Continuous planting method of morchella in northern facility environment

Abstract

The invention provides a soil treatment method for continuous planting of morchella in a northern facility environment, and belongs to the technical field of facility cultivation. According to the method, after previous morchella esculenta is harvested, in the summer leisure period (June to August) of a northern greenhouse, a large number of organic materials are applied to soil, the soil is flooded and covered with a film, soil-borne pathogenic bacteria are rapidly killed through high-temperature fermentation of the organic materials in an extreme anaerobic environment, a carbon source is directly provided for the soil, and therefore the soil fertility is improved. Meanwhile, desulfurized gypsum is applied to the soil before the next-crop morchella esculenta is planted. By means of the continuous planting method, continuous cropping obstacles of the morchella can be effectively relieved, and the average yield is increased by 69.91%.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of facility cultivation technology, specifically relating to a method for continuous cultivation of morel mushrooms in a northern facility environment. Background Technology

[0002] Morel mushrooms are recognized as a rare and valuable edible and medicinal fungus, second only to truffles. In recent years, due to their significant cultivation benefits, the cultivation area has stabilized at over 400,000 mu (approximately 66,667 hectares), and their cultivation techniques have attracted increasing attention. However, continuous cropping obstacles occur when morel mushrooms are planted in the same plot for more than two years. These obstacles manifest as an increase in soil pathogens, nutrient imbalance, structural degradation, and a deterioration of the soil ecological environment. Consequently, morel mycelial growth is poor, primordia do not differentiate, ascocarps become smaller, pests and diseases become more severe, yields decrease, and even crop failure occurs.

[0003] The main causes of continuous cropping obstacles include: accumulation of soil pathogens, such as competitive fungi like Fusarium and Trichoderma, which remain in the soil after harvest and inhibit morel mycelial colonization; nutrient imbalance and accumulation of metabolic products, as morels consume nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter in the soil and secrete secondary metabolites that inhibit their own growth; imbalance of soil microbial flora, with a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in harmful fungi; and accumulation of autotoxins, as morels secrete phenolic acid autotoxins during their growth, which significantly inhibit mycelial growth.

[0004] In the south, the main way to alleviate the problem of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms is through rice-dryland rotation. In the north, under the condition of facility cultivation, there is no practical solution other than constantly changing the plots, which makes it difficult to meet the requirements of sustainable development. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a method for continuous cultivation of morel mushrooms in northern facility environments, which can overcome the obstacle of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms and increase morel mushroom yield.

[0006] This invention provides a soil treatment method for greenhouse morel cultivation, comprising the following steps: during the summer fallow period of the greenhouse, spreading branch waste and sesame oil cake on the soil surface, mixing them evenly with the topsoil, irrigating, and covering with film after the surface is free of standing water. The amount of the branch waste is 1~1.5t / mu; the amount of the sesame oil cake is 100~150kg / mu.

[0007] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the source of the branch waste includes at least one of the following: apple, caragana, wolfberry, grape and poplar.

[0008] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the irrigation volume reaches more than 1 / 2 of the depth of the cultivated layer, and the water depth on the ground after irrigation is 5-8 cm.

[0009] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, after the film is covered, the greenhouse is sealed and sealed for at least 3 weeks before the film is removed.

[0010] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, when the lowest temperature inside the greenhouse is ≥25℃, the covering time is ≥3 weeks; When the lowest ambient temperature in the facility is ≥15℃ but <25℃, the covering time is ≥5 weeks.

[0011] The present invention also provides a soil treatment method for increasing the yield of morel mushrooms in facility cultivation, comprising the following steps: in non-water-dry rotation areas, after the harvest of the previous crop of morel mushrooms, during the summer fallow period of the facility greenhouse, the soil is treated using the above-mentioned soil treatment method, and before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms, desulfurized gypsum is applied and mixed evenly with the topsoil.

[0012] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the amount of desulfurized gypsum used is 400~600 kg / mu.

[0013] The present invention also provides a method for continuous cultivation of morel mushrooms in facilities, comprising the following steps: in non-water-dry rotation areas, after the harvest of the previous crop of morel mushrooms, during the summer fallow period of the facility greenhouse, the soil is treated using the above-mentioned soil treatment method, and before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms, desulfurized gypsum is applied, and the desulfurized gypsum is mixed evenly with the topsoil before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms.

[0014] In one specific embodiment of the present invention, the amount of desulfurized gypsum used is 400~600 kg / mu.

[0015] Beneficial effects: This invention provides a soil treatment method for facility cultivation of morel mushrooms. After the previous crop of morel mushrooms is harvested, during the summer fallow period (June to August) in northern greenhouses, a large amount of organic material is applied to the soil and the soil is flooded and covered with film. Through high-temperature fermentation of organic material under extreme anaerobic conditions, soil-borne pathogens are quickly killed and carbon sources are directly provided to the soil, thereby improving soil fertility.

