correspond to a polarization of a second value and a sensing antenna port of a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0362] Furthermore, circular polarization can also be used for this polarization, for example. In this case, right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) can correspond to the sensing antenna port of the first value / index (e.g., 0) (or the sensing antenna port of the second value / index (e.g., 1), and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) can correspond to the polarization of the second value and the sensing antenna port of the second value / index (e.g., 1) (or the sensing antenna port of the first value / index (e.g., 0)).

[0363] Linear polarization can also be utilized, for example, in terrestrial networks (TN).

[0364] Circular polarization can also be used, for example, in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs, such as satellite networks).

[0365] Furthermore, regarding this polarization, a combination of linear and circular polarization can also be used, for example. In this case, for example, the first angle (e.g., +45°) could correspond to the sensing antenna port of the first value / index (e.g., 0), the second angle (e.g., -45°) could correspond to the polarization of the second value and the sensing antenna port of the second value / index (e.g., 1), RHCP could correspond to the sensing antenna port of the third value / index (e.g., 2), and LHCP could correspond to the polarization of the fourth value and the sensing antenna port of the second value / index (e.g., 3).

[0366] According to this method, for UE / BS, signaling overhead can be reduced without specifying either linear or circular polarization.

[0367] Furthermore, the above correspondence is only one example, and there may be different correspondences.

[0368] Figure 8A This represents an example of the antenna ports involved in option 1-1-1. In this example, in a single panel, the antenna with +45° polarization corresponds to sensing antenna port 0 (shown by solid lines), and the antenna with -45° polarization corresponds to sensing antenna port 1 (shown by dashed lines).

[0369] Option 1-1-1 allows for a simple and explicit definition of the antenna port, making implementation easy.

[0370] [Options 1-1-2]

[0371] The sensing antenna port can also be defined via the panel.

[0372] The association of the sensing antenna port can be, for example, the same association associated with the communication antenna port.

[0373] One or more panel / antenna port groups can also correspond to one sensing antenna port (the index of the sensing antenna port).

[0374] For example, a first panel / antenna port group (multiple panels / antenna port groups) may also correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0). Furthermore, for example, a second panel / antenna port group (multiple panels / antenna port groups) may also correspond to a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0375] The number of panels used for perception (maximum number) can also be defined. For example, the number of panels (maximum number) could be 4.

[0376] For example, the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 1 (e.g., 0), the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 2 (e.g., 1), the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 3 (e.g., 2), and the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 4 (e.g., 3) can also correspond to the sensing antenna port with index 1 (e.g., 0), the sensing antenna port with index 2 (e.g., 1), the sensing antenna port with index 3 (e.g., 2), and the sensing antenna port with index 4 (e.g., 3), respectively.

[0377] For example, the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 1 (e.g., 0) and the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 2 (e.g., 1) may correspond to the sensing antenna port with index 1 (e.g., 0), and the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 3 (e.g., 2) and the panel (antenna of the panel) with index 4 (e.g., 3) may correspond to the sensing antenna port with index 2 (e.g., 1).

[0378] Figure 8B This represents an example of the antenna ports involved in option 1-1-2. This example shows a multi-panel configuration (panel 1 and panel 2), where panel 1 (the antenna of panel 1) and panel 2 (the antenna of panel 2) correspond to sensing antenna port 0 and sensing antenna port 1, respectively.

[0379] In addition, when the distance / spacing between antennas in each panel is set to a, and the distance / spacing between antennas in adjacent panels is set to b, it can also be defined as follows: when a=b, the multi-panel is a uniform panel, and when a≠b, the multi-panel is a non-uniform panel.

[0380] According to option 1-1-2, similar to the antenna port / antenna port group for communication, the definition of the sensing antenna port can be made easy by associating the panel with the sensing antenna port.

[0381] [Options 1-1-3]

[0382] Sensing antenna ports can also be defined by antennas / antenna groups (groups).

[0383] [[Options 1-1-3-1]]

[0384] This antenna group (antenna group) can also be based on the antenna group in ISAC VA.

[0385] One antenna group can also correspond to one sensing antenna port.

[0386] Option 1-1-3-1 allows existing half-wavelength distance / spacing antennas that include existing UEs / BSs to be used in ISAC VA, thereby reducing costs.

[0387] Figure 9 This represents an example of the antenna ports involved in option 1-1-3-1. In this example, multiple antennas within a single panel are grouped into antenna groups 1 to 4, each consisting of four antennas.

[0388] In this example, the antennas of antenna group 1, antenna group 2, antenna group 3, and antenna group 4 correspond to sensing antenna port 0, sensing antenna port 1, sensing antenna port 2, and sensing antenna port 3, respectively.

[0389] [[Options 1-1-3-2]]

[0390] One antenna can also correspond to one sensing antenna port.

[0391] According to option 1-1-3-2, for example by setting it to a definition similar to MIMO radar, cost reduction and ease of implementation can be achieved.

[0392] Figure 10 This represents an example of the antenna ports involved in option 1-1-3-2. In this example, each antenna is assigned a different antenna and is associated with a sensing antenna port (sensing antenna ports 0 to 3).

[0393] In addition, when the horizontal distance / spacing between antennas in a panel is set as A, and the horizontal distance / spacing between antennas in a panel is set as B, it can be either A=B or A≠B.

[0394] In addition, at least two of the above options 1-1-1 to 1-1-3 can also be combined.

[0395] This combination can also be, for example, a combination of a portion of polarization / panel / antenna / antenna group.

[0396] For example, with respect to one polarization, the above options 1-1-2 and 1-1-3 can also be combined. In this case, for example, it is also possible that the antenna with the first polarization in the first panel (panel 1) corresponds to the sensing antenna port with the first value / index (e.g., 0), and the antenna with the first polarization in the second panel (panel 2) corresponds to the sensing antenna port with the second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0397] Furthermore, for example, with respect to one panel, the above options 1-1-1 and 1-1-3 can also be combined. In this case, for example, it is also possible that the first polarized antenna in the first panel (panel 1) corresponds to the sensing antenna port of the first value / index (e.g., 0), and the second polarized antenna in the first panel (panel 1) corresponds to the sensing antenna port of the second value / index (e.g., 1). Furthermore, the first polarized antenna and the second polarized antenna in the second panel (panel 2) can also correspond to the sensing antenna port of the third value / index (e.g., 2).

[0398] Furthermore, the above correspondence is only one example, and there may be different correspondences.

[0399] According to the above embodiment A1-1, an antenna can be suitably specified that is suitable for any sensing method (e.g., ISAC MIMO beamforming in both monostatic and bistatic sensing) and is an antenna for achieving better estimation performance of ISAC VA.

[0400] Implementation Methods A1-2

[0401] The sensing antenna port can also be defined in logic.

[0402] The explicit association between the sensing antenna port and the actual hardware (e.g., the antenna) may also be left unspecified (see [link to documentation]). Figure 11 ).

[0403] The antennas used at each sensing antenna port can also depend on the implementation of the UE / BS performing sensing.

[0404] Implementation methods A1-2 are particularly suitable for monostatic sensing without multi-BS / UE coordination in the case of ISAC VA.

[0405] According to implementation method A1-2, the impact on the specification can be reduced, and ISAC MIMO beamforming in both monostatic and bistatic sensing can be made into an appropriate structure.

[0406] Implementation Methods A1-3

[0407] The sensing antenna port may also be left undefined.

[0408] The BS / UE can also utilize (reuse) the antenna ports used for communication in sensing.

[0409] According to implementation methods A1-3, the impact on specifications can be reduced, and the implementation of UE / BS can be made easier.

[0410] According to the above implementation method A1, the sensing antenna port can be appropriately defined / utilized.

[0411] <Implementation Method A2>

[0412] (Analysis 2)

[0413] The sensing antenna port defined in the above implementation A1 can be used for MIMO transmission (including beamforming and VA generation).

[0414] The number of sensing antenna ports and the number of antennas per port can be changed based on sensing services / requests. For example, the number of sensing antenna ports and the number of antennas per port can be changed based on at least one of the sensing SNR, sensing range, angular resolution, and accuracy requirements.

[0415] In this context, there is insufficient research on how to indicate / set the number of sensing antenna ports and the number of antennas per sensing antenna port.

[0416] Therefore, the indication / setting of the sensing antenna port will be described in the following implementation A2.

[0417] The information associated with the sensing antenna port of the BS / UE can also be predefined.

[0418] Information associated with the sensing antenna port of the BS / UE can also be indicated / set to the UE / BS in a semi-static / dynamic manner.

[0419] The BS / UE can also determine / determine the sensing antenna port based on information associated with the sensing antenna port, and use the sensing antenna port for sensing.

[0420] Information associated with the sensing antenna port of the BS / UE can also be reported from the UE.

[0421] The information associated with the sensing antenna port may also include at least one of the following:

[0422] • The number of sensing antenna ports.

[0423] • Index of the sensing antenna port of the sensing station (e.g., BS / UE).

[0424] • Definition / definition method of each sensing antenna port / antenna.

[0425] The method for defining the sensing antenna port / antenna may, for example, include the sensing antenna port / antenna number / location.

[0426] The number of sensing antenna ports can represent, for example, the actual number of sensing antenna ports used, the maximum number of sensing antenna ports that can be used, or both.

[0427] The index of the sensing antenna port can, for example, represent the index of the sensing antenna port that is actually used, the index of the candidate sensing antenna port that can be used, or both.

[0428] In this disclosure, the information associated with the sensing antenna port, the settings / instructions associated with the sensing antenna port, and the settings / instructions of the information associated with the sensing antenna port can also be rewritten.

[0429] Information associated with the sensing antenna port can also be indicated using specific interfaces / signaling.

[0430] For example, the UE can also use this specific interface / signaling to receive information associated with the sensing antenna port from at least one of other UEs, BSs, and specific network nodes (e.g., LMF / SF (sensing function)).

[0431] For example, the BS can also use this specific interface / signaling to receive information associated with the sensing antenna port from at least one of other BSs, UEs, and specific network nodes (e.g., LMF / SF (sensing function)).

[0432] The specific interface could be, for example, the Xn / X2 interface defined in existing / future wireless communication systems. The specific signaling could also be, for example, specific signaling between BSs performing sensing. These interfaces / signaling could also be used for at least one of monostatic BS sensing with coordination within the BS, bistatic BS-BS sensing with coordination within the BS, and bistatic BS-BS sensing without coordination within the BS.

[0433] Furthermore, the specific interface may be, for example, a sidelink / PC5 interface. The specific signaling may also be, for example, specific signaling between UEs performing the sensing. These interfaces / signaling may also be used for at least one of monopolar UE sensing with coordination within the UE, UE-UE bipolar sensing with coordination within the UE, and UE-UE bipolar sensing without coordination within the UE.

[0434] Furthermore, this specific interface could also be, for example, a Uu interface. This specific signaling could also be, for example, specific signaling between the UE (e.g., a sensing UE) and the BS (e.g., a sensing BS). These interfaces / signaling could also be used for bistatic sensing between the UE and the BS (e.g., UE-BS, or BS-UE).

[0435] The specific signaling between the UE (e.g., the sensing UE) and the BS (e.g., the sensing BS) can be, for example, higher-layer signaling (e.g., SIB / RRC / MAC CE), physical-layer signaling (e.g., DCI / UCI), or a combination of these.

[0436] This specific signaling could also be, for example, F1-AP application protocol signaling from a DU (Distribution Unit) / CU (Central Unit). In this case, IAB could also be used for the signaling.

[0437] This specific signaling can also be signaling related to the indication / setting of LMF / SF.

[0438] Predefined / indicated sensing antenna ports can also be associated with sensing-related capabilities.

[0439] Settings / indications associated with the sensing antenna port can also be reset via the BS (e.g., sensing BS) / LMF / SF. Settings / indications associated with the sensing antenna port can also be updated / reported via the UE (e.g., sensing UE).

[0440] The resetting / updating / reporting of settings / indications associated with sensing antenna ports can also be based on sensing-related services / requirements / coverage areas / reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR).

[0441] The number / index of sensing antenna ports used for each sensing station (e.g., BS / UE) can also be determined based on sensing-related services / requirements / coverage areas / reception quality.

[0442] The number of antennas at each sensing antenna port can also be determined, for example, based on the number of antenna ports (the required number) / reception quality.

[0443] For example, different time-frequency resources / antenna ports can be used for multiple sensing services corresponding to different sensing requirements. The UE / BS can also determine the time-frequency resources / antenna ports based on the sensing service corresponding to the sensing requirements.

[0444] For example, two antenna ports can also be used for two sensing services.

[0445] For example, the first sensing antenna port can also be utilized for the first service. The first service can also be, for example, intruder detection. The first sensing antenna port can also be, for example, the antenna port with the first value / index (e.g., 0), utilized for beam scanning.

[0446] For example, a second sensing antenna port can also be used for a second service. This second service could be, for example, localization and tracking. The second sensing antenna port could also be, for example, an antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1), used for beamforming.

[0447] Furthermore, for example, multiple sensing antenna ports can be utilized for multiple sensing areas. The UE / BS can also determine the sensing antenna ports based on the sensing area.

[0448] For example, two sensing antenna ports can be used for two independent sensing areas. For example, for the first sensing area, the first sensing antenna port (e.g., the antenna port of the first value / index (e.g., 0)) can be used, and for the second sensing area, the second sensing antenna port (e.g., the antenna port of the second value / index (e.g., 1)) can be used.

[0449] For example, for a single sensing area, one sensing antenna port can be utilized. In this case, for example, multiple (e.g., all) antennas of that sensing antenna port can also be utilized.

[0450] Figure 12A This illustrates an example of the utilization of the antenna port involved in implementation A2. In this example, sensing antenna port 0 is used for sensing region 1, and sensing antenna port 1 is used for sensing region 2.

[0451] Figure 12B This illustrates another example of the utilization of the antenna port involved in implementation A2. In this example, one sensing antenna port 0 is used for a certain sensing area.

[0452] In addition, the number of antennas for the sensing antenna port can be determined, for example, based on the reception quality related to sensing (e.g., SNR / SINR).

[0453] For example, if the received quality (SNR / SINR) is above a certain threshold (e.g., if the sensing area is small compared to the certain threshold), a single sensing antenna port can contain fewer antennas than the certain threshold. With this configuration, more antennas can generate better angular resolution.

[0454] For example, when the received quality (SNR / SINR) is below a certain threshold (e.g., when the sensing area is large (compared to the certain threshold)), a single sensing antenna port can contain more than the certain threshold of antennas. With this configuration, high-gain sensing with beamforming can be achieved.

[0455] As another example of the utilization of the antenna port involved in implementation method A2, in Figure 13A In the example shown, for sensing targets with low SNR, 12 antennas in one antenna port are used. On the other hand, in Figure 13B In the example shown, four antennas in one antenna port are used for sensing targets with high SNR.

[0456] Information related to sensing services / requirements / sensing areas can also be sent from specific servers / network nodes (e.g., LMF / SF).

[0457] Information related to the reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR) associated with sensing can be measured via a specific reference signal or determined based on the sensing area (e.g., the radius of the area and whether it is indoor or outdoor sensing).

[0458] Resetting (e.g., BS / network node (e.g., LMF / SF)-based resetting) / updating / reporting (e.g., UE-based reporting) related to settings / indications associated with the sensing antenna port can also be performed using the specific signaling described in this embodiment.

[0459] The UE can also report settings associated with the updated sensing antenna port based on specific conditions.

[0460] In addition, the UE can also send a request to update the settings associated with the sensing antenna port based on specific conditions.

[0461] This specific condition (triggering condition) can be predefined by the specification, or it can be set / indicated to the UE using higher-layer signaling (SIB / RRC / MAC CE) / physical layer signaling (DCI). This setting / indication can also be made, for example, if the UE supports reporting / requesting based on the triggering condition (or if it reports that it supports it).

[0462] This specific condition can also be defined / set / indicated, for example, based on services / requirements / coverage areas / reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR) related to perception.

[0463] Regarding the resetting / updating / reporting of information associated with the sensing antenna port, a portion (partial) of the resetting / updating / reporting of information associated with the sensing antenna port may also be permitted.

[0464] The UE / BS can also be assumed that information that has not been reset / updated / reported (remaining information) remains unchanged. The UE / BS can also maintain settings / instructions based on the information prior to the reset / update / reporting regarding information that has not been reset / updated / reported (remaining information).

[0465] According to the above implementation method A2, settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port can be appropriately performed.

[0466] <Implementation Method A3>

[0467] (Analysis 3)

[0468] For the implementation of ISAC VA, orthogonal signals are required for multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0469] Furthermore, in order to achieve ISAC MIMO beamforming, orthogonal signals are not required for multiple sensing antenna ports (if the same signal is used, it is sufficient).

[0470] As such, in different ISAC MIMO schemes, there is insufficient research on how to allocate resources and generate signals for multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0471] Therefore, in the following implementation A3, the resources / signals used for sensing the antenna port will be described.

[0472] The allocation of resources (or simply resources) / sensing signals (or simply signals) for multiple sensing antenna ports in an ISAC system can also be determined based on the ISAC MIMO scheme.

[0473] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the ISAC MIMO scheme, the sensing scheme, the ISAC scheme, the scheme related to ISAC MIMO, the scheme related to sensing, and the scheme related to ISAC can also be rewritten in different ways.

[0474] Information related to the sensing scheme can also be set / instructed to the UE / BS using the specific interface / signaling described in Implementation A2 above. The UE / BS can also determine the sensing scheme to be used based on the setting / instruction of information related to the sensing scheme.

[0475] The UE / BS can also determine the resources / signals / sequences corresponding to multiple sensing antenna ports based on information related to the sensing scheme.

[0476] Furthermore, the UE / BS can also determine the sensing scheme to be used based on specific conditions. These specific conditions can be predefined by specifications or set / indicated to the UE / BS using specific interfaces / signaling described in implementation method A2 above.

[0477] Implementation Method A3-1

[0478] For example, in the case of the first sensing scheme (e.g., ISAC MIMO beamforming scheme), the same resources and at least one of the signals / sequences can be allocated to multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0479] This resource may also include, for example, time / frequency resources for sensing.

