Hydrolyzed tannic acid-containing pig feed preparation system and application thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the related technical field of pig feed preparation, and discloses a hydrolyzed tannic acid-containing pig feed preparation system, which comprises a frame, a mixing box, a driving motor, a main shaft and a mixing assembly arranged in the mixing box. A coulter assembly is arranged on the mixing assembly, and a low-adhesion lining layer is arranged on the inner wall of the mixing box. During working, basic ration raw materials and trace addition materials containing hydrolyzed tannic acid enter the mixing cavity from the two ends of the mixing box respectively, and under the action of the driving motor, the main shaft drives the mixing assembly to rotate, so that the materials are conveyed to the middle part in the axial direction and are mixed. The coulter assembly moves along with the mixing assembly to sweep the inner wall of the mixing box and is matched with a low-adhesion lining layer to inhibit material adhesion. Through the axial reciprocating motion of the movable ring and the radial and axial compound motion of the coulter assembly, rolling, throwing and dispersing of materials are realized, so that the mixing uniformity of feed containing hydrolyzed tannic acid is improved, and the phenomena of material hanging and local enrichment are reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the technical field of pig feed preparation, and more specifically, it relates to a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins and its application. Background Technology

[0002] In animal husbandry, weaning is a crucial turning point in the growth of piglets. However, their digestive and immune systems are not yet fully developed, and their intestinal barrier function is weak, making them highly susceptible to diarrhea under the influence of factors such as weaning, feed changes, and environmental changes. Among these, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea in weaned piglets has a high incidence and long duration, and is one of the important factors restricting the survival rate and growth performance of piglets.

[0003] To reduce the incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets, high doses of zinc oxide are often added to their feed. High-zinc feeding can inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines and alleviate diarrhea symptoms to some extent, but long-term or high-dose use of zinc oxide has significant drawbacks.

[0004] Hydrolyzed tannic acid, as a plant-derived polyphenol, has certain potential for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and intestinal function regulation, and is considered a candidate additive to replace zinc oxide in controlling diarrhea in weaned piglets.

[0005] The existing technology for pig feed preparation still has the following drawbacks: In existing technologies, hydrolyzed tannins are typically introduced into the basal diet as a functional additive at concentrations in the ppm range during pig feed preparation. Due to the extremely low addition amount and significant differences in particle size, density, and surface characteristics between hydrolyzed tannins and the basal diet ingredients, localized enrichment or deficiency can easily occur when using conventional mixing equipment. This makes it difficult to ensure the uniform distribution of hydrolyzed tannins in the feed, thus affecting the stability of the feed formulation and its actual effectiveness.

[0006] In existing technologies, hydrolyzed tannic acid possesses certain adsorption and adhesion properties. During mixing, especially under high humidity or microencapsulated conditions, it easily adheres to the inner wall of the mixing tank or the surface of the mixing components, gradually forming a deposited layer. Current mixing equipment largely relies on simple stirring or agitation methods, lacking effective cleaning structures for the deposited material on the inner wall. This results in the material remaining on the inner wall for extended periods, reducing the proportion of effectively mixed materials and causing formula fluctuations in different batches of production.

[0007] In existing technologies, feed mixing equipment mostly adopts a single rotation or single axial conveying mixing method. The movement trajectory of the mixing components is relatively fixed, making it difficult to form multidimensional flow within the mixing chamber. When processing feed containing hydrolyzed tannic acid, mixing dead zones are easily formed in local areas of the mixing chamber, especially near the inner wall or in the middle, making it difficult to fully disperse trace amounts of added materials and further exacerbating the problem of uneven mixing.

[0008] Therefore, in view of this, we will study and improve the existing structure and its shortcomings, and provide a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins and its application, in order to achieve a more practical and valuable purpose. Summary of the Invention

[0009] This invention provides a system for preparing pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins and its application, which overcomes the above-mentioned defects in the prior art.

[0010] The purpose and effects of this invention, which describes a system for preparing pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins and its application, are achieved through the following specific technical means: A pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins includes a frame, a mixing chamber and a drive motor on the upper side of the frame, and a mixing cavity inside the mixing chamber for containing feed. The system also includes: A mixing component, disposed within the mixing chamber and capable of being driven to move, mixes the feed ingredients within the mixing cavity; A plow assembly is mounted on the mixing assembly and moves with the mixing assembly. During the mixing process, the plow assembly sweeps and brushes the inner wall of the mixing chamber. A low-adhesion liner is provided on the inner wall of the mixing chamber to reduce the tendency of hydrolyzed tannins to adhere to the inner wall of the mixing chamber.

[0011] In this solution, the mechanical sweeping action of the plow blade assembly and the synergistic effect of the low-adhesion liner suppress the adhesion and hanging of hydrolyzed tannic acid feed on the inner wall of the mixing tank, allowing the stripped material to re-participate in the mixing, thereby improving the mixing uniformity and reducing material fluctuations during the mixing process.

[0012] In a further technical solution, the mixing box is provided with a main shaft at both ends, and the output end of the drive motor is connected to one end of the main shaft. The main shaft is used to drive the mixing component to rotate.

[0013] In this scheme, the mixing component is driven to rotate stably by the main shaft, which enables the mixing component to continuously turn the feed in the mixing chamber, providing the basic power conditions for subsequent wall sweeping and compound mixing.

[0014] In a further technical solution, the mixing component includes a movable ring, which is sleeved on the outer wall of the main shaft. The inner wall of the movable ring is axially engaged with the spline of the outer wall of the main shaft. Two sets of plow blade assemblies are disposed on the movable ring, and a spiral plate is connected to the two sets of plow blade assemblies. The spiral plate moves synchronously with the movable ring to form an axial flow guiding effect during the mixing process.

