Photovoltaic module fire test apparatus and experimental method for multiple load applications

Abstract

The application provides a photovoltaic component fire experiment device and method under multiple loadings. The device comprises a mechanical load applying assembly and a thermal radiation load applying assembly. The mechanical load applying assembly comprises a clamping component for clamping a photovoltaic component and applying a force to the photovoltaic component, the photovoltaic component comprising a test surface for receiving thermal radiation, the test surface being divided into multiple regions; multiple sensors for detecting the heat flux density of the test surface in each of the multiple regions; the thermal radiation load applying assembly is arranged opposite to the test surface of the photovoltaic component, and comprises multiple thermal radiation units, any thermal radiation unit being used for thermal radiation to at least one region of the test surface; and multiple control units connected one-to-one with the multiple thermal radiation units, wherein any control unit is configured to adjust the power of the corresponding radiation unit according to the heat flux density of each of the multiple regions, so that the heat flux density of the multiple regions of the test surface is in a target state.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of building fire safety technology, and more specifically, to a fire test apparatus and method for photovoltaic components under multiple loads. Background Technology

[0002] Solar energy has received widespread attention and application due to its clean, safe, and renewable characteristics. Photovoltaic buildings, which install photovoltaic components on building surfaces, are a typical example of large-scale solar energy utilization in the construction industry. However, in recent years, fires caused by photovoltaic buildings have occurred frequently, posing a serious threat to people's lives and property.

[0003] The experimental methods or devices used for photovoltaic components often involve directly heating the components with flames. This uncontrollable and uneven heat source makes it difficult to quantify test results, resulting in insufficient precision and depth in the research on fire mechanisms, development patterns, and the fire resistance performance of photovoltaic components. This hinders the development of scientific and effective fire prevention measures and standards, and makes it difficult to guide the safe design and construction of photovoltaic buildings in practical applications. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, this application provides a test apparatus and method for testing fires of photovoltaic components under multiple loads.

[0005] One aspect of this application provides a multi-load applied photovoltaic component fire test apparatus. The apparatus includes: a mechanical load application component and a thermal radiation load loading component. The mechanical load application component includes a clamping member for clamping the photovoltaic component and applying force to it. The photovoltaic component includes a test surface for receiving thermal radiation, the test surface being divided into multiple regions; multiple sensors for detecting the heat flux density of the test surface in each of the multiple regions; the thermal radiation load loading component is disposed opposite to the test surface of the photovoltaic component, and includes: multiple thermal radiation units, each thermal radiation unit for radiating heat to at least one region of the test surface; and multiple control units connected one-to-one with the multiple thermal radiation units. Each control unit is configured to adjust the power of the corresponding radiation unit according to the heat flux density of a target region, so that the heat flux density of each of the multiple regions of the test surface is at a target state, the target region being the region where the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit radiates heat to the test surface.

[0006] According to an embodiment of this application, for any control unit, the control unit is configured to convert the current heat flux density of the target area of ​​the test surface into the current temperature of the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit. When the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature is greater than a preset temperature difference threshold, a target power signal is sent to the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit so that the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit performs thermal radiation on the target area with the target power.

[0007] According to an embodiment of this application, the control unit is further configured to perform proportional-integral-derivative calculations based on the temperature difference between the current temperature and the target temperature to obtain a power adjustment signal when the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature is less than a preset temperature difference threshold; determine a power compensation signal based on the expected heat loss of the thermal radiation unit; determine a target power adjustment signal based on the power adjustment signal and the power compensation signal; and send the target power adjustment signal to the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit to adjust the current power of the thermal radiation unit.

[0008] According to an embodiment of this application, the thermal radiation load loading assembly includes: a movable support for adjusting the spacing between the thermal radiation unit and the photovoltaic component; a radiation plate disposed on the movable support, wherein a mirror reflection layer is disposed on the side of the radiation plate facing the photovoltaic component; wherein multiple radiation units are disposed in different areas of the mirror reflection layer.

[0009] According to an embodiment of this application, the radiating unit includes a plurality of quartz lamps arranged in an array on the specular reflective layer.

[0010] According to an embodiment of this application, an observation window is provided in the middle area of ​​the radiating plate; the device further includes: a camera device, which is disposed in the observation window and is used to collect images of the photovoltaic component during the thermal radiation process.

[0011] According to an embodiment of this application, the mechanical load application component further includes: an inverter energy storage component electrically connected to the photovoltaic component, wherein the inverter energy storage component is used to store the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic component due to thermal radiation, so that the photovoltaic component is in a working state.

[0012] According to an embodiment of this application, the mechanical load application component includes: a frame with four support platforms, the four support platforms being located at the upper, lower, left, and right sides of the photovoltaic component; four mechanical load loaders, each disposed on one of the four support platforms; and a clamping component including four rotatable clamping shafts, one end of which is connected to a mechanical load loader, and the other end of which is connected to the photovoltaic component; wherein the four mechanical load loaders are used to apply force to the photovoltaic component through the four clamping axes.