[0480] The signal / sequence may also include, for example, a specific reference signal (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS / SSB) and at least one new signal / sequence (e.g., a specific chirped sequence / waveform).

[0481] Figure 14 This illustrates an example of the resources used for multiple sensing antenna ports according to implementation method A3-1. In this example, sensing antenna port 0 and sensing antenna port 1 are allocated the same time / frequency resources.

[0482] In this example, sensing beam / precoder 0 is used for the signal corresponding to sensing antenna port 0, and sensing beam / precoder 1 is used for the signal corresponding to sensing antenna port 1.

[0483] Implementation Method A3-2

[0484] For example, in the case of the second sensing scheme (e.g., the ISAC VA scheme), multiple sensing antenna ports can also be allocated orthogonal (different) resources and at least one of the signals / sequences.

[0485] This resource may also include, for example, time / frequency resources for sensing.

[0486] The signal / sequence may also include, for example, a specific reference signal (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS / SSB) and at least one new signal / sequence (e.g., a specific chirped sequence / waveform).

[0487] [Implementation Method A3-2-1]

[0488] Different orthogonal time / frequency resources can also be allocated to different sensing antenna ports.

[0489] For example, resources for the first sensing antenna port (port 0) and resources for the second sensing antenna port (port 1) can also be frequency division multiplexed (FDM) (see [link]). Figure 15A ).

[0490] For example, resources for the first sensing antenna port (port 0) and resources for the second sensing antenna port (port 1) can also be time-division multiplexed (TDM) (see...). Figure 15B ).

[0491] In addition, the two examples above show the cases where each resource is FDM and the cases where it is TDM, but each resource can also be both FDM and TDM.

[0492] According to implementation method A3-2-1, the resource allocation for perception estimation can be simplified.

[0493] [Implementation Method A3-2-2]

[0494] Different sensing antenna ports can also be assigned orthogonal (different) signals / sequences (sequences of signals).

[0495] In other words, the signals for different sensing antenna ports can also be signals with code division orthogonality.

[0496] For example, different RS ports of a specific RS (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS) can be assigned to different sensing antenna ports. Different RS ports can also be orthogonal to each other.

[0497] Figure 16A This illustrates an example of signal allocation for sensing antenna ports according to implementation method A3-2-2. In this example, for different RS ports (RS port 0 and 1), RS port 0 is assigned to sensing antenna port 0, and RS port 1 is assigned to sensing antenna port 1, thereby generating VA.

[0498] Furthermore, orthogonal chirping sequences can also be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0499] Figure 16B This illustrates another example of signal allocation for sensing antenna ports according to implementation method A3-2-2. In this example, VA is generated by assigning chirp 0 to sensing antenna port 0 and chirp 1 to sensing antenna port 1 for different chirp waveforms (chirp 0 and 1).

[0500] In addition, specific codes (e.g., orthogonal overlay codes / cyclic shift codes) can also be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0501] In addition, the resources / signals / sequences for each sensing antenna port in Implementation A3-2 can also be set / instructed to the UE / BS using the specific interface / signaling described in Implementation A2 above.

[0502] The setting / instruction can be set / indicated in common with the settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port described in Embodiment A2 above, or it can be set / indicated separately from the settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port described in Embodiment A2 above.

[0503] Furthermore, this setting / indication can be set / indicated either commonly with the setting / indication of sensing resources (e.g., sensing time resources (e.g., symbols / time slots) / frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers / resource blocks / resource block groups)) or separately with the setting / indication of sensing resources.

[0504] According to the above implementation method A3, resources / signals / sequences for multiple sensing antenna ports can be appropriately allocated.

[0505] <Implementation Method A4>

[0506] In the ISAC system, the multiplexing of communication resources and sensing resources in the time domain, frequency domain, spatial domain, power domain, and code domain is being studied.

[0507] However, research on the details of how resources for communication and sensing are reused in the spatial domain is insufficient.

[0508] Therefore, in the following implementation A4, the allocation of the antenna port for communication and the antenna port for sensing will be described.

[0509] Antenna ports for communication / sensing can also be predefined.

[0510] Antenna ports for communication / sensing can also be allocated (explicitly / implicitly) semi-statically / dynamically.

[0511] Implementation Method A4-1

[0512] Antenna ports for communication and sensing (general antenna ports) can also be specified.

[0513] Antenna ports for communication and sensing can also be used for communication and sensing purposes.

[0514] Antenna ports used for communication and sensing can also be used for sensing and communication without explicitly defining sensing antenna ports.

[0515] The communication and sensing antenna ports can also be set / instructed to the UE / BS using the specific interface / signaling described in the above-described embodiment A2.

[0516] The UE / BS can also determine whether multiple communication and sensing antenna ports are used for communication or sensing purposes based on communication service load / sensing requests.

[0517] For example, when the load of communication services exceeds a certain threshold, multiple specific antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 0 to 11) may be used for communication, while multiple other antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 12 to 15) may be used for sensing.

[0518] For example, if the sensing request is higher than a certain threshold, multiple specific antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 0 to 3) may be used for communication, while multiple other antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 4 to 15) may be used for sensing.

[0519] Implementation method A4-1 is particularly suitable for situations where the same antenna design is used for both sensing and communication applications.

[0520] According to implementation method A4-1, a simple and flexible antenna port design becomes possible.

[0521] Implementation Method A4-2

[0522] The sensing antenna port and the communication antenna port can also be defined separately.

[0523] UE / BS may also disregard the scenario of dynamic allocation / switching / adjustment between antenna ports used for sensing and antenna ports used for communication.

[0524] The UE / BS can also envision that, if a sensing antenna is designed / configured, the antenna port corresponding to that antenna will not be used for communication.

[0525] According to implementation method A4-2, in an ISAC scenario where different antenna designs are used for sensing and communication, the antenna port can be appropriately utilized.

[0526] <Implementation Method B1>

[0527] This implementation relates to a time slot format design for monopolar sensing based on TDD. A sensing station (wireless communication device, e.g., BS or UE) performs monopolar sensing.

[0528] Implementation Method B1-1

[0529] It can also be designed as paired sensing DL and sensing UL time resources (time resource pairs). The length of the sensing DL and sensing UL time resources (periods) can also be correlated with the minimum and maximum echo / propagation delays.

[0530] Figure 17 This represents an example of the temporal resources of a pair of perceptual UL and perceptual DL associated with a perceptual region. D It refers to the duration of the perceived DL time (the duration of the perceived DL time resource). T GP This refers to the protection period length. The protection period length can be reported as capability information or set via RRC IE. U It refers to the duration of the perceived UL time (the duration of the perceived UL time resource). T D，start It is the start time of perceiving DL time resources (perceiving DL start time). T U，start It is the start moment of perceiving UL time resources (perceiving UL start moment). T U，end It is the end time of the perceived UL time resource (perceived UL end time).

[0531] Figure 18 This represents an example of a receiving window (perceiving UL time resources). τ min It is the minimum echo delay of the reflected sensing DL signal. τ max This is the maximum echo delay of the reflected sensing DL signal. The receiving window covers all possible echo signals.

[0532] - Design of perceptual DL time resources: {T D，start T D}

[0533] -- For the start time T of the perception deep learning process D，start For any value of , in order to ensure that the echo / reflected signal from the minimum sensing distance can be received within the sensing UL time resource, the sensing DL time length T is . D It can also be T D +T GP ≤τ min That is, T D ≤τ min -T GP . τ min It can also be the minimum echo / propagation delay. T GP It can also be the length of the protection period used for DL-UL switching.

[0534] - Design of UL-aware time resources: {T U，start TU}

[0535] -- To ensure the receiver can receive the echo / reflected signal from the minimum sensing distance, the sensing UL starts at time T. U，start It can also be less than τ min That is, it can also be T. U，start ≤T D，start +τ min .

[0536] -- To ensure the receiver can receive the echo / reflected signal from the minimum sensing distance, the sensing UL ends at time T. U，end It can also be greater than τ max +T D，start +T D That is, it can also be T. U，end ≥τ max +T D，start +T D .

[0537] -- Perceived UL time length T U It can also be T U =T U，end -T U，start ≥T D +τ max -τ min .

[0538] - If it can be covered by CP during the protection period, T GP It can be set to 0. Otherwise, it can also be T. GP >0.

[0539] - If the perceived DL time length T D In cases where the aforementioned constraints prevent the satisfaction of perception performance, multiple pairs of time resources for perception DL and perception UL can be used in combination to achieve the required performance. Figure 19 This represents an example of multiple pairs of time resources for sensing DL and sensing UL. The receiver can improve sensing performance by combining the received signals from multiple pairs.

[0540] - The DL sensing signal may also include at least one of a specific sensing RS, an ISAC signal, and sensing communication data. The sensing DL duration may also correspond to at least one of the following: the duration of the sensing RS, the duration of one or more DL symbols used for ISAC, and the duration of one or more DL symbols used for ISAC and communication (a system using sensing communication data).

[0541] For time resources of paired sensing DL and sensing UL, the following scenarios can be considered.

[0542] - Scenario 1: The protection period is overwritten by CP, which is T. GP =0.

[0543] -- Case 1-1: The perceived DL time length T D =τ min UL perception time length T U ≥τ max In this scenario, the time resources for sensing DL and sensing UL are adjusted. Maximizing the time resources for transmitting sensing signals in areas without blind sensing achieves better sensing performance. The required time resource length for paired sensing DL and sensing UL is τ. min +τ max It can reduce communication resources.

[0544] like Figure 20 Like the example, T U =τ max This is the scenario with the highest resource utilization rate.

[0545] -- Scenario 1-2: The perceived DL time length T D <τ min UL perception time length T U ≥τ max +T D -τ min In this case, the time resources of the sensing DL and sensing UL are not adjusted. The length τ between the time resources of the sensing DL and sensing UL is... min -T D The time resource can be used for sensing, communication, null (invalid), or any other function in the future. This time resource can also be defined as a sensing flexible time resource or an ISAC flexible time resource. In cases where a protection period is required, this protection period can be included within the sensing or ISAC flexible time resource. The length of the time resource required for a pair of sensing DL and sensing UL can also be T. D +T U <τ min +τ max This length can also be less than the length in case 1-1. Less time resources used to transmit the sensing signal can reduce sensing performance.

[0546] like Figure 21 Like the example, T U =τ max +T D -τ min <τ max This is the scenario with maximum resource utilization. In this case, the perception UL begins at time T.U，start =τ min Perceived UL at the end of time T U，end =τ max +T D The flexible time resource length of ISAC / perception is τ. min -T D .

[0547] In both the Sensing Flexible Time Resource (SFR) and the ISAC Flexible Time Resource (ISAC), the sensing station can also receive echo signals.

[0548] - Scenario 2: Not covered by CP during the protection period, T GP >0.

[0549] -- Scenario 2-1: The perceived DL time length T D =τ min -T GP UL perception time length T U ≥τ max -T GP In this case, the perception mode is DL-GP-UL.

[0550] like Figure 22 In that case, T U =τ max -T GP This is the scenario with the highest resource utilization rate.

[0551] -- Scenario 2-2: The perceived DL time length T D <τ min -T GP UL perception time length T U ≥τ max -T GP In this scenario, the perception mode is either DL-GP-Flexible-UL or DL-Flexible-GP-UL.

[0552] --- DL-GP-Flexible-UL: The length τ between the time resources of perceiving DL, GP, and UL. min -T D The time resources can be used in the future for sensing UL, communicating UL, null, or any other function used by UL. These time resources can also be defined as sensing flexible (or sensing UL) or ISAC flexible (or sensing UL). In sensing flexible time resources or ISAC flexible time resources, the sensing station can also receive echo signals.

[0553] --- DL-Flexible-GP-UL: Having the length τ between the time resources of sensing DL, GP, and sensing UL. min -TD The time resources can be used in the future for other sensing DLs, communication DLs, null DLs, or any other functions used by DLs. These time resources can also be defined as sensing flexible (or sensing DL) or ISAC flexible (or sensing DL). In sensing flexible time resources or ISAC flexible time resources, sensing stations can also transmit sensing signals.

[0554] --- Changes: at τ min -T D -T GP Greater than T GP In this case, the time resources for perception-flexible or ISAC-flexible approaches may not be limited to UL and DL.

[0555] like Figure 23 Like the example, T U =τ max +T D -τ min This represents the scenario with maximum resource utilization. In this case, the flexible time resource length of ISAC / sensing is τ. min -T D -T GP Perception of UL at start time T U，start =τ min +T D，start Perceive the end time T of UL U，end =T D，start +T D +τ max .

[0556] Scenario 3: Flexible time resources via ISAC / sensing are overwritten during the protection period. The length of the flexible time resources via ISAC / sensing is τ. min -T D It is the required T. GP That's all. The protection period can also be located anywhere within a flexible time resource. For example, the protection period can be located at the beginning / middle / end of a flexible time resource.

[0557] like Figure 24 As with the example, the perception mode can also be DL-flexible-UL. In this case, the perception DL length T D <τ min -T GP The flexible time resource length of ISAC / perception is τ. min -T D ≥T GP Perceived UL time resource length T U <τ max -T GP .

[0558] Implementation Method B1-2

[0559] The configuration granularity of the time resources for sensing DL and sensing UL can be designed based on both the sensing area (or, echo / propagation delay) and the parameter set. This configuration granularity can also follow at least one of the following implementations B1-2-X.

[0560] - Implementation method B1-2-1: The granularity of setting the time resources of sensing DL and sensing UL is based on the minimum and maximum echo / propagation delay and parameter set, and may also be at least one of time slot level, OFDM symbol level, and other time granularities.

[0561] -- Case 1 (Time Slot Level): If the minimum echo / propagation delay τ min For all parameter sets, the granularity of setting the time resources for sensing DL and sensing UL can be time slots, provided that the protection period is longer than one time slot for the smallest μ (e.g., μ=0 and SCS=15kHz in NR), and the protection period is covered by CP, or the protection period length is the same as the time slot duration. slot μ This refers to the time slot duration for μ. For example... Figure 25 In that case, the number of time slots N used to sense DL time resources S，D μ，slot and the number N of time slots used to sense UL time resources. S，U μ，slot It can also be defined.

[0562] --- N S，D μ，slot ≤floor((τ min -T GP ) / T slot μ )

[0563] --- N S，U μ，slot ≥ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T slot μ )+N S，D μ，slot

[0564] --- Due to τ max ≥τ min Therefore N S，U μ，slot ≥N S，D μ，slot .

[0565] -- Case 2 (OFDM symbol level): If the maximum echo / propagation delay τ max For all parameter sets, the granularity of setting the timing resources for sensing DL and sensing UL can be OFDM symbols if the protection period is shorter than one OFDM symbol for the largest μ (e.g., μ=6 and SCS=960kHz in NR), the protection period is not covered by CP, and the protection period length is the same as the OFDM symbol duration. symbol μ This refers to the OFDM symbol duration for μ. For example... Figure 26 Thus, the number N symbols used to perceive DL time resources S，D μ，symbol and the number N of symbols used to sense UL time resources. S，U μsymbol It can also be defined.

[0566] --- N S，D μ，symbol ≤floor((τ min -T GP ) / T symbol μ )

[0567] --- N S，U μ，symbol ≥ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T symbol μ )+N S，D μ，symbol

[0568] --- Due to τ max ≥τ min Therefore N S，U μ，symbol ≥N S，D μ，symbol .

[0569] -- Scenario 3 (Depending on the slot level and OFDM symbol level of the parameter set): Regarding the granularity of setting the time resources for sensing DL and sensing UL, it can be based on slots when μ≥μ0, and on OFDM symbols when μ<μ0. μ0 is the threshold of μ. The initial echo / propagation delay τ min It can also satisfy T slot μ=μ_0 ≤τ min -T GP <T slot μ=μ_0-1 .

[0570] --- When μ≥μ0, as in Case 1 above, the number of time slots N used to sense DL time resources is... S，D μ，slot and the number N of time slots used to sense UL time resources. S，U μ，slot It can also be defined.

[0571] ---- N S，D μ，slot ≤floor((τ min -T GP ) / T slot μ )

[0572] ---- N S，U μ，slot ≥ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T slot μ )+N S，D μ，slot

[0573] ---- Due to τ max ≥τ min Therefore N S，U μ，slot ≥N S，D μ，slot .

[0574] --- When μ < μ0, as in case 2 above, the number of symbols N used to sense DL time resources is... S，D μ，symbol and the number N of symbols used to sense UL time resources. S，U μ，symbol It can also be defined.

[0575] ---- N S，D μ，symbol ≤floor((τ min -T GP ) / T symbol μ )

[0576] ---- N S，U μ，symbol ≥ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T symbol μ )+N S，D μ，symbol

[0577] ---- Due to τ max ≥τ minTherefore N S，U μ，symbol ≥N S，D μ，symbol .

[0578] -- Scenario 4 (Other Time Granularity): The granularity of the time resources for sensing DL and sensing UL can also be shorter than OFDM symbols. When μ is less than the threshold μ1, the granularity can also be shorter than OFDM symbols. This granularity can also be 2 times the OFDM symbol. -N The time is times that of N≥1.

[0579] - Implementation method B1-2-2: The granularity of setting the time resources for sensing DL and sensing UL can also always be based on OFDM symbols for the entire parameter set. As in scenario 2 above, the number of time slots N used for sensing DL time resources S，D μ，slot and the number N of time slots used to sense UL time resources. S，U μ，slot It can also be defined.

[0580] ---- N S，D μ，symbol ≤floor((τ min -T GP ) / T symbol μ )

[0581] ---- N S，U μ，symbol ≥ceil((τ max -τ min ) / T symbol μ )+N S，D μ，symbol

[0582] ---- Due to τ max ≥τ min Therefore N S，U μ，symbol ≥N S，D μ，symbol .

