Block partitioning associated with video compression

Abstract

Systems, methods, and tools associated with video encoding (e.g., encoding and decoding) are described herein. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a video decoding apparatus or a video encoding apparatus may be configured to: determine that a parent coding unit (CU) is to be partitioned into four or more sub-coding units (sub-CUs); and determining whether to perform the partitioning based on a center of the parent CU. If it is determined that the partitioning is not performed based on the center of the parent CU, the video decoding apparatus or the video encoding apparatus may partition the parent CU into the four or more sub-CUs along at least a first vertical partition line and a first horizontal partition line, the first vertical division line and the first horizontal division line intersect such that an intersection of the first vertical division line and the first horizontal division line can be displaced away from a center of the parent CU.

Description

Cross-references to related applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 23306679.4, filed on 2 October 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Technology

[0002] Video coding systems can be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems can include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This document describes systems, methods, and tools associated with video coding (e.g., encoding and decoding). According to embodiments of this disclosure, a video decoding apparatus can be configured to: determine that a parent coding unit (CU) will be partitioned into four or more sub-coding units (sub-CUs); and determine whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU. If it is determined that the partitioning is not based on the center of the parent CU, the video decoding apparatus can partition the parent CU into the four or more sub-CUs along at least a first vertical dividing line and a first horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line can be shifted away from the center of the parent CU.

[0004] In the example, the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line can be located to the upper right, upper left, lower right, or lower left of the center of the parent CU. In the example, determining whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU can be based on an indication received from the bitstream. In the example, the indication received from the bitstream can indicate the position of the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line relative to the center of the parent CU. In the example, the indication received from the bitstream can indicate the partitioning ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal directions.

[0005] In the example, the video decoding device is configured to segment the sub-CU along the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line. This may include the video decoding device being configured to determine a segmentation ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal segmentation ratios based on the size of the parent CU, the number of luminance samples in the parent CU, or the depth level of the coding tree associated with the parent CU.

[0006] In the example, the video decoding device may also be configured to determine whether to partition the sub-CUs based on the center of one of the four or more sub-CUs. If it is determined that the sub-CUs are not partitioned based on their centers, the video decoding device may partition the sub-CUs along at least a second vertical dividing line and a second horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the sub-CU. In the example, the sub-CU may have a height or width that is not a power of 2, and the CU obtained by partitioning the sub-CUs along the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line may have a height or width that is a power of 2.

[0007] According to embodiments of this disclosure, a video encoding apparatus can be configured to: determine that a parent coding unit (CU) will be partitioned into four or more sub-coding units (sub-CUs); and determine whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU. If it is determined that the partitioning is not performed based on the center of the parent CU, the video encoding apparatus can partition the parent CU into the four or more sub-CUs along at least a first vertical dividing line and a first horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the parent CU.

[0008] In the example, the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line may be located to the upper right of the center of the parent CU, to the upper left of the center of the parent CU, to the lower right of the center of the parent CU, or to the lower left of the center of the parent CU. In the example, the determination of whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU may be based on an indication received from the bitstream, wherein the indication indicates a partitioning ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal directions.

[0009] A computer program product may be stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and may include program code instructions for (e.g., when the instructions are executed by a processor) implementing the steps of a method performed by the video decoding device or the video encoding device.

[0010] Video data may include information representing coding units encoded by the video coding apparatus described herein. Attached Figure Description

[0011] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system that can implement one or more of the disclosed embodiments.

[0012] Figure 1B This illustrates that, according to an embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1AThe diagram shows a system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system.

[0013] Figure 1C This illustrates that, according to an embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The diagram shows a system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used in the communication system.

[0014] Figure 1D This illustrates that, according to an embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The system diagram shown is another example RAN and another example CN used in the communication system.

[0015] Figure 2 This is a diagram showing an example video encoder.

[0016] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder.

[0017] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating examples of systems in which various aspects and examples can be implemented.

[0018] Figure 5 This is a diagram showing an example of a coding tree.

[0019] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the division of a coding tree unit.

[0020] Figure 7 This is a diagram showing an example of partitioning of a coding unit.

[0021] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) CTU.

[0022] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a ternary tree coding unit segmentation pattern.

[0023] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a coding unit segmentation pattern.

[0024] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a CU binary asymmetric segmentation pattern.

[0025] Figure 12 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a set of extended CU segmentation patterns.

[0026] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating an example of an encoding structure used to encode an image.

[0027] Figure 14 This is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling associated with a block partition.

[0028] Figure 15 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a shifted quadtree partitioning pattern.

[0029] Figure 16 This is a diagram showing an example of block partitioning syntax arrangement.

[0030] Figure 17 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the block partitioning process.

[0031] Figure 18 This is a diagram illustrating an example of recursive segmentation of a block.

[0032] Figure 19 This is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling associated with a block partition.

[0033] Figure 20 This is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling associated with a block partition.

[0034] Figure 21 This is a diagram illustrating an example of recursive quadtree partitioning.

[0035] Figure 22 This is a diagram illustrating an example of recursive shifting quadtree partitioning.

[0036] Figure 23 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a shifted non-square quadtree partitioning pattern.

[0037] Figure 24 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a shifted quadtree partitioning pattern.

[0038] Figure 25 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the process of transforming and shifting quadtree partitioning.

[0039] Figure 26 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the process of transforming and shifting quadtree partitioning. Detailed Implementation

[0040] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, which is given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0041] Figure 1AThis is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 that can implement one or more of the disclosed embodiments. Communication system 100 may be a multiple access system providing content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting to multiple wireless users. Communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content through shared system resources including wireless broadband. For example, communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0042] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of industrial and / or automated processing chains), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0043] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks such as CN 106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. For example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), node Bs, eNode Bs, master node Bs, master eNodeBs, gNBs, NR node Bs, site controllers, access points (APs), wireless routers, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0044] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may also be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In embodiments, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0045] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0046] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 / 113 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies, such as using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) for air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0047] In the embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies, such as using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) for air interface 116.

[0048] In the embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies, such as using New Radio (NR) to establish NR radio access for air interface 116.