[0013] According to an embodiment of this application, the device further includes: a smoke hood, disposed above the mechanical load application component, for collecting the smoke generated by the photovoltaic component during thermal radiation; and a smoke detection device, connected to the smoke hood, for detecting the gas composition of the smoke.

[0014] One aspect of this application provides a fire test method for photovoltaic components under multiple loads, performed using the aforementioned apparatus. The test method includes: placing the photovoltaic component on a clamping member and applying a predetermined force in a predetermined direction to the clamping member; controlling multiple corresponding thermal radiation units through multiple control units to perform thermal radiation on the test surface of the photovoltaic component, so that the heat flux density of multiple regions of the test surface reaches a target state; acquiring images of the photovoltaic component during the thermal radiation process to obtain structural failure data of the photovoltaic component based on the acquired images; and collecting smoke generated by the photovoltaic component due to thermal radiation to obtain smoke toxicity data of the photovoltaic component based on the composition of the smoke.

[0015] According to the embodiments of this application, by setting up multiple control units and multiple radiation units connected one-to-one, each control unit can independently control its corresponding radiation unit, thereby enabling fine control of the heat flux density in each area of ​​the test surface. This allows the degree of heating of the test surface to be controllable and uniform, thereby enabling quantitative analysis of the test results. This facilitates in-depth research on the fire occurrence mechanism, development law, and fire resistance performance of photovoltaic components. Attached Figure Description

[0016] The above and other objects, features and advantages of this application will become clearer from the following description of embodiments of this application with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0017] Figure 1 A side view of a photovoltaic component fire test apparatus subjected to multiple loads according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0018] Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating the operation of the control unit according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0019] Figure 3 A side view of a photovoltaic component fire test apparatus subjected to multiple loads according to an embodiment of this application is shown in another direction.

[0020] Figure 4 A front view of a radiating plate according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0021] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the camera device installation according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0022] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the frame and mechanical load loader according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0023] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the clamping shaft according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0024] Figure 8A flowchart of a fire test method for photovoltaic components under multiple loads according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0025] Figure label:

[0026] 11. Frame;

[0027] 12. Mechanical load loader;

[0028] 13. Smoke hood;

[0029] 14. Clamping shaft;

[0030] 141. Base;

[0031] 142. Connecting shaft;

[0032] 143. Coupling;

[0033] 144. Mounting plate;

[0034] 21. Movable stand;

[0035] 22. Radiation panel;

[0036] 23. Observation window;

[0037] 24. Quartz lamp tube;

[0038] 25. Camera device;

[0039] 31. Photovoltaic components. Detailed Implementation

[0040] The embodiments of this application will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood that these descriptions are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of this application for ease of explanation. However, it will be apparent that one or more embodiments may be implemented without these specific details. Furthermore, descriptions of well-known structures and technologies are omitted in the following description to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the concepts of this application.

[0041] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of this application. The terms “comprising,” “including,” etc., as used herein indicate the presence of features, steps, operations, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, or components.

[0042] All terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) have the meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art, unless otherwise defined. It should be noted that the terms used herein are to be interpreted in a manner consistent with the context of this specification, and not in an idealized or overly rigid way.

[0043] When using expressions such as "at least one of A, B and C", they should generally be interpreted in accordance with the meaning that is commonly understood by those skilled in the art (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B and C" should include, but is not limited to, a system having A alone, a system having B alone, a system having C alone, a system having A and B, a system having A and C, a system having B and C, and / or a system having A, B and C, etc.).

[0044] In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) building fires have occurred frequently. The fire hazards of PV components are mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, PV components contain flammable materials, which significantly increase the fire load on the building roof and facade, leading to large-scale fires. Second, there are cavities between the PV curtain wall and the building body, which can easily create a chimney effect, accelerating the spread of fire and smoke. Third, PV components bear the building's gravity load and support the curtain wall system; under thermal loads, they are prone to failure, leading to large-scale detachment and collapse. Fourth, even after power is cut off, PV components still have high voltage, and flame radiation can continue to stimulate the photoelectric effect, posing a risk of electric shock to firefighters. Overall, in PV component fires, the panels not only have to withstand the high-temperature thermal effect but also the mechanical stress caused by structural deformation and load changes. Furthermore, PV components are directly connected to DC distribution cabinets and high-density energy storage batteries, posing a significant safety risk to remote devices.

[0045] Based on the aforementioned hazardous characteristics, there is an urgent need to design a fire simulation device for large-scale photovoltaic building components that can mimic real-world usage conditions. On the one hand, existing experimental methods or devices often use flames to directly heat photovoltaic building components, and this uncontrollable and uneven heat source makes it difficult to quantify test results. On the other hand, existing experimental devices mainly evaluate the combustion performance or mechanical properties of photovoltaic components from a single perspective. These tests are usually conducted in independent, controlled environments and cannot comprehensively simulate real-world fire scenarios.