[0583] - Implementation method B1-2-3: The setting of at least one of the time slot level and OFDM symbol level can also be set / indicated by at least one of SIB, RRC IE, MAC CE, and DCI. The setting of at least one of the time slot level and OFDM symbol level can be either semi-static or dynamically indicated.

[0584] Implementation Methods B1-3

[0585] The time slot format and setting method for the time resources used for sensing DL and sensing UL pairs can also follow at least one of the following implementation methods B1-3-X.

[0586] - Implementation method B1-3-1: In the OFDM symbol level setting granularity of implementation method B1-2, the time slot format within one time slot can also be designed for multiple symbols of the sensing DL and sensing UL in pairs.

[0587] -- As a type of OFDM symbol used for sensing, at least one of "sensing DL", "sensing UL", "sensing flexible", and "ISAC flexible" can also be defined.

[0588] --- Perception DL: Can be used to transmit sensing signals.

[0589] --- Perceiving UL: The ability to receive sensing signals that can be used for echo / reflection.

[0590] --- Perception flexibility: It can be perception DL, perception UL, or null. Perception flexibility can be used in both perception time slots and ISAC time slots.

[0591] --- ISAC flexibility: can be an existing "DL (D)", "UL (U)", or "flexible (F)" defined for sensing DL, or sensing UL, or null, or communication. ISAC flexibility can be used in ISAC time slots.

[0592] -- In both the sensing time slot and the ISAC time slot, the time slot format can be designed using at least one of the following types. A certain type can also be defined as a pair of more than one symbol for the sensing DL and sensing UL.

[0593] --- Type 1 (DU): Symbols of adjacent perceptual DL "D (sD)" and perceptual UL "U (sU)". For example... Figure 27A As in the example, a pair (DDUUU) of D and U can exist within a single time slot. Figure 27B As in the example, two pairs of D and U (DDUUU) can exist within one time slot. Figure 27C As in the example, three pairs (DDDDUUUUU) of D and U can exist within two time slots. Figure 27D As in the example, a pair of D and U can also exist within two time slots (DDDDDDDDUUUUUUUUUU).

[0594] --- Type 2 (D-GP-U): has a protection period "GP" between the symbols of the sensing DL and sensing UL, and the symbols of the sensing DL and sensing UL are not adjacent.

[0595] --- Type 3 (DFU): At least one "F(sF)" with perceptual flexibility and ISAC flexibility between perceptual DL and perceptual UL symbols, and which are non-adjacent perceptual DL and perceptual UL symbols. For example... Figure 28A As in the example, a pair (DDFUU) of D and U can exist within one time slot. Figure 28B As in the example, two pairs of D and U (DDFUU) can exist within one time slot. Figure 28C As in the example, three pairs (DDFFUUUUU) of D and U can exist within two time slots. Figure 28D As in the example, a pair of D and U can also exist within two time slots (DDDDDFFFUUUUUUUUUU).

[0596] --- Type 4 (D-GP-FU or DF-GP-U): has at least one "F" between the symbols of sensing DL and sensing UL, sensing flexibility and ISAC flexibility, and a protection period "GP", and the symbols of sensing DL and sensing UL are not adjacent.

[0597] -- In both the sensing time slot and the ISAC time slot, the number of pairs of symbols of sensing DL and sensing UL in more than one time slot can also follow at least one of the following examples.

[0598] --- Example 1: In one time slot, only one pair of sensing DL and sensing UL is supported.

[0599] --- Example 2: Within one time slot, multiple pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL are supported.

[0600] --- Example 3: In multiple time slots, one or more pairs of perceived DL and perceived UL are supported. For example, in two time slots, three pairs of perceived DL and perceived UL can also be supported. For example, in two time slots, one pair of perceived DL and perceived UL can also be supported.

[0601] -- In more than one ISAC time slot, a combination of at least two of the following can also be designed: "Perceptive DL", "Perceptive UL", "Perceptive Flexible", "ISAC Flexible", "DL", "UL", "Flexible", and "GP".

[0602] -- TD T D，start T GP T U T U，end T U，start τ min τ max At least one of them can also be set / indicated via NW. The UE can also calculate / identify the number of symbols for at least one of "Perceptive DL", "Perceptive UL", "Perceptive Flexible", "ISAC Flexible", "DL", "UL", "Flexible", and "GP".

[0603] --- T D T D，start T GP T U T U，end T U，start τ min τ max At least one of them can also be set / indicated via at least one of SIB, RRC IE, MAC CE, and DCI. D T D，start T GP T U T U，end T U，start τ min τ max At least one of them can also be set / indicated using units of μs, ms, or symbols. T D，start T GP T U T U，end T U，start τ min τ max At least one of the candidate values ​​can be set / determined using a table (associated with) defined in the specification, or the row index within that table can be set / indicated.

[0604] - Implementation Method B1-3-2: In the granularity of the time slot level setting in Implementation Method B1-2, the time slot format within a single time slot can also be designed as a combined time slot format (time slot format combination) setting for multiple time slots in pairs of sensing DL and sensing UL. The combined time slot format setting can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0605] -- Option 1: In the joint slot format settings, the slot pattern used for sensing can also be defined. For example... Figure 29As in the example, time slot formats can also be divided into three categories: time slots that are all-aware DL symbols (Category 1), time slots that are all-aware UL symbols (Category 2), and the remaining time slot formats besides these (Category 3). Category 3 can include both aware DL symbols and aware UL symbols, as well as aware flexible symbols, and can also include time slot formats used for communication in existing specifications. The number of time slots set for a joint time slot format can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0606] --- Option 1-1: The number of time slots set for the joint time slot format is fixed. A new table (associated with) for the time slot pattern used for sensing can also be defined in the specification. The time slot pattern can also be implicitly indicated within the table via indexes. The time slot pattern can also be determined by explicit indication of all time slots.

[0607] --- Options 1-2: The number of time slots set for the joint time slot format is dynamically determined / changed / indicated. This time slot mode can also be determined by explicit indication of all time slots.

[0608] - Implementation method B1-3-3: The time slot format (including the number of pairs) can also be set / indicated via SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI through NW. The sensing time slot format used can also be exchanged between multiple base stations (e.g., on Xn signaling) (also with the same number of pairs). The setting / indication of the time slot format can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0609] -- Option 1: Periodic / semi-persistent sensing DL and the timing resource setting mode of sensing DL can also be determined by at least one of the following: base station settings / instructions (SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI) and specification definitions. For example... Figure 30A As in the example, the Perception DL and its periodic time resource setting mode can also be set / indicated through time slot levels. For example... Figure 30B As in the example, the perceptual DL and the periodic time resource setting mode of the perceptual DL can also be set / indicated through OFDM symbol levels.

[0610] -- Option 2: Aperiodic sensing DL and sensing DL time resource setting mode can also be determined by at least one of the base station settings / instructions (SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE / DCI) and specification definitions.

[0611] -- Option 1, "periodic," can also mean that the same resource allocation pattern is applied periodically. Option 2, "non-periodic," can also mean that the resource allocation pattern is applied only once after a base station-based instruction.

[0612] In this implementation, DL and UL can also be swapped. Alternatively, in single-base station sensing, DL time resources can be used for transmission, and UL time resources can be used for reception. Alternatively, in single-base station sensing for the UE, UL time resources can be used for transmission, and DL time resources can be used for reception.

[0613] The time slot format type in implementation B1-3-1 may also include at least one of the following types.

[0614] --- Type 5 (UD): Symbols of adjacent perceptual DL "D" and perceptual UL "U".

[0615] --- Type 6 (U-GP-D): has a protection period "GP" between symbols of sensing DL and sensing UL, and the symbols of sensing DL and sensing UL are not adjacent.

[0616] --- Type 7 (UFD): has at least one "F" with perceptual flexibility and ISAC flexibility between perceptual DL and perceptual UL symbols, and the perceptual DL and perceptual UL symbols are not adjacent.

[0617] --- Type 8 (U-GP-FD or UF-GP-D): has at least one "F" between the symbols of sensing DL and sensing UL, sensing flexibility and ISAC flexibility, and a protection period "GP", and the symbols of sensing DL and sensing UL are not adjacent.

[0618] At least one of types 1 to 4 can also be applied to unicast sensing for base stations. At least one of types 5 to 7 can also be applied to unicast sensing for UEs.

[0619] According to this implementation, the UE / base station can use an appropriate time slot format / frame structure in monobase sensing.

[0620] <Implementation Method B2>

[0621] This implementation is related to the time slot format coordination for TDD-based bistatic / multistatic sensing. Two or more sensing stations (one or more sensing transmitting stations and one or more sensing receiving stations, for example, two or more BSs or two or more UEs) perform bistatic / multistatic sensing.

[0622] Implementation Method B2-1

[0623] The time slot format for two or more sensing stations (sensing transmitters and sensing receivers) used for sensing can be designed jointly or coordinated. Here, it is assumed that synchronization errors are not considered in the design of the time slot format. It is assumed that two or more sensing stations (two or more BSs or two or more UEs) are synchronized. The time slot format can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0624] - Option 1 (Determination of receiver time slot format based on transmitter time slot format): relative to the sensing DL time length T in the transmitting sensing station. D The sensing UL time length T in the receiving sensing station U It can also be designed according to at least one of the following relationships.

[0625] -- like Figure 31A As in the example, the distance from the sensing transmitter (BS1 or UE1) to the target can also be R. T The distance from the target to the sensing receiving station (BS2 or UE2) can also be R. R The distance R between the sensing transmitter, the target, and the sensing receiver, assuming a target exists on a straight line from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver. T +R R The minimum value is 2R min To ensure that the sensing receiving station can receive signals from the minimum sensing distance R min The reflected signal, such as Figure 33 As in the example, the start time T of perceiving UL time resources U，start It can also start from the beginning of the perception of DL time resources τ min =2R min / c and below. That is, it can also be T. U，start ≤τ min +T D，start .

[0626] -- like Figure 31B As in the example, when a target exists on an elliptical circle with the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver as its foci, the distance R T +R R The maximum value is 2R max To ensure that the sensing receiving station can receive signals from the maximum sensing distance R max The reflected signal senses the end time T of the UL time resource. U，end It can also start from the beginning of the perception of DL time resources τ max +T D =2R max / c+T D That's all. In other words, it can also be T. U，end ≥τmax +T D +T D，start .

[0627] -- like Figure 32 As in the example, the distance R in the case where the target exists within the ellipse. T +R R For 2R min <R T +R R <2R max .

[0628] -- Perceived UL time length T U It can also be T U =T U，end -T U，start ≥τ max +T D -τ min ≥T D The number of UL symbols in the receiving sensing station (BS or UE) can also be greater than the number of DL symbols in the transmitting sensing station (BS or UE). The duration of the sensing UL time resource can also be the receiving window in the sensing receiving station. This receiving window can also take into account the range of propagation delay values.

[0629] -- Perceived DL time length T D It can also be associated with requirements for perception performance (e.g., speed estimation error).

[0630] - Option 2 (Determination of the transmitting station time slot format based on the receiving station time slot format): relative to the sensing UL time length T in the receiving sensing station. U The duration T of the sensing DL in the sensing station D It can also be designed according to at least one of the following relationships.

[0631] -- To ensure that the sensing receiving station can receive signals from the minimum sensing distance R min The reflected signal, such as Figure 34 As in the example, the start time T of the perceived DL time resource. D，start It can be T U，start -τ min =T U，start -2R min / c and above. That is, it can also be T. D，start ≥T U，start -τ min .

[0632] -- To ensure that the sensing receiving station can receive signals from the maximum sensing distance R max The reflected signal senses the end time T of the DL time resource. D，endIt can also be T U，end -τ max =T U -2R max / c and below. That is, it can also be T. D，end ≤T U，end -τ max .

[0633] -- Perceived DL time length T D It can also be T D =T D，end -T D，start ≤T U +τ min -τ max ≤T U The number of DL symbols in the transmitting sensing station (BS or UE) can also be less than the number of UL symbols in the receiving sensing station (BS or UE). The duration of the sensing DL time resource can also be the transmission window in the sensing transmitting station. This transmission window can also take into account the range of propagation delay values.

[0634] -- Perceived UL time length T U It can also be associated with requirements for perception performance (e.g., speed estimation error).

[0635] Since multiple stations use the same time slot format, limitations or constraints associated with the time slot format within several stations can also affect the time slot format of multiple sensing stations that are coordinating. This limitation may also follow at least one of the following options.

[0636] Option 1: There are no restrictions related to the time slot format of the multiple sensing stations being coordinated. The time slot format of the multiple sensing stations being coordinated can be flexibly set / indicated. Applying Option 1 above, such as... Figure 35A As in the example above, the UL symbols in the receiving sensing station can also be based on the DL symbols in the transmitting sensing station. Applying option 2 above, such as... Figure 35B As in the example, the UL symbols in the sensing receiving station can also be based on the DL symbols in the sensing transmitting station.

[0637] Option 2: There are limitations related to the time slot format of the transmitting sensing station. For example... Figure 36A As in the example above, the time slot format of the receiving sensing station can also be designed based on the DL symbols in the transmitting sensing station, as in Option 1 above.

[0638] Option 3: There are limitations related to the time slot format of the receiving sensing station. For example... Figure 36B As in the example above, the time slot format of the transmitting sensing station can also be designed based on the UL symbols in the receiving sensing station, as in option 2 above.

[0639] Option 4: There are limitations related to the time slot format of both the transmitting and receiving sensing stations. The UL symbols in the receiving sensing station and the DL symbols in the transmitting sensing station can also be jointly determined taking into account these limitations and propagation delay. Figure 37A As in the example, it could also be that, based on the UL symbol and the propagation delay (minimum and maximum values), the transmission window 1 is determined, such as... Figure 37B As in the example, based on the transmission window 1, the DL symbol (transmission window 2) is determined; based on the DL symbol and the propagation delay (minimum and maximum values), the reception window is determined; and based on the reception window, the UL symbol is adjusted.

[0640] - It is also possible to specify / set which of the above options can be applied. When multiple options are set through multiple coordinating sensing stations, the rules relating to which of the multiple options is applied (e.g., rules regarding the priority of the multiple options) can also be determined.

[0641] Implementation Method B2-2

[0642] The method for indicating / setting the time slot format between two or more sensing stations for sensing can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0643] Option 1: The time slot format of the sensing receiving station can also be determined by the sensing transmitting station. The associated information (e.g., restrictions, and at least one of the determined time slot formats) can be exchanged between BSs via the X2 / Xn interface, between UEs via a side link, or via a server through a higher-layer interface. Restrictions related to DL symbols, or the time slot format in the sensing receiving station, can be reported to the server via a higher-layer interface or to the sensing transmitting station via the X2 / Xn interface / side link. The time slot format determined for the sensing receiving station can be reported to the server and notified to the sensing receiving station via a higher-layer interface, or notified to the sensing receiving station via the X2 / Xn interface / side link.

[0644] Option 2: The time slot format of the sensing transmitter can also be determined by the sensing receiver. The associated information (e.g., restrictions, and at least one of the determined time slot formats) can be exchanged between BSs via the X2 / Xn interface, between UEs via a side link, or via a server through a higher-layer interface. Restrictions related to UL symbols, or the time slot format in the sensing transmitter, can be reported to the server via a higher-layer interface or to the sensing receiver via the X2 / Xn interface / side link. The time slot format determined for the sensing transmitter can be reported to the server and notified to the sensing transmitter via a higher-layer interface, or notified to the sensing transmitter via the X2 / Xn interface / side link.

[0645] - Option 3: The time slot format of the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver can also be determined by the server. The associated information (e.g., restrictions, and at least one of the determined time slot formats) can also be exchanged through the server via a higher-level interface.

[0646] - Option 4: The time slot format of the sensing transmitting station and the sensing receiving station can also be determined by the station itself. The associated information (e.g., restrictions, and at least one of the determined time slot formats) can be exchanged between BSs via the X2 / Xn interface, between UEs via a side link, or via a server through a higher-layer interface.

[0647] - Limitations or constraints can also be at least one of the following examples.

[0648] -- Example 1: In an ISAC system, there may be several unusable sensing DL / sensing UL time resources. If several DL time resources are used for PBCH, then those DL time resources may also be unusable for sensing. If several UL time resources are used for PRACH / PUCCH, etc., then those UL time resources may also be unusable for sensing.

[0649] -- Example 2: The maximum allowable amount of time resources for sensing DL / sensing UL depends on the limit on the ratio of resources used for sensing.

[0650] -- Example 3: The minimum amount of time resources required for sensing DL / sensing UL depends on sensing performance and sensing coverage radius.

[0651] -- Example 4: T for the cell D T D，start T GP T U T U，end T U，start τ min τ maxAt least one of them is reported. Based on this information, limitations or constraints can also be identified.

[0652] In this implementation, DL and UL can also be swapped. Alternatively, in inter-base station bistatic sensing, DL time resources can be used for transmission, and UL time resources can be used for reception. Alternatively, in inter-UE bistatic sensing, UL time resources can be used for transmission, and DL time resources can be used for reception.

[0653] In this embodiment, multiple sensing receiving stations can also receive reflected signals from the sensing signals. These multiple sensing receiving stations can share / report time slot formats and also share / report reception results. In this embodiment, multiple sensing transmitting stations can also transmit multiple sensing signals independently. These multiple sensing transmitting stations can also share / report time slot formats. Based on the configuration of more than one sensing transmitting station and more than one sensing receiving station, the minimum propagation delay / maximum propagation delay can also be determined.

[0654] According to this implementation, the UE / base station can use an appropriate time slot format / frame structure in bistatic / multistatic sensing.

[0655] <Changes> BS Operations

[0656] The BS can also support the reception / measurement of channels / signals using repeated sensing. This can also be followed in implementation B1 with several modifications.

[0657] - "UE" is replaced with "BS".

[0658] - "UL" has been replaced with "DL".

[0659] The BS can also support the transmission of channels / signals using repeated sensing. This can also be followed in implementation B2 with several modifications.

[0660] - "UE" is replaced with "BS".

[0661] - "DL" is replaced with "UL".