[0049] In the embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can, for instance, use the dual connectivity (DC) principle to jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access. Therefore, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0050] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSMEDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0051] Figure 1A Base station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, master node B, master eNode-B, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in local areas such as commercial locations, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, air corridors (e.g., for use by drones), roads, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can be directly connected to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b does not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0052] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although Figure 1AAs not shown, but will be understood, RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs using the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) using GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0053] CN 106 / 115 can also serve as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0054] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that can use cellular-based radio technology and with a base station 114b that can use IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0055] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (See diagram below.) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmitting / receiving element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It will be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements.

[0056] Processor 118 can be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 can perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 can be coupled to transceiver 120, which can be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B While the processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0057] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0058] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals via air interface 116.

[0059] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Therefore, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers for enabling WTRU 102 to communicate via various RATs (e.g., such as NR and IEEE 802.11).

[0060] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to and receive user input data from: a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Additionally, the processor 118 can access information and store data from any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information and store data from memory not actually located on WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown).

[0061] The processor 118 may receive power from the power supply 134 and may be configured to distribute power to other components in the WTRU 102 and / or control power to those other components. The power supply 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0062] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or instead of information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method.

[0063] The processor 118 can also be connected to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0064] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio, wherein some or all of the transmission and reception of signals (e.g., associated with a specific subframe of both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In embodiments, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio, wherein some or all of the transmission and reception of signals (e.g., associated with a specific subframe of both UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0065] Figure 1C This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0066] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c, but it will be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, for example, eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0067] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0068] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is described as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0069] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, activating / deactivating bearers, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0070] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to or from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during eNode-B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available to WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0071] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0072] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to circuit-switched networks (such as PSTN 108) to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional terrestrial line communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108, or can communicate with it. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0073] Despite WTRU in Figures 1A to 1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is envisioned that, in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may (e.g., temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0074] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0075] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may access a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that loads traffic into and / or loads traffic out of the BSS, or have an interface to it. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can be delivered to the AP via it. Traffic from a STA destined for a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP, for example, where a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic can be sent between a source STA and a destination STA using a direct link setup (DLS) (e.g., directly between them). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an access point (AP), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to as a "self-organizing" communication mode in this document.

[0076] When operating in 802.11ac infrastructure mode or a similar mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz bandwidth) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access - Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, each STA (e.g., every STA), including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If a particular STA senses / detects that the primary signal is busy and / or determines that the primary signal is busy, that STA can back off. In a given BSS, at any given time, only one STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit.

[0077] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels.

[0078] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. In the 80+80 configuration, data, after channel coding, can be passed through a fragment parser that splits the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. The streams can be mapped onto the two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above operations of the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0079] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV Blank (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to representative embodiments, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support (e.g., only support) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0080] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STAs operating in the BSS that support the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Assignment Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to STAs (which only support the 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and potentially available.

[0081] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0082] Figure 1D This is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

[0083] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, but it will be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, for example, gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be located on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be located on licensed spectrum. In embodiments, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0084] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes of various or scalable lengths or transmission time intervals (TTIs) (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or absolute times of varying durations).

[0085] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobile anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN (such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobile anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0086] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, routing of control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0087] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is described as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0088] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMFs 183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service types being used by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, and services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies (such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro) and / or non-3GPP access technologies (such as WiFi).

[0089] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure traffic routing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, or Ethernet-based.

[0090] UPF 184a and 184b can connect via the N3 interface to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113. These gNBs can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as the Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0091] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include or be able to communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be connected to DN 185a and 185b via UPF 184a and 184b through the N3 interface to UPF 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPF 184a and 184b and local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b.

[0092] Given Figures 1A to 1D and Figures 1A to 1D The corresponding descriptions can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown) that perform one or more of the functions described herein with respect to: WTRU 102a to 102d, base stations 114a to 114b, eNode-B 160a to 160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a to 180c, AMF 182a to 182b, UPF 184a to 184b, SMF 183a to 183b, DN 185a to 185b, and / or any other devices described herein. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0093] Simulation devices can be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in laboratory and / or carrier network environments. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions when fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions when temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communication to perform tests.

[0094] One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, a simulation device may be used to test scenarios in a laboratory and / or an undeployed (e.g., tested) wired and / or wireless communication network to enable testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices may be test equipment. Simulation devices may transmit and / or receive data using direct RF connections and / or wireless communication via an RF circuit system (e.g., which may include one or more antennas).

[0095] This application describes various aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a specific manner, and are generally described in a way that may sound restrictive, at least to illustrate the individual features. However, this is for the purpose of clarity of description and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all the different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide other aspects. Furthermore, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with those described in previous documents.

[0096] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. The accompanying drawings provided herein provide some examples, but other examples are contemplated. The discussion of the drawings does not limit the breadth of implementations. At least one aspect generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable media (e.g., storage media) including (e.g., having stored thereon) instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or computer-readable storage media storing bitstreams generated according to any of the methods. When referred to herein, bitstream can refer to transmitted data, but can also refer to data stored, generated, and / or accessed but not transmitted (e.g., non-transitory data).

[0097] In this application, the terms “reconstruction” and “decoding” are used interchangeably, the terms “pixel” and “sample” are used interchangeably, and the terms “image”, “picture” and “frame” are used interchangeably.

[0098] This document describes various methods, each of which includes one or more steps or actions to implement the described method. Unless the correct operation of the method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. Additionally, in various examples, terms such as "first," "second," etc., may be used to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding." Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply a sequence of operations. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, but can occur, for example, before, during, or in a time period overlapping with the second decoding.

[0099] The various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify, for example... Figure 2 and Figure 3 The illustrated video encoder 200 and decoder 300 modules include, for example, a decoding module. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video encoding, whether described in standards or recommendations (whether pre-existing or future-developed) and any extensions to such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise stated or technically excluded, these aspects described in this application may be used alone or in combination.

[0100] Various numerical values ​​are used in the examples described in this application. These and other specific values ​​are for illustrative purposes only, and the aspects described are not limited to these specific values.

[0101] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are envisioned, but for clarity, encoder 200 is described below without depicting all anticipated variations.

[0102] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo pre-coding processing 201, such as applying color transformations to the input color image (e.g., a conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing remapping of the input image components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization with one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and appended to the bitstream.