[0046] In view of this, this application provides a test apparatus and method for testing photovoltaic components under multiple loads, in order to solve at least one of the above-mentioned problems.

[0047] Figure 1 A side view of a photovoltaic component fire test apparatus subjected to multiple loads according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0048] like Figure 1As shown, the device includes a mechanical load application assembly and a thermal radiation load loading assembly. The mechanical load application assembly includes a clamping component and multiple sensors. The clamping component clamps the photovoltaic component 31 and applies force to it. The photovoltaic component 31 includes a test surface for receiving thermal radiation, which is divided into multiple regions. The multiple sensors detect the heat flux density of the test surface in each of the multiple regions. The thermal radiation load loading assembly is disposed opposite to the test surface of the photovoltaic component 31. The thermal radiation load loading assembly includes multiple thermal radiation units and multiple control units. Each thermal radiation unit is used to radiate heat to at least one region of the test surface. The multiple control units are connected one-to-one with the multiple thermal radiation units. Each control unit is configured to adjust the power of the radiation unit corresponding to the control unit according to the heat flux density of the target region, so that the heat flux density of each of the multiple regions of the test surface is at a target state. The target region is the region where the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit radiates heat to the test surface.

[0049] For example, the photovoltaic component 31 can adopt a plate-like structure, but this application is not limited to this. The photovoltaic component 31 can also adopt a beam or column structure.

[0050] For example, the multiple sensors may include multiple heat flux sensors, which are used to detect the heat flux density distribution in various regions of the test surface. The heat flux sensors have a measurement range of 0-200 kW / m². Each heat flux sensor can communicate with a control unit corresponding to its respective region to transmit the detected heat flux density to the corresponding control unit.

[0051] For example, the multiple sensors may also include an integrated K-type thermocouple for real-time monitoring of the spatial temperature distribution of the photovoltaic component in a fire environment, with a measurement range of 0-1200°C.

[0052] The target state can be a state in which the heat flux density of multiple regions is uniformly distributed. This application is not limited to this, and it can also be any state required for a fire experiment.

[0053] For example, the thermal radiation load loading component and the photovoltaic component 31 can be set at a certain distance apart, and the distance between the thermal radiation load loading component and the photovoltaic component 31 can be adjusted. One radiation unit can apply thermal radiation to at least one area of ​​the test surface. Since different radiation units have different radiation positions and radiation angles, the heating effect of different radiation units on the same area of ​​the test surface is also different.

[0054] According to the embodiments of this application, by setting up multiple control units and multiple radiation units in a one-to-one correspondence, each control unit can independently control its corresponding radiation unit, thereby enabling fine control of the heat flux density in each area of ​​the test surface, making the degree of heating of the test surface controllable and uniform, thereby realizing quantitative analysis of the test results, so as to facilitate in-depth research on the fire occurrence mechanism, development law and fire resistance performance of photovoltaic component 31.

[0055] According to an embodiment of this application, for any control unit, the control unit is configured to convert the current heat flux density of the target area of ​​the test surface into the current temperature of the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit. When the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature is greater than a preset temperature difference threshold, a target power signal is sent to the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit so that the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit performs thermal radiation on the target area with the target power.

[0056] For example, the target power can be a power threshold set by the radiation unit. The control unit can receive the heat flux density sent by the sensor set in the target area in real time, and convert the heat flux density into the current temperature of the thermal radiation unit based on a preset conversion algorithm. Then, it can compare the temperature with the target temperature preset in the control unit to determine the temperature difference.

[0057] For example, a fast control module can be configured in the control unit. When the temperature difference is greater than a preset temperature difference threshold, the fast control module sends a target power signal so that the radiation unit heats the target area with the target power.

[0058] Therefore, even when the current temperature of the thermal radiation unit and the target temperature differ significantly, thermal radiation at the target power can be used by the thermal radiation unit to achieve rapid heating of the target area, thereby improving the thermal radiation efficiency of the fire experiment in the initial stage.

[0059] According to an embodiment of this application, the control unit is further configured to perform proportional-integral-derivative calculations based on the temperature difference between the current temperature and the target temperature to obtain a power adjustment signal when the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature is less than a preset temperature difference threshold; determine a power compensation signal based on the expected heat loss of the thermal radiation unit; determine a target power adjustment signal based on the power adjustment signal and the power compensation signal; and send the target power adjustment signal to the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit to adjust the current power of the thermal radiation unit.

[0060] For example, if the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature is less than a preset temperature difference threshold, the temperature difference can be determined first, and the rate of change of temperature difference can be determined based on the temperature difference at each moment. A PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control module can be set in the control unit, and the PID control module can be used to perform proportional-integral-derivative calculations based on the temperature difference and the rate of change of temperature difference.