[0662] <Changes> Setting / instruction of parameters associated with implementation method B1

[0663] In BS-UE dual-base sensing and UE mono-base sensing, the associated parameters can also be set according to the measurement resources of each sensed channel / signal, and set / indicated to the UE via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE from the BS or via LPP from LMF / SF.

[0664] In UE1-UE2 dual-base sensing, the associated parameters can also be set according to the measurement resources of each sensed channel / signal, and set / indicated to UE2 via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE from BS, or via LPP from LMF / SF, or via side link from UE1.

[0665] In BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing, the associated parameters can also be set according to the measurement resources of each sensed channel / signal, and set / indicated to BS2 via Xn from BS1 or via NRPPa from LMF / SF.

[0666] In UE-BS dual-base sensing, the associated parameters can also be set / indicated to the BS via NRPPa from LMF / SF according to the measurement resource settings of each sensed channel / signal.

[0667] <Changes> Setting / instruction of parameters associated with implementation method B2

[0668] In UE-BS dual-base sensing, the associated parameters can also be set / indicated to the UE via LPP from LMF / SF according to the transmission resources of each sensed channel / signal.

[0669] In UE1-UE2 dual-base sensing, the associated parameters can also be set according to the transmission resources of each sensed channel / signal, and set / indicated to UE1 via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE from BS, or via LPP from LMF / SF, or via side link from UE2.

[0670] In BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing, the associated parameters can also be set according to the transmission resources of each sensed channel / signal, and set / indicated to BS1 via Xn from BS2 or via NRPPa from LMF / SF.

[0671] In both BS-UE dual-base sensing and UE mono-base sensing, the associated parameters can also be set / indicated to the BS via NRPPa from the LMF / SF according to the transmission resources of each sensed channel / signal.

[0672] <Implementation Method C1>

[0673] This implementation relates to beam scanning for sensing.

[0674] In ISAC systems, beamforming can also be used to improve SNR (beamforming gain). Due to the limited beamwidth, beam scanning can also be used to sense coverage range.

[0675] <<Implementation Method C1-1>>

[0676] Beam scanning can also be used to determine coverage area.

[0677] The beam scanning process (time-domain behavior) can be periodic, aperiodic (or dynamically triggered), semi-persistent, or event-triggered. This operation can be set to the BS via the LMF / SF, determined by the BS, set to the UE via the LMF / SF / BS, or determined by the UE. For example, in periodic awareness services such as intruder detection, the beam scanning period can be defined in the specification or set / indicated semi-statically / dynamically. Similarly, in event-triggered awareness services such as localization and tracking, beam scanning can be performed after the event.

[0678] Sensing bursts can also be defined for sensing beam scans. The period of a sensing burst can be defined in the specification or set / indicated semi-statically / dynamically. A beam scan can be performed within a single sensing burst or within multiple sensing bursts. For example, a sensing burst can be defined for a single beam scan. Sensing time-domain resources (e.g., multiple time slots / symbols) can also be associated with the number of sensing beams. A single sensing beam can also be associated with more than one time-domain resource. The available sensing time-domain resources may be insufficient for a single sensing beam scan if constrained by other factors. This constraint could also be that sensing time-domain resources are used for communication within the same time slot / symbol. A single sensing beam scan can also be performed within two or more sensing bursts.

[0679] Figure 38A This illustrates an example of periodic beam scanning. Periodic beam scanning can be set or triggered by an event. In this example, sensing bursts occur periodically, and one beam scan is performed within one sensing burst. The periodic execution of this beam scan can be triggered by either an instruction or an event. The periodic execution of this beam scan can also be released by either an instruction or an event.

[0680] Figure 38BThis illustrates an example of aperiodic beam scanning. Aperiodic beam scanning can be triggered by either an instruction or an event. In this example, one beam scan is performed within one sensing burst. The execution of this beam scan can be triggered by either an instruction or an event. The execution of this beam scan can be released (cancelled) by either an instruction or an event.

[0681] Figure 39 This represents an example of one beam scan within two sensing bursts. In this example, one beam scan is performed within two sensing bursts. The period of a sensing burst can also be defined / set / indicated.

[0682] During the beam scanning process determined by the BS or UE, at least one of the determination process and beam scanning settings / parameters can be notified to the LMF / SF by the BS or the BS / LMF / SF by the UE.

[0683] Depending on the positional relationship between the sensing station and the target, the number of beams / angle range in the beam scan of Tx / Rx can also vary. For example, beam scanning in the BS can use at least one of more beams and a wider angle range. For example, beam scanning in the UE can use at least one of fewer beams and a narrower angle range. For example, the number of beams in the beam scan of the BS can be more than the number of beams in the beam scan of the UE. For example, the angle range of the beam scan of the BS can be greater than the angle range of the beam scan of the UE.

[0684] <<Implementation Method C1-2>>

[0685] It can also be applied to at least one of the relevant parameters in the sensing beam scan definition and resource settings, as well as the MIMO method (mode) for transmission / reception.

[0686] The parameters related to the resource settings for beam scanning may also include at least one of the following parameters.

[0687] - At least one of the following: the number of sensing beams (or sensing RS ports) within a sensing burst, and the index (or angle) of the sensing beams. All or part of the sensing beams within a sensing burst (beam scan) may also be used. In a sensing service, the sensing coverage area can be defined or limited in the specification. For example, the sensing coverage area in intruder sensing can also be the home. A sensing beam can also be a subset of the entire sensing beam. By default, the entire sensing beam (sensing RS port) may be used if no setting exists. The beam index (or angle) may also be included in the resource settings within a single beam scan within multiple sensing bursts, or within a portion of the sensing beams used for scanning. Figure 40A This illustrates an example of location determination and tracking. In this example, the entire set of sensing beams could also be used. Figure 40B This illustrates an example of intruder detection. In this example, a portion of a sensing beam could also be used.

[0688] - Temporal resources for beam scanning: start time T0 (slot / symbol index), period T (number of slots / symbols, or absolute time (ms, μs)), duration T1 of a sensing burst (which is associated with the number of sensing beams or sensing RS ports), and at least one of the following: beam gaps within a sensing burst.

[0689] - The number of perception bursts, K. The actual number N of perception bursts used can also be less than or equal to the set number K. For example, the perception process can be released (or terminated) early if the perception requirements are met.

[0690] - Frequency domain resources for sensing bursts. Multiple sensing bursts can utilize either the same frequency domain resources or different frequency domain resources.

[0691] Figure 41 This example illustrates beam scanning correlation parameters. In one sensing cycle of this example, N sensing bursts are transmitted / received. In this example, N is the set number of sensing bursts, K or less. The period of a sensing burst is T. The start time of a sensing burst is T0. The duration of one sensing burst is T1.

[0692] The parameters associated with the MIMO method may also include at least one of the following parameters.

[0693] - One of the various MIMO methods used for sensing beam scanning (or sensing bursts) can also be set / exchanged / indicated / reported. These various MIMO methods can also include at least one of BF and VA. In the absence of a setting / indication associated with a MIMO method, BF or VA can be used as the default. MIMO methods can also be associated with sensing methods. For example, in monostatic sensing, the MIMO method can be either BF or VA. For example, in bistatic sensing, only BF can be supported.

[0694] - Variation: The MIMO methods for transmission and reception can be configured / exchanged / indicated / reported jointly, or they can be configured / exchanged / indicated / reported specifically. For example, the MIMO method for both Tx and Rx can be BF (Method 1). For example, it can also be that the Tx MIMO method is BF and the Rx MIMO method is VA (Method 2-1). For example, the MIMO method for both Tx and Rx can also be VA (Method 2-2).

[0695] - It can also support either explicit or implicit settings / indications / definitions for configuration parameters related to resources and the MIMO method. For example, the duration of a sensing burst can be indicated implicitly (via the number of sensing beams or the number of repetitions) or explicitly. For example, in monostatic sensing, the MIMO method can also be determined by the sensing station itself. To assist in interference management, the exchange of information related to the MIMO method (MIMO method-related information) can also be performed.

[0696] The parameters of beam scanning (or sensing burst) can be defined in the specification, or set / indicated to the BS semi-statically / dynamically via LMF / SF, or determined by the BS itself. They can also be indicated / set / exchanged between multiple BSs coordinating via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, or set / indicated to the UE semi-statically / dynamically via LMF / SF. They can also be set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.) via the BS. They can also be indicated / set / exchanged between multiple UEs coordinating via the sidelink interface, or determined by the UE itself.

[0697] Multiple MIMO methods can also include MIMO method 1 and MIMO method 2. MIMO method 1 can also be BF in monostatic sensing and bistatic sensing. MIMO method 2 can also be VA in monostatic sensing. MIMO method 1 can also include at least one of MIMO methods 1-1 and 1-2. MIMO method 1-1 is BF in monostatic sensing. Figure 42 In the example of MIMO method 1-1 shown, the sensing station (UE or BS) performs BF (Browser-Functional) for both Tx and Rx. Sensing station 1 and sensing station 2 can also coordinate to perform monostatic sensing. MIMO method 1-2 is BF in bistatic sensing. Figure 43 In the examples of MIMO methods 1-2 shown, the sensing transmitter (UE or BS) performs Tx BF, and the sensing receiver (UE or BS) performs Rx BF. MIMO method 2 may also include at least one of MIMO methods 2-1 and 2-2. MIMO method 2-1 is a VA (antenna configuration case 2) without a Tx / Rx antenna configuration. Figure 44In the example of MIMO method 2-1 shown, the sensing station (UE or BS) uses a Tx antenna group to perform multiple Tx BF (beamfusing) scans and uses an Rx antenna group to receive and synthesize these echo signals. The transmitting station performs Tx BF, and the receiving station performs Rx BF. Sensing station 1 and sensing station 2 can also coordinate and perform monostatic sensing. MIMO method 2-2 is a VA (antenna configuration case 1) with a Tx / Rx antenna configuration. Due to the fewer Tx antennas, a wider beam can also be used. Figure 45 In the example of MIMO method 2-2 shown, the sensing station (UE or BS) uses multiple Tx antenna groups within multiple antennas (Tx / Rx antennas) to perform multiple Tx BF (beam scans), and uses the remaining Rx antenna groups to receive and synthesize these echo signals. Sensing station 1 and sensing station 2 can also coordinate to perform monostatic sensing.

[0698] <<Implementation Methods C1-3>>

[0699] Tx sensing beam scanning and Rx sensing beam scanning can also be defined for different sensing methods and different MIMO methods.

[0700] In UE positioning based on existing communication systems or PRS / SRS, to achieve good performance, the Tx beam and Rx beam need to be paired. Figure 46 In a sensing system, the Tx sensing beam scan is associated with the angle of radiation (AoD) toward the target, and the Rx sensing beam scan is associated with the angle of arrival (AoA) from the target. In a communication system, one Tx-Rx beam pair is used for one UE. In PRS / SRS-based UE positioning, the beam (Tx or Rx) selected in the BS is used to determine the UE's location. In a sensing system (not just the receiver or the UE), one Tx-Rx beam pair can also be used for one target. In a sensing system with multiple targets, multiple Tx-Rx beam pairs can also exist. Figure 47 To determine the location of the target, a beam selected in the transmitter (BS or UE) and a beam selected by the receiver (BS or UE) can also be used.

[0701] Rx-sensing beam scanning can also be associated with MIMO methods in the transmitter. For BF (Browser-Free), Rx-sensing beam scanning may also be required. Figure 48 For VA, Rx sensing beam scanning may not be required. Figure 49The case where no Rx-sensing beam scanning is required is equivalent to the case where one Rx-sensing beam is used, and can also be included in Option 1 described later. The same or different Rx antenna settings can also be used for different Tx beams or different Tx beam scans. The association between the Tx-sensing beam and Rx antenna parameters can be explicitly or implicitly set / indicated via DCI / UCI / RRC IE / MAC CE, or it can depend on the implementation.

[0702] Rx sensing beam scanning can also be associated with sensing methods.

[0703] In monostatic sensing, AoA can also be equal to AoD. The Tx and Rx beams can also be the same. It is also possible to perform a scan with M Tx-Rx beams in monostatic sensing using M Tx beams and M Rx beams.

[0704] In bistatic sensing, AoA and AoD can also be different. The Tx beam and Rx beam can also be different. It is also possible to perform a maximum of MN Tx-Rx beam scans in monostatic sensing using M Tx beams and N Rx beams.

[0705] The Tx-Rx beam scanning process defined in NR communication systems or future communication systems can also be adapted for sensing Tx-Rx beam scanning. First, a Tx beam scan can be performed on one Rx beam, and then on the other Rx beams. This Tx beam scan can also be a full or partial scan of the sensing RS antenna ports.

[0706] Whether to apply Rx-sensing beam scanning and whether to use the Rx-sensing beam method can be set to the BS by the LMF / SF, determined by the BS itself, set to the UE by the LMF / SF / BS, or determined by the UE itself.

[0707] Tx-Rx beam scanning can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0708] Option 1: Tx-Rx beam scanning can also be defined for bistatic sensing using BF. Alternatively, Tx beam scanning can be defined only for monostatic sensing using both BF and VA. Information associated only with the Tx beam (beam association information) can be exchanged between multiple coordinating BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, between multiple coordinating UEs via the sidelink interface, and can also be reported from the BS / UE to the server / SMF / SF.

[0709] - Option 2: Tx-Rx beam scanning can also be defined for any sensing method and any MIMO method. In the unified design, Tx-Rx beam scanning can also be defined for monostatic sensing. The number of Rx beams can also be equal to 1. The beams / resources of more than one sensed Tx can also be associated with the beams / resources of more than one Rx. The information associated with the Tx-Rx beam (beam association information) can be exchanged between multiple coordinated BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, or between multiple coordinated UEs via the sidelink interface, and can also be reported from the BS / UE to the server / SMF / SF.

[0710] Figure 50 This illustrates an example of scanning four Tx-Rx beams in monostatic sensing using BF / VA. A BS or UE sensing Tx and Rx beams in monostatic sensing can also report information associated with the Tx-Rx beams to the server / SMF / SF.

[0711] Figure 51 This illustrates an example of scanning 16 Tx-Rx beams in bistatic sensing using a base station (BF). The BS or UE performing Tx sensing can also report information associated with the Tx beams to the server / SMF / SF. Similarly, the BS or UE performing Rx sensing can report information associated with the Rx beams to the server / SMF / SF. The BS or UE performing Tx sensing and the BS or UE performing Rx sensing can also exchange information associated with the Tx-Rx beams.

[0712] Figure 52 This illustrates an example of scanning four Tx beams in bistatic sensing using VA. The BS or UE performing Tx sensing can also report information associated with the Tx beams to the server / SMF / SF. Similarly, the BS or UE performing Rx sensing can also report information associated with the Tx beams to the server / SMF / SF. The BS or UE performing Tx sensing, and the BS or UE performing Rx sensing, can also exchange information associated with the Tx beams.

[0713] According to this implementation, the UE / BS can appropriately perform beam scanning for sensing.

[0714] <Implementation Method C2>

[0715] This implementation relates to beam management for sensing.

[0716] Beam scanning, while incurring higher overhead, can significantly improve the coverage of sensing. After beam scanning, or when prior information related to the target's location is available, more than one beam can be selected for further sensing. For example, in sensing applications involving location determination and tracking, beam scanning may be necessary during the location determination phase. If the target's location is obtained, a single beam can be selected for tracking that target.

[0717] The process, parameters, and MIMO methods of sensing beam management can also be designed / defined.

[0718] exist Figure 53 In the example, if the location determination and tracking sensing service (sensing process) are started / triggered / activated, then as the target location determination phase, the sensing station (UE or BS) can also perform beam scanning on each sensing burst. In the first sensing burst, the target is not detected; in the second sensing burst, the target is successfully detected. If the target's location is obtained based on the second sensing burst, the sensing station stops beam scanning and determines the initial beam for target tracking. During the tracking phase, the sensing station uses the initial beam to track the target and adjusts the beam based on the target's location. For example, if service requirements are not met, or if the target is outside the sensing station's sensing coverage area, the sensing service (sensing process) is released.

[0719] Following the beam scanning used for sensing, several specific Tx-Rx beams can be selected and used for further target sensing. In bistatic sensing, both the Tx sensing beam and the Rx sensing beam can be used for target sensing. The Tx-Rx sensing beam can also be further defined.

[0720] <<Implementation Method C2-1>>

[0721] One or more Tx-Rx sensing beams or one or more sensing RS antenna ports can be selected and reported. The number of reported Tx-Rx sensing beam pairs can also be set. The selected Tx-Rx sensing beams can be set / indicated to the BS via LMF / SF, determined by the BS itself, indicated / set / switched between multiple BSs coordinating via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, set / indicated to the UE via LMF / SF, set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) by the BS, set / indicated to the UE via physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.) by the BS, indicated / set / switched between multiple UEs coordinating via the sidelink interface, or determined by the UE itself.

[0722] Tx-Rx sensing beams can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0723] Option 1: In monostatic sensing without coordination among multiple BS / UEs, the sensing transmitter and receiver are located in the same location. The selected Tx-Rx sensing beam can also be determined by the sensing station itself (BS or UE). Feedback / indication / reporting of the Tx-Rx sensing beam is also not required.

[0724] Option 2: In monostatic / bistatic sensing with coordination of multiple BS / UEs, to avoid interference and improve sensing performance, the indication / setting of the Tx-Rx beam information (beam association information) between the coordinating BS / UEs can also be supported. This information can be indicated / set / exchanged between the sensing BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface and signaling, or indicated / set / exchanged from the BS to the UE via the Uu interface of SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE / DCI signaling, or indicated / set / exchanged from the UE to the BS via the Uu interface of MAC CE / RRC IE / UCI signaling, or reported from the sensing BS / US to LMF / SF, or set / indicated from LMF / SF to the BS / UE. For example, BS1 using monostatic sensing and BS2 using monostatic sensing can coordinate to track a single target. The sensing beams of BS1 and BS2 can be determined jointly or independently. Beam-associated information (beam association information) can be reported from BS1 / BS2 to LMF / SF, or exchanged between BS1 and BS2 via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface and signaling.