[0103] In encoder 200, the image is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The image to be encoded is partitioned 202 and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded using, for example, an intra-frame or inter-frame mode. When a unit is encoded in intra-frame mode, intra-frame prediction 260 is performed. In inter-frame mode, motion estimation 275 and compensation 270 are performed. The encoder determines 205 which mode, intra-frame or inter-frame, to use to encode the unit, and indicates the intra-frame / inter-frame decision via, for example, a prediction mode flag. For example, the prediction residual is calculated by subtracting 210 prediction blocks from the original image block.

[0104] The predicted residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with the motion vector and other syntactic elements, are entropy-coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. Alternatively, the encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly encode the residual without applying either the transform or quantization process.

[0105] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized 240 and inverse transformed 250 to decode the prediction residual. The decoded prediction residual and the prediction block are combined 255 to reconstruct the image block. An in-loop filter 265 is applied to the reconstructed image to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering, thereby reducing coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored in a reference image buffer (280).

[0106] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example video decoder. In the example decoder 300, the bitstream is decoded by decoder elements, as described below. The video decoder 300 typically performs operations similar to... Figure 2 The encoding process described herein is the opposite of the decoding process. Encoder 200 typically also performs video decoding as part of the encoded video data.

[0107] Specifically, the decoder's input includes a video bitstream, which can be generated by the video encoder 200. First, entropy decoding 330 is performed on the bitstream to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other encoded information. Image partitioning information indicates how the image should be partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can partition the image 335 based on the decoded image partitioning information. The transform coefficients are dequantized 340 and inverse transformed 350 to decode the prediction residuals. The decoded prediction residuals and prediction blocks are combined 355 to reconstruct image blocks. Prediction blocks 370 can be obtained from intra-frame prediction 360 or motion-compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) 375. An in-loop filter 365 is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored in a reference image buffer 380.

[0108] The decoded image can also undergo post-decoding processing 385, such as inverse color transformation (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or inverse remapping, which performs the inverse of the remapping process performed in pre-encoding processing 201. Post-decoding processing can utilize metadata derived in pre-encoding processing and signaled in the bitstream. In the example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying in-loop filter 365 and / or, in the case of post-decoding processing, after post-decoding processing 385) can be sent to a display device for presentation to the user.

[0109] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating examples of systems in which the various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including the various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smartphones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. Elements of system 400 may be embodied individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing elements and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects described in this document.

[0110] System 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded thereon to implement various aspects described herein, such as those described. Processor 410 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuitry known in the art. System 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). System 400 includes a storage device 440 that may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including but not limited to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, disk drives, and / or optical disk drives. As a non-limiting example, storage device 440 may include internal storage devices, attached storage devices (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or network-accessible storage devices.

[0111] System 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430 configured to, for example, process data to provide encoded or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that can be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. It is well known that a device may include one or both of the encoding and decoding modules. Alternatively, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of system 400, or it may be incorporated within processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0112] Program code to be loaded onto processor 410 or encoder / decoder 430 to execute the various aspects described in this document may be stored in storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto memory 420 for execution by processor 410. Depending on various examples, one or more of processor 410, memory 420, storage device 440, and encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or portions of decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results from equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic processing.

[0113] In some examples, the memory within processor 410 and / or encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, external memory (e.g., the processing device could be processor 410 or encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. External memory could be memory 420 and / or storage device 440, such as volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, the operating system of a television. In at least one example, fast external volatile memory such as RAM is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0114] Input to the components of system 400 can be provided through various input devices, as indicated in box 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to, (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives, for example, RF signals transmitted over the air by a broadcaster, (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals), (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal, and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Figure 4 Other examples not shown include composite video.

[0115] In various examples, the input device of block 445 has corresponding input processing elements known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also known as selecting a signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) further band-limiting to a narrower band to select (e.g.,) a signal band that may be referred to as a channel in some examples), (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired data packet stream. The RF section of various examples includes one or more elements performing these functions, such as frequency selectors, signal selectors, band limiters, channel selectors, filters, downconverters, demodulators, error correctors, and demultiplexers. The RF section may include tuners performing various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., intermediate frequency or near-baseband frequency) or baseband. In one set-top box example, the RF section and its associated input processing elements receive RF signals transmitted via a wired (e.g., cable) medium and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-converting, and filtering again to the desired frequency band. Various examples rearrange the above (and other) components, remove some of them, and / or add other components that perform similar or different functions. Adding components may include inserting components between existing components, such as inserting amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters. In various examples, the RF section includes an antenna.

[0116] USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting system 400 to other electronic devices via USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within processor 410 as needed. Similarly, aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented, as needed, within a separate interface IC or within processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed stream is provided to various processing elements, including, for example, processor 410 and an encoder / decoder 430 operating in conjunction with memory and storage elements, to process the data stream as needed for presentation on an output device.

[0117] Various components of system 400 can be housed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various components can be interconnected and transmit data between them using suitable connection devices 425 (e.g., internal buses known in the art, including inter-IC (I2C) buses, wiring, and printed circuit boards).

[0118] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data via the communication channel 460. The communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or network interface card (NIC), and the communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0119] In various examples, data is streamed to or otherwise provided to system 400 using a wireless network, such as a Wi-Fi network, for example, IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). In these examples, the Wi-Fi signal is received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 adapted for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 in these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks, including the Internet, to allow streaming applications and other over-the-top communications. Other examples use a set-top box to provide streaming data to system 400, delivering data via an HDMI connection to input block 445. Still other examples use an RF connection to input block 445 to provide streaming data to system 400. As indicated above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. Additionally, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or Bluetooth® networks.

[0120] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485, and other peripheral devices 495. Various examples of display 475 include one or more of, for example, touchscreen displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, curved displays, and / or foldable displays. Display 475 can be used in televisions, tablets, laptops, mobile phones, or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., in a smartphone) or standalone (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripheral devices 495 include one or more of standalone digital video discs (or digital multifunction discs) (DVDs, for both terms), disc players, stereo systems, and / or lighting systems. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 495 that provide functionality based on the output of system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0121] In various examples, signaling (such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention) is used to transmit control signals between system 400 and display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral devices 495. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to system 400 via dedicated connections through corresponding interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, output devices may be connected to system 400 via communication interface 450 using communication channel 460. Display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit along with other components of system 400 in electronic devices such as televisions. In various examples, display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0122] For example, if the RF input section 445 is part of a separate set-top box, the display 475 and speaker 485 can alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components. In various examples where the display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal can be provided via a dedicated output connection, including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0123] The example can be executed by processor 410 or by computer software implemented by hardware or a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, the example can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. As a non-limiting example, memory 420 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. As a non-limiting example, processor 410 can be of any type suitable for the technical environment and can encompass one or more microprocessors, general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, and processors based on multi-core architectures.