[0015] In this solution, the rotation of the movable ring and the axial flow guidance of the spiral plate are combined to make the feed generate axial flow while being radially agitated, forming a three-dimensional mixed flow field, which improves the problem of local accumulation of feed containing hydrolyzed tannins.

[0016] In a further technical solution, the plow assembly includes a round rod, one end of which is rotatably connected to the main shaft. A slide rod is slidably provided inside the round rod, and a plow blade is provided at one end of the slide rod. A plurality of rubber scrapers are provided at intervals on the outer wall of the plow blade. The rubber scrapers are used to sweep and brush the inner wall of the mixing box during the mixing process.

[0017] In this solution, the flexible brushing of the inner wall of the mixing tank by the plow blade and rubber scraper can effectively remove the attached material and avoid the wear and tear caused by rigid scraping, thereby improving the stability of equipment operation.

[0018] In a further technical solution, the main shaft is provided with several sliding grooves inside, and a gear is provided on the outer wall of one end of the round rod. The gear slides in the sliding groove, and a rack that meshes with the gear is fixed on one side of the sliding groove.

[0019] In this solution, the plow blade assembly undergoes radial motion changes during rotation through the cooperation of gears and racks, thereby enhancing the coverage of materials at different locations and reducing mixing dead zones.

[0020] In a further technical solution, a groove is provided on one side of the slide, one end of the slide rod slides in the groove, a guide is provided inside the groove, and one side of the guide has an inclined structure.

[0021] In this solution, the guide component guides the movement trajectory of the slide bar, thereby achieving periodic changes in the position of the plow blade sweeping, and avoiding insufficient cleaning in certain areas caused by working on the same trajectory for a long time.

[0022] In a further technical solution, a sleeve is fitted on the outer wall of the round rod, the sleeve is fixedly connected to the spiral plate, and two stirring elements are inclined and symmetrically arranged on the outer wall of the sleeve, with several guide grooves inclined on one side of each stirring element.

[0023] In this solution, the combination of the agitator and the guide channel further enhances the local shearing and tumbling effect in addition to the wall sweeping and axial guidance, thereby improving the dispersion of highly viscous feed.

[0024] In a further technical solution, fixed rings are respectively fixed on the inner walls of both ends of the mixing box. Each fixed ring has two spiral grooves on its inner wall that are connected to each other. A slider is provided on one side of the outer wall of the movable ring. The slider slides spirally in the spiral groove to drive the movable ring to reciprocate along the main axis.

[0025] In this scheme, the axial reciprocating motion of the movable ring enables the plow assembly and the spiral plate to cover different axial regions within the mixing chamber, further eliminating mixing blind spots and improving overall mixing uniformity.

[0026] An application of a pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins, wherein the hydrolyzed tannins in the pig feed can effectively alleviate intestinal damage to piglets caused by ETEC virus challenge, improve growth performance, reduce piglet diarrhea, repair the intestinal barrier and aquaporins, reduce inflammation, and regulate intestinal microorganisms.

[0027] An application of a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins includes the following steps: S1: In the raw material addition stage, the basic diet raw materials and hydrolyzed tannic acid premix are respectively fed into the preparation system, wherein the hydrolyzed tannic acid is added in trace amounts. S2: In the homogenization mixing stage, the plow mixer is started, and the main shaft drives the plow assembly to form a spray fluidized mixing. During the mixing process, the low-adhesion liner set on the inner wall of the cylinder reduces the tendency of hydrolyzed tannic acid and its microcapsule particles to adsorb onto the inner wall. At the same time, the wall-sweeping scraper rotating with the main shaft continuously sweeps the inner wall, timely peeling off the material that may adhere to the inner wall and returning it to the main mixing flow field, thereby avoiding the accumulation and sudden shedding of material on the inner wall. S3: The mixing and stabilization stage, through the synergistic effect of the low-adhesion liner and the wall-sweeping scraper, keeps the material adhering to the inner wall in a controllable thin layer during the mixing process, significantly reduces the concentration fluctuation within the batch, and ensures the uniform distribution of hydrolyzed tannins in the feed system. S4: In the discharge and granulation stage, the homogenized and mixed material is sent to the subsequent conditioning and granulation section for granulation. The mixing structure can effectively reduce the risk of concentration drift from the mixing stage to the granulation stage, thereby ensuring the stability of the distribution of hydrolyzed tannins in the granulated product. S5: Batch switching application. During continuous production or batch switching, the significant reduction in residual material on the inner wall can reduce the risk of cross-contamination between different batches and improve the reliability of the system under continuous production conditions.

[0028] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention discloses a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins. Through the arrangement of mixing components and spiral plates, the rotation of the main shaft drives two sets of mixing components mounted on the outer wall of the main shaft to rotate synchronously. The rotation of these two sets of mixing components, in turn, drives two spiral plates connected to them to rotate, causing the basic diet ingredients and additives in the mixing chamber to be conveyed axially towards the central region of the mixing box under the action of rotation, thereby achieving preliminary mixing by the materials converging from both ends to the center. Furthermore, the axial reciprocating movement of the movable ring drives two sets of plow blade assemblies to reciprocate axially within the mixing chamber, allowing the mixing action of the plow blade assemblies to cover different axial regions, further reducing mixing blind spots.