[0016] The soil treatment method described in this invention provides an efficient and environmentally friendly way to control soil-borne diseases, achieving a control rate of over 90%. It also improves soil physicochemical properties and eliminates soil degradation caused by continuous cropping. This invention uses forest branch waste and sesame oil cake as fermentation organic matter raw materials. After anaerobic high-temperature fermentation, it not only directly provides a carbon source to the soil, greatly increasing soil organic matter, but also increases the content of various nutrients in the soil, which is beneficial to the coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

[0017] This invention also provides a method for promoting morel mushroom yield in slightly saline-alkali soil in northern regions. After harvesting the previous crop of morel mushrooms, the aforementioned soil treatment is performed, and desulfurized gypsum is applied before planting the next crop. Adding desulfurized gypsum to the soil regulates soil nutrients, particularly aiding in the decomposition of nutrients in the nutrient bags, increasing the content of nutrients such as C, N, and K in the nutrient bags, and promoting more complete nutrient conversion and absorption in the soil and nutrient bags, thus significantly increasing the yield of morel mushroom fruiting bodies. Using the continuous planting method described in this invention, the obstacles of continuous cropping of morel mushrooms can be effectively alleviated, with an average yield increase of 69.91%. Detailed Implementation

[0018] This invention provides a soil treatment method for greenhouse morel cultivation, comprising the following steps: during the summer fallow period of the greenhouse, spreading branch waste and sesame oil cake on the soil surface, mixing them evenly with the topsoil, irrigating, and covering with film after the surface is free of standing water. The amount of the branch waste is 1~1.5t / mu; the amount of the sesame oil cake is 100~150kg / mu.

[0019] The facility cultivation described in this invention is carried out in northern regions. For example, morel mushrooms harvested in winter and spring are grown from February to April. Short-season vegetables can continue to be grown between the harvest and the summer fallow period in the greenhouse from June to August, or after the aforementioned soil treatment and before the next morel mushroom planting in November and December. This invention does not specifically limit the types of vegetables mentioned.

[0020] This invention, applied during the hottest months of June to August in northern regions, which also coincide with the summer fallow period in greenhouses, involves applying a large amount of organic material to the soil, flooding and covering it with plastic film, and sealing the greenhouse. Through high-temperature fermentation of the organic material under extreme anaerobic conditions, soil-borne pathogens are rapidly killed, and a carbon source is directly provided to the soil, thereby improving soil fertility. The organic material includes branch waste and sesame oil cake. The branch waste can be from at least one of the following sources: apple, caragana, goji berry, grape, and poplar. Only one source of branches can be added, or branches from multiple different sources can be added. The branches are pruned branches, which are air-dried, pulverized, and then spread on the soil surface. The pulverization in this invention refers to pulverizing to a particle size ≤1cm, with a dosage of 1-1.5 t / mu. In one embodiment of this invention, the added branches are derived from the normal maintenance and pruning of the aforementioned fruit trees and economic forests, air-dried, and pulverized to ≤1cm, with a dosage of 1 t / mu.

[0021] In this invention, the amount of sesame oil cake used is 100-150 kg / mu. The crushed branches and sesame oil cake are evenly spread on the soil surface and mixed evenly with the topsoil using a rotary tiller. The branches in this invention are obtained from the normal management and pruning of corresponding fruit trees and economic forests, and the sesame oil cake is the residue by-product after pressing sesame seeds to remove oil.

[0022] The present invention involves irrigating the organic material and soil after uniformly mixing them using a rotary tiller. The present invention does not have a special limitation on the type of irrigation, and conventional irrigation methods in the field can be used. For example, in the embodiment, flood irrigation is used, and the irrigation volume reaches more than 1 / 2 of the tillage depth, and the water depth on the ground after irrigation is 5-8 cm.

[0023] After irrigation, the soil is covered with a film once the surface is dry. In one embodiment, a 6-8 mil plastic film is used. This film covering creates an extreme anaerobic environment, allowing organic materials to ferment at high temperatures in the soil. This rapidly, efficiently, and environmentally friendly method kills soil-borne pathogens, achieving a control effect of over 90%. It also improves soil physicochemical properties, improves diseased soil in greenhouses, and eliminates soil degradation caused by continuous cropping. The high-temperature fermentation of the branches and sesame oil cake in this invention directly provides an organic carbon source to the soil, significantly increasing soil organic matter and the content of various nutrients. This promotes the coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and is superior to other common organic fertilizers. Compared to the control group, treatment with *Caragana korshinskii* powder and sesame oil cake reduced soil pH from 8.15 to 7.98, increased organic matter (organic carbon) by 50.1%, and increased available nitrogen by 55.5%, with ammonium nitrogen increasing from 0.51 mg / kg to 17.83 mg / kg. Available potassium and available phosphorus increased by 1.24 times and 45.2%, respectively.