[0061] Specifically, the PID control module calculates the contributions of the proportional term (P), integral term (I), and derivative term (D) in each control cycle. Then, it superimposes the control quantities calculated from these three terms according to their corresponding gains to form the power adjustment signal. The proportional term (P) is directly determined by the current temperature difference; a larger temperature difference results in a stronger output, and a smaller temperature difference results in a smaller output. The integral term (I) accumulates all past temperature differences and continuously adjusts based on the accumulated value to compensate for any steady-state errors that might be left by the proportional term. The derivative term (D) is determined based on the rate of change of the temperature difference and is used to predict future trends in the error. If the temperature approaches the target value quickly, the derivative term will reduce the output signal in advance, thereby suppressing temperature oscillations and making temperature changes smoother. The weighted sum of the proportional, integral, and derivative terms yields the final control signal. The PID calculation formula is as follows:

[0062]

[0063] Where u(t) represents the control signal at time t, and e(t) represents the temperature difference at time t. Represents any time from 0 to t. express The temperature difference at time t, K p K i K d These are the proportional, integral, and differential coefficients, respectively.

[0064] For example, a radiation compensation feedforward module can be set in the control unit. The radiation compensation feedforward module can perform real-time inverse calculation of radiation heat loss based on the Stefan-Boltzmann law to obtain the radiation heat loss, so as to compensate for the nonlinear effect of temperature change and make the feedback control process more linear.

[0065] For example, a final control quantity module can be set in the control unit. The power adjustment signal output by the PID control module and the power compensation signal output by the compensation feedforward module are sent to the final control quantity module for integration, and finally the target power adjustment signal is output to drive the radiation unit to adjust the temperature of the target area.

[0066] Figure 2A schematic diagram illustrating the operation of the control unit according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0067] like Figure 2 As shown, the temperature difference is determined based on the current temperature of the radiating unit and the target temperature. When the temperature difference exceeds a predetermined temperature difference threshold, a target power signal is generated using the fast control module in the control unit and sent to the corresponding radiating unit so that it radiates heat to the target area at the target power. When the temperature difference is less than the predetermined temperature difference threshold, a power adjustment signal is obtained by performing proportional-integral-derivative calculations based on the temperature difference using a PID calculation model. A compensation feedforward model is used to determine the power compensation signal based on the expected heat loss of the radiating unit. Finally, the final control module determines the target power adjustment signal based on the power adjustment signal and the power compensation signal, and sends the target power adjustment signal to the corresponding radiating unit in the control unit to adjust the current power of the radiating unit.

[0068] According to embodiments of this application, PID control can effectively suppress integral saturation and filter out measurement noise when temperature changes drastically, thereby ensuring a smooth transition of the radiant unit's power. Furthermore, by fine-tuning the power adjustment signal of the PID calculation module based on the radiant heat loss inferred from the feedforward compensation module, minute environmental changes are compensated for, ensuring that the radiant unit always maintains high steady-state accuracy. This entire process not only ensures rapid and accurate temperature control but also optimizes the radiant unit's response capability through dynamic adaptive adjustment, improving the stability and reliability of the radiant unit under complex operating conditions.

[0069] Figure 3 A side view of a photovoltaic component fire test apparatus subjected to multiple loads according to an embodiment of this application is shown in another direction.

[0070] According to embodiments of this application, such as Figure 3 As shown, the experimental setup also includes a smoke hood 13 and a smoke detection device. The smoke hood 13 is located above the mechanical load application component and is used to collect the smoke generated by the photovoltaic component 31 during thermal radiation. The smoke detection device is connected to the smoke hood 13 and is used to detect the gas composition of the smoke.

[0071] For example, the fume hood 13 can be made of a high-temperature resistant material, such as high-temperature resistant stainless steel. By efficiently collecting combustion products through a top conical structure, the fume hood 13 can employ a tapered-expanding streamlined channel. The top of the fume hood 13 uses a conical structure to guide the flue gas to accelerate smoothly. This allows a stable laminar flow core region to be formed at the center of the fume hood 13, thereby minimizing heat loss from the flue gas at high temperatures and reducing particulate matter deposition on the wall surface caused by turbulence.

[0072] The smoke hood 13 can also be equipped with a flue gas homogenizer and a variable frequency wind speed control system. The variable frequency wind speed control system includes wind speed control devices such as Pitot tubes and micro differential pressure sensors to achieve high-efficiency collection of combustion products under high-temperature combustion test environment, providing a reliable sampling front end for subsequent accurate heat release and flue gas toxicity analysis.

[0073] The outlet of the smoke hood 13 can adopt a standardized flange interface, which can be connected to exhaust pipes of different diameters, flue gas mixing devices or sampling probe arrays of various gas analyzers according to testing requirements, and the collected flue gas is transported to the flue gas detection device through the sampling probe array.