[0029] This invention discloses a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins. Through the arrangement of a plow blade, the revolution of a round rod and a sliding rod drives the plow blade, located at the end of the sliding rod, and several rubber scrapers to rotate synchronously, causing the plow blade to continuously toss the material within the mixing chamber. Then, through the arrangement of an agitator and a guide channel, the agitator pats the tossed material, and the guide channel on the agitator guides the material, breaking up any localized agglomerations and further guiding it towards the central area of ​​the mixing chamber, thereby enhancing the uniformity of the mixing between the basic diet ingredients and the additives.

[0030] This invention discloses a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannic acid. The system utilizes a low-adhesion liner on the inner wall of the mixing chamber, making it difficult for hydrolyzed tannic acid and its microcapsule particles to form a stable adsorption layer on the inner wall. Furthermore, the system employs rubber scrapers that continuously sweep the inner wall of the mixing chamber as the plow assembly revolves, preventing material buildup and allowing the detached material to re-enter the mixing flow field.

[0031] This invention discloses a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannic acid. The sliding rod has a square cross-section, and its rotation drives the synchronous rotation of the circular rod, while the sliding rod can still slide axially within the circular rod. During rotation, the sliding rod causes the plow blades to swing and tilt, reducing the distance between the outer walls of the plow blades and the lower inner wall of the mixing chamber. This creates a squeezing effect on the ends of several rubber scrapers, increasing the brushing intensity of the rubber scrapers on the lower inner wall of the mixing chamber. In this way, the lower inner wall of the mixing chamber achieves a zoned cleaning effect: the lower inner wall near the ends of the mixing chamber undergoes regular cleaning, while the lower inner wall near the middle of the mixing chamber undergoes intensive cleaning.

[0032] This invention discloses a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannic acid. One end of a sliding rod slides within a groove and makes sliding contact with a guide member disposed inside the groove. Guided by an inclined surface on one side of the guide member, the sliding rod is displaced radially, causing it to slide further within the round rod, thereby moving the plow blade radially outward. As the plow blade moves radially outward, it exerts further pressure on several rubber scrapers, further enhancing the cleaning effect of the rubber scrapers on the inner wall of the mixing chamber. Attached Figure Description

[0033] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0034] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0035] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the first isometric structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the second isometric structure of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the third isometric structure of the present invention; Figure 4 This is an isometric structural diagram of the hybrid component in this invention; Figure 5 This is a top view of the structure of the present invention; Figure 6 for Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure at point AA; Figure 7 This is a front view structural diagram of the present invention; Figure 8 for Figure 7 Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure at point BB; Figure 9 This is a top view of the hybrid component in this invention. Figure 10 for Figure 9 Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure at the CC section; Figure 11 for Figure 10 A partial enlarged view of the structure at point D; Figure 12 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the growth performance of ETEC-treated piglets; Figure 13 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on rectal temperature and diarrhea score in ETEC-treated piglets; Figure 14 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on plasma IL-1β (pg / ml) in weaned piglets; Figure 15 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on plasma IL-6 (pg / ml) in weaned piglets; Figure 16 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on plasma TNF-α (pg / ml) in weaned piglets; Figure 17 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the morphology of the jejunum in piglets; Figure 18 The effects of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the expression of tight junction genes and proteins in the jejunum of weaned piglets; Figure 19 The effects of hydrolyzed tannins on the expression of mucin and defensin genes in the jejunum of weaned piglets; Figure 20 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the expression of inflammatory factor genes in the jejunum of weaned piglets; Figure 21 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the expression of NF-κB inflammatory pathway proteins in the jejunum of weaned piglets; Figure 22 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the expression of MAPK inflammatory pathway proteins in the jejunum of weaned piglets; Figure 23 The effect of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the expression of genes related to the jejunal inflammation pathway in weaned piglets; Figure 24 The effects of hydrolyzed tannic acid on the expression of water ion channel genes and proteins in the jejunum of weaned piglets; Figure 25 The effect of hydrolyzed tannins on the microbial species composition of ETEC-treated piglets at the phylum level. Figure 26 The effect of hydrolyzed tannins on the species composition of digestive microorganisms in ETEC-treated piglets (genus level). Figure 27 To investigate the effects of hydrolyzed tannic acid on α and β diversity in ETEC-treated piglets.

[0036] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: Frame 10, mixing box 11, cover plate 12, feed pipe 13, drive motor 14, discharge frame 15, main shaft 16, movable ring 17, fixed ring 18, spiral groove 19, slider 20, round rod 21, slide rod 22, plow blade 23, rubber scraper 24, groove 25, gear 26, rack 27, groove 28, guide component 29, sleeve 30, stirring component 31, guide channel 32, spiral plate 33, axial pressure component 34, push rod 35, first stirring plate 36, second stirring plate 37, rubber component 38, guide groove 39, discharge port 40, slide plate 41, operating lever 42, mixing chamber 43. Detailed Implementation

[0037] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

[0038] In the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more; the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "inner," "outer," "front end," "rear end," "head," "tail," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0039] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "connected" and "linked" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0040] As attached Figure 1 To be continued Figure 11 As shown: This invention provides a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins, including a frame 10, a mixing chamber 11 and a drive motor 14 on the upper side of the frame 10, and a mixing cavity 43 for containing feed inside the mixing chamber 11, and further including: A mixing component, disposed within the mixing chamber 11 and capable of being driven to move, mixes the feed ingredients within the mixing cavity 43; A plow assembly is disposed on the mixing assembly and moves with the mixing assembly. The plow assembly sweeps the inner wall of the mixing box 11 during the mixing process. A low-adhesion liner is provided on the inner wall of the mixing tank 11 to reduce the tendency of hydrolyzed tannic acid materials to adhere to the inner wall of the mixing tank 11.

