Lithium battery thermal runaway multi-stage linkage device based on multi-dimensional perception and control system of lithium battery thermal runaway multi-stage linkage device

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of battery thermal runaway, and discloses a lithium battery thermal runaway multi-stage linkage device based on multi-dimensional perception, which comprises a multi-dimensional perception module, an intelligent analysis and early warning module and a multi-stage linkage suppression module, the multi-dimensional sensing module is arranged at a key part of a battery pack (module / monomer) and is used for monitoring a battery state in real time from a plurality of physical / chemical dimensions; the intelligent analysis and early warning module is connected with the multi-dimensional sensing module and is used for carrying out fusion analysis on the collected multi-source data, judging a thermal runaway stage by utilizing an algorithm model and dividing early warning grades; the multi-stage linkage suppression module is connected with the intelligent analysis and early warning module, and corresponding suppression measures are automatically and orderly executed according to early warning grades; the multi-dimensional sensing lithium battery thermal runaway multi-stage linkage device enables the use of the lithium battery to be safer.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of battery thermal runaway technology, specifically a multi-level linkage device and control system for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing. Background Technology

[0002] With the widespread application of lithium batteries in electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and other fields, their safety issues are becoming increasingly prominent. Under abnormal operating conditions such as overcharging, over-discharging, short circuits, and high temperatures, lithium batteries may experience thermal runaway, leading to serious accidents such as fires and explosions, posing a significant threat to human life and property safety. Existing lithium battery safety monitoring and protection measures are mostly singular, making it difficult to comprehensively and promptly detect potential thermal runaway hazards and take effective suppression measures. Therefore, developing a multi-level linkage device and control system that can monitor battery status in real time from multiple dimensions and automatically execute corresponding suppression measures according to different warning levels is of great practical significance. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing, comprising a multi-dimensional sensing module, an intelligent analysis and early warning module, and a multi-level linkage suppression module; the multi-dimensional sensing module is arranged in key parts of the battery pack (module / cell) to monitor the battery status in real time from multiple physical / chemical dimensions; the intelligent analysis and early warning module is connected to the multi-dimensional sensing module to perform fusion analysis on the collected multi-source data, use an algorithm model to determine the thermal runaway stage and classify the early warning level; the multi-level linkage suppression module is connected to the intelligent analysis and early warning module to automatically and orderly execute corresponding suppression measures according to the early warning level.

[0004] This application also discloses a control system for a multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing, comprising the following steps: Step 1: The multi-dimensional sensing module monitors the battery status in real time. The temperature sensing unit monitors the battery temperature from multiple locations. The point temperature sensor (NTC) is installed at key locations on the battery, the distributed fiber optic temperature measurement device is laid along the surface or inside the battery, and the infrared thermal imager performs non-contact area array temperature measurement of the battery in large battery energy storage systems or scenarios with high requirements for temperature monitoring accuracy. The electrical sensing unit monitors the battery's electrical parameters such as voltage and current in real time through the battery management system (BMS), with a focus on abnormal conditions such as sudden voltage drops, sudden increases in internal resistance, and voltage inconsistencies. The gas sensing unit uses a characteristic gas sensor to detect characteristic gases produced by electrolyte decomposition, and a smoke sensor to detect smoke generated during battery thermal runaway. The pressure sensor in the pressure / deformation sensing unit is installed inside the battery pack to monitor the sudden increase in internal pressure caused by gas production from the battery. The deformation sensor is attached to the battery surface to monitor deformation such as battery bulging.

[0005] Step 2: The intelligent analysis and early warning module performs fusion analysis on multi-source data. The data fusion unit integrates multi-source data such as temperature, voltage, gas concentration, pressure, and deformation to form a comprehensive battery status dataset. The feature recognition and model judgment unit uses a preset algorithm model to analyze the fused data, identify the feature patterns in the data, and determine the development stage of thermal runaway. The risk level decision-making unit classifies warning levels based on the results of feature identification and model judgment. The warning levels are divided into Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.