[0725] Option 3: In bistatic sensing, the sensing receiver and sensing transmitter are different. Bistatic sensing can be from BS to UE, from UE to BS, from BS1 to BS2, or from UE1 to UE2. Feedback / reporting / indication / setting of Tx and Rx beams may also be required. Feedback / reporting / indication / setting of Tx and Rx beams can be notified from the BS to the UE via higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE / DCI) on the Uu interface, or from the UE to the BS via higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling (MAC CE / RRC IE / UCI) on the Uu interface. It can also be notified between multiple UEs via the sidelink interface, or between multiple BSs via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface. Furthermore, it can be reported / exchanged from BS / UE to LMF / SF, or indicated / set from LMF / SF to BS / UE. More than one Tx-Rx sensing beam can be selected based on metrics defined in the specification. These metrics can be, for example, at least one of the following: target estimation angle, sensing SINR threshold, sensing RSRP threshold, false alarm probability threshold, and estimation accuracy threshold. Sensing Tx beams can also be explicitly or implicitly indicated / set via spatial domain filter / QCL type D RS / TCI status. Sensing Rx beams can also be explicitly or implicitly indicated / set via spatial domain filter / QCL type D RS / TCI status. QCL type D RS / TCI status can also be used for implicit indication of sensing Rx beams. The definition of the QCL type D RS / TCI status for Rx beams can also differ from the definition of the QCL type D RS / TCI status for Tx beams. Whether any of the Tx beams, Rx beams, and Tx-Rx beam pairs are reported can be defined in the specification, set via RRC IE, or depend on UE capability reporting.

[0726] <<Implementation Method C2-2>>

[0727] You can also define parameters associated with transmit and receive resource settings and MIMO methods for sensing beam management.

[0728] The parameters associated with the resource settings for beam management may also include at least one of the following parameters.

[0729] - Time-domain resources used for beam management. It may also include at least one of a start time T0 and a duration. The start time may also be represented by a slot / symbol index. The duration may also be represented by the number of slots / symbols.

[0730] - Frequency domain resources used for beam management. These may also include at least one of a start frequency position and a bandwidth. The start frequency position may also be represented by an index of RB / REs. The bandwidth may also be represented by the number of RB / REs.

[0731] One of the various MIMO methods used for sensing beam management can also be set / exchanged / indicated / reported. These various MIMO methods can also include at least one of BF and VA. In the absence of a setting / indication associated with a MIMO method, BF or VA can be used by default. MIMO methods can also be associated with sensing methods. For example, in monostatic sensing, the MIMO method can be either BF or VA. For example, in bistatic sensing, only BF can be supported.

[0732] Beam management parameters can be defined in the specification, or set / indicated to the BS semi-statically / dynamically via LMF / SF, or determined by the BS itself, or indicated / set / exchanged between multiple BSs coordinating via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, or set / indicated to the UE semi-statically / dynamically via LMF / SF, or set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), or indicated / set / exchanged between multiple UEs coordinating via the sidelink interface, or determined by the UE itself.

[0733] The configuration parameters and signaling in beam management can differ from those in beam scanning. For example, in periodic beam scanning, broadcast or periodic signaling (e.g., SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE) can be used. In aperiodic beam management, target-specific / dynamic / aperiodic signaling (e.g., DCI / UCI) can also be used for targets / services.

[0734] In implementation C2-1, the beam association information is continuously updated / exchanged between sensing stations along with the time / frequency domain resources set for beam management and the MIMO method.

[0735] <<Implementation Method C2-3>>

[0736] Beam scanning and beam management can be switched or coexist based on several rules. These rules can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0737] - Option 1: Based on the perceived service / requirement, beam scanning and beam management are switched (not coexisting). For example, in the target location determination and tracking service, beam scanning can be stopped after the target location is determined, and then beam management can be started for target location tracking.

[0738] - Option 2: Beam scanning and beam management can coexist for several sensed services / targets. For example, in an intruder detection service, the sense beam can be scanned continuously regardless of whether a target (intruder) is detected. Beam management can also be used to track the location of each detected intruder.

[0739] Option 3: There is no relationship between beam scanning and beam management. For example, beam scanning could be used in an intruder detection service, while beam management could be used in a tracking service. Different targets / services being detected could also require different processes.

[0740] The sensing method and the associated signaling used for sensing beams between sensing transmitters and sensing receivers can also follow at least one of the following examples.

[0741] Example 1: Monostatic sensing with a single sensing station (BS / UE). Figure 54 In this example, a signaling link for reporting / setting / indicating can also exist between the sensing station and the server / LMF / SF. Setting / indicating can also be notified from the server / LMF / SF to the sensing station. Reporting can also be notified from the sensing station to the server / LMF / SF.

[0742] - Example 2: Monocentric sensing of multiple sensing stations (BS / UE) for coordination. Figure 55A This represents an example of monobase sensing among multiple base stations coordinating their operations. Figure 55B This illustrates an example of single-base sensing involving multiple UEs undergoing coordination. Signaling links for reporting / setting / indication may also exist between the multiple sensing stations. Signaling links for reporting / setting / indication may also exist between at least one of the multiple sensing stations and the server / LMF / SF / BS. Setting / indication may also be notified from the server / LMF / SF / BS to at least one of the multiple sensing stations. Reporting may also be notified from at least one of the multiple sensing stations to the server / LMF / SF / BS. Setting / indication may also be notified from the first sensing station to the second sensing station. Reporting may also be notified from the first sensing station to the second sensing station. Links with Xn / X2 / F1-AP interfaces may also exist between the multiple BSs undergoing coordination. Links with sidelink interfaces may also exist between the multiple UEs undergoing coordination. Links with Uu interfaces may also exist between the multiple UEs undergoing coordination and the BS.

[0743] Example 3: Bistatic sensing (from sensing transmitter to sensing receiver, e.g., from BS to UE, from UE to BS, from BS1 to BS2, from UE1 to UE2). In Figure 56A In the example of dual-base sensing from BS to UE, there can be signaling links for reporting / setting / indication between the BS and the server / LMF / SF, and also between the UE and the server / LMF / SF. Reports can also be sent from the UE to the BS via MAC CE / RRC IE / UCI on the Uu interface. Figure 56B In the example of dual-base awareness from UE to BS, there can also be a signaling link for reporting / setting / indicating between the BS and the server / LMF / SF, and a signaling link for reporting / setting / indicating between the UE and the server / LMF / SF. Setting / indicating can also be notified from the BS to the UE via SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE / DCI on the Uu interface. Figure 57A In the example of bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, there can be signaling links for reporting / setting / indicating between BS1 and the server / LMF / SF, between BS2 and the server / LMF / SF, and between BS1 and BS2. Reporting / setting / indicating signals can also be communicated / exchanged between BS1 and BS2 via the Xn / X2 / F1-AP interface. Figure 57B In the example of dual-base awareness from UE1 to UE2, there may be a signaling link for reporting / setting / indicating between UE1 and the server / LMF / SF / BS, a signaling link for reporting / setting / indicating between UE2 and the server / LMF / SF / BS, and a signaling link for reporting / setting / indicating between UE1 and UE2. Reporting / setting / indicating can also be notified / exchanged between UE1 and UE2 via a side link interface. Reporting / setting / indicating can also be notified / exchanged between at least one of UE1 and UE2 and the BS via a Uu interface.

[0744] The process for beam scanning and beam management for sensing can also be at least one of the following processes.

[0745] - Process 1: Tx MIMO method (mode) is BF, Rx MIMO method (mode) is VA. The MIMO method set for Phase 2 can be the same as or different from the MIMO method set for Phase 1. For example, Phase 1 can be scanning, and Phase 2 can be tracking. If no MIMO method is set, by default, the MIMO method in Phase 2 can also be the same as the MIMO method in Phase 1. Figure 58 An example of the beam scanning and beam management process includes the following stages 0 to 2.

[0746] -- In Phase 0, at least one of the following can be set / indicated for the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver: time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (BF / VA). This setting / indication can be notified to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver from LMF / SF, or it can be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 can also be started by triggering.

[0747] -- In Phase 1, both Tx and Rx sensing beam scanning can be performed. Phase 1 can be performed periodically, semi-continuously, or aperiodically, and can also be triggered by an event. This event can be the acquisition of prior information related to the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter can also perform Tx beam scanning. When the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is BF, the sensing receiver can also perform Rx beam scanning. When the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is VA, the sensing receiver can also perform reception without Rx beamforming.

[0748] -- In the subsequent Phase 2, beam tracking for both Tx and Rx can also be performed. Beam tracking can also select one or more beams from multiple beams used for beam scanning, allowing sensing to continue using the selected beam. In the case of bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / indication can also be performed between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. In the case of sensing station coordination, exchange / indication can also be performed between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter can also use the selected Tx beam for transmission. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is BF, the sensing receiver can also use the selected Rx beam for reception. If the Rx MIMO method in Phase 2 is VA, the sensing receiver can also perform reception without Rx beamforming. Phase 2 can also include Phase 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, for the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, at least one of time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (BF / VA) can be set / indicated. In Phase 2-2, continuous updates / feedback / switching / indication / setting of the Tx / Rx beam can also be performed on the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. Phase 2 can also be terminated by releasing.

[0749] - Process 2: Tx MIMO method (mode) and Rx MIMO method (mode) are VA. Figure 59 An example of the beam scanning and beam management process includes the following stages 0 to 2.

[0750] -- In Phase 0, for the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, at least one of the following can be set / indicated: time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (VA). This setting / indication can be notified to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver from LMF / SF, or it can be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 can also be started by triggering.

[0751] -- In the subsequent Phase 1, Tx sensing beam scanning for VA can also be performed. Phase 1 can be performed periodically, semi-continuously, non-periodically, or triggered by an event. This event can also be the acquisition of prior information related to the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter can also perform Tx beam scanning using TDM signals for different antenna groups. This beamforming can also follow the implementation method C4 described later. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter can also perform Tx beam scanning using FDM / CDM signals for different antenna groups. In Phase 1, the sensing receiver can also implement Rx VA by performing reception without Rx beamforming for VA.

[0752] -- In the subsequent Phase 2, beam tracking for both Tx and Rx can also be performed. Beam tracking can also select one or more beams from multiple beams used for beam scanning, allowing sensing to continue using the selected beam. In the case of bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / indication can also be performed between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. In the case of sensing station coordination, exchange / indication can also be performed between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter can also use the selected Tx beam for transmission for VA. In Phase 2, the sensing receiver can also implement Rx VA by receiving without Rx beamforming for VA. Phase 2 can also include Phase 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, at least one of time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, and MIMO method (VA) can be set / indicated for the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. In Phase 2-2, continuous updates / feedback / switching / indication / setting of the Tx / Rx beam can also be performed on the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver. Phase 2 can also be terminated by releasing.

[0753] According to this implementation, the UE / BS can perform the sensing process appropriately.

[0754] <Implementation Method C3>

[0755] This implementation involves beam scanning and beam management using an EA (Eagle Array). The EA can also be implemented through repeated transmissions. Repeated transmissions can improve sensing performance.

[0756] Repeated beam scanning and beam management can also be defined / designed / supported.

[0757] <<Implementation Method C3-1>>

[0758] Repeated Tx-sensing beam scans can also be defined / designed / supported. Repeated beam levels / burst levels / multi-beam levels can also be supported. Repeated scans can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0759] - Option 1: Beam-level repetition. The same beam can be repeated across multiple time slots / symbols sensed during beam scanning. The sensing burst in implementation C1 can also be improved as a sensing burst accompanied by repetition. For performance improvement, this repetition can also be performed within one coherent processing interval (CPI). Figure 60In this example, the sensing transmitter can also scan beams #0 through #3 within a single sensing burst, transmitting N times during the transmission period of each beam. In this example, N=3. The length of the transmission period for each beam can also be the CPI required for the repetitive gain. The minimum delay for covering the sensing area is the time until all beams are used.

[0760] Option 2: Burst Level Repetition. Sensing bursts can also be repeated across multiple time slots / symbols. The definition of a sensing burst in Implementation C1 can also be used. This allows for coverage of the sensing area within a short time, or accurate beam scanning. Figure 61 In this example, the sensing transmitter scans beams #0 through #3 within one sensing burst and repeats the transmission of N sensing bursts. In this example, N=3. The length of the transmission period for N sensing bursts can also be the CPI required for the repetitive gain. The minimum delay for covering the sensing area is the time until all beams are used.

[0761] Option 3: Multi-beam (beamgroup) level repetition. Multiple beams are divided into multiple beamgroups. Repetition can also be performed within a beamgroup. A good trade-off can be achieved between repetition gain (associated with CPI length) and delay associated with sensing coverage area. Figure 62 In this example, beams #0 to #3 are divided into beam group #0 (beams #0 and #1) and beam group #1 (beams #2 and #3). The sensing transmitter performs N repetitions during the transmission period of each beam group. In this example, N=3. The sensing transmitter performs beam scanning within each beam group within one repetition. The length of the transmission period for each beam group can also be the CPI required for the repetition gain. The minimum delay for covering the sensing area is the time until all beams are used.

[0762] At least one of the repetition number and repetition type (beam level repetition, burst level repetition, or multi-beam level repetition) can be set / indicated to the BS through LMF / SF, determined by the BS itself, indicated / set / exchanged between multiple BSs coordinating via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, set / indicated to the UE through LMF / SF, set / indicated to the UE by the BS via higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), indicated / set / exchanged between multiple UEs coordinating via the side link interface, or determined by the UE itself.

[0763] The number of repetitions can be defined in the specification based on the perceived SNR, perceived coverage, or perceived requirements, or it can be set / indicated semi-statically / dynamically. If the perceived requirements are met, repetitions are stopped early.

[0764] <<Implementation Method C3-2>>

[0765] Repeated Rx-sensing beam scanning can also be defined / designed / supported based on sensing methods.

[0766] In monostatic sensing, the Rx sensing beam can also always be the same as the Tx sensing beam, regardless of the number of repetitions or the type of repetition. Figure 63 In the example, the sensing station (BS or UE) performs Tx sensing beam scanning and matches it with the Tx sensing beam to perform Rx sensing beam scanning.

[0767] In bistatic sensing, to compensate for higher overhead and longer delay to obtain iterative gain, changes to the beam / spatial domain filter / QCL type DRS / TCI states of Rx sensing can be avoided during a single Tx-sensing beam scan accompanied by repetition. Figure 64 In one example, the sensing transmitter (BS or UE) performs a Tx sensing beam scan, and the sensing receiver (BS or UE) does not change the Rx sensing beam (does not scan the Rx sensing beam) in one Tx sensing beam scan, and changes the Rx sensing beam (or scans the Rx sensing beam) between multiple Tx sensing beam scans.

[0768] <<Implementation Method C3-3>>

[0769] The sensing beam during the beam management phase can also be repeatedly set.

[0770] To achieve a better trade-off between performance and latency, parameters such as the number of iterations and the type of iteration can also be set. The optimal values ​​for these parameters can differ for various scenarios. Therefore, these parameters can also be changed dynamically.

[0771] The number of repetitions and the repetition type during the beam management phase can be set / indicated to the BS via LMF / SF, determined by the BS itself, indicated / set / exchanged between multiple BSs coordinating via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, set / indicated to the UE via LMF / SF, set / indicated to the UE by the BS via higher-layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), indicated / set / exchanged between multiple UEs coordinating via the side link interface, or determined by the UE itself.

[0772] The number of repetitions and the type of repetition can also be associated with at least one of the following: perceived SNR, perceived coverage, perceived requirements related to performance and latency, and beam.

[0773] Repeated beam scanning and beam management can also follow the procedure below.

[0774] - Figure 65 Examples of processes involving repeated beam scanning and beam management include the following stages 0 to 2.

[0775] -- In Phase 0, for the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, at least one of the following can be set / indicated: time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type. This setting / indication can be notified to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver from LMF / SF, or it can be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 can also be started by triggering.

[0776] -- In the subsequent Phase 1, repeated Tx and Rx sensing beam scanning can also be performed. Phase 1 can be performed periodically, semi-continuously, or aperiodically, and can also be triggered by an event. This event can also be the acquisition of prior information related to the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter can also perform Tx beam scanning. When the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is BF, the sensing receiver can also perform Rx beam scanning. When the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is VA, the sensing receiver can also perform reception without Rx beamforming.

[0777] -- In the subsequent Phase 2, beam tracking with repeated Tx and Rx beams can also be performed. Beam tracking can also select more than one beam from multiple beams used for beam scanning, allowing sensing to continue using the selected beam. In the case of bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / indication can also be performed between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. In the case of sensing station coordination, exchange / indication can also be performed between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter can also transmit using the selected Tx beam. In the case of BF Rx MIMO method in Phase 2, the sensing receiver can also receive using the selected Rx beam. In the case of VA Rx MIMO method in Phase 2, the sensing receiver can also receive without Rx beamforming. Phase 2 can also include Phase 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, for the sensing transmitter / receiver, at least one of the following can be set / indicated: time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type. In Phase 2-2, continuous updates / feedback / switching / indication / setting of the Tx / Rx beam for the sensing transmitter / receiver can also be performed. Phase 2 can also be terminated by releasing.

[0778] According to this implementation method, by repetition, the perceived SNR / coverage can be improved.

[0779] <Implementation Method C4>

[0780] This implementation involves beam scanning and beam management using a VA.

[0781] VA can utilize multiple orthogonal signals from different Tx antennas (groups) to improve sensing angular resolution and accuracy. One method for generating multiple orthogonal signals is TDM. Multiple orthogonal signals can also be transmitted separately on different time-domain resources using different Tx antennas (groups). In TDMed-VA, multiple signals from multiple Tx antennas on different time-domain resources can also be defined / designed / supported along with beam scanning.

[0782] exist Figure 66A In the example of the Tx antenna configuration in the TDMed-VA, a portion of multiple Tx antennas are used as Tx antenna groups (ports) #0 to #3 for generating the VA. Tx antenna groups (ports) #0 to #3 respectively utilize time / frequency domain resources #0 to #3. The TDMed-VA may also follow at least one of the following options.