[0041] In this application, the mixing component moves within the mixing chamber 11 under a drive, causing the plow assembly to move synchronously with the mixing component. During its movement, the plow assembly sweeps along the inner wall of the mixing chamber 11, and the low-adhesion liner helps to reduce the adhesion between the material and the inner wall. Through the mechanical sweeping action of the plow assembly and the synergistic effect of the low-adhesion liner, the adhesion and hanging of hydrolyzed tannic acid-containing feed on the inner wall of the mixing chamber 11 are suppressed, allowing the stripped material to re-participate in the mixing, thereby improving the mixing uniformity and reducing material fluctuations during the mixing process.

[0042] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 1 To be continued Figure 6The mixing chamber 11 has a cover plate 12 on its upper side, and two feed pipes 13 are symmetrically arranged on the upper side of the cover plate 12. The mixing chamber 11 has a discharge frame 15 on its lower side. The two sets of mixing components are symmetrically distributed on the outer walls of both ends of the main shaft 16. The main shaft 16 is rotatably mounted at both ends of the mixing chamber 11. The output end of the drive motor 14 is connected to one end of the main shaft 16, and the main shaft 16 is used to drive the mixing components to rotate.

[0043] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 1 To be continued Figure 4 The mixing component includes a movable ring 17, which is sleeved on the outer wall of the main shaft 16. The inner wall of the movable ring 17 is axially engaged with the spline of the outer wall of the main shaft 16. Two sets of plow blade assemblies are disposed on the movable ring 17, and a spiral plate 33 is connected to the two sets of plow blade assemblies. The spiral plate 33 moves synchronously with the movable ring 17 to form an axial flow guiding effect during the mixing process.

[0044] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 9 To be continued Figure 11 The plow assembly includes a round rod 21, one end of which is rotatably connected to the main shaft 16. A slide rod 22 is slidably provided inside the round rod 21. A plow blade 23 is provided at one end of the slide rod 22. A plurality of rubber scrapers 24 are provided at intervals on the outer wall of the plow blade 23. The rubber scrapers 24 are used to sweep and brush the inner wall of the mixing box 11 during the mixing process.

[0045] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 9 To be continued Figure 11 The main shaft 16 has several sliding grooves 25 inside, and a gear 26 is provided on the outer wall of one end of the round rod 21. The gear 26 slides in the sliding groove 25, and a rack 27 that meshes with the gear 26 is fixed on one side of the sliding groove 25.

[0046] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 9 To be continued Figure 11 The slide groove 25 has a groove 28 on one side, and one end of the slide rod 22 slides in the groove 28. The groove 28 has a guide 29 inside, and one side of the guide 29 has an inclined structure.

[0047] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 3 To be continued Figure 4 The outer wall of the round rod 21 is fitted with a sleeve 30, the sleeve 30 is fixedly connected to the spiral plate 33, and the outer wall of the sleeve 30 is inclined and symmetrically provided with two stirring elements 31, and each stirring element 31 is inclined on one side with several guide grooves 32.

[0048] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 6 Appendix Figure 10 Appendix Figure 11 The inner walls at both ends of the mixing box 11 are respectively fixed with fixed rings 18. The inner wall of each fixed ring 18 is provided with two spiral grooves 19 that are connected to each other. The outer wall of the movable ring 17 is provided with a slider 20. The slider 20 slides spirally in the spiral groove 19 to drive the movable ring 17 to reciprocate along the main shaft 16.

[0049] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 10 Appendix Figure 11 The two sets of plow blade assemblies have several round rods 21 staggered, and the slide rod 22 has a square cross-section. The thickness of the end of the rubber scraper 24 away from the plow blade 23 is greater than the thickness of the end of the rubber scraper 24 closer to the plow blade 23.

[0050] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 10 An axial compression member 34 is connected between the two movable rings 17 at their close ends. The cross-section of the axial compression member 34 is rhomboid. A plurality of push rods 35 are arranged in a circular array on the outer wall of the middle part of the axial compression member 34. Two first stirring plates 36 are symmetrically arranged on the outer wall of the push rods 35. A plurality of guide grooves 39 are inclined on one side of the first stirring plate 36. A second stirring plate 37 is provided at one end of the push rod 35. A plurality of rubber parts 38 are spaced apart on the outer wall of the second stirring plate 37.

[0051] Preferred options are shown in the appendix. Figure 6 The mixing box 11 has a discharge port 40 in the middle of its lower side, and a slide plate 41 is slidably provided on the lower side of the discharge port 40. An operating rod 42 is slidably provided on the lower part of the frame 10, and the operating rod 42 is fixedly connected to the slide plate 41.