[0074] The flue gas detection device can simultaneously perform quantitative detection of toxic gases and gas component analysis (such as CO, CO2, HCN, HCl, NOx, etc.). The detection principle of the flue gas detection device can be based on a multi-sensor fusion architecture, consisting of a highly selective electrochemical sensor array and a tunable semiconductor laser absorption spectroscopy unit.

[0075] The electrochemical sensor array is responsible for detecting electrochemically active gases such as CO and HCN. The working principle is that flue gas passes through the sensor's diffusion membrane to the working electrode surface, where it undergoes an oxidation or reduction reaction at a suitable catalytic potential. This reaction generates a small current signal proportional to the gas concentration. The signal is processed by a built-in amplifier and analog-to-digital converter to output a standard concentration value. The electrochemical sensor array uses specific electrode catalysts and electrolytes for different gases, ensuring selectivity in detection.

[0076] Tunable semiconductor laser absorption spectroscopy units are mainly used to detect gases with characteristic infrared absorption lines, such as HCl, CHx, and NOx. These units incorporate a tunable laser diode. The principle is that through precise current and temperature control, the emission wavelength of the tunable laser diode scans across a single characteristic absorption line of the gas being tested. After the laser beam passes through the flue gas, it is received by a photodetector. By measuring the attenuation of the laser intensity at a specific wavelength and applying Lambert-Beer's law, the absolute concentration of the gas can be directly determined.

[0077] Since other gas components have almost no absorption within the selected spectral range of the gas component to be measured, the gas detection can be guaranteed to be resistant to cross-interference.

[0078] In some embodiments, the experimental apparatus may further include a heat release analysis device, which can be connected to the fume hood 13. The heat release analysis device is equipped with a high-precision oxygen analyzer, a bidirectional flow meter, and a mass flow meter, with a measurement range of 0-3 MW, an accuracy of ±2%, and a sampling frequency ≥1 Hz. Its working principle is based on the constant proportional relationship between oxygen consumption and heat release during combustion, deriving the heat release rate by monitoring changes in oxygen concentration.

[0079] Traditional oxygen consumption methods typically rely on offline calibration and steady-state assumptions, making them ill-suited for the real-time measurement requirements of dynamic combustion processes. In the embodiments of this application, the heat release analysis device, by introducing high-frequency oxygen concentration monitoring and a multi-parameter real-time correction mechanism, achieves accurate capture of transient heat release rates. It can simultaneously process oxygen sensor signals, airflow velocity, and ambient temperature and humidity data within milliseconds, thereby eliminating the cumulative errors caused by idealized assumptions in traditional methods.

[0080] According to embodiments of this application, such as Figure 3 As shown, the thermal radiation load loading assembly includes a movable support 21 and a radiating plate 22. The movable support 21 is used to adjust the spacing between the thermal radiation units and the photovoltaic component 31; the radiating plate 22 is disposed on the movable support 21, and a specular reflective layer is disposed on the side of the radiating plate 22 facing the photovoltaic component 31. Multiple radiation units are disposed in different areas of the specular reflective layer.

[0081] like Figure 3 As shown, the movable bracket 21 includes two support rods, the radiating plate 22 is disposed between the two support rods, the two support rods are disposed on the slide rail, and the two support rods can slide on the slide rail to adjust the distance between the radiating plate 22 and the photovoltaic component 31.

[0082] The radiating plate 22 is an opaque plate. By setting a mirror reflection layer on the side of the radiating plate 22 facing the photovoltaic component 31, the effect of one-way outward radiation can be achieved, while the space behind the radiating plate 22 is almost unaffected by heat radiation and remains at room temperature.

[0083] Figure 4 A front view of a radiating plate 22 according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0084] According to embodiments of this application, such as Figure 4 As shown, the radiating unit includes multiple quartz lamps 24, which are arranged in an array on the mirror reflective layer.

[0085] For example, such as Figure 4 As shown, the radiant plate 22 can be divided into 10 regions, each region being a radiant unit, and each radiant unit can be equipped with multiple quartz lamps 24.

[0086] In the embodiments of this application, the infrared wavelength emitted by the quartz lamp tube 24 is in the range of 0.78-4 μm. The tube shell of the quartz lamp tube 24 can be made of high-purity quartz, which has high infrared transmittance (transmittance greater than 90% in the 0.2-4 μm band). This ensures efficient transmission of infrared radiation, reduces energy loss, and improves equipment energy efficiency.

[0087] The generation of infrared radiation follows Joule's law: Q = I 2 Rt, the current flowing through the resistance wire converts electrical energy into heat energy, raising the temperature of the resistance wire to a high temperature (typically 800-2200℃). According to Planck's blackbody radiation law, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the high-temperature resistance wire exhibits a continuous electromagnetic spectrum, and its intensity at a wavelength λ under a certain temperature T satisfies:

[0088]

[0089] Among them, u λ (λ,T) represents the radiation energy density within a unit wavelength interval of temperature T and wavelength λ, where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and k is Boltzmann's constant.