[0006] Step 3: The multi-level linkage suppression module executes corresponding suppression measures according to the warning level. If it is a Level 1 warning, the primary linkage unit is activated, including at least one of the following: sound and light alarm device issuing an alarm, enhanced heat dissipation device (liquid cooling system) enhancing heat dissipation, and slight discharge control device performing slight discharge control. If it is a Level II warning, the intermediate linkage unit will be activated, including at least one of the following: electrical isolation device for electrical isolation, fire extinguishing agent release device for releasing fire extinguishing agent, phase change cooling device (using phase change material (PCM) or coolant channel to absorb heat for cooling), and air circulation adjustment device for adjusting air circulation. If a Level 3 warning or intermediate linkage fails, the advanced linkage unit will be activated, including at least one of the following: directional spray fire extinguishing device (spraying fine water mist or special lithium battery fire extinguishing agent) for directional spray fire extinguishing, physical isolation device (firewall) for physical isolation, pressure relief and explosion-proof device for pressure relief and explosion-proof, and surrounding environment cooling device (cooling water circulation system) for cooling the surrounding environment.

[0007] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: (1) Comprehensive and accurate monitoring, early warning of thermal runaway: Through multi-dimensional sensing modules, the battery status is monitored in real time from multiple physical and chemical dimensions such as temperature, electrical, gas, pressure / deformation; the temperature sensing unit adopts a combination of multiple sensors to accurately monitor the temperature of key parts and the overall temperature distribution; the electrical sensing unit uses BMS to monitor abnormalities in key electrical parameters such as voltage and current; the gas sensing unit can detect early characteristic gases of thermal runaway and smoke in the process; the pressure / deformation sensing unit can monitor the gas pressure inside the pack and battery deformation; multi-dimensional monitoring makes the battery status more comprehensive and can detect signs of thermal runaway in advance, buying time for subsequent handling; (2) Intelligent analysis and judgment to accurately classify the warning level: The intelligent analysis and warning module integrates and analyzes the multi-source data collected by the multi-dimensional sensing module, uses the preset algorithm model to identify the data feature pattern, judges the stage of thermal runaway development, and classifies the warning level into level one, level two, and level three. This intelligent analysis method takes into account a variety of factors and can more accurately assess the severity of battery thermal runaway, providing a reliable basis for taking targeted measures. (3) Multi-level linkage suppression effectively controls thermal runaway: The multi-level linkage suppression module automatically and orderly executes corresponding suppression measures according to different warning levels; when the first-level warning is triggered, the primary linkage unit is activated to remind personnel through sound and light alarms, strengthen heat dissipation to reduce battery temperature, and control the energy state by slight discharge; when the second-level warning is triggered, the intermediate linkage unit is activated to perform electrical isolation to prevent the fault from expanding, release fire extinguishing agent to suppress chemical reaction, use phase change cooling device to quickly cool down, and adjust air circulation to promote heat dissipation; when the third-level warning is triggered or the intermediate linkage fails, the advanced linkage unit is activated to perform directional spray fire extinguishing, physical isolation to prevent the fire from spreading, pressure relief and explosion prevention to release pressure, and cooling of the surrounding environment to reduce risk; the multi-level linkage measures are progressive and can effectively control the development of thermal runaway and ensure safety; (4) Multiple devices are available to meet different scenario requirements: There is a variety of device options for each module; the temperature sensing unit can use at least one of the following: point temperature sensor (NTC), distributed fiber optic temperature measurement device and infrared thermal imager, which can be flexibly matched according to different scenarios and monitoring accuracy requirements; the heat dissipation device is a liquid cooling system; the fire extinguishing agent release device can release a variety of clean gas fire extinguishing agents or inert gases; the directional spray fire extinguishing device can spray different types of fire extinguishing agents; this diversity enables the device to adapt to battery systems of different sizes and requirements, improving the versatility and practicality of the device; (5) Forming a complete closed loop to achieve dynamic and continuous improvement: The multi-dimensional sensing module, intelligent analysis and early warning module and multi-level linkage suppression module form a complete closed loop through real-time data flow and triggering instructions; the multi-dimensional sensing module collects and transmits data in real time, the intelligent analysis and early warning module analyzes and judges the data and issues instructions, the multi-level linkage suppression module executes corresponding measures, and the execution results can be fed back to the sensing module to provide a reference for subsequent monitoring; this closed-loop control process can dynamically adjust the control strategy, and with the accumulation of data and optimization of algorithms, it can achieve continuous improvement and continuously improve the ability to prevent and control thermal runaway of lithium batteries. Detailed Implementation