[0783] - Option 1: Resources #0 to #3 are allocated, and resources #0 to #3 are TDM ( Figure 66B ).

[0784] - Option 2: Resources #0 to #3 are mixed TDM-FDM. For example, resources #0 and #1 are FDM, resources #2 and #3 are FDM, resources #0 and #2 are TDM, and resources #1 and #3 are TDM. Figure 66C ).

[0785] - Option 3: Resources #0 to #3 are mixed TDM-CDM. For example, resources #0 and #1 are CDM, resources #2 and #3 are CDM, and resources #0 and #1, as well as resources #2 and #3, are TDM. Figure 66D ).

[0786] Sensing beam scanning with TDMed-VA can also be defined / designed / supported.

[0787] <<Implementation Method C4-1>>

[0788] Tx-sensing beam scanning of multiple Tx antennas (groups) in a TDMed-VA can also be defined / designed / supported. In this Tx-sensing beam scanning, at least one of the following options can also be supported.

[0789] - Option 1: Beam Class TDMed-VA. TDMed-VA can also be generated for beams on multiple adjacent time-domain resources. Figure 67A In this example, a portion of multiple Tx antennas can also be defined / set / selected as antenna port groups (ports) #0, #1. The sensing transmitter can also scan beams #0 through #3 for each antenna port group (port). Figure 67B In the example, the time-domain resources used for beams #0 to #3 can be TDM, and within the time-domain resources used for each beam, the time-domain resources used for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 can be TDM. The sensing receiver generates the VA by receiving multiple time-domain resources used for antenna port group (port) #0, or it can generate the VA by receiving multiple time-domain resources used for antenna port group (port) #1.

[0790] - Option 2: Burst Level TDMed-VA. Beam scanning can also be performed specifically for each antenna group (port). TDMed-VA can also be generated for multiple sensing bursts. Figure 67C In the example, the time-domain resources used for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 can be TDM, and within the time-domain resources used for each antenna port group (port), the time-domain resources used for beams #0 to #3 can be TDM. The sensing receiver generates the VA by receiving multiple time-domain resources used for antenna port group (port) #0, or it can generate the VA by receiving multiple time-domain resources used for antenna port group (port) #1.

[0791] The beam scanning settings for TDMed-VA can also include at least one of the following parameters.

[0792] - Resources for the time / frequency domain of all Tx antenna groups (ports).

[0793] - An orthogonal partitioning method for multiple antenna ports. It can be any of TDM, FDM, CDM, or a combination of at least two of them. It can also be explicitly indicated by configuring the time / frequency resources for different multiple Tx antenna groups (ports).

[0794] - Option for TDMed-VA with beam scanning. It can also be a beam-level or burst-level TDMed-VA.

[0795] - Parameters associated with the antenna configuration of Tx / Rx. It may also include at least one of Tx / Rx configuration, Tx beam number, and Rx port number. Tx / Rx configuration can be expressed either by relative comparison or by absolute value.

[0796] The antenna configuration for dynamic Tx / Rx can also follow at least one of the following principles.

[0797] - For high SNR, by using a small number of Tx antennas and a large number of Rx antennas, it is possible to achieve at least one of the following: a wide Tx bandwidth, a short or zero scan duration, and omnidirectional reception.

[0798] - For low SNR, by using a large number of Tx antennas and a small number of Rx antennas, it is possible to achieve at least one of the following: narrower Tx bandwidth, longer scan duration, and directional reception using the same beam direction as the Tx (due to AoA=AoD in monostatic sensing).

[0799] The parameters of TDMed-VA in beam scanning can be set / indicated to the BS through LMF / SF, determined by the BS itself, indicated / set / exchanged between multiple BSs coordinating via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, set / indicated to the UE through LMF / SF, set / indicated to the UE through the BS via higher-layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), indicated / set / exchanged between multiple UEs coordinating via the side link interface, or determined by the UE itself.

[0800] The number of antennas in a Tx / Rx configuration can be explicitly indicated through Tx / Rx configuration or implicitly indicated through the number of beams (or the number of CSI-RS ports). For example, an explicit indication can be the antenna ratio of Tx / Rx, or a defined set of Tx / Rx configurations that includes the antenna values ​​(positions / numbers) of both Tx and Rx. For example, as an implicit indication, if one beam number (or CSI-RS port number) is set, one antenna can be configured for each Tx antenna group (port). For example, as an implicit indication, if X beam numbers (or CSI-RS port numbers) are set, X antennas can be configured for each Tx antenna group (port).

[0801] <<Implementation Method C4-2>>

[0802] Parameters used in beam management for TDMed-VA can be defined in the specification or set / indicated / exchanged semi-statically / dynamically. These parameters can also include at least one of the following.

[0803] - Beam management parameters. For example, Tx's beam / spatial domain filter / QCL type D RS / TCI status, etc.

[0804] - Parameters of TDMed-VA. For example, the number of ports / groups of Tx antennas, the resource configuration for each port / group of Tx antennas, the orthogonal segmentation method, the number of Tx antennas, the antenna configuration / location of each port / group of Tx antennas, the number of Rx antennas, and at least one of the following: Tx-Rx antenna ratio.

[0805] <<Changes>>

[0806] For higher SNR, TDMed-VA can also be repeatedly combined with implementation method C3.

[0807] A portion of multiple Tx antennas can also be defined / set / selected as antenna port groups (ports) #0, #1. The sensing transmitter can also scan each antenna port group (port) with beams #0 to #3.

[0808] exist Figure 68A In the example of TDMed-VA with repeated beam levels, the time-domain resources used for beams #0 to #3 can also be TDMed. Within the time-domain resources used for each beam, the time-domain resources used for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 can also be TDMed. Within the N time-domain resources used for each antenna port group (port), N repeated transmissions can also be performed separately. In this example, the number of repetitions N=2.

[0809] exist Figure 68BIn the example of TDMed-VA with repeated beam levels, the time-domain resources used for beams #0 to #3 can also be TDMed. Within the N time-domain resources used for each beam, N repeated transmissions can also be performed separately. In this example, the number of repetitions N=2. Within the time-domain resources used for each repeated transmission, the time-domain resources used for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 can also be TDMed.

[0810] exist Figure 69A In the example of TDMed-VA with repeated burst levels, N repeated transmissions can be performed separately within N time-domain resources. In this example, the number of repetitions N=2. Within the time-domain resources used for each repeated transmission, the time-domain resources used for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 can also be TDMed. Within the N time-domain resources used for each antenna port group (port), the time-domain resources used for beams #0 to #3 can also be TDMed.

[0811] exist Figure 69B In the example of TDMed-VA with accompanying burst level, the time-domain resources used for antenna port groups (ports) #0 and #1 can also be TDMed. Within the N time-domain resources used for each antenna port group (port), N repetitions can also be performed separately. In this example, the number of repetitions N=2. Within the time-domain resources used for each repetition, the time-domain resources used for beams #0 to #3 can also be TDMed.

[0812] According to this implementation method, by repetition, the perceived SNR / coverage can be improved.

[0813] <Implementation Method C5>

[0814] This implementation involves beam scanning and beam management using repeated / EA and VA.

[0815] Based on the iterative / EA / pulse integral used for sensing, for higher SNR, it is possible to consider the EA of multiple sensing slots, as well as coherent estimation, but the angular resolution is limited by the physical aperture size.

[0816] Based on the VA used for sensing, multiple Tx antennas can be divided into multiple antenna groups to generate VAs with better angular resolution / accuracy, but the SNR becomes lower due to the small number of Tx antennas in each antenna group with lower array gain.

[0817] The questions raised include how to flexibly utilize multiple antennas and time-domain resources for sensing, and how to flexibly combine the advantages of EA and VA in various scenarios.

[0818] By dynamically changing the sensing signal and receiving countermeasures across multiple time-domain resources, flexible switching between EA and VA can be achieved. The sensing signal can also be at least one of signal transmission and Tx beamforming. The receiving countermeasures can also be at least one of Rx beamforming and estimation algorithms.

[0819] The sensing signal and the receiving countermeasure can also follow at least one of the following methods.

[0820] - Method 1: Repeat / EA / Pulse Integration. Tx can also use the entire Tx antenna / port to repeat the signal and the same beam across multiple time slots. Rx can also superimpose received signals from multiple time slots.

[0821] It can also be used.

[0822] - Method 2: VA. Tx can also use different Tx antennas / ports in multiple time slots to repeat the signal and the same beam. Rx can also perform signal synthesis without beamforming.

[0823] In monostatic sensing, the supported sensing methods can also be repetitive and VA. In bistatic sensing, the supported sensing methods can also be repetitive only.

[0824] exist Figure 70 In the example of Method 1, the frame structures of time-domain resources T1 and T2 are equal, and the frame structures of time-domain resources T3 and T4 are equal. The sensing transmitter uses the same configuration / group of Tx antennas in time-domain resources T1 to T4. The sensing transmitter uses beam #0 for repeated transmission in T1 and T2, and beam #1 for repeated transmission in T3 and T4. The sensing receiver uses beam #0 for coherent estimation in T1 and T2, and beam #1 for coherent estimation in T3 and T4. With a full Tx antenna and coherent estimation, the SNR is higher. Angular resolution is limited due to the Rx physical aperture constraint.

[0825] exist Figure 71In the example of Method 2, the frame structures of time-domain resources T1 and T2 are equal, and the frame structures of time-domain resources T3 and T4 are equal. The sensing transmitter uses beam #0 in time-domain resources T1 and T2, and beam #1 in time-domain resources T3 and T4. The sensing transmitter uses Tx antenna configuration / group #0 in T1 and T3, and Tx antenna configuration / group #1 in T2 and T4. The sensing receiver uses Rx antennas (configurations) without beamforming in T1 to T4 for reception. The sensing receiver synthesizes the received signals from T1 and T2 to generate an Rx VA, and synthesizes the received signals from T3 and T4 to generate an Rx VA. With fewer Tx antennas, the SNR is lower. With a larger Rx VA, the angular resolution is improved.

[0826] The transceiver mode of repeated and TDMed-VA can be supported in the modes defined in the specification, or it can be set / indicated to the BS through LMF / SF, or it can be determined by the BS itself, or it can be indicated / set / exchanged between multiple BSs in coordination via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface, or it can be set / indicated to the UE through LMF / SF, or it can be set / indicated to the UE by the BS through higher layer signaling (SIB / MAC CE / RRC IE, etc.) or physical layer signaling (DCI / UCI, etc.), or it can be indicated / set / exchanged between multiple UEs in coordination via the side link interface, or it can be determined by the UE itself.

[0827] First, it can be repeated to improve the sensing coverage, and then VA can be performed to improve the sensing (angle) performance.

[0828] Repeated / TDMed-VA can also follow at least one of the following options.

[0829] Option 1: The repetition and TDMed-VA modes are defined in the specification. For example, this mode can also represent M time slots / symbols for repetition and N time slots / symbols for TDMed-VA. The set of values ​​for (M, N) can also be defined in the specification. Based on this mode, repetition and TDMed-VA can also be set / indicated semi-statically / dynamically. The set of values ​​for (M, N) can also be associated with at least one of the number of Tx / Rx antennas and the number of Tx antenna groups / ports. Although signaling overhead is suppressed, the flexibility of time-domain resources for repetition and TDMed-VA is limited.

[0830] -- exist Figure 72 In the example, sensing is performed on the following time-domain resources T1 to T8.

[0831] --- In T1 and T2, repeated / EA is performed by using all Tx antennas and the same narrower Tx-Rx beam. This enables sensing for low SNR scenarios.

[0832] --- In T3 and T4, TDMed-VA is achieved by using a wider Tx beam and multiple different Tx antenna ports. This enables sensing for scenarios requiring high angular resolution.

[0833] --- In T5 and T6, repeated / EA is performed using the same Tx beam and the same Tx antenna port #0. In T7 and T8, repeated / EA is performed using the same Tx beam and the same Tx antenna port #1. TDMed-VA is performed from T5 to T8. This enables sensing of scenarios with low SNR and high angular resolution requirements.

[0834] Option 2: The parameters for repetition and TDMed-VA settings are explicitly indicated / set during the beam scanning and beam management process in Implementation C1 / Implementation C2 / Implementation C3 / Implementation C4. For example, the value of at least one of the repetition count and the number of TDMed-VA time slots can be defined by a set, limited by a range of values, or determined to a specific value based on that setting. The set can be, for example, {N1, N2, ...}. The range can be, for example, {Nmin, Nmax}. The value can also be determined based on SNR and antenna settings. Thus, while the flexibility of repetition and TDMed-VA is increased, the signaling overhead becomes higher.

[0835] Repeated beam scanning and beam management can also follow the procedure below.

[0836] - Figure 73 Examples of processes involving repeated beam scanning and beam management include the following stages 0 to 2.

[0837] -- In Phase 0, for the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver, at least one of the following can be set / indicated: time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type. This setting / indication can be notified to the sensing transmitter / sensing receiver from LMF / SF, or it can be notified / exchanged between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver. Phase 0 / 1 can also be started by triggering.

[0838] -- In the subsequent Phase 1, sensing beam scanning with repeated Tx and Rx can also be performed. Phase 1 can be performed periodically, semi-continuously, or aperiodically, and can also be triggered by an event. This event can also be the acquisition of prior information related to the sensing target. In Phase 1, the sensing transmitter can also perform Tx beam scanning. When the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is BF, the sensing receiver can also perform Rx beam scanning. When the Rx MIMO method in Phase 1 is VA, the sensing receiver can also perform reception without Rx beamforming.

[0839] -- In the subsequent Phase 2, beam tracking with repeated Tx and Rx can also be performed. Beam tracking can also select more than one beam from multiple beams used for beam scanning, allowing sensing to continue using the selected beam. In the case of bistatic sensing, feedback / exchange / indication can also occur between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver in Phase 2. In the case of sensing station coordination, exchange / indication can also occur between multiple sensing transmitters / sensing receivers in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the sensing transmitter can also use the selected Tx beam for transmission. In the case of BF Rx MIMO method in Phase 2, the sensing receiver can also use the selected Rx beam for reception. In the case of VA Rx MIMO method in Phase 2, the sensing receiver can also perform reception without Rx beamforming. Phase 2 can also include Phase 2-1 and 2-2. In Phase 2-1, for the sensing transmitter / receiver, at least one of the following can be set / indicated: time-domain resources, frequency-domain resources, RS, MIMO method (BF / VA), number of repetitions, and repetition type. In Phase 2-2, continuous updates / feedback / switching / indication / setting of the Tx / Rx beam for the sensing transmitter / receiver can also be performed. Phase 2 can also end depending on the version.

[0840] The multiple time slots used for repetition and TDMed-VA can also include both DL time slots and UL time slots in half-duplex. The frame structure used for DL ​​time slots and UL time slots can also follow implementation method B1 / implementation method B2.

[0841] According to this implementation, by repeatedly performing / EA and VA, the perceived SNR / coverage / angle resolution can be improved.

[0842] <Supplement>

[0843] [Notification of information to the UE]

[0844] The notification of any information from the network (NW) (e.g., the base station (BS)) to the UE in the above-described embodiments (in other words, the reception of any information from the BS in the UE) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0845] In cases where the aforementioned notification is made via MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not specified in existing standards.

[0846] When the above notification is made through a DCI, it can also be made through specific fields of the DCI, the Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used in the scrambling of the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0847] Furthermore, the notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments can also be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0848] [Notification from UE]

[0849] The notification of any information from the UE (for the NW) in the above embodiments (in other words, the transmission / reporting of any information from the UE for the BS) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0850] In cases where the aforementioned notification is made via a MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by including a new LCID, which is not specified in the existing standard, in the MAC subheader.

[0851] If the above notification is sent via UCI, PUCCH or PUSCH can also be used.

[0852] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above embodiments can also be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0853] [Regarding the application of each implementation method]

[0854] At least one of the above-described implementation methods can also be applied under certain conditions. These conditions can be specified in the standard or communicated to the UE / BS using higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling (RRC IE / MAC CE / UCI).

[0855] The specific conditions mentioned above can also represent at least one of the following:

[0856] - Activated by setting at least one of the above-described implementation methods.

[0857] At least one of the above-described implementation methods may also be applied only to UEs that have reported a specific UE capability or UEs that support that specific UE capability.

[0858] This specific UE capability can also represent at least one of the following:

[0859] - The UE supports specific processing / operation / control / information related to at least one of the above-described implementations.

[0860] - UE / BS capabilities related to perception.

[0861] - UE / BS capabilities related to sensing beam scanning / management.

[0862] - UE / BS capabilities related to perceived MIMO transmission (BF / VA).

[0863] - The UE supports the relationship between multiple antennas and multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0864] - The UE supports signal generation for multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0865] - UE capabilities related to support for dynamic switching between repeated VAs.

[0866] UE capabilities can also be rewritten as BS capabilities. UE capabilities can also be reported to the server / LMF / SF / BS / other UEs. BS capabilities can also be reported to the server / LMF / SF / UE / other BSs.

[0867] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be capabilities that are applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), capabilities that are applied to each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of cells, bands, band combinations, BWPs, component carriers, etc.), capabilities that are applied to each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), capabilities that are applied to each subcarrier spacing (SCS), or capabilities that are applied to each feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC).

[0868] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be either the ability to be applied across all duplex modes (commonly regardless of the duplex mode) or the capability for each duplex mode (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0869] Furthermore, at least one of the above embodiments can also be applied when the UE is set / activated / triggered by specific information associated with the above embodiments (or performs the operations of the above embodiments) via higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling. This specific information can also represent at least one of the following:

[0870] - Information indicating the operation of activating / deactivating the above implementation method.

[0871] - RRC parameters for specific versions (e.g., Rel.18 / 19). In Rel.YY (e.g., YY is 18 and above), the RRC parameter for activation operation XXX can also be represented as XXX_rYY (XXX-rYY).