[0090] According to Wien's displacement law, a high-temperature resistance wire emits infrared radiation with a continuous spectrum, the peak wavelength of which is determined by the temperature T. The temperature can be changed by adjusting the current, thereby controlling the distribution of the radiation spectrum.

[0091] Since the photovoltaic component 31 has an absorption rate of over 80% for near-infrared (wavelength 0.78-2.5 μm) and almost complete absorption for mid- and far-infrared, this application uses the quartz lamp tube 24 as a radiation source. This not only effectively penetrates the quartz protective tube but is also fully absorbed by the photovoltaic component 31, causing the sample to heat up and fail, thus effectively simulating the process of the photovoltaic component 31 heating up and failing in a fire.

[0092] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the camera device installation according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0093] According to embodiments of this application, such as Figure 5 As shown, an observation window 23 is provided in the middle area of ​​the radiation plate 22. The experimental device also includes a camera device 25, which is located in the observation window 23 and is used to acquire images of the photovoltaic component 31 during the thermal radiation process.

[0094] For example, the camera device 25 may include a high-speed camera and an infrared thermal imager. The high-speed camera and the infrared thermal imager may be matched to the size of the viewing window 23. The infrared camera can capture the surface temperature field distribution of the photovoltaic component, and the high-speed camera can capture the material crack propagation process of the photovoltaic component.

[0095] For example, the camera device may also include a DIC (Digital Image Correlation) device, in which a high-temperature strain gauge can be provided in the photovoltaic component 31. The high-temperature strain gauge is connected to the DIC device for stress measurement on the surface of the photovoltaic component.

[0096] Structural failure data of photovoltaic components can be determined based on temperature distribution, material crack propagation process, and stress changes during the experiment.

[0097] In one example, the high-speed camera could have a resolution of 1024×1024 and an acquisition speed of 1000 fps. The infrared thermal imager could have an acquisition frequency of 50 Hz and a thermal sensitivity of <0.05 ℃.

[0098] According to the embodiments of this application, by placing the camera device 25 in the observation window 23 in the middle area of ​​the radiating plate 22, it can take pictures of the photovoltaic component 31 directly without causing the camera device 25 to be damaged by high-intensity heat radiation.

[0099] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the frame and mechanical load loader according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0100] According to embodiments of this application, such as Figure 6 As shown, the mechanical load application assembly includes a frame 11 and four mechanical load loader 12. The frame 11 is equipped with four support platforms, located at the top, bottom, left, and right sides of the photovoltaic component 31, respectively. The four mechanical load load loaders 12 are respectively positioned on the four support platforms. The clamping component includes four rotatable clamping shafts 14, one end of which is connected to a mechanical load loader 12, and the other end of which is connected to the photovoltaic component 31. The four mechanical load load loaders 12 are used to apply loads to the photovoltaic component 31 through the four clamping shafts 14.

[0101] For example, such as Figure 6 As shown, the frame 11 may include a left support, a right support, and an upper support. The left and right supports are each composed of four pillars, each pillar having multiple through holes. The left and right support platforms are fixed through these through holes. The height of the left and right support platforms can be adjusted by using through holes of different heights. The upper support is located above and connected to the left and right supports. The upper support platform can be positioned in the middle of the upper support, and the lower support platform can be a rectangular base.

[0102] The mechanical load loader 12 may include an electro-hydraulic servo actuator, a hydraulic oil source, and a control system. The four mechanical load load loaders 12 can provide dynamic loading of vertical and lateral loads, simulating the stress state of the photovoltaic component 31 in a fire, and realizing multi-dimensional dynamic mechanical load loading such as pressure, tension, and shear.

[0103] In one example, the clamping shaft 14, through the adoption of a multi-axis linkage design, can achieve the tilting of the sample at any angle in space, thereby simulating the state of the photovoltaic component 31 when it is installed in different positions such as on the roof or wall.

[0104] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the clamping shaft according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0105] like Figure 7 As shown, the clamping shaft 14 includes a base 141, a connecting shaft 142, a coupling 143, and a mounting plate 144. The base 141 has a top plate, a bottom plate, and a side plate connecting the top plate and the bottom plate. The top plate and the bottom plate are provided with mounting holes for mounting the connecting shaft 142. One end of the coupling 143 can be configured as a sleeve structure, fitted onto the connecting shaft 142, and can move up and down. The mounting plate 144 may include a flat plate for connecting to the photovoltaic component 31 and a second connecting shaft connected to the flat plate. The other end of the coupling 143 can also be configured as a sleeve structure, fitted onto the second connecting shaft, providing 360-degree continuous rotational motion. The clamping shaft 14 can be driven by a servo motor within the base, ensuring sufficient rigidity and locking capacity when bearing the photovoltaic component 31 and in an inclined posture, achieving torque balance.