[0052] An application of hydrolyzed tannic acid-containing pig feed, used in the rearing of weaned piglets, is described to prevent, control, or alleviate diarrhea caused by weaning stress and intestinal pathogen infection, while simultaneously improving the intestinal health and growth performance of weaned piglets. In the context of antibiotic-free feeding or the gradual restriction of zinc oxide use, adding hydrolyzed tannic acid to the basal diet of weaned piglets allows it to act as a functional feed additive, replacing high-dose zinc oxide to exert anti-diarrheal and intestinal regulatory effects. Hydrolyzed tannic acid exerts its effects in the intestines of weaned piglets through multi-level, multi-target synergistic effects. Firstly, by inhibiting TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling, it reduces the abnormal activation levels of NF-κB and MAPK pathways, significantly downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, thereby reducing intestinal mucosal inflammation and systemic inflammatory burden, thus alleviating fever and diarrhea symptoms caused by weaning and pathogen stimulation. Secondly, by improving the height of small intestinal villi and crypt structure, it increases the levels of intestinal epithelial cell tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and Occludin. The study found that hydrolyzed tannins, by increasing the expression level of ZO-1, enhance the integrity of the intestinal physical barrier, reduce intestinal permeability, and decrease the transfer of pathogens and toxins into the body. Thirdly, by promoting the expression of mucins and defensins, it enhances the intestinal mucosal barrier function and improves the intestine's resistance to pathogen adhesion and invasion. Fourthly, by regulating the expression of intestinal aquaporins, it improves the imbalance between intestinal water absorption and secretion, directly reducing the incidence of diarrhea from the perspective of water transport regulation. Fifthly, by optimizing the intestinal microbial community structure, it increases microbial diversity and inhibits the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, promoting the stable recovery of the intestinal microecology after weaning. The research and application results show that, under appropriate dosage conditions, pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins can achieve effects comparable to high-dose zinc oxide in reducing the incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets, improving intestinal structure and function, and enhancing growth performance and feed utilization, while avoiding the environmental pollution and regulatory risks associated with high-zinc feeds. Therefore, it is suitable as an alternative to zinc oxide in the weaned piglet stage.

[0053] An application of a pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins includes the following steps: S1: In the raw material addition stage, the basic diet raw materials and hydrolyzed tannic acid premix are respectively fed into the preparation system, wherein the hydrolyzed tannic acid is added in trace amounts. S2: In the homogenization mixing stage, the plow mixer is started, and the main shaft drives the plow assembly to form a spray fluidized mixing. During the mixing process, the low-adhesion liner set on the inner wall of the cylinder reduces the tendency of hydrolyzed tannic acid and its microcapsule particles to adsorb onto the inner wall. At the same time, the wall-sweeping scraper rotating with the main shaft continuously sweeps the inner wall, timely peeling off the material that may adhere to the inner wall and returning it to the main mixing flow field, thereby avoiding the accumulation and sudden shedding of material on the inner wall. S3: Mixing and stabilization stage. Through the synergistic effect of the low-adhesion liner and the wall-sweeping scraper, the material adhering to the inner wall during the mixing process is kept in a controllable thin layer state, which significantly reduces the concentration fluctuation within the batch and ensures the uniform distribution of hydrolyzed tannic acid in the feed system. S4: In the discharge and granulation stage, the homogenized and mixed material is sent to the subsequent conditioning and granulation section for granulation. The mixing structure can effectively reduce the risk of concentration drift from the mixing stage to the granulation stage, thereby ensuring the stability of the distribution of hydrolyzed tannins in the granulated product. S5: Batch switching application. During continuous production or batch switching, the significant reduction in residual material on the inner wall can reduce the risk of cross-contamination between different batches and improve the reliability of the system under continuous production conditions.

[0054] See attached document Figure 12 To be continued Figure 27 The application of the hydrolyzed tannic acid-containing pig feed prepared in this protocol involved 48 DLY weaned piglets (half male and half female, 24 ± 1 day, 7.0 ± 0.5 kg) who were divided into 8 groups based on similar weight: ① control group, ② zinc oxide group (2000 mg / kg, zinc content 1600 mg / kg), ③ control challenge group, ④ zinc oxide challenge group, and ⑤ hydrolyzed tannic acid challenge group (525 mg / kg, 700 mg / kg, 875 mg / kg, 1050 mg / kg). The experiment lasted for 19 days. On day 12, all challenged piglets were orally administered 10 ml of E. coli K88 bacterial suspension (5 x 10⁹ CFU / mL), while the control group and zinc oxide group were orally administered an equal volume of broth culture medium. Feeding continued for 7 days, and blood samples were collected. Rectal temperature and fecal scores were measured. Intestinal samples were collected from the piglets at slaughter on day 19.

[0055] The experimental results are as follows: (1) After challenge, the growth performance of piglets in each challenge group decreased to varying degrees, and rectal temperature and fecal score increased. The average daily weight gain of the control challenge group decreased, the feed conversion ratio increased, and the rectal temperature and fecal score increased. Supplementation with zinc oxide or 875 mg / kg hydrolyzed tannic acid significantly improved the average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05), and significantly reduced rectal temperature and fecal score (P<0.05). The other hydrolyzed tannic acid supplementation groups improved growth performance, rectal temperature and fecal score to varying degrees.

[0056] The concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-Ip, IL-6, IFN-γ) in the plasma of piglets increased within 24 hours after viral challenge. Supplementation with zinc dehydrogenase and different doses of hydrolyzed tannic acid could reduce the concentrations of inflammatory factors to varying degrees. Among them, 875 mg / kg hydrolyzed tannic acid had a similar effect to zinc oxide.

[0057] After viral challenge, the villus height in the jejunum of piglets decreased and the villus-cryptotropic ratio increased. Supplementation with zinc oxide or 875 mg / kg hydrolyzed tannic acid significantly increased villus height (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased the villus-cryptotropic ratio (P < 0.05).

[0058] Following viral challenge, the physical and mucosal barriers of the jejunum in piglets were damaged, and the expression of Claudin-1, Occludin, and Z0-1 genes and proteins was downregulated, as were the expression of Mucin-1, Mucin-2, and pBD-2 genes. Supplementation with zinc oxide or 875 mg / kg hydrolyzed tannic acid effectively alleviated this damage (CP < 0.05).