[0872] Even if at least one of the aforementioned specific UE capabilities is not supported, or if the aforementioned specific information is not set, the UE may, for example, apply the operation of Rel.15 / 16.

[0873] (Postscript)

[0874] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure, the following invention is noted.

[0875] [Postscript 1]

[0876] A terminal having:

[0877] The receiving unit receives at least one of the following: a full or partial transmit beam scan using multiple antennas, a receive beamforming scheme for the transmit beam scan, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam scan; and

[0878] The control unit controls the sensing of at least one of the transmitted beam scanning, the received beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0879] [Postscript 2]

[0880] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0881] After the transmission beam scan, the control unit selects one or more beams from the multiple beams in the transmission beam scan and controls the transmission of the one or more beams.

[0882] [Postscript 3]

[0883] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0884] After the transmit beam scan, the control unit controls the sensing using the second receive beamforming or the second virtual aperture for one or more of the multiple beams in the transmit beam scan.

[0885] [Postscript 4]

[0886] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0887] After the transmit beam scan, the control unit continues to sense one or more beams from the plurality of beams in the transmit beam scan.

[0888] (Postscript)

[0889] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure, the following invention is noted.

[0890] [Postscript 1]

[0891] A terminal having:

[0892] A receiving unit receives at least one of the following: repeated transmit beam scanning, receive beamforming for the transmit beam scanning, and virtual aperture for the transmit beam scanning; and

[0893] The control unit controls the sensing of at least one of the transmitted beam scanning, the received beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0894] [Postscript 2]

[0895] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0896] The transmitted beam scanning is to repeatedly scan the same beam across multiple time-domain resources, or to repeatedly scan multiple beams, or to repeatedly scan beam groups within the multiple beams.

[0897] [Postscript 3]

[0898] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0899] After the transmit beam scan, the control unit controls the sensing of one or more beams from the plurality of beams in the transmit beam scan.

[0900] [Postscript 4]

[0901] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0902] The control unit controls the sensing of at least one of a second transmit beam scan using a portion of the plurality of antennas used in the transmit beam scan, and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam scan.

[0903] (Postscript)

[0904] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure, the following invention is noted.

[0905] [Postscript 1]

[0906] A terminal having:

[0907] The receiving unit receives at least one of the following: a transmit beam scan using a portion of multiple antennas, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam scan; and

[0908] The control unit controls the sensing of at least one of the transmitted beam scanning, the received beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0909] [Postscript 2]

[0910] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0911] The resources corresponding to the multiple beams used for the transmission beam scanning are time-division multiplexed, or time-division multiplexed and frequency-division multiplexed, or time-division multiplexed and code-division multiplexed.

[0912] [Postscript 3]

[0913] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0914] The transmission beam scanning is performed after the transmission of the first part and the first beam using the plurality of antennas, and then the transmission of the second part and the first beam using the plurality of antennas is performed, or after the transmission of the first part and the first beam is performed, the transmission of the first part and the second beam is performed.

[0915] [Postscript 4]

[0916] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0917] The control unit controls the sensing using at least one of the following: a second transmit beam scan using all of the plurality of antennas, a second receive beamforming for the second transmit beam scan, and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam scan.

[0918] (Wireless communication system)

[0919] The structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one or a combination of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure.

[0920] Figure 74 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one implementation. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be referred to simply as System 1) may also be a system that uses Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) as standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0921] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple radio access technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC can also include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0922] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0923] Wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (e.g., MN and SN are dual connectivity between NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0924] The wireless communication system 1 may also include: a base station 11 forming a macro cell C1 with a relatively wide coverage area, and a base station 12 (12a-12c) configured within the macro cell C1 and forming a small cell C2 narrower than the macro cell C1. User terminals 20 may also be located within at least one cell. The configuration and number of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the arrangement shown in the figure. Hereinafter, without distinguishing between base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0925] User terminal 20 may also connect to at least one of multiple base stations 10. User terminal 20 may also utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0926] Each CC can also be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). Macro cell C1 can also be included in FR1, and small cell C2 can also be included in FR2. For example, FR1 can also be a frequency band below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 can also be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). In addition, the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these; for example, FR1 can also be equivalent to a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0927] In addition, in each CC, the user terminal 20 can also use at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) for communication.

[0928] Multiple base stations 10 can also be connected via wired (e.g., fiber optic cable based on the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication between base stations 11 and 12 is used as a backhaul, base station 11, which is equivalent to a host station, can also be referred to as an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is equivalent to a relay station, can also be referred to as an IAB node.

[0929] Base station 10 may also be connected to core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. Core network 30 may include at least one of Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0930] The core network 30 may also include, for example, user plane functions (UPF), access and mobility management functions (AMF), session management functions (SMF), unified data management (UDM), application functions (AF), data network (DN), location management functions (LMF), and network functions (NF) such as operation, administration and maintenance (OAM). Alternatively, a single network node may provide multiple functions. Furthermore, communication with external networks (e.g., the Internet) can also be conducted via the DN.

[0931] User terminal 20 can also be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0932] In wireless communication system 1, wireless access methods based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can also be used. For example, in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) links, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) can also be used.

[0933] Wireless access methods can also be referred to as waveforms. In addition, in wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (e.g., other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) can also be applied in the wireless access methods of UL and DL.

[0934] As a downlink channel, the wireless communication system 1 can also use downlink shared channels (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)), broadcast channels (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), downlink control channels (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)) and so on, which are shared among the user terminals 20.

[0935] In addition, as uplink channels, the wireless communication system 1 may also use uplink shared channels (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)), uplink control channels (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), random access channels (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)) and so on, which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0936] User data, high-level control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and high-level control information can also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) can be transmitted via PBCH.

[0937] Lower-layer control information can also be transmitted via PDCCH. This lower-layer control information may include, for example, downlink control information (DCI), which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0938] Additionally, the DCI for scheduling PDSCH can also be called DL allocation, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling PUSCH can also be called UL authorization, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH can be rewritten as DL data, and PUSCH can be rewritten as UL data.

[0939] In PDCCH detection, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space can also be utilized. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. The search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A CORESET can also be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE can also monitor CORESETs associated with a specific search space based on search space settings.

[0940] A search space can also correspond to a PDCCH candidate that matches one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces can also be referred to as a search space set. In addition, the terms "search space", "search space set", "search space setting", "search space set setting", "CORESET", "CORESET setting" etc. disclosed herein can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0941] Uplink control information (UCI) can also be transmitted via PUCCH, including at least one of the following: Channel State Information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (e.g., also known as Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACK knowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and Scheduling Request (SR). Random access preambles used for establishing a connection with the cell can also be transmitted via PRACH.

[0942] In addition, in this disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc., may be described without the word "link". Furthermore, various channels may be described without the word "physical".

[0943] In wireless communication system 1, synchronization signals (SS) and downlink reference signals (DL-RS) can also be transmitted. In wireless communication system 1, as DL-RS, cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), positioning reference signals (PRS), and phase tracking reference signals (PTRS) can also be transmitted.

[0944] Synchronization signals can be, for example, at least one of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and the secondary synchronization signal (SSS). A signal block containing SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) can also be called an SS / PBCH block, SS block (SSB), etc. In addition, SS, SSB, etc. can also be called reference signals.

[0945] Furthermore, in wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) can also transmit measurement reference signals (sounding reference signals (SRS)) and demodulation reference signals (DMRS). Additionally, DMRS can also be referred to as user terminal-specific reference signals (UE-specific reference signals).

[0946] The core network 20 (servers within the core network 20) ​​can also send sensing-related requests or auxiliary data. The base station 10 can also control, based on the requests, at least one of: reporting the results of the sensing; activating or deactivating the transmission of reference signals for the sensing; setting or updating the reference signals; activating or deactivating the measurements of the sensing; and updating the sensing method. The user terminal 20 can also, based on the requests or auxiliary data, forward either the capabilities for the sensing or the results of the sensing.

[0947] (Base station)

[0948] Figure 75 This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmit / receive unit 120, a transmit / receive antenna 130, and a transmission path interface (transmission line interface) 140. Alternatively, the control unit 110, the transmit / receive unit 120, the transmit / receive antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140 may each be provided in more than one manner.

[0949] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it is also conceivable that the base station 10 may also possess other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0950] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0951] The control unit 110 can also control signal generation and scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping). The control unit 110 can also control transmission, reception, and measurement using the transmit / receive unit 120, transmit / receive antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmit / receive unit 120. The control unit 110 can also perform call processing (setting, releasing, etc.) of the communication channel, status management of the base station 10, and management of wireless resources.

[0952] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may also include a transmitting processing unit 1211 and a receiving processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuitry, baseband circuitry, filters, phase shifters, measurement circuitry, transmitting / receiving circuitry, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0953] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0954] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0955] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also transmit the aforementioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also receive the aforementioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0956] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0957] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) may, for example, perform processing at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0958] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) can also perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may also include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (as needed), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0959] For baseband signals, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signals through the transmitting and receiving antenna 130.

[0960] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also amplify, filter, demodulate baseband signals, etc., for signals in the wireless frequency band that are received by the transmitting and receiving antenna 130.

[0961] For the acquired baseband signal, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (receiving and processing unit 1212) can also perform receiving and processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to acquire user data.

[0962] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 can also perform radio resource management (RRM) measurements, channel state information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 can also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 110.

[0963] The transmission path interface 140 can also transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between the device included in the core network 30 (e.g., the network node providing the NF), other base stations 10, etc., and can also acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0964] In addition, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the base station 10 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one of the transmitting and receiving unit 120, the transmitting and receiving antenna 130 and the transmission path interface 140.

[0965] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also transmit at least one of the following: a full or partial transmit beam scan using multiple antennas, a receive beamforming for the transmit beam scan, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam scan. The control unit 110 may also control the sensing of at least one of the transmit beam scan, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0966] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also transmit at least one of the following: repeated transmitting beam scanning, receiving beamforming for the transmitting beam scanning, and virtual aperture for the transmitting beam scanning. The control unit 110 may also control the sensing using at least one of the transmitting beam scanning, the receiving beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0967] The transmit / receive unit 120 may also transmit at least one of the following: a transmit beam scan using a portion of multiple antennas, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam scan. The control unit 110 may also control the sensing of at least one of the transmit beam scan, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0968] (User terminal)

[0969] Figure 76 This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Alternatively, more than one of each of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be included.

[0970] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it is also conceivable that the user terminal 20 may also possess other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0971] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0972] The control unit 210 can also control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 can also control transmission, reception, measurement, etc., using the transmission / reception unit 220 and the transmission / reception antenna 230. The control unit 210 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmission / reception unit 220.

[0973] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may also include a transmitting processing unit 2211 and a receiving processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0974] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0975] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0976] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc., mentioned above. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc., mentioned above.

[0977] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0978] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) may, for example, perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 210, and generate the bit string to be transmitted.

[0979] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) can also perform channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing, DFT processing (as needed), IFFT processing, precoding, digital-to-analog conversion and other transmission processing on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0980] Furthermore, whether or not to apply DFT processing can be based on the transform precoding settings. For a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), if transform precoding is activated, the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform DFT processing as described above in order to transmit the channel using the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. If not, the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform the above transmission processing without performing DFT processing.

[0981] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signal through the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0982] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also amplify, filter, demodulate baseband signals, etc., for the wireless frequency band signals received by the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0983] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (receiving and processing unit 2212) can also perform receiving and processing on the acquired baseband signal, such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing, to obtain user data.

[0984] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measurement unit 223) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 can also perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 can also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 210.

[0985] Additionally, the measurement unit 223 can also derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources can be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. Furthermore, the measurement unit 223 can also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources can be at least one of NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. Additionally, CSI-IM can also be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM), and can be interchanged with zero power (ZP) CSI-RS. Furthermore, in this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZPCSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., can also be interchanged.

[0986] Alternatively, the transmitting and receiving units of the user terminal 20 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one of the transmitting and receiving unit 220 and the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0987] The transmit / receive unit 220 may also receive at least one of the following: transmit beam scanning using all or part of multiple antennas, receive beamforming for the transmit beam scanning, and virtual aperture for the transmit beam scanning. The control unit 210 may also control the sensing of at least one of the transmit beam scanning, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0988] After the transmission beam scan, the control unit 210 may also select one or more beams from the multiple beams in the transmission beam scan to control the transmission of the one or more beams.

[0989] After the transmit beam scan, for one or more of the multiple beams in the transmit beam scan, the control unit 210 can also control the sensing using the second receive beamforming or the second virtual aperture.

[0990] After the transmit beam scan, the control unit 210 can also continue to use the sensing of one or more beams from the multiple beams in the transmit beam scan.

[0991] The transmit / receive unit 220 may also receive at least one of the following: repeated transmit beam scanning, receive beamforming for the transmit beam scanning, and virtual aperture for the transmit beam scanning. The control unit 210 may also control the sensing using at least one of the transmit beam scanning, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0992] The transmitted beam scanning can also involve repeatedly scanning the same beam across multiple time-domain resources, or repeatedly scanning multiple beams, or repeatedly scanning beam groups within the multiple beams.

[0993] After the transmit beam scan, the control unit 210 can also control the sensing of one or more beams from the plurality of beams in the transmit beam scan.

[0994] The control unit 210 can also control the sensing of at least one of a second transmit beam scan using a portion of the plurality of antennas used in the transmit beam scan, and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam scan.

[0995] The transmit / receive unit 220 may also receive at least one of the following: a transmit beam scan using a portion of multiple antennas, and a virtual aperture for the transmit beam scan. The control unit 210 may also control the sensing of at least one of the transmit beam scan, the receive beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

[0996] The resources corresponding to the multiple beams used for the transmission beam scanning can also be time-division multiplexed, or time-division multiplexed and frequency-division multiplexed, or time-division multiplexed and code-division multiplexed.

[0997] After transmission using the first portion and the first beam of the plurality of antennas, the transmission beam scan may also be performed using the second portion and the first beam of the plurality of antennas, or after transmission using the first portion and the first beam, transmission using the first portion and the second beam may be performed.

[0998] The control unit 210 can also control sensing using at least one of the following: using all of the second transmit beams of the plurality of antennas, second receive beamforming for the second transmit beam scan, and second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam scan.

[0999] (Hardware structure)

[1000] Furthermore, the block diagrams used in the description of the above embodiments illustrate functional units. These functional blocks (structural units) are implemented through any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Moreover, the implementation method of each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block can be implemented using a single device that is physically or logically combined, or it can be implemented by directly or indirectly (e.g., using wired, wireless, etc.) connecting two or more physically or logically separate devices. A functional block can also be implemented by combining the aforementioned single device or multiple devices with software.

[1001] Here, the functions include judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, export, investigation, search, confirmation, receiving, sending, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, regard as, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assigning, but are not limited to these. For example, a functional block (structural unit) that implements the sending function can also be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method is not particularly limited.

[1002] For example, in one embodiment of this disclosure, the base station, user terminal, etc., can also function as a computer for processing the wireless communication method of this disclosure. Figure 77 This diagram illustrates an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above can also be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage device 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[1003] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit can be interchanged. The hardware structure of base station 10 and user terminal 20 can be configured to include one or more of the apparatuses shown in the figures, or it can be configured not to include any of the apparatuses.

[1004] For example, only one processor 1001 is shown, but there can be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing can be performed by one processor, or simultaneously, sequentially, or by two or more processors using other methods. Additionally, processor 1001 can be implemented using more than one chip.

[1005] The functions of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 are implemented, for example, by reading specific software (programs) into hardware such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, so that the processor 1001 performs calculations and controls communication via the communication device 1004, or controls at least one of reading out and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage device 1003.

[1006] The processor 1001, for example, enables the operating system to operate and control the computer as a whole. The processor 1001 may also be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic devices, registers, etc. For example, at least some of the control unit 110 (210), the transmit / receive unit 120 (220), etc. described above may also be implemented by the processor 1001.

[1007] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and performs various processes accordingly. As a program, a program that causes the computer to perform at least a portion of the operations described in the above embodiments can be used. For example, the control unit 110 (210) can also be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and operated in the processor 1001; similar implementations can be made for other functional blocks.

[1008] The memory 1002 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as being composed of at least one of read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), or other suitable storage media. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory (main storage device), etc. The memory 1002 is capable of storing executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for implementing the wireless communication method according to one embodiment of this disclosure.

[1009] Storage device 1003 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as at least one of a flexible disc, floppy disk, optical disk (e.g., compact disc ROM, CD-ROM), digital multifunction disk, Blu-ray disc, removable disk, hard disk drive, smart card, flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), stripe, database, server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage device 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[1010] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting and receiving device) used for communication between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network. It is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network interface card (NIC), communication module, etc. To implement at least one of, for example, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), the communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. For example, the aforementioned transmitting and receiving unit 120 (220) and transmitting and receiving antenna 130 (230) can also be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (220) can also be implemented by physically or logically separating the transmitting unit 120a (220a) and the receiving unit 120b (220b).

[1011] Input device 1005 is an input device that receives input from external sources (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). Output device 1006 is an output device that performs output to external sources (e.g., display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). Alternatively, input device 1005 and output device 1006 can also be an integrated structure (e.g., a touch panel).

[1012] Furthermore, the processor 1001, memory 1002, and other devices are connected via a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 can be configured as a single bus or as different buses between the devices.

[1013] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 can also be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and can also use this hardware to implement part or all of the functional blocks. For example, the processor 1001 can also be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[1014] (Variation example)

[1015] Furthermore, the terms described in this disclosure, as well as those necessary for understanding this disclosure, can be replaced with terms that have the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol, and signal (signal or signaling) can be interchanged. Additionally, a signal can also be a message. A reference signal can also be abbreviated as RS, and may be referred to as pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applied standard. Furthermore, a component carrier (CC) can also be referred to as cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[1016] A radio frame can also be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) that constitutes a radio frame can also be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe can also be composed of one or more time slots in the time domain. A subframe can also be a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) independent of the parameter set (numerology).

[1017] Here, the parameter set can also refer to communication parameters applied in at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. For example, the parameter set can also represent at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the time domain.