[0124] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, "decoding" can encompass all or part of a process performed, for example, on a received encoded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such a process includes one or more processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such a process also includes, or alternatively includes, processes performed by an encoder of the various implementations described herein.

[0125] As further examples, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding; in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding; and in yet another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Based on the specific context of the description, it will be clear whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or to refer to a broader decoding process, and it is believed that those skilled in the art will readily understand this.

[0126] Various implementations include encoding. Similar to the discussion above regarding "decoding," "encoding" as used in this application can include, for example, all or part of the processing performed on the input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential coding, transform, quantization, and entropy coding. In various examples, such processes also include, or alternatively include, processes performed by a decoder of the various implementations described in this application.

[0127] As further examples, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding; in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding; and in yet another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of entropy encoding and differential encoding. Based on the specific context of the description, it will be clear whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to specifically refer to a subset of operations or to refer to a broader encoding process, and it is believed that those skilled in the art will readily understand this.

[0128] It should be noted that the syntactic elements used in this article are descriptive terms. Therefore, the use of other syntactic element names is not excluded.

[0129] When a diagram is presented as a flowchart, it should be understood that it also provides a block diagram of the corresponding apparatus. Similarly, when a diagram is presented as a block diagram, it should be understood that it also provides a flowchart of the corresponding method / process.

[0130] The implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented, for example, in methods or processes, apparatuses, software programs, data streams, or signals. Even if discussed only in the context of a single implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the implementation of the features in question can also be implemented in other forms (e.g., apparatuses or programs). Apparatuses can be implemented, for example, with appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. Methods can be implemented, for example, in a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, microprocessor, integrated circuit, or programmable logic device. Processors also include communication devices, such as computers, cellular phones, portable / personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and other devices that facilitate information communication between end users.

[0131] The reference to “an example” or “an example” or “an implementation” or “an implementation”, and their variations, means that the specific features, structures, characteristics, etc., described in connection with the example are included in at least one example. Therefore, the phrases “in an example” or “in the example” or “in an implementation” or “in the implementation”, and any other variations, appearing throughout this application, do not necessarily refer to the same example.

[0132] Additionally, this application may relate to "determining" various types of information. Determining information may include one or more of the following: for example, estimated information, calculated information, predicted information, or information retrieved from memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0133] Furthermore, this application may involve "accessing" various types of information. Accessing information may include one or more of the following: for example, receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., retrieving from memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0134] Additionally, this application may relate to "receiving" various types of information. Like "access," the intent to receive is a broad term. Receiving information may include one or more of the following: for example, accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., retrieving from memory). Furthermore, "receiving" is generally referred to in one or more ways during operation, such as storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0135] It should be understood that, for example, in the cases of “A / B,” “A and / or B,” and “at least one of A and B,” the use of any of the following “ / ,” “and / or,” and “at least one” is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or selecting both options (A and B). As yet another example, in the cases of “A, B, and / or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C,” this wording is intended to include selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first and second listed options (A and B), or only the first and third listed options (A and C), or only the second and third listed options (B and C), or selecting all three options (A, B, and C). As will be apparent to those skilled in the art and related fields, this can be extended to a large number of listed items.

[0136] Furthermore, as used herein, the word “signal” specifically refers to instructing the corresponding decoder to do something. In this way, in the examples, the same parameters are used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Therefore, for example, the encoder can send (explicit signaling) a specific parameter to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameter. Conversely, if the decoder already has the specific parameter along with other parameters, signaling can be used without sending (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select the specific parameter. Bit savings are achieved in various examples by avoiding the transmission of any actual functionality. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in many ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntactic elements, flags, etc., are used to send information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form of the word “signal” was mentioned above, the word “signal” can also be used as a noun in this article.

[0137] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that implementations can generate various signals that are formatted to carry, for example, information that can be stored or transmitted. The information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data generated by one of the described implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bitstream of the described example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, electromagnetic waves (e.g., using the radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or baseband signals. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier wave with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. It is well known that signals can be transmitted via a variety of different wired or wireless links. Signals may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0138] This document describes numerous examples. Features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. Furthermore, examples may include one or more of the features, devices, or aspects described herein, individually or in any combination across various claim classes and types. For example, the features described herein may be implemented in a bitstream or signal that includes information generated as described herein. This information may allow a decoder to decode the bitstream, the encoder, bitstream, and / or decoder being any of the embodiments described. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or sending and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a method, process, apparatus, medium storing instructions (e.g., a computer-readable medium), medium storing data, or signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, set-top box, mobile phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device performing decoding. The TV, set-top box, mobile phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may display (e.g., using a monitor, screen, or other type of display) a resulting image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). The TV, set-top box, mobile phone, tablet computer, or other electronic device may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0139] During video compression, images can be divided into coding tree units (CTUs). The size of a CTU can be, for example, 64×64, 128×128, or 256×256 pixels. Figure 5 An example of a coding tree unit and coding tree structure for representing a compressed image (e.g., an encoded image) is shown. (Each) CTU can be represented by a coding tree in the compression domain. The quadtree partition of the CTU can have many associated leaf nodes, where (each) a leaf can be called a coding unit (CU).

[0140] Figure 6 An example of dividing a coding tree unit into coding units, prediction units, and transform units is shown. Intra-frame and / or inter-frame prediction parameters (e.g., prediction information) can be assigned to (e.g., each) CU. CUs can be partitioned (e.g., spatially partitioned) into one or more prediction units (PUs). Prediction information can be assigned to (e.g., each) PU. Intra-frame or inter-frame coding modes can be assigned at the CU level.