[0008] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0009] The present invention relates to a multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing, comprising a multi-dimensional sensing module, an intelligent analysis and early warning module, and a multi-level linkage suppression module. The multi-dimensional sensing module is arranged in key parts of the battery pack (module / cell) to monitor the battery status in real time from multiple physical / chemical dimensions. The intelligent analysis and early warning module is connected to the multi-dimensional sensing module to perform fusion analysis on the collected multi-source data, use an algorithm model to determine the stage of thermal runaway and classify the early warning level. The multi-level linkage suppression module is connected to the intelligent analysis and early warning module to automatically and orderly execute corresponding suppression measures according to the early warning level.

[0010] 1. Multidimensional sensing module Temperature sensing unit: The system employs a combination of point temperature sensors (NTCs), distributed fiber optic temperature measurement devices, and infrared thermal imagers. NTCs are installed at critical locations on the battery, such as battery terminals and areas with drastic temperature changes, to accurately monitor the temperature of these key components. Distributed fiber optic temperature measurement devices are laid along the battery surface or inside the battery, enabling continuous and real-time monitoring of the temperature distribution throughout the entire battery area, playing a crucial role in detecting abnormal localized temperature increases. Infrared thermal imagers are used for non-contact area array temperature measurement of batteries in large-scale battery energy storage systems or scenarios requiring high temperature monitoring accuracy, quickly acquiring temperature field information on the battery surface and promptly identifying areas of abnormal temperature.

[0011] For example, in a large electric vehicle battery pack, point temperature sensors (NTCs) are installed at the pole position of each battery cell, distributed fiber optic temperature measurement devices are laid along the surface of the battery module, and an infrared thermal imager is set on the outside of the battery pack to monitor the temperature of the entire battery pack.

[0012] Electrical sensing unit: The battery management system (BMS) monitors the battery's electrical parameters, such as voltage and current, in real time. It focuses on abnormal conditions such as sudden voltage drops, sudden increases in internal resistance, and voltage inconsistencies. When a battery experiences a sudden voltage drop, it may mean that there is a short circuit or over-discharge fault inside the battery. A sudden increase in internal resistance may be a sign of battery aging or damage to the internal structure. Voltage inconsistencies reflect the performance differences of individual cells in the battery pack. Excessive differences may lead to overcharging or over-discharging of some cells, thereby causing thermal runaway.

[0013] For example, the BMS collects battery voltage and current data every certain period of time (e.g., 1 second) and transmits the data to the intelligent analysis and early warning module for analysis. When it is detected that the voltage of a certain battery cell drops by more than a certain threshold (e.g., 10%) in a short period of time, or the internal resistance increases by more than a certain proportion (e.g., 20%), or the maximum difference in the voltage of individual cells in the battery pack exceeds a set value (e.g., 0.5V), it is determined to be an electrical abnormality.

[0014] Gas sensing unit: It includes a characteristic gas sensor and a smoke sensor. The characteristic gas sensor is used to detect characteristic gases produced by electrolyte decomposition, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). These gases are characteristic products in the early stages of battery thermal runaway, and changes in their concentration can provide early warning of the occurrence of thermal runaway. The smoke sensor is used to detect smoke generated during battery thermal runaway. When a violent reaction occurs inside the battery, a large amount of smoke is generated. By detecting these substances, the progress of thermal runaway can be detected in a timely manner.

[0015] For example, multiple characteristic gas sensors are installed inside the battery pack to detect different types of characteristic gases, and a smoke sensor is installed on the top of the battery pack. When the characteristic gas sensor detects that the concentration of a certain gas exceeds a set safety threshold (such as CO concentration exceeding 100ppm), or when the smoke sensor detects a smoke signal, it is determined that the gas is abnormal.

[0016] Pressure / deformation sensing unit: It includes pressure sensors and deformation sensors; the pressure sensor is installed inside the battery pack to monitor the sudden increase in internal pressure caused by battery gas production; when the battery experiences thermal runaway, the electrolyte decomposes and produces a large amount of gas, causing the internal pressure of the battery pack to rise rapidly, and the pressure sensor can monitor the pressure change in real time; the deformation sensor is attached to the battery surface to monitor deformation such as battery bulging; during the thermal runaway process, the increased internal pressure may cause the battery casing to bulge and deform, and the deformation sensor can detect this abnormality in time.