[0106] In some examples, the surface of the clamping shaft 14 can be covered with an insulating layer to give the clamping assembly high-temperature resistance. For example, the insulating layer is made of high-temperature resistant ceramic fiber composite material cured with a high-temperature adhesive to a metal matrix, and flexible graphite material is used to seal the joint movement gaps, ensuring thermal insulation performance without affecting the degrees of freedom of movement in all directions.

[0107] According to an embodiment of this application, the experimental apparatus further includes an inverter energy storage component. The inverter energy storage component is electrically connected to the photovoltaic component 31 and is used to store the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic component 31 due to thermal radiation, so that the photovoltaic component 31 is in an operational state.

[0108] Inverter energy storage components may include inverters, battery packs, and charge / discharge controllers.

[0109] The inverter can convert the low-voltage direct current generated by the photovoltaic effect of the photovoltaic component 31 into high-voltage alternating current. The inverter can adopt a topology with a wide voltage input range and high conversion efficiency, and can adapt to the drastic fluctuations in the output voltage of the photovoltaic component 31 caused by changes in radiation intensity or partial shading during the testing process.

[0110] The battery pack is the energy storage unit of the inverter energy storage module, used to store the high-voltage AC power converted by the inverter. The battery pack uses a bidirectional controllable load module to simulate the power consumption fluctuations of real electrical equipment in the building, so that the photovoltaic component 31 always operates under a meaningful load, avoiding unrealistic states such as no-load or short circuit.

[0111] The charge and discharge controller is the power regulation and control unit in the inverter energy storage module. It is responsible for regulating the charging and discharging process of the battery pack according to the test requirements and the power generation of the photovoltaic component 31.

[0112] According to the embodiments of this application, the inverter energy storage module can simulate the function of the photovoltaic component 31 in its actual working state, and construct a closed-loop energy microgrid that operates in coordination with the thermal and force loading environment.

[0113] In related embodiments, the experimental setup only tests the failure of photovoltaic components under a single load (such as open flame heating or pressure loading), lacking a test platform that can simultaneously apply multiple loads such as heat, force, and electricity. This application, however, combines multiple radiating units and multi-directional mechanical load loaders to apply high-intensity uniform thermal radiation, simulating the heating conditions of photovoltaic components in a fire; it can also simultaneously apply horizontal and vertical compressive (tensile) loads, simulating the stress state of the photovoltaic component as a building component. Furthermore, an inverter energy storage module maintains the daily operating state of the photovoltaic component, providing electrical load to the photovoltaic component 31, thus fully replicating the working conditions of the photovoltaic component in a real building fire, providing a stable and reliable experimental test platform for the study of the mechanism and characteristics of this type of fire.

[0114] This application also provides a method for testing fires in photovoltaic components under multiple loads, performed using the photovoltaic component fire testing apparatus under multiple loads described above.

[0115] Figure 8 A flowchart of a fire test method for photovoltaic components under multiple loads according to an embodiment of this application is shown.

[0116] like Figure 8 As shown, the method includes steps S810 to S840.

[0117] In step S810, the photovoltaic component is placed on the clamping member and a predetermined force in a predetermined direction is applied to the clamping member.

[0118] In step S820, multiple control units control the corresponding multiple thermal radiation units to perform thermal radiation on the test surface of the photovoltaic component, so that the heat flux density of multiple areas of the test surface reaches the target state.

[0119] In step S830, images of the photovoltaic component during the thermal radiation process are acquired to obtain structural failure data of the photovoltaic component based on the acquired images.

[0120] In step S840, the flue gas generated by the photovoltaic component due to thermal radiation is collected to obtain the flue gas toxicity data of the photovoltaic component based on the composition of the flue gas.

[0121] For example, before performing step S810, the power supply of the thermal radiation load loading component can be turned on to put the thermal radiation load loading component into a preheating state, and the horizontal distance between the thermal radiation load loading component and the photovoltaic component can be adjusted.

[0122] For example, a suitable clamping tool can be selected according to the size and material of the sample to be tested. The photovoltaic component is placed on the clamping assembly, the angle is adjusted, and the sample is fixed. After the sample is fixed, the control device of the mechanical load loader can be activated to slowly adjust the mechanical load intensity. Once the preset value is reached, the locking mechanism is engaged to maintain load stability.

[0123] The camera system can be activated, and the positions and focal lengths of the high-speed camera and infrared camera can be adjusted to clearly capture images of the sample surface. Multiple sensors can be activated to measure the temperature, heat flux density, heat release, and strain of the test surface, while a gas detection device can be activated to detect parameters such as gas composition. The inverter energy storage module can also be activated, connecting the photovoltaic power generation circuit to the device.

[0124] The thermal radiation load loading component is activated to apply rated uniform radiation to the sample. At this time, various detection components work synchronously until the photovoltaic component cracks, burns, or falls off.