[0059] Following viral challenge, the TLR4 / NF-κB / MAPK inflammatory pathway in the jejunum of piglets was activated, with increased phosphorylation levels of p65, p38, INK, and ERK proteins, upregulated expression of TLR4 gene and protein, upregulated expression of cellular inflammatory cytokines (CTNF-α, IL-1p, IL-6) and pathway-related genes (MYD88, TRAF6, TKA1), and downregulated expression of negative feedback regulatory genes (CTOLLIP, SIGIRR). Supplementation with zinc oxide and 875 mg / kg hydrolyzed tannins inhibited the activation of this pathway to varying degrees, leading to upregulation of negative feedback regulatory gene expression.

[0060] The expression of aquaporins (AQP3 and AQP4) in the jejunum of piglets challenged with the virus was suppressed, and supplementation with zinc oxide or 875 mg / kg hydrolyzed tannic acid could effectively alleviate this suppression (P < 0.05).

[0061] After viral challenge, the intestinal flora structure of piglets is disrupted. Supplementing with zinc oxide or 875 mg / kg hydrolyzed tannic acid can improve the flora structure and reduce the relative abundance of harmful bacteria.

[0062] In summary, the addition of hydrolyzed tannins to the diet can effectively alleviate intestinal damage caused by ETEC challenge in piglets, improve growth performance, reduce diarrhea, repair the intestinal barrier and aquaporins, reduce inflammation, and regulate the structure of the intestinal microbiota. The optimal dosage of hydrolyzed tannins is 875 mg / kg, with effects similar to zinc oxide. Introducing hydrolyzed tannins into the feed of weaned piglets effectively controls diarrhea under antibiotic-free or low-zinc feeding conditions. Firstly, hydrolyzed tannins can inhibit the abnormal activation of inflammatory signaling pathways such as TLR4 / NF-κB and MAPK in the intestine, reduce the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, thereby alleviating intestinal inflammatory responses caused by weaning stress and pathogenic bacterial stimulation, and reducing rectal temperature and diarrhea scores. Secondly, hydrolyzed tannins can improve the structure of small intestinal villi, increase villi height and reduce crypt depth, while upregulating tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and Occluto. The expression of din and ZO-1 enhances the integrity of the intestinal physical barrier and reduces abnormal water and electrolyte loss caused by increased intestinal permeability. Thirdly, hydrolyzed tannins promote the expression of mucins and defensins, enhancing the intestinal mucosal barrier function and improving the intestine's defense against pathogen adhesion and invasion. Fourthly, hydrolyzed tannins improve the imbalance between intestinal water absorption and secretion by regulating the expression of intestinal aquaporins, directly alleviating diarrhea symptoms at the water transport level. Fifthly, hydrolyzed tannins optimize the intestinal microbial community structure, increase microbial diversity, inhibit the abundance of harmful bacteria, and promote the stable recovery of the intestinal microecology after weaning. Based on the above mechanisms of action, at appropriate dosages, the hydrolyzed tannin-containing pig feed can achieve technical effects comparable to high-dose zinc oxide in reducing the incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets, improving intestinal structure and function, and enhancing growth performance, while avoiding the environmental and regulatory risks associated with high zinc use.

[0063] Specific usage of this invention: Weaned piglets are in a stage of high physiological and environmental stress. Their digestive and immune systems are not yet fully developed, and their intestinal barrier function is weak. They are highly susceptible to diarrhea under the influence of factors such as weaning, feed changes, and environmental changes. Among these, diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) has a high incidence and long duration, and is one of the important factors restricting piglet survival rate and growth performance. ETEC stands for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

[0064] In current production practices, high doses of zinc oxide are typically added to feed to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets. While high-zinc feeding can inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the gut and alleviate diarrhea symptoms to some extent, long-term or high-dose use of zinc oxide has significant drawbacks: firstly, zinc has limited absorption rates in animals, resulting in large amounts of zinc being excreted in feces, easily causing environmental pollution; secondly, high-zinc feeding may disrupt the balance of the normal intestinal microbiota, which is detrimental to the long-term maintenance of piglet intestinal health. With the continuous improvement of relevant regulations, many countries and regions have gradually restricted or banned the application of high-dose zinc oxide in feed, making the development of safe and effective alternative technologies urgent.

[0065] Hydrolyzed tannins, as plant-derived polyphenols, possess certain potential for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and intestinal function regulation, and are considered a candidate additive to replace zinc oxide in controlling diarrhea in weaned piglets. Therefore, how to effectively process hydrolyzed tannins during feed preparation and construct a stable, precise, and effective system for preparing hydrolyzed tannin-containing pig feed has become a pressing technical problem to be solved in this field.

[0066] During the rearing of weaned piglets, the piglets' intestines are prone to damage to barrier function, increased inflammation, and imbalance between water absorption and secretion under the stress of weaning and stimulation by pathogens, leading to diarrhea. The pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins described in this invention introduces hydrolyzed tannins into the basal diet, allowing it to exert a multi-level synergistic regulatory effect in the intestines of weaned piglets, thereby achieving effective control of diarrhea. After entering the intestine, hydrolyzed tannins first regulate intestinal immune-related signaling pathways, inhibiting TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling and reducing abnormal activation levels of NF-κB and MAPK pathways, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory factors and alleviating intestinal mucosal inflammation. Simultaneously, hydrolyzed tannins act on the intestinal epithelial structure, improving the morphology of intestinal villi and crypts, and promoting the expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1, enhancing the integrity of the intestinal physical barrier and reducing intestinal permeability. Furthermore, hydrolyzed tannins further promote the expression of mucins and defensins, enhancing intestinal mucosal barrier function and improving the intestine's defense against pathogen adhesion and invasion. In addition, hydrolyzed tannins regulate the expression of intestinal aquaporins, improving the imbalance between intestinal water absorption and secretion, reducing watery stool formation at the level of water transport regulation; they also regulate the intestinal microbiota structure, reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria and promoting the stability of beneficial bacteria, thereby improving the post-weaning intestinal microecological environment. Through the synergistic effect of the above-mentioned mechanisms, pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannic acid can control diarrhea in weaned piglets under antibiotic-free or low-zinc feeding conditions, and achieve the effect of replacing high-dose zinc oxide.