[0017] For example, multiple pressure sensors are evenly distributed inside the battery pack to monitor the pressure inside the pack in real time; a deformation sensor is attached to the surface of each battery cell. When the pressure sensor detects that the pressure inside the pack rises above a certain threshold (e.g., 10 kPa) in a short period of time, or when the deformation sensor detects that the deformation of the battery surface exceeds a set value (e.g., 5 mm), it is determined to be a pressure / deformation abnormality.

[0018] 2. Intelligent Analysis and Early Warning Module Data fusion unit: By integrating multi-source data such as temperature, voltage, gas concentration, pressure, and deformation, a comprehensive battery state dataset is formed. Data fusion can employ methods such as weighted averaging and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, assigning different weights to different parameters based on their impact on battery thermal runaway, in order to more accurately reflect the overall state of the battery.

[0019] For example, parameters such as temperature, voltage, gas concentration, pressure, and deformation are assigned weights of 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.15, and 0.15, respectively. The monitored values ​​of each parameter are multiplied by their respective weights and then summed to obtain a comprehensive battery status score, with a score range of 0-100.

[0020] Feature recognition and model judgment unit: The fused data is analyzed using a pre-defined algorithm model to identify feature patterns and determine the development stage of thermal runaway. The algorithm model can employ machine learning algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVM) and neural networks, and is trained on a large amount of experimental data to establish a mapping relationship between battery state and thermal runaway stage.

[0021] For example, battery state data at different stages of thermal runaway (normal, early warning, mid-term warning, and late warning), including parameters such as temperature, voltage, gas concentration, pressure, and deformation, are collected and used as training samples to be input into a neural network model for training. After training, real-time battery state data is input into the trained model, and the model outputs the development stage of thermal runaway.

[0022] Risk level decision-making unit: Based on the results of feature recognition and model judgment, the warning levels are divided into three levels: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Level 1 warning indicates that the battery is in the early stage of thermal runaway and there is a potential safety hazard. Level 2 warning indicates that thermal runaway has progressed further and more urgent measures need to be taken. Level 3 warning indicates that thermal runaway has entered a serious stage and serious accidents such as fire or explosion may occur soon.

[0023] For example, when the overall battery status score is between 60 and 70, it is judged as a Level 1 warning; when the score is between 70 and 85, it is judged as a Level 2 warning; and when the score exceeds 85, it is judged as a Level 3 warning.

[0024] 3. Multi-level linkage suppression module Primary linkage unit: For Level 1 warning, at least one of the following is included: an audible and visual alarm device, an enhanced heat dissipation device, and a minor discharge control device; the audible and visual alarm device issues an alarm to remind relevant personnel to pay attention to abnormal battery status; the enhanced heat dissipation device (liquid cooling system) enhances heat dissipation, reduces battery temperature, and prevents further development of thermal runaway; the minor discharge control device performs minor discharge control, releasing a small amount of electrical energy to reduce the battery's energy state and reduce the risk of thermal runaway.

[0025] For example, when a Level 1 warning is triggered, the audible and visual alarm device emits an alarm sound at a frequency of 1Hz, while the red warning light flashes; the liquid cooling system is activated; and the slight discharge control device controls the battery to discharge at a rate of 0.1C for 10 minutes.

[0026] Intermediate linkage unit: For Level 2 warning systems, at least one of the following is included: an electrical isolation device, a fire extinguishing agent release device, a phase change cooling device, and an air circulation adjustment device. The electrical isolation device provides electrical isolation, cutting off the connection between the battery and the external circuit to prevent the fault from escalating. The fire extinguishing agent release device releases fire extinguishing agent to suppress the chemical reaction inside the battery. The phase change cooling device (which uses phase change material (PCM) or coolant channels to absorb heat) cools the battery and rapidly reduces its temperature. The air circulation adjustment device adjusts the air circulation to improve ventilation inside the battery pack and promote heat dissipation.