[0024] The film covering time described in this invention is adjusted according to the lowest temperature in the facility environment. Generally, it is required to remove the film after at least 3 weeks. When the lowest temperature in the facility greenhouse is ≥25℃, the film covering time is ≥3 weeks; when the lowest temperature in the facility environment is ≥15℃ but <25℃, the film covering time is ≥5 weeks.

[0025] The present invention also provides a soil treatment method for increasing the yield of morel mushrooms in facility cultivation, comprising the following steps: in non-water-dry rotation areas, after the harvest of the previous crop of morel mushrooms, during the summer fallow period of the facility greenhouse, the soil is treated using the above-mentioned soil treatment method, and before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms, desulfurized gypsum is applied and mixed evenly with the topsoil.

[0026] This invention involves applying desulfurized gypsum before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms. The desulfurized gypsum is evenly spread on the soil surface in one go, followed by rotary tillage to ensure uniform mixing between the gypsum and the soil. The dosage of desulfurized gypsum is 400-600 kg / mu. The desulfurized gypsum described in this invention can lower the pH value of alkaline soils and regulate soil nutrients (desulfurized gypsum contains high levels of Ca and S, with a Ca content of 267.12 g / kg and a S content of 193.27 g / kg). In particular, it can stimulate the decomposition of nutrients in the nutrient bags and increase the content of nutrients such as C, N, and K in the nutrient bags, thereby promoting the transformation and absorption of nutrients in the soil and nutrient bags, and significantly increasing the yield of morel mushroom fruiting bodies.

[0027] This invention provides a method for continuous cultivation of morel mushrooms in facilities, comprising the following steps: in non-water-dry rotation areas, after the harvest of the previous crop of morel mushrooms, during the summer fallow period of the facility greenhouse, the soil is treated using the above-mentioned soil treatment method, and before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms, desulfurized gypsum is applied, and the desulfurized gypsum is mixed evenly with the topsoil before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms.

[0028] This invention involves applying desulfurized gypsum before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms. The desulfurized gypsum is evenly spread on the soil surface in one go, followed by rotary tillage to ensure uniform mixing between the gypsum and the soil. The dosage of desulfurized gypsum is 400-600 kg / mu. The desulfurized gypsum described in this invention can lower the pH value of alkaline soils and regulate soil nutrients (desulfurized gypsum contains high levels of Ca and S, with a Ca content of 267.12 g / kg and a S content of 193.27 g / kg). In particular, it can stimulate the decomposition of nutrients in the nutrient bags and increase the content of nutrients such as C, N, and K in the nutrient bags, thereby promoting the transformation and absorption of nutrients in the soil and nutrient bags, and significantly increasing the yield of morel mushroom fruiting bodies.

[0029] This invention allows for the planting of the next crop of morel mushrooms after the application of desulfurized gypsum. This invention does not impose any special limitations on the planting method of the morel mushrooms; the conventional planting methods for morel mushrooms, including land preparation, sowing, and other management, can be followed.

[0030] To further illustrate the present invention, the following detailed description of a method for continuous cultivation of morel mushrooms in a northern facility environment, in conjunction with embodiments, is provided by the present invention, but should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] Example 1 Experimental Design: Soil treatment was conducted after the second harvest of morel mushrooms. On July 10th, during the summer fallow period in the greenhouse, organic material was evenly spread on the soil surface, mixed thoroughly with the topsoil, and irrigated. After the surface was dry, the soil was covered with plastic film. The greenhouse was then sealed, and the organic material underwent high-temperature fermentation in an extreme anaerobic environment. The film was removed after 30 days. Desulfurized gypsum was applied before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms, and the third crop was sown after rotary tillage.

[0032] T0(CK): No application of Lemongrass powder, sesame oil cake, or desulfurized gypsum; T1: Apply 2kg / m² of Caragana powder alone 2 ; T2: Apply 0.2 kg / m³ of sesame oil cake alone. 2 ; T3: Apply desulfurized gypsum alone at 0.8 kg / m³ 2 ; T4: 2kg / m³ of Caragana powder 2 0.2 kg / m³ of sesame oil cake 2 However, desulfurized gypsum is not applied; T5: Apply 2kg / m³ of Caragana powder 2 and desulfurized gypsum 0.8 kg / m 2 However, sesame oil cakes are not used; T6: Apply 2kg / m³ of Caragana powder 2 Sesame oil cake 0.2kg / m 2 and desulfurized gypsum 0.8 kg / m 2 .