[0067] When preparing pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins, the basic diet ingredients and the trace additives containing hydrolyzed tannins are first fed into the mixing chamber 11 through two feed pipes 13 set on the upper side of the cover plate 12, so that the basic diet ingredients and the additives enter the mixing chamber 43 from both ends of the mixing chamber 11 toward the middle area.

[0068] Because hydrolyzed tannic acid is typically added at the ppm level and has the physical characteristics of easy adsorption and aggregation, after the material enters the mixing chamber 43, it easily adheres to the inner wall of the mixing box 11 or accumulates in localized areas, thus affecting the mixing uniformity. Here, ppm = parts per million. Then, the drive motor 14 is started, and the output end of the drive motor 14 drives the main shaft 16 to rotate around its own axis. When the main shaft 16 rotates, it drives the two sets of mixing components set on the outer wall of the main shaft 16 to rotate synchronously. When the two sets of mixing components rotate, they drive the two spiral plates 33 connected to them to rotate, so that the basic diet raw materials and additives in the mixing chamber 43 are conveyed axially towards the middle area of ​​the mixing box 11 under the action of rotation, thereby realizing the initial mixing of materials from both ends to the middle.

[0069] During the rotation of the main shaft 16, several plow blade assemblies revolve around the main shaft 16. During this revolve motion, the plow blade assemblies exert a throwing effect on the material, causing the material to be in a fluidized state of suspension, tumbling, and settling within the mixing chamber 43. This fluidized state ensures sufficient contact between the basic dietary ingredients and the trace additives containing hydrolyzed tannins in the space.

[0070] When the main shaft 16 rotates, due to the axial sliding fit between the inner wall of the movable ring 17 and the spline of the outer wall of the main shaft 16, the rotation of the main shaft 16 can drive the movable ring 17 to rotate synchronously, and at the same time, the movable ring 17 can move along the axial direction of the main shaft 16. When the movable ring 17 rotates and moves axially, it drives several round rods 21 and the slide rods 22 arranged inside the round rods 21 to revolve around the main shaft 16.

[0071] The revolution of the round rod 21 and the sliding rod 22 drives the plow blade 23 and several rubber scrapers 24 at the end of the sliding rod 22 to revolve synchronously, so that the plow blade 23 continuously throws the material up in the mixing chamber 43. At the same time, the stirring element 31 set on the outer wall of the sleeve 30 beats the thrown material, and the guide groove 32 on the stirring element 31 guides the material, so that the locally gathered material is broken up and further guided to move towards the central area of ​​the mixing box 11, thereby enhancing the mixing uniformity of the basic diet raw materials and the additives.

[0072] During the mixing process, due to the low-adhesion liner on the inner wall of the mixing chamber 11, hydrolyzed tannic acid and its microcapsule particles are difficult to form a stable adsorption layer on the inner wall of the mixing chamber 11. At the same time, several rubber scrapers 24 revolve with the plow assembly, continuously sweeping the inner wall of the mixing chamber 11 to prevent material from sticking to the inner wall, allowing the stripped material to re-enter the mixing flow field.

[0073] As the main shaft 16 continues to rotate, the fixed ring 18 is fixedly mounted on the inner walls of both ends of the mixing chamber 11. During rotation, the movable ring 17 drives the slider 20 on its outer wall to slide spirally within the two spiral grooves 19 provided on the inner wall of the fixed ring 18, thereby causing the movable ring 17 to reciprocate axially along the direction of the main shaft 16 while rotating. The axial reciprocating movement of the movable ring 17 drives the two sets of plow blade assemblies to reciprocate axially within the mixing chamber 43, allowing the mixing action of the plow blade assemblies to cover different axial regions and further reduce the mixing blind zone.

[0074] When the two movable rings 17 approach each other along the axial direction, the axial movement of the movable rings 17 drives several round rods 21 and sliding rods 22 to move synchronously. During the movement of the round rods 21, the gear 26 provided on the outer wall of one end slides in the groove 25 inside the main shaft 16. When the gear 26 slides to contact the rack 27 provided on one side of the groove 25, the gear 26 and the rack 27 mesh, causing the round rod 21 to rotate on its own axis while revolving around the central axis.

[0075] Because the slide bar 22 has a square cross-section, the rotation of the round bar 21 can drive the slide bar 22 to rotate synchronously, while the slide bar 22 can still slide axially inside the round bar 21. When the slide bar 22 rotates, it causes the plow blade 23 to swing and tilt, reducing the distance between the outer walls of the two ends of the plow blade 23 and the lower inner wall of the mixing box 11. This creates a squeezing effect on the ends of the rubber scrapers 24, increasing the sweeping intensity of the rubber scrapers 24 on the lower inner wall of the mixing box 11. In this way, the lower inner wall of the mixing box 11 is divided into zones for cleaning: the lower inner wall near the two ends of the mixing box 11 is cleaned routinely, while the lower inner wall near the middle of the mixing box 11 is cleaned more thoroughly.