[0027] For example, when a level 2 warning is issued, the electrical isolation device immediately disconnects the battery from the charging equipment or load; the fire extinguishing agent release device releases the fire extinguishing agent (a special fire extinguishing agent for lithium batteries) with a spray time of 5 seconds; the phase change material in the phase change cooling device begins to melt and absorb heat, reducing the battery temperature; and the air circulation adjustment device increases the ventilation volume to three times the original amount.

[0028] Advanced linkage unit: In response to the failure of a Level 3 early warning or intermediate linkage, the system includes at least one of the following: a directional sprinkler fire extinguishing device (spraying fine water mist or a special lithium battery fire extinguishing agent), a physical isolation device (firewall), a pressure relief and explosion-proof device, and an ambient cooling device (cooling water circulation system). The directional sprinkler fire extinguishing device provides directional spraying to directly extinguish the thermal runaway battery; the physical isolation device (firewall) provides physical isolation to prevent the fire from spreading to other batteries or equipment; the pressure relief and explosion-proof device provides pressure relief and explosion-proof protection, releasing the pressure inside the battery pack to prevent an explosion; and the ambient cooling device (cooling water circulation system) cools the surrounding environment, lowering the ambient temperature and reducing the risk of fire spread.

[0029] For example, if thermal runaway is not effectively controlled within 10 seconds after a Level 3 warning or intermediate linkage measure is implemented, the directional sprinkler fire extinguishing device is activated, spraying fine water mist to extinguish the thermal runaway battery; the physical isolation device automatically raises the firewall to isolate the thermal runaway battery from other batteries; the pressure relief and explosion-proof device opens the pressure relief valve to release the pressure inside the battery pack; and the ambient cooling device activates the cooling water circulation system to cool the environment around the battery pack.

[0030] Example 2: This application also discloses a control system for a multi-level linkage device for thermal runaway of lithium batteries based on multi-dimensional perception, including the following steps; Step 1: The multi-dimensional sensing module monitors the battery status in real time. The temperature sensing unit monitors the battery temperature from multiple locations. The point temperature sensor (NTC) is installed at key locations on the battery, the distributed fiber optic temperature measurement device is laid along the surface or inside the battery, and the infrared thermal imager performs non-contact array temperature measurement of the battery in large battery energy storage systems or scenarios with high requirements for temperature monitoring accuracy.

[0031] The electrical sensing unit monitors the battery's electrical parameters, such as voltage and current, in real time through the battery management system (BMS), with a focus on abnormal conditions such as sudden voltage drops, sudden increases in internal resistance, and voltage inconsistencies.

[0032] The characteristic gas sensor in the gas sensing unit detects the characteristic gas produced by the decomposition of the electrolyte, and the smoke sensor detects the smoke generated during the thermal runaway of the battery.

[0033] The pressure sensor in the pressure / deformation sensing unit is installed inside the battery pack to monitor the sudden increase in internal pressure caused by gas production from the battery. The deformation sensor is attached to the battery surface to monitor deformation such as battery bulging.

[0034] Step 2: The intelligent analysis and early warning module performs fusion analysis on multi-source data. The data fusion unit integrates multi-source data such as temperature, voltage, gas concentration, pressure, and deformation to form a comprehensive battery status dataset.

[0035] The feature recognition and model judgment unit uses a preset algorithm model to analyze the fused data, identify the feature patterns in the data, and determine the development stage of thermal runaway.

[0036] The risk level decision-making unit classifies warning levels based on the results of feature identification and model judgment. The warning levels are divided into Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3.

[0037] Step 3: The multi-level linkage suppression module executes corresponding suppression measures according to the warning level. If it is a Level 1 warning, the primary linkage unit is activated, including at least one of the following: sound and light alarm device issuing an alarm, enhanced heat dissipation device (liquid cooling system) enhancing heat dissipation, and minor discharge control device performing minor discharge control.

[0038] If it is a Level 2 warning, the intermediate linkage unit will be activated, including at least one of the following: electrical isolation device for electrical isolation, fire extinguishing agent release device for releasing fire extinguishing agent, phase change cooling device (using phase change material (PCM) or coolant channel to absorb heat) for cooling, and air circulation adjustment device for adjusting air circulation.