[0141] Figure 7 An example of partitioning coding units into prediction units is shown. Coding units can be partitioned into prediction units, for example, based on a partition type that can be signaled in the bitstream. Intra-frame coding units can use (e.g., only) partition types 2N×2N and N×N, as shown in... Figure 7The example illustrates this. Square PUs (e.g., square PUs only) can be used for intra-frame coding units. Inter-frame coding units can use square and / or rectangular partition types. For example, inter-frame coding units can be used in... Figure 7 The example shows (for example, all) partition types.

[0142] Encoding units can (e.g., may also) be recursively divided into transform units, for example, following a "transform tree". A transform tree can be a quadtree partition of encoding units. A transform unit can be a leaf node of a transform tree. A transform unit can encapsulate a square transform block associated with (e.g., each) image component of the square spatial region under consideration. For example, when applying the same transform, a transform block can be a square sample block within a single component.

[0143] The coding tree unit representation in the compression domain can represent image data in a more flexible way. Compared with the CU / PU / TU arrangement, the flexible representation of the coding tree can improve compression efficiency.

[0144] Figure 8 An example of a Quadtree Plus Binary Tree (QTBT) CTU representation is shown. QTBT encoding tools can provide increased flexibility. A QTBT representation can include a coding tree, where coding units can be segmented in a quadtree and / or binary tree manner.

[0145] The segmentation of the coding unit can be determined on the encoder side, for example, based on (e.g., using) a rate-distortion optimization process. This process may include determining the QTBT representation of the CTU at the minimum rate-distortion cost.

[0146] In QTBT representation, the CU can be square or rectangular in shape. The size of the coding unit can (e.g., always) be a power of two (2), such as between four (4) and 128.

[0147] CTU representation can have one or more (e.g., all) of the following characteristics: various rectangular shapes of coding units; QTBT decomposition of CTU can be multiple (e.g., two) stages; luma and chroma block partitioning structures can be independently separated and / or determined in intra-frame slices; CU can be unpartitioned into prediction units or transform units; additional CU partitioning modes can be implemented.

[0148] The QTBT decomposition of CTU can be performed in one or more (e.g., two) stages. For example, CTU can be (e.g., firstly) partitioned in a quadtree manner, and (e.g., each) quadtree leaf can be further partitioned in a binary manner, as in Figure 8 The example illustrates this, where solid lines can represent quadtree decomposition stages and dashed lines can represent binary decompositions spatially embedded in the leaves of a quadtree.

[0149] The luminance and chrominance block partitioning structure can be independently separated and / or determined within intra-frame slices.

[0150] A CU may not be partitioned into prediction units or transform units. (For example, each) coding unit may (for example, systematically) consist of a single prediction unit (for example, the previous 2N×2N prediction unit partitioning type) and / or a single transform unit (for example, not partitioned into a transform tree).

[0151] In some examples, for most coding units and / or for most CU coding modes, a CU may not be partitioned into PUs or TUs. (For example, each) coding unit may (for example, systematically) consist of a single prediction unit (e.g., a 2N×2N prediction unit partitioning type) and / or a single transform unit (e.g., not partitioned into a transform tree). There may be exceptions. For example, one or more of the following PU or TU partitions may be applicable to coding units in one or more (e.g., four (4)) coding modes. A CU (e.g., with a width or height greater than 64) may be tiled into a TU with a size equal to the maximum supported transform size. For example, the maximum transform size may be equal to 64. For example, an intra-frame CU encoded in an intra-fractional sub-partition (ISP) mode may be partitioned into two (2) or four (4) transform units, depending on the type of ISP mode used and / or the shape of the CU. An inter-frame CU encoded in a sub-block transform (SBT) mode may be partitioned into two (2) transform units, wherein one of the resulting TUs may have residual data equal to zero. Inter-frame CUs encoded in Triangle Prediction Combining (TPM) mode can consist of two (2) triangle prediction units, each of which can be assigned its own motion data.

[0152] Additional CU partitioning modes can be implemented, which can be referred to as horizontal or vertical ternary tree partitioning modes. CU partitioning modes may include dividing a coding unit (CU) into three (3) sub-coding units (sub-CUs), for example, in the direction of the spatial partitioning under consideration, the sub-coding units may have corresponding sizes equal to ¼, ½, and ¼ of the size of their parent CU. Figure 9 Examples of horizontal (e.g., HOR_TRIPLE) and vertical (e.g., VER_TRIPLE) tritree coding unit segmentation patterns are shown in the figure.

[0153] Figure 10 The image shows an example of a set (e.g., a complete set) of CU segmentation modes that exist in a codec based on a video coding scheme.

[0154] Encoding units with rectangular shapes can be used for binary segmentation patterns (e.g., asymmetric segmentation patterns), such as... Figure 11 As shown. The dimensions of these rectangular CU shapes in width and / or height can be... CUs whose size is a multiple of 3 in width and / or height can be partitioned horizontally and / or vertically in a binary manner. CUs partitioned by one or more asymmetric binary partitioning patterns (e.g., such as HOR_UP or horizontal upward) have sizes... Square encoding units (for example, representing width and height) can produce rectangles of the corresponding size. and Multiple (e.g., two) sub-coding units.

[0155] Figure 12 Examples of partitioning and CU splitting patterns are shown, including horizontal and vertical ternary tree splitting patterns. Ternary tree splitting can include splitting a CU into tree sub-CUs of size (1 / 4, 1 / 2, 1 / 4) relative to the parent CU in the considered orientation.

[0156] Figure 13 An example of the encoding units that the encoder can select is shown. Figure 13 The thick black square in the upper right corner represents the quadtree decomposition of CTU, while the thinner white lines inside the square represent the binary tree decomposition embedded in the quadtree. Tritree and asymmetric binary tree segmentation modes can be used to partition images, such as... Figure 13 As shown. Coding unit topology (e.g., additional coding unit topology generated by ternary tree and asymmetric binary tree partitioning patterns) can allow the coding structure to spatially match the structures and / or discontinuities included in the video signal.

[0157] Asymmetric binary tree (ABT) partitioning can improve coding efficiency. ABT introduces the possibility of recursively partitioning coding tree units (CTUs) into coding units, which expands the search space to find ways to partition CTUs into coding units (e.g., the optimal way). Coding runtime (e.g., encoder runtime) can increase due to the expanded search space. To support... The size of the CU (e.g., in width and / or height) can be transformed using a non-two power of a size.