[0033] Experimental Results: Different soil improvement treatments significantly affected soil physicochemical properties and morel mushroom yield, with all treatments showing better results than the untreated soil. Sesame oil cake significantly increased soil organic matter, hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus content, and decreased soil pH. Caragana powder treatment significantly increased soil available potassium content, decreased soil EC value, and prevented salt damage. The combined treatment with Caragana powder showed better results than single-factor treatments. The treatment with Caragana powder + sesame oil cake + desulfurized gypsum resulted in higher levels of soil organic matter (32.07±1.32 g / kg), hydrolyzable nitrogen (181.40±5.26 mg / kg), available potassium (351.3±10.2 mg / kg), available phosphorus (132.5±3.87 mg / kg), and morel mushroom yield (332.47±7.83 kg / 667 m²). 2 The organic matter, hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, and morel mushroom yields of the treatment were all significantly higher than other treatments. The treatment with Caragana powder and sesame oil cake had the second highest organic matter, hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, and morel mushroom yields. This indicates that the combination of Caragana powder and sesame oil cake can significantly increase soil organic matter and nutrient content. The addition of desulfurized gypsum further promoted the accumulation of nutrients and increased morel mushroom yield by 69.91%.

[0034] Table 1. Effects of different soil improvement treatments on soil and morel mushroom yield.

[0035] Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments. P <0.05).

[0036] Phenolic acids are one of the key autotoxic substances causing continuous cropping obstacles in morel mushrooms. To clarify the impact of adding organic materials on soil phenolic acids, the types and contents of soil phenolic acids under each treatment were measured. The results showed that under the T3 treatment (using desulfurized gypsum alone), the contents of most phenolic acids were not significantly different from those under T0. This indicates that desulfurized gypsum mainly alleviates continuous cropping obstacles by adjusting soil pH and improving physical structure, but cannot directly degrade phenolic acid autotoxic substances. Using Caragana powder (T1) and sesame oil cake (T2) alone can promote the degradation of some phenolic acids, but the specific types are different. The combined treatment of organic materials can significantly reduce the contents of various phenolic acid autotoxic substances in the soil. Among them, the treatment of Caragana powder + sesame oil cake + desulfurized gypsum has the most significant effect. Phthalic acid has the largest reduction, reaching 85%; benzoic acid has a reduction of 70.3%; gallic acid and p-coumaric acid have reduced by 31.2% and 44.1%, respectively; catechins and kaempferol also have varying degrees of reduction, with reductions of 26.5% and 38.3%, respectively. This indicates that the compound soil conditioner consisting of Caragana powder, oil cake, and gypsum can effectively degrade phenolic acid autotoxic substances accumulated in the soil, which may be the key reason for the increased yield of morel mushrooms.

[0037] Table 2. Effects of different soil amendment treatments on soil phenolic acid content

[0038] Although the above embodiments have provided a detailed description of the present invention, they are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. People can obtain other embodiments based on these embodiments without creative effort, and these embodiments all fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A soil treatment method for facility-grown morel mushrooms, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: During the summer fallow period of the greenhouse, spread the branch waste and sesame oil cake on the soil surface, mix them evenly with the topsoil, irrigate, and cover with film after there is no standing water on the surface. The amount of the branch waste is 1~1.5t / mu; the amount of the sesame oil cake is 100~150kg / mu.

2. The soil treatment method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sources of the branch waste include at least one of the following: apple, tamarisk, goji berry, grape and poplar.

3. The soil treatment method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The irrigation volume reaches more than 1 / 2 of the tillage depth, and the water depth on the ground after irrigation is 5-8 cm.

4. The soil treatment method according to claim 1, characterized in that, After the film is applied, the greenhouse is sealed for at least 3 weeks before the film is removed.

5. The soil treatment method according to claim 4, characterized in that, When the lowest temperature inside the greenhouse is ≥25℃, the covering time is ≥3 weeks; When the lowest ambient temperature in the facility is ≥15℃ but <25℃, the covering time is ≥5 weeks.

6. A soil treatment method for increasing the yield of morel mushrooms in protected cultivation, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: In non-water-dry rotation areas, after the harvest of the previous crop of morel mushrooms, during the summer fallow period of the greenhouse, the soil is treated using the soil treatment method described in any one of claims 1 to 5, and before the next crop of morel mushrooms is planted, desulfurized gypsum is applied and mixed evenly with the topsoil.

7. The soil treatment method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The amount of desulfurized gypsum used is 400~600 kg / mu.

8. A method for continuous cultivation of morel mushrooms in protected environments, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: In non-water-dry rotation areas, after the harvest of the previous crop of morel mushrooms, during the summer fallow period of the greenhouse, the soil is treated using the soil treatment method described in any one of claims 1 to 5, and before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms, desulfurized gypsum is applied, and the desulfurized gypsum is mixed evenly with the topsoil before planting the next crop of morel mushrooms.

9. The continuous planting method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The amount of desulfurized gypsum used is 400~600 kg / mu.

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