[1018] In the time domain, a time slot can also be composed of one or more symbols (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, etc.). In addition, a time slot can also be a time unit based on a set of parameters.

[1019] A time slot can also contain multiple mini-time slots. Each mini-time slot can also consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Furthermore, a mini-time slot can also be called a sub-time slot. A mini-time slot can also consist of fewer symbols than a time slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a mini-time slot can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using mini-time slots can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[1020] Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols all represent time units for transmitting signals. Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols can also use their respective other names. Furthermore, the time units such as frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols in this disclosure can be interchanged.

[1021] For example, a subframe can also be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes can also be called a TTI, and a time slot or a mini-time slot can also be called a TTI. That is to say, at least one of the subframe and TTI can be a subframe in the existing LTE (1ms), a period shorter than 1ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1ms. In addition, the unit representing TTI may not be called a subframe, but a time slot, mini-time slot, etc.

[1022] Here, TTI refers, for example, to the smallest unit of time for scheduling in wireless communication. For instance, in an LTE system, the base station schedules radio resources (frequency bandwidth, transmit power, etc., available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[1023] TTI can also be a unit of time for transmitting channel-coded data packets (transmission blocks), code blocks, codewords, etc., and can also be a unit of processing such as scheduling and link adaptation. In addition, when a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) mapped to transmission blocks, code blocks, codewords, etc. can be shorter than the TTI.

[1024] Additionally, where a time slot or a mini-time slot is referred to as a TTI, more than one TTI (i.e., more than one time slot or more than one mini-time slot) can also be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Furthermore, the number of time slots (mini-time slots) constituting the minimum time unit of the schedule can also be controlled.

[1025] A TTI with a duration of 1 ms can also be referred to as a normal TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel.8-12), standard TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, standard subframe, long subframe, time slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI can also be referred to as a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial TTI (partial or fractional TTI), shortened subframe, short subframe, mini time slot, sub-time slot, time slot, etc.

[1026] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of less than a long TTI but more than 1 ms.

[1027] A resource block (RB) is a unit of resource allocation in both the time and frequency domains. In the frequency domain, it can also contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB can be the same regardless of the parameter set, for example, it can be 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB can also be determined based on the parameter set.

[1028] Furthermore, an RB can contain one or more symbols in the time domain, and can also be a time slot, a mini-time slot, a subframe, or the length of a TTI. A TTI, a subframe, etc., can also be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[1029] In addition, one or more RBs can also be referred to as Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[1030] In addition, a resource block can also consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, an RE can also be a radio resource area consisting of a subcarrier and a symbol.

[1031] The Bandwidth Part (BWP) (also referred to as partial bandwidth, etc.) can also represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) used for a certain parameter set in a certain carrier. Here, common RBs can also be determined by the index of RBs based on the common reference point of the carrier. PRBs can also be defined in a BWP and appended with numbers within that BWP.

[1032] A BWP can also include a UL BWP (the BWP used by UL) and a DL BWP (the BWP used by DL). For a UE, one or more BWPs can also be set within a single carrier.

[1033] At least one of the configured BWPs can be active, and the UE may not intend to transmit or receive specific signals / channels outside of the active BWPs. Furthermore, the terms "cell," "carrier," etc., in this disclosure can be rewritten as "BWP."

[1034] Furthermore, the structures described above, such as radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols, are merely illustrative. For example, the number of subframes contained in a radio frame, the number of time slots in each subframe or radio frame, the number of mini-time slots contained within a time slot, the number of symbols and RBs contained in a time slot or mini-time slot, the number of subcarriers contained in an RB, and the number of symbols in a TTI, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length can be varied in many ways.

[1035] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure can be represented by absolute values, relative values ​​with respect to a specific value, or other corresponding information. For example, wireless resources can also be indicated by a specific index.

[1036] In this disclosure, the names used for parameters, etc., are not limiting names in any respect. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions, etc., using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name; therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not limiting names in any respect.

[1037] The information, signals, etc., described in this disclosure can also be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc., which may be mentioned throughout the above description, can also be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[1038] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output in at least one of the following directions: from higher level (upper layer) to lower level (lower layer), and from lower layer to higher level. Information, signals, etc., can also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[1039] Input and output information, signals, etc., can be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using management tables. Input and output information, signals, etc., can be overwritten, updated, or appended. Output information, signals, etc., can also be deleted. Input information, signals, etc., can also be sent to other devices.

[1040] The notification of information is not limited to the methods / implementations described in this disclosure, and may also be carried out by other methods. For example, the notification of information in this disclosure may also be implemented by physical layer signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), etc.), higher layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB) etc.), medium access control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or combinations thereof.

[1041] In addition, physical layer signaling can also be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. Furthermore, RRC signaling can also be referred to as RRC messages, such as RRC connection setup messages, RRC connection reconfiguration messages, etc. Additionally, MAC signaling can also be notified using, for example, the MAC control element (CE).

[1042] Furthermore, notification of specific information (e.g., a notification of “is X”) is not limited to explicit notification, but can also be implicit (e.g., by not providing that specific information, or by providing other information).

[1043] The determination can be made by a value represented by a single bit (0 or 1), by a true or false value (boolean), or by a numerical comparison (e.g., a comparison with a specific value).

[1044] Whether it is called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or any other name, software should be broadly interpreted as instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, program, subprogram, software module, application, software application, software package, routine, subroutine, object, executable file, execution thread, process, function, etc.

[1045] Furthermore, software, instructions, and information can also be sent and received via a transmission medium. For example, when software is sent from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technologies (coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) etc.) and wireless technologies (infrared, microwave, etc.), at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included within the definition of a transmission medium.

[1046] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure are interchangeable. “Network” may also mean devices included in a network (e.g., base stations).

[1047] In this disclosure, the terms “precoding”, “precoder”, “weight (precoding weight)”, “quasi-co-location (QCL)”, “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state)”, “spatial relation”, “spatial domain filter”, “transmit power”, “phase rotation”, “antenna port”, “layer”, “number of layers”, “rank”, “resource”, “resource set”, “beam”, “beam amplitude”, “beam angle”, “antenna”, “antenna element”, “panel”, “UE panel”, “transmitting entity”, and “receiving entity” are used interchangeably.

[1048] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the antenna port and the antenna port used for any signal / channel (e.g., the DeModulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port) can be mutually modified. In this disclosure, the resources and the resources used for any signal / channel (e.g., reference signal resources, SRS resources, etc.) can also be mutually modified. Additionally, resources may also include time / frequency / symbol / space / power resources. Moreover, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[1049] The aforementioned groups may include, for example, at least one of the following: spatial relation group, code division multiplexing (CDM) group, reference signal (RS) group, control resource set (CORESET) group, PUCCH group, antenna port group (e.g., DMRS port group), layer group, resource group, beam group, antenna group, panel group, etc.

[1050] Furthermore, in this disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET Pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), RS, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[1051] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, and joint TCI state can also be rewritten to each other.

[1052] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL", "QCL concept", "QCL relationship", "QCL type information", "QCL property (QCLproperty / properties)", "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D) property", and "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D)" can be rewritten interchangeably.

[1053] In this disclosure, indexes, identifiers (IDs), indicators, indications, resource IDs, etc., can be interchanged. Sequences, lists, sets, groups, clusters, subsets, etc., can also be interchanged.

[1054] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) can be interchanged. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" and "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI states)," or "one or more spatial relationship information," can also be interchanged. TCI state and TCI can also be interchanged. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship can also be interchanged.

[1055] In this disclosure, the terms "Base Station (BS)", "Wireless Base Station", "Fixed Station", "NodeB", "eNB (eNodeB)", "gNB (gNodeB)", "Access Point", "Transmission Point (TP)", "Reception Point (RP)", "Transmission / Reception Point (TRP)", "Panel", "Cell", "Sector", "Cell Group", "Carrier", and "Component Carrier" are used interchangeably. There are also instances where terms such as macro cell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell are used to refer to base stations.

[1056] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be divided into multiple smaller areas, each of which can also provide communication services through a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). Terms such as "cell" or "sector" refer to a portion or all of the coverage area of ​​the base station providing communication services within that coverage area, as well as at least one of the base station subsystems.

[1057] In this disclosure, the information sent by the base station to the terminal and the control / operation instructed by the base station to the terminal based on that information can also be rewritten.

[1058] In this disclosure, the terms “Mobile Station (MS)”, “user terminal”, “user equipment (UE)”, and “terminal” are used interchangeably.

[1059] There are also instances where mobile stations are referred to as subscriber stations, mobile units, subscriber units, wireless units, remote units, mobile devices, wireless devices, wireless communication devices, remote devices, mobile subscriber stations, access terminals, mobile terminals, wireless terminals, remote terminals, handsets, user agents, mobile clients, clients, or several other appropriate terms.

[1060] At least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[1061] The term "mobile body" refers to a movable object whose speed is arbitrary, including situations where the body is stationary. Examples of such mobile bodies include vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, autonomous two-wheelers, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, trailers, rickshaws, ships (bottles and other watercraft), airplanes, rockets, artificial satellites, drones, multi-rotor aircraft, quadcopters, balloons, and objects carried on them, but are not limited to these. Furthermore, the mobile body can also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on operational commands.

[1062] The mobile entity can be a means of transportation (e.g., a vehicle, an airplane, etc.), a mobile entity moving in an unmanned manner (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (humanized or unmanned). Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may include a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be an IoT (Internet of Things) device such as a sensor.

[1063] Figure 78 This figure illustrates an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a speed sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a gear shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[1064] The drive unit 41 is comprised of at least one of an engine, a motor, or a combination of an engine and a motor. The steering unit 42 is configured to include at least a steering wheel (also called a handlebar) and to perform directional control on at least one of the front wheel 46 and the rear wheel 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel by the user.

[1065] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, a memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an input / output (IO) port) 63). Signals from various sensors 50-58 present in the vehicle are input into the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 can also be referred to as an electronic control unit (ECU).

[1066] The signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, speed signals from the front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by speed sensor 51, air pressure signals from the front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals obtained by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals obtained by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal 43 depress amount signals obtained by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal 44 depress amount signals obtained by brake pedal sensor 56, shift lever 45 operation signals obtained by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals obtained by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[1067] The information service unit 59 comprises various devices such as a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, used to provide (output) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information obtained from external devices via the communication module 60, etc., to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[1068] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that implement output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED light, touch panel, etc.).

[1069] The driver assistance system unit 64 comprises various devices used to provide functions for preventing accidents or reducing the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning devices (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) mapping), gyroscope systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)) and Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. Furthermore, the driver assistance system unit 64 sends and receives various information via communication module 60 to realize driver assistance or autonomous driving functions.

[1070] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and the constituent elements of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) between the microprocessor 61 and the memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and various sensors 50-58 in the drive unit 41, steering control unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, electronic control unit 49, and the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63.

[1071] The communication module 60 is controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and is a communication device capable of communicating with external devices. For example, it can transmit and receive various types of information between external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 can be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device can be, for example, the aforementioned base station 10, user terminal 20, etc. Furthermore, the communication module 60 can be, for example, at least one of the aforementioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 (or it can function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

[1072] The communication module 60 can also wirelessly transmit to an external device at least one of the signals input to the electronic control unit 49 from the various sensors 50-58, information obtained based on those signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., can also be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 can also contain information based on the aforementioned inputs.

[1073] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) sent from external devices and displays it to the information service unit 59 provided by the vehicle. The information service unit 59 can also be referred to as an information output unit (e.g., outputting information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or the data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[1074] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices into a memory 62 that can be utilized by the microprocessor 61. The microprocessor 61 can also control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, and various sensors 50-58 of the vehicle 40 based on the information stored in the memory 62.

[1075] Furthermore, the base station in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a user terminal. For example, various methods / implementations of this disclosure can be applied to structures where communication between the base station and the user terminal is rewritten as communication between multiple user terminals (e.g., also referred to as device-to-device (D2D) or vehicle-to-everything (V2X)). In this case, it can also be configured such that the user terminal 20 has the functions of the base station 10 described above. In addition, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" can also be rewritten as terms corresponding to communication between terminals (e.g., "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., can also be rewritten as sidelink channel.

[1076] Similarly, the user terminal in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a base station. In this case, it can also be configured such that the base station 10 has the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[1077] In this disclosure, actions are assumed to be performed by the base station, and sometimes, depending on the circumstances, by its upper node. Clearly, in a network containing one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal can be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (e.g., considering a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or combinations thereof.

[1078] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be used individually, in combination, or switched as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of the various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be rearranged as long as they do not contradict each other. For example, with respect to the method described in this disclosure, the illustrated order is used to indicate various steps, but the order in which they are indicated is not limited.

[1079] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can also be applied to Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or a decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Futuregeneration radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE This includes 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB)), Bluetooth (registered trademark), systems utilizing other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, established, or specified based on them. Furthermore, multiple systems can be combined (e.g., LTE or LTE-A, combinations with 5G, etc.) for application.

[1080] As used in this disclosure, the word "based on" does not mean "based on only" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the word "based on" means both "based on only" and "based on at least".

[1081] Any reference to an element using the designations "first," "second," etc., as used in this disclosure does not comprehensively limit the quantity or order of these elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Therefore, references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be used, or that the first element must take precedence over the second element in some form.

[1082] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure can encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" can also refer to judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (search, inquiry) (e.g., searching in a table, database, or other data structure), and ascertaining.

[1083] In addition, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), inputting, outputting, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc., as situations where "judgment (decision)" is performed.

[1084] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to situations where resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, or comparing are considered as making a "judgment (decision)". In other words, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to certain actions as situations where a "judgment (decision)" is made. In this disclosure, "judgment (decision)" and the aforementioned operations can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[1085] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" can be interchanged with "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," and "consider / considering." Additionally, in this disclosure, "not assuming to proceed..." and "assuming not to proceed..." can also be interchanged.

[1086] In this disclosure, "expect" and "be expected" can be rewritten interchangeably. For example, "expect(s)......" ("..." can also be expressed using a that clause, to infinitive, etc.) and "be expected......" can also be rewritten interchangeably. "does not expect......" and "be not expected......" can also be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected......" and "Apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect......" can also be rewritten interchangeably (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B can also be a base station).

[1087] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure can refer to the maximum value of the transmit power, the nominal maximum transmit power (the nominal UE maximum transmit power), or the rated maximum transmit power (the rated UE maximum transmit power).

[1088] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or all variations thereof, refer to all direct or indirect connections or combinations between two or more elements, and can include cases where there is one or more intermediate elements between two mutually “connected” or “coupled” elements. The connections or combinations between elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connected” can also be rewritten as “access.”

[1089] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, it is possible to use more than one wire, cable, printed electrical connection, etc., and to use electromagnetic energy with wavelengths in the wireless frequency domain, microwave region, light (both visible and invisible) region as several non-limiting and non-inclusive examples, so that they are "connected" or "combined" with each other.

[1090] In this disclosure, the term "A is different from B" can also mean "A and B are different from each other". Additionally, this term can also mean "A and B are different from C respectively". Terms such as "separate" and "combined" can also be interpreted in the same way as "different".

[1091] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms, like the term "comprising," mean inclusive. Furthermore, the term "or" as used in this disclosure does not mean XOR.

[1092] In this disclosure, for example, in cases where articles are added through translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may also include cases where the noun following these articles is in a plural form.

[1093] In this disclosure, expressions such as "below," "less than," "above," "more," and "equal to" can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," etc., are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, and can be rewritten interchangeably. Additionally, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," when used as expressions with the prefix "i" (where i is any integer), are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, and can be rewritten interchangeably (for example, "highest" and "i-th highest" can also be rewritten interchangeably).

[1094] In this disclosure, "of", "for", "regarding", "related to", "associated with", etc., can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[1095] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "based on A", "B during / while A", "before A", "at the same time as / on A", "after A", "since A", and "until A" can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, A and B can be appropriately rewritten as nouns, gerunds, or ordinary sentences depending on the context. Additionally, the time difference between A and B can be approximately 0 (immediately following or immediately preceding). Moreover, a time offset can be applied to the time A occurs. For example, "A" can also be rewritten interchangeably with "before / after the time offset of A". The time offset (e.g., more than one symbol / slot) can be predetermined or determined by the UE based on the information it is notified of.

[1096] In this disclosure, timing, moment, time, time instance, arbitrary time unit (e.g., time slot, sub-time slot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[1097] The inventions disclosed herein have been described in detail above. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the inventions disclosed herein are not limited to the embodiments described herein. The description herein is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the inventions disclosed herein in any way.

Claims

1. A terminal, comprising: The receiving unit receives at least one of the following: repeated transmit beam scanning, receive beamforming for the transmit beam scanning, and virtual aperture for the transmit beam scanning; and The control unit controls the sensing of at least one of the transmitted beam scanning, the received beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

2. The terminal as described in claim 1, wherein, The transmitted beam scanning is to repeatedly scan the same beam across multiple time-domain resources, or to repeatedly scan multiple beams, or to repeatedly scan beam groups within the multiple beams.

3. The terminal as described in claim 1, wherein, After the transmit beam scan, the control unit controls the sensing of one or more beams from the plurality of beams in the transmit beam scan.

4. The terminal as described in claim 1, wherein, The control unit controls the sensing of at least one of a second transmit beam scan using a portion of the plurality of antennas used in the transmit beam scan, and a second virtual aperture for the second transmit beam scan.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising: The steps of receiving at least one of the following: repeated transmit beam scanning, receive beamforming for said transmit beam scanning, and virtual aperture for said transmit beam scanning; and Based on the information, the step of controlling at least one of the transmitting beam scanning, the receiving beamforming, and the virtual aperture.

6. A base station, comprising: A transmitting unit transmits at least one of the following: repeated transmit beam scanning, receive beamforming for the transmit beam scanning, and virtual aperture for the transmit beam scanning; and The control unit controls the sensing of at least one of the transmitted beam scanning, the received beamforming, and the virtual aperture based on the information.

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