[0158] One or more partitioning (e.g., block partitioning) patterns described in this disclosure can achieve a trade-off between encoding (e.g., encoding) time and compression performance, for example, without introducing additional CU size. Using these partitioning patterns can improve the performance of video systems.

[0159] The block partitioning patterns described herein can be used to derive topologies that other partitioning patterns may not be able to provide. For example, some block boundary locations obtained using the block partitioning patterns described herein may not be available using other partitioning patterns. The block partitioning patterns described herein can be used to divide a block region into multiple sub-blocks (e.g., 3, 4 or more) based on a single partitioning operation.

[0160] The block partitioning patterns described herein can include shifted quadtree partitioning. Using shifted quadtree partitioning, square or rectangular regions can be partitioned via quadtree partitioning. The partition line associated with the quadtree partition may or may not be located in the middle of the parent block.

[0161] The shifted quadtree partitioning pattern can be associated with one or more enable / disable rules that ensure (e.g., any) that the leaves of the coded tree can include rectangular or square blocks whose size (e.g., width and / or height) is a power of 2. Intermediate coded tree nodes with non-binary block sizes (e.g., not a power of 2) can be (e.g., recursively) partitioned into sub-blocks.

[0162] Figure 14 Example syntactic permutations associated with signaling block partitioning are shown. One or more of the following syntactic elements can be used (e.g., at the encoding tree node level). `split_cu_flag` indicates whether the block corresponding to the current encoding tree node can be split. If the block is not split, a `NO_SPLIT` splitting pattern can be assigned to the current block, which may include leaves of the encoding tree of the considered CTU. `split_qt_flag` indicates whether a quadtree split can be performed on the block corresponding to the current encoding tree node. If a quadtree split is performed, a `QT` splitting pattern can be assigned to the current encoding tree node, and the corresponding image block can be divided into multiple (e.g., 4) sub-blocks (e.g., equal-sized). If a quadtree split is not performed, the current block can be split based on a binary or ternary splitting pattern, and the following syntactic element (e.g., `mtt_split_cu_vertical_flag`) can be signaled. `mtt_split_cu_vertical_flag` indicates whether a binary or ternary split is applied to the current block along a vertical or horizontal direction. This can be followed by another syntactic element (e.g., `mtt_split_binary_flag`). `mtt_split_binary_flag` indicates whether to apply a binary split to the current block. If no binary split is applied, a ternary split can be applied.

[0163] Figure 15 An example of a shifted quadtree partitioning pattern is shown. The shifted quadtree partitioning pattern can divide a block into multiple (e.g., 4) sub-CUs, where the intersection point between the vertical and horizontal partition boundaries (e.g., the partition center) can be shifted relative to the center of the parent CU. For example, the partition center can be located in the upper right, lower right, upper left, or lower left position relative to the center of the parent CU.

[0164] Figure 16Example syntactic permutations associated with shifted quadtree splitting patterns are shown. One or more syntactic elements can be used to signal the splitting pattern for a given coded tree node. Syntactic elements can include one or more of the following (e.g., if an indicator such as split_qt_flag is set to true). Syntactic elements can include split_qt_shifted_flag, which, if set to true, indicates that the quadtree split of the block is shifted relative to the center of the parent CU. If split_qt_shifted_flag is set to false, the regular quadtree splitting pattern QT can be assigned to the block. If split_qt_shifted_flag is set to true, one or more other syntactic elements, such as split_up_flag and split_left_flag, can be signaled. If set to true, split_up_flag indicates that the split center is at the top of the parent CU center. If set to false, split_up_flag indicates that the split center is below the parent CU center. If set to true, split_left_flag indicates that the split center is to the left of the parent CU center. If set to false, split_left_flag can indicate that the split center is located to the right of the parent CU center. Based on these syntactic elements, block partitioning may result in multiple (e.g., 4) split patterns, including, for example, QT_UP_LEFT (e.g., top left), QT_UP_RIGHT (e.g., top right), QT_DOWN_LEFT (e.g., bottom left) and / or QT_DOWN_RIGHT (e.g., bottom right).

[0165] If a shifted quadtree partition is applied to the current encoding tree node, the corresponding block can be divided into multiple (e.g., 4) sub-blocks, for example, as shown below. Figure 14 As shown (e.g., using the QT_UP_RIGHT partitioning mode). Partitioning can be applied as follows. A fixed partitioning ratio can be used (e.g., α∈[0,1]), which, for example, allows the derivation of topologies that other block partitioning techniques might not provide. In the example, α could be set to a value of 1 / 8 or 3 / 8.

[0166] Block partitioning can be performed as follows (for example, assuming the parent CU size is...). ).

[0167] For the QT_UP_LEFT splitting mode, four sub-blocks can be generated, with sizes of [sizes to be filled in]. .

[0168] For the QT_UP_RIGHT splitting mode, four sub-blocks can be generated, with sizes of (1-...). .

[0169] For the QT_DOWN_LEFT splitting mode, four sub-blocks can be generated, with sizes of [sizes to be filled in]. .

[0170] For the QT_DOWN_RIGHT splitting mode, four sub-blocks can be generated, with sizes of [sizes to be filled in]. .

[0171] The value of α can be based on the size of the parent CU (e.g., based on the width and / or height of the parent CU, or the number of luminance samples in the parent CU). The value of α can also be based on the depth of the coding tree node corresponding to the parent CU.

[0172] Depending on the value of the parameter α, various block sizes can be used in the shifted quadtree partitioning mode, such as 12, 24, 28, 40, 48, 56, or 80.

[0173] For the block partitioning mode described herein (e.g., regarding the encoding phase), one or more of the following can be true: Transform and / or inverse transform operations can support block sizes that are powers of 2 and non-powers of 2 (e.g., as in asymmetric binary tree splitting mode). Block residual encoding / decoding operations can be performed for coding unit sizes that are multiples of 4.

[0174] Recursive segmentation of the encoded tree nodes derived from the shifted quadtree segmentation can be applied. Figure 18 An example of recursive segmentation of blocks based on a shifted quadtree is shown. Recursive segmentation avoids introducing new CU (e.g., encoding leaf) sizes. Multiple (e.g., all) encoded blocks (e.g., including blocks resulting from shifted quadtree segmentation) can have sizes equal to powers of 2 (e.g., in width and / or height).