[0039] If a Level 3 warning or intermediate linkage fails, the advanced linkage unit will be activated, including at least one of the following: directional spray fire extinguishing device (spraying fine water mist or special lithium battery fire extinguishing agent) for directional spray fire extinguishing, physical isolation device (firewall) for physical isolation, pressure relief and explosion-proof device for pressure relief and explosion-proof, and surrounding environment cooling device (cooling water circulation system) for cooling the surrounding environment.

[0040] The multi-dimensional sensing-based lithium battery thermal runaway multi-level linkage device and control system of the present invention monitors the battery status in real time during vehicle operation. When a battery cell causes a rapid temperature rise due to an internal short circuit, the point temperature sensor (NTC) and the distributed optical fiber temperature measurement device in the temperature sensing unit simultaneously detect the temperature abnormality and transmit the data to the intelligent analysis and early warning module. After data fusion and feature recognition, the intelligent analysis and early warning module determines that a level one warning has been issued. It immediately activates the primary linkage unit, and the audible and visual alarm device sounds an alarm to remind the driver. At the same time, the liquid cooling system enhances heat dissipation, and the slight discharge control device performs slight discharge control to reduce the energy state of the battery. If the temperature continues to rise and reaches the level 2 warning standard, the intermediate linkage unit will be activated, the electrical isolation device will cut off the connection between the battery and the motor, the fire extinguishing agent release device will release perfluorohexanone fire extinguishing agent, and the phase change cooling device will start working to further reduce the battery temperature. If the situation is still not under effective control, and a Level 3 warning is reached or the intermediate linkage fails, the advanced linkage unit will be activated. The directional sprinkler fire extinguishing device will spray fine water mist to extinguish the fire, the physical isolation device will raise the firewall to prevent the fire from spreading, the pressure relief and explosion-proof device will release the pressure inside the battery pack, and the surrounding environment cooling device will cool the environment around the battery pack to ensure the safety of the vehicle and personnel.

[0041] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0042] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A multi-stage linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing, characterized in that, It includes a multi-dimensional sensing module, which is placed in key parts of the battery pack (module / cell) to monitor the battery status in real time from multiple physical / chemical dimensions; The multidimensional sensing module includes a temperature sensing unit, an electrical sensing unit, a gas sensing unit, and a pressure / deformation sensing unit; The intelligent analysis and early warning module is connected to the multi-dimensional sensing module and is used to perform fusion analysis on the multi-source data collected by the multi-dimensional sensing module, use algorithm models to determine the thermal runaway stage, and classify the early warning level. The multi-level linkage suppression module is connected to the intelligent analysis and early warning module, and automatically and orderly executes corresponding suppression measures according to the early warning level issued by the intelligent analysis and early warning module.

2. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The temperature sensing unit includes at least one of a point temperature sensor (NTC), a distributed fiber optic temperature measurement device, and an infrared thermal imager; the point temperature sensor is installed at a critical point on the battery; the distributed fiber optic temperature measurement device is laid along the surface or inside the battery; the infrared thermal imager is used for non-contact area array temperature measurement of the battery in large battery energy storage systems or scenarios with high requirements for temperature monitoring accuracy.

3. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrical sensing unit monitors the battery's electrical parameters such as voltage and current in real time through the battery management system (BMS), focusing on abnormal situations such as sudden voltage drops, sudden increases in internal resistance, and voltage inconsistencies.

4. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The gas sensing unit includes a characteristic gas sensor and a smoke sensor; the characteristic gas sensor is used to detect characteristic gases generated by electrolyte decomposition; the smoke sensor is used to detect smoke generated during battery thermal runaway.

5. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pressure / deformation sensing unit includes a pressure sensor and a deformation sensor; the pressure sensor is installed inside the battery pack to monitor the sudden increase in internal pressure caused by gas production from the battery; the deformation sensor is attached to the surface of the battery to monitor deformation such as battery bulging.

6. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The intelligent analysis and early warning module includes: a data fusion unit, used to integrate multi-source data such as temperature, voltage, gas concentration, pressure, and deformation to form a comprehensive battery status dataset; a feature recognition and model judgment unit, used to analyze the fused data using a preset algorithm model, identify feature patterns in the data, and determine the development stage of thermal runaway; and a risk level decision unit, used to classify early warning levels based on the results of feature recognition and model judgment, with early warning levels divided into Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.

7. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-level linkage suppression module includes: a primary linkage unit for Level 1 warning, comprising at least one of an audible and visual alarm device, an enhanced heat dissipation device, and a minor discharge control device; an intermediate linkage unit for Level 2 warning, comprising at least one of an electrical isolation device, a fire extinguishing agent release device, a phase change cooling device, and an air circulation adjustment device; and an advanced linkage unit for Level 3 warning or after intermediate linkage failure, comprising at least one of a directional spray fire extinguishing device, a physical isolation device, a pressure relief and explosion-proof device, and an ambient cooling device.

8. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 7, characterized in that, The enhanced heat dissipation device is a liquid cooling system; the extinguishing agent released by the extinguishing agent release device is an inert gas; the phase change cooling device uses phase change material (PCM) or coolant channels to absorb heat; the extinguishing agent sprayed by the directional spray extinguishing device is a fine water mist or a special lithium battery extinguishing agent; the physical isolation device is a firewall; and the surrounding environment cooling device is a cooling water circulation system.

9. The multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-dimensional sensing module, intelligent analysis and early warning module, and multi-level linkage suppression module form a complete closed loop through real-time data flow and trigger commands, realizing a dynamic and continuously improving control process.

10. A control system employing a multi-level linkage device for lithium battery thermal runaway based on multi-dimensional sensing as described in any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: The multi-dimensional sensing module monitors the battery status in real time. (1) The temperature sensing unit monitors the battery temperature from multiple locations. The point temperature sensor (NTC) is installed at the key points of the battery. The distributed fiber optic temperature measurement device is laid along the surface or inside of the battery. The infrared thermal imager performs non-contact area array temperature measurement on the battery in large battery energy storage systems or scenarios with high requirements for temperature monitoring accuracy. (2) The electrical sensing unit monitors the battery’s electrical parameters such as voltage and current in real time through the battery management system (BMS), and focuses on abnormal situations such as sudden voltage drop, sudden increase in internal resistance, and voltage inconsistency. (3) The characteristic gas sensor in the gas sensing unit detects the characteristic gas generated by the decomposition of the electrolyte, and the smoke sensor detects the smoke generated during the thermal runaway of the battery; (4) The pressure sensor in the pressure / deformation sensing unit is installed inside the battery pack to monitor the sudden increase in air pressure inside the pack caused by the battery producing gas. The deformation sensor is attached to the surface of the battery to monitor the deformation such as battery bulging. Step 2: The intelligent analysis and early warning module performs fusion analysis on multi-source data. (1) The data fusion unit integrates multi-source data such as temperature, voltage, gas concentration, pressure, and deformation to form a comprehensive battery status dataset; (2) The feature recognition and model judgment unit uses a preset algorithm model to analyze the fused data, identify the feature patterns in the data, and judge the development stage of thermal runaway. (3) The risk level decision-making unit divides the warning level according to the results of feature identification and model judgment. The warning level is divided into Level 1 warning, Level 2 warning and Level 3 warning. Step 3: The multi-level linkage suppression module executes corresponding suppression measures according to the warning level. (1) If it is a Level 1 warning, the primary linkage unit is activated, including at least one of the following: sound and light alarm device issuing an alarm, enhanced heat dissipation device (liquid cooling system) enhancing heat dissipation, and slight discharge control device performing slight discharge control; (2) If it is a level 2 warning, the intermediate linkage unit is activated, including at least one of the following: electrical isolation device for electrical isolation, fire extinguishing agent release device for releasing fire extinguishing agent, phase change cooling device (using phase change material (PCM) or coolant channel to absorb heat) for cooling, and air circulation adjustment device for adjusting air circulation; (3) If the level 3 warning or intermediate linkage fails, the advanced linkage unit is activated, including at least one of the following: directional spray fire extinguishing device (spraying fine water mist or special lithium battery fire extinguishing agent) for directional spray fire extinguishing, physical isolation device (firewall) for physical isolation, pressure relief explosion-proof device for pressure relief explosion-proof, and surrounding environment cooling device (cooling water circulation system) for cooling the surrounding environment.