[0125] Finally, all devices are shut down, the collected images and data are collected, and the performance changes of photovoltaic components under uniform radiation are comprehensively analyzed to establish a fire safety evaluation model for building photovoltaic integrated systems that couples various parameters.

[0126] It should be noted that the experimental apparatus of this application is not limited to the testing and observation of photovoltaic components in a fire environment. Based on the apparatus and method of this invention, the structural safety performance of building components made of materials such as glass, wood, and concrete in high-temperature and high-radiation environments can also be tested and analyzed. This apparatus is applicable to various types of building components and can apply multiple loads. Therefore, the apparatus and method of this application are adaptable to the safety performance testing of the ever-evolving new materials and structures in modern architectural design.

[0127] Those skilled in the art will understand that the features described in the various embodiments of this application can be combined and / or combined in various ways, even if such combinations or combinations are not explicitly described in this application. In particular, the features described in the various embodiments of this application can be combined and / or combined in various ways without departing from the spirit and teachings of this application. All such combinations and / or combinations fall within the scope of this application.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic component fire test device under multiple loads, characterized in that, The device includes: Mechanical load application components, including: A clamping component for clamping the photovoltaic component and applying force to the photovoltaic component, the photovoltaic component including a test surface for receiving thermal radiation, the test surface being divided into multiple regions; Multiple sensors are used to detect the heat flux density of the test surface in multiple regions; A thermal radiation load loading component is disposed opposite to the test surface of the photovoltaic component, and the thermal radiation load loading component includes: Multiple thermal radiation units, each of which is used to radiate heat to at least one area of ​​the test surface; Multiple control units are connected one-to-one with the multiple thermal radiation units; Wherein, any of the control units is configured to adjust the power of the radiation unit corresponding to the control unit according to the heat flux density of the target area, so that the heat flux density of each of the multiple areas of the test surface is in the target state, wherein the target area is the area where the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit radiates heat onto the test surface.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, For any of the control units, the control unit is configured to determine the current temperature of the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit based on the current heat flux density of the target region; as well as If the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature is greater than a preset temperature difference threshold, a target power signal is sent to the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit, so that the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit radiates heat to the target area at the target power.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that, The control unit is also configured to perform proportional-integral-derivative calculations based on the temperature difference between the current temperature and the target temperature to obtain a power adjustment signal when the difference between the current temperature and the target temperature is less than a preset temperature difference threshold. as well as A power compensation signal is determined based on the expected heat loss of the thermal radiation unit, and a target power adjustment signal is determined based on the power adjustment signal and the power compensation signal. The target power adjustment signal is then sent to the thermal radiation unit corresponding to the control unit to adjust the current power of the thermal radiation unit.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thermal radiation load loading component includes: a movable support for adjusting the distance between the thermal radiation unit and the photovoltaic component; A radiating plate is disposed on the movable support, and a mirror reflective layer is provided on the side of the radiating plate facing the photovoltaic component; The plurality of radiation units are disposed in different regions of the mirror reflective layer.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that, The radiating unit includes multiple quartz lamps arranged in an array on the mirror reflective layer.

6. The apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that, An observation window is provided in the middle area of ​​the radiant plate; The device further includes: A camera device is disposed in the observation window and is used to acquire images of the photovoltaic component during the thermal radiation process.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The device further includes: An inverter energy storage component is electrically connected to the photovoltaic component. The inverter energy storage component is used to store the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic component due to thermal radiation, so that the photovoltaic component is in a working state.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The mechanical load application component includes: The frame is equipped with four support platforms, which are located at the top, bottom, left, and right sides of the photovoltaic component, respectively. Four mechanical loaders are respectively installed on the four support platforms; The clamping component includes four rotatable clamping shafts, one end of which is connected to the mechanical load loader, and the other end of which is connected to the photovoltaic component. The four mechanical loaders are used to apply force to the photovoltaic component through the four clamping axes.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The device further includes: A smoke hood is installed on the upper part of the mechanical load application component to collect the smoke generated by the photovoltaic component during thermal radiation. A flue gas detection device is connected to the smoke collection hood and is used to detect the gas composition of the flue gas.

10. A fire test method for photovoltaic components under multiple loads, characterized in that, The method is performed using the apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising: The photovoltaic component is placed on the clamping member and a predetermined force in a predetermined direction is applied to the clamping member; Multiple control units control the corresponding multiple thermal radiation units to perform thermal radiation on the test surface of the photovoltaic component, so that the heat flux density of multiple areas of the test surface reaches the target state. Images of the photovoltaic component during the thermal radiation process are acquired to obtain structural failure data of the photovoltaic component based on the acquired images; The flue gas generated by the photovoltaic component due to thermal radiation is collected to obtain the flue gas toxicity data of the photovoltaic component based on the composition of the flue gas.

Images