[0175] If the block corresponding to the coding tree has a size that is not a power of 2 (e.g., in width or height), the NO_SPLIT mode described herein may not be applied. In this case, a split indication (e.g., such as split_cu_flag described herein) may not be signaled, and the split indication may be inferred as true on the decoder side (e.g., a split is performed). Horizontal or vertical binary splits can be applied to CUs whose size is not a power of 2 (e.g., in width or height).

[0176] If a binary partition is applied in a direction whose size is not a power of 2, the following applies. If the binary partition is not symmetric, the partition ratio can be based on the non-power-of-2 size of the parent CU to be partitioned. One or more of the following may occur: If the parent CU size has If the form is given, the split ratio can be set to 3 / 7 and / or 4 / 7, which may result in sub-block sizes that are not powers of 2 and / or powers of 2. If the parent CU size has If the form is given, the split ratio can be set to 2 / 5 and / or 3 / 5, which may result in sub-block sizes that are not powers of 2 and / or powers of 2. If the parent CU size has In the form of , the split ratio can be set to 1 / 3 and / or 2 / 3, which may result in sub-block sizes that are powers of 2.

[0177] As an example, if a block with a non-binary (e.g., a power of 2) width has a width equal to 28 ( If the width is 12, then a vertical binary division may result in sub-blocks with widths of 12 and 16. A sub-block with a width of 12 can be further divided, where the division ratio is 1 / 3 and / or 2 / 3, which may result in two sub-blocks with sizes of 4 and 8 respectively.

[0178] As another example, for asymmetric binary splits, one or more syntactic elements can be signaled to indicate the permutation of the asymmetric split. Figure 19 Examples of these syntax elements are shown. For instance, if a horizontal binary split is applied, the `bt_split_up_flag` syntax element can be used to indicate whether the binary split boundary is in the upper half of the parent block, which may result in a split pattern represented as `BT_UP` or `BT_DOWN`. If a horizontal binary split is applied, the `bt_split_left_flag` syntax element can be used to indicate whether the binary split boundary is in the left half of the parent block, which may result in a split pattern represented as `BT_LEFT` or `BT_RIGHT`.

[0179] As another example, symmetric and asymmetric binary partitioning can be applied to blocks with non-binary sizes. If the sub-blocks produced by symmetric partitioning can be further partitioned into blocks with binary sizes, then symmetric and asymmetric binary partitioning can be applied (e.g., only). For example, a block with a width of 24 can be symmetrically partitioned into multiple (e.g., 2) sub-blocks with a width of 12. These two sub-blocks can then be partitioned into sub-blocks of sizes 4 and 8, respectively.

[0180] like Figure 20 As shown, syntactic elements (e.g., bt_shifted_flag) can be used to indicate whether a block is split symmetrically. If a block is not split symmetrically, another syntactic element (e.g., bt_split_up_flag or bt_split_left_flag) can be signaled to indicate which asymmetric split was applied.

[0181] As another example, binary tree splitting and quadtree splitting can be applied to blocks derived from shifted quadtree splitting. Figure 21An example of applying symmetric quadtree partitioning to blocks generated by shifted quadtree partitioning is shown.

[0182] As another example, quadtree partitioning of blocks derived from shifted quadtree partitioning can be performed in a manner that can generate sub-blocks with binary sizes. Figure 22 The diagram illustrates an example where the QT_UP_RIGHT splitting pattern (e.g., recursively twice) can be applied to the input square block. For instance, the first shifted quadtree split can apply a split ratio of 3 / 4 and / or 1 / 4, and the second shifted quadtree split can apply a split ratio of 2 / 3 and / or 1 / 3. This can result in a binary bottom-right sub-block, such as... Figure 22 As shown. Other sub-blocks can be used for end-encoded leaves with binary sizes, as described in this paper, employing a binary shift segmentation pattern.

[0183] As another example, shifted quadtree partitioning can be applied to blocks smaller than or equal to a threshold (e.g., 64×64, 32×32, or 16×16). One or more constraints can be imposed under which shifted quadtree partitioning can be applied (e.g., only to square blocks).

[0184] As another example, shifted non-square quadtree (NQT) partitioning can be extended to rectangular blocks, such as... Figure 23 As shown. Shifted non-square quadtree partitioning can divide a 2N×N and / or N×2N block into 4 sub-CUs, where the partition center between the vertical and horizontal partition boundaries can be shifted relative to the center of the parent CU.

[0185] As another example, multiple values ​​for the split ratio α can be supported to perform a shifted quadtree split on a given block. For instance, the ratio α can be signaled in the bitstream after the syntax elements split_qt_shifted_flag, split_up_flag, and / or split_down_flag, allowing the decoder to receive an indication of which shifted quadtree split has been selected and applied on the encoder side, and the decoder can perform the same split.

[0186] As another example, during a shift quaternion split operation, separate shift split ratios can be applied to the vertical and / or horizontal split boundaries. For instance, the two ratios can be signaled in the bitstream after the syntax elements `split_qt_shifted_flag`, `split_up_flag`, and / or `split_down_flag`. and This allows the decoder to receive an indication of which shift quaternion segment has been selected and applied on the encoder side, and the decoder can perform the same segmentation.

[0187] As another example, one of the vertical and horizontal segmentation boundaries (e.g., only one) can be shifted, which could result in signaling a segmentation ratio α in the bitstream and applying it to the corresponding vertical or horizontal segment, such as... Figure 24 As shown.

[0188] As another example, for a given parent block to be split via a shifted quadtree, the shifted quadtree split can be adjusted to comply with one or more constraints regarding the size of the child blocks that can be produced by the split.

[0189] For example, if the partitioning pattern is achieved via a shifted quadtree... If the parent block is divided, the sizes of the four child blocks can be respectively... , , and If a constraint is imposed that blocks in the partition tree cannot have a width less than 4 or a height less than 4, the shifted quadtree partition can be adjusted to avoid generating sub-blocks with a width less than 4 or a height less than 4.

[0190] like Figure 25 As shown, if the quadtree is shifted... If the parent block is split, it may result in two child blocks of different sizes. and Regarding the above constraint, these two sub-blocks may be invalid because their height may be less than 4. Regarding this constraint, the size is... and The other two sub-blocks may be valid. In this case, the shifted quadtree partition can be transformed into a vertical binary partition (e.g., by removing the horizontal portion of the shifted quadtree partition).

[0191] like Figure 26 As shown, if the quadtree is shifted... If the parent block is split, it may result in two child blocks of different sizes. and Regarding the above constraint, the two sub-blocks may be invalid because their width is less than 4. Regarding this constraint, the size is... and The other two sub-blocks may be valid. In this case, the shifted quadtree partition can be transformed into a horizontal binary partition (e.g., removing the vertical portion of the shifted quadtree partition).

[0192] For example, when only horizontal and vertical BTs exist in the BT series, the shifted quadtree partitioning can be adapted to comply with constraints regarding the size of the sub-blocks produced by the partitioning and the block partitioning syntax arrangement described herein (e.g., such as...). Figure 16The syntax arrangement shown is combined. As another example, shifted quadtree partitions can be adapted to comply with constraints regarding the size of the sub-blocks produced by the partitions, combined with any block partitioning syntax.

Claims

1. A video decoding device, comprising: Processor, the processor being configured to: The parent coding unit (CU) will be divided into four or more sub-coding units (sub-CUs). Determine whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU; and If it is determined that the partitioning is not performed based on the center of the parent CU, then the parent CU is divided into the four or more sub-CUs along at least a first vertical dividing line and a first horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the parent CU.

2. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein, The intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is located at the upper right of the center of the parent CU, the upper left of the center of the parent CU, the lower right of the center of the parent CU, or the lower left of the center of the parent CU.

3. The video decoding device according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein, The determination of whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU is based on an instruction received from the bitstream.

4. The video decoding device according to claim 3, wherein, The indication received from the bitstream indicates the position of the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line relative to the center of the parent CU.

5. The video decoding device according to claim 3, wherein, The indication received from the bitstream indicates the segmentation ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal directions.

6. The video decoding device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The processor is configured to segment the sub-CU along the second vertical segmentation line and the second horizontal segmentation line, comprising: the processor being configured to determine a segmentation ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal segmentation ratios based on the size of the parent CU, the number of luminance samples in the parent CU, or the depth level of the coding tree associated with the parent CU.

7. The video decoding device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, The processor is also configured to: Determine whether to partition the subCUs based on the center of one of the four or more subCUs; and If it is determined that the sub-CU is not partitioned based on the center of the sub-CU, then the sub-CU is divided along at least a second vertical dividing line and a second horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the sub-CU.

8. The video decoding device according to claim 7, wherein, The sub-CU has a height or width that is not a power of 2, and wherein the CU obtained by dividing the sub-CU along the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line has a height or width that is a power of 2.

9. A video decoding method, comprising: The parent coding unit (CU) will be divided into four or more sub-coding units (sub-CUs). Determine whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU; and If it is determined that the partitioning is not performed based on the center of the parent CU, then the parent CU is divided into the four or more sub-CUs along at least a first vertical dividing line and a first horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the parent CU.

10. The video decoding method according to claim 9, wherein, The intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is located at the upper right of the center of the parent CU, the upper left of the center of the parent CU, the lower right of the center of the parent CU, or the lower left of the center of the parent CU.

11. The video decoding method according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein, The determination of whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU is based on an instruction received from the bitstream.

12. The video decoding method according to claim 11, wherein, The indication received from the bitstream indicates the position of the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line relative to the center of the parent CU.

13. The video decoding method according to claim 11, wherein, The indication received from the bitstream indicates the segmentation ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal directions.

14. The video decoding method according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein, Dividing the sub-CU along the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line includes determining the segmentation ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal directions based on the size of the parent CU, the number of luminance samples in the parent CU, or the depth level of the coding tree associated with the parent CU.

15. The video decoding method according to any one of claims 9 to 14, further comprising: Determine whether to partition the subCU based on the center of the subCU among the four or more subCUs; as well as If it is determined that the sub-CU is not partitioned based on the center of the sub-CU, then the sub-CU is divided along at least a second vertical dividing line and a second horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the sub-CU.

16. The video decoding method according to claim 15, wherein, The sub-CU has a height or width that is not a power of 2, and wherein the CU obtained by dividing the sub-CU along the second vertical dividing line and the second horizontal dividing line has a height or width that is a power of 2.

17. A video encoding device, comprising: Processor, the processor being configured to: The parent coding unit (CU) will be divided into four or more sub-coding units (sub-CUs). Determine whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU; and If it is determined that the partitioning is not performed based on the center of the parent CU, then the parent CU is divided into the four or more sub-CUs along at least a first vertical dividing line and a first horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the parent CU.

18. The video encoding device according to claim 17, wherein, The intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is located at the upper right of the center of the parent CU, the upper left of the center of the parent CU, the lower right of the center of the parent CU, or the lower left of the center of the parent CU.

19. The video encoding apparatus according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein, The determination of whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU is based on an instruction received from the bitstream, wherein the instruction indicates a partitioning ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal directions.

20. A video coding method, comprising: The parent coding unit (CU) will be divided into four or more sub-coding units (sub-CUs). Determine whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU; and If it is determined that the partitioning is not performed based on the center of the parent CU, then the parent CU is divided into the four or more sub-CUs along at least a first vertical dividing line and a first horizontal dividing line, such that the intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is shifted away from the center of the parent CU.

21. The video encoding device according to claim 20, wherein, The intersection of the first vertical dividing line and the first horizontal dividing line is located at the upper right of the center of the parent CU, the upper left of the center of the parent CU, the lower right of the center of the parent CU, or the lower left of the center of the parent CU.

22. The video encoding method according to claim 20 or claim 21, wherein, The determination of whether to perform the partitioning based on the center of the parent CU is based on an instruction received from the bitstream, wherein the instruction indicates a partitioning ratio in at least one of the vertical and horizontal directions.

23. A computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and comprising program code instructions that, when executed by a processor, are used to implement the steps of the method according to any one of claims 9 to 16 or 20 to 22.

24. Video data comprising information representing a parent coding unit encoded by the method according to any one of claims 20 to 22.

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