[0076] Simultaneously, one end of the slide rod 22 slides within the groove 28 and makes sliding contact with the guide member 29 disposed inside the groove 28. Guided by the inclined surface on one side of the guide member 29, one end of the slide rod 22 is displaced radially, causing the slide rod 22 to slide further within the round rod 21, thereby driving the plow blade 23 to move radially outward. As the plow blade 23 moves radially outward, it exerts further pressure on the rubber scrapers 24, further enhancing the cleaning effect of the rubber scrapers 24 on the inner wall of the mixing tank 11.

[0077] As the two movable rings 17 move closer together, they exert axial pressure on the axial compression member 34 positioned between the two sets of mixing components. This causes the center of the axial compression member 34 to deform radially outward, thereby enhancing the sweeping effect of the rubber parts 38 on the lower inner wall of the mixing chamber 11. Simultaneously, the material is thrown up by the second stirring plates 37 positioned on the axial compression member 34, and the material in the central region of the mixing chamber 11 is further stirred and mixed by the first stirring plates 36.

[0078] Since the inner wall of the sleeve 30 is rotatably connected to the outer wall of the round rod 21, and several sleeves 30 are fixedly connected to the spiral plate 33, under the fixing action of the spiral plate 33, several stirring parts 31 are kept in an inclined state, avoiding the stirring parts 31 from changing their posture as the round rod 21 rotates, thereby ensuring the stable and continuous guiding and beating effect on the material.

[0079] Application test of a pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins 1. Experimental Design: Forty-eight DLY weaned piglets of similar weight (7.0±0.5 kg, 24±1 days old) were selected for the experiment, with half males and half females. Based on the principle of similar weight, the piglets were divided into 8 groups, with 6 replicates per group and 1 piglet per replicate. These 8 groups were: control group (CON), zinc oxide group (ZnO), control challenge group (CON+ETEC), zinc oxide challenge group (ZnO+ETEC), and hydrolyzed tannic acid challenge groups (525 mg / kg HT+ETEC, 700 mg / kg HT+ETEC, 875 mg / kg HT+ETEC, 1050 mg / kg HT+ETEC). The CON and CON+ETEC groups were fed a basal diet, while the ZnO and ZnO+ETEC groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 2000 mg / kg zinc oxide (zinc content 1600 mg / kg). The four hydrolyzed tannic acid challenge groups were fed basal diets containing different doses of hydrolyzed tannic acid (1500 mg / kg, 2000 mg / kg, 2500 mg / kg, 3000 mg / kg, with an effective content of 35%. The effective content was recorded as 525 mg / kg, 700 mg / kg, 875 mg / kg, and 1050 mg / kg).

[0080] The experiment lasted 22 days, including a 3-day pre-feeding period. On day 12, all piglets in the challenge group were challenged with E. coli K88 bacterial suspension (concentration of 5 × 10⁻⁶ CFU / mL) by gavage to simulate intestinal infection. The control group and the zinc oxide group were gavaged with an equal volume of nutrient broth (NB) as controls. After the experiment, all experimental pigs were slaughtered on day 19 to collect relevant data and samples for subsequent analysis.

[0081] For husbandry and management, to ensure a sterile environment in the pigsty and metabolic cages, two thorough cleanings and disinfections were conducted using a 20% concentrated glutaraldehyde solution. During the experiment, piglets were housed individually in metabolic cages and fed three times daily to meet their nutritional needs. A sufficient supply of clean drinking water was also provided. The pigsty environment was warm and dry, with the temperature controlled at 28±2℃ and humidity maintained below 85%, ensuring good ventilation. Temperature and humidity data were monitored and recorded using a temperature and humidity recorder. During the experiment, detailed daily records were kept of important indicators such as feed consumption and diarrhea, and the animals' body temperature was measured before sampling. Furthermore, personnel entering the pigsty had to wear safety shoes and pass through a disinfection pool to reduce the introduction of external pathogens. Personnel also wore disposable masks, gloves, and protective clothing to ensure adequate personal protective measures and avoid cross-contamination. To maintain a hygienic environment in the pigsty, the pens were cleaned regularly daily, and multiple disinfectants were used alternately to effectively reduce bacterial resistance and ensure the smooth progress and reliability of the results.

[0082] 3. Sample collection and processing, (1) Blood and contents samples On the morning of day 12, at 9:00 AM, blood was collected from the anterior vena cava of each piglet as a baseline sample. Subsequently, at different time points after challenge (9h, 24h, 48h, 96h, and 168h), blood was collected again from each piglet, with 5mL of blood collected each time in EDTA anticoagulant tubes. After centrifugation, plasma samples were obtained, aliquoted into sterile EP tubes, and stored at -80℃ for analysis. Simultaneously, at 168h post-challenge, colonic intestinal contents samples were collected into sterile EP tubes, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and also stored at -80℃ for analysis. (2) Rectal temperature and stool score Using an electronic rectal thermometer (Omron MC-347), at specified time points before and after the viral challenge (0h, 9h, 24h, ... The rectal temperature of piglets was measured at 48h, 96h, and 168h, and the feces were scored. Scoring criteria: 0 - normal (strip-shaped or granular), 1 - soft feces (soft texture, able to maintain shape), 2 - mild diarrhea (pasty), 3 - severe diarrhea (watery).

[0083] (3) Tissue samples All piglets were slaughtered on day 19, and the weights of the heart, liver, spleen, stomach, and kidneys were recorded. 1-2 cm sections of well-formed duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were harvested, rinsed thoroughly with physiological saline, and then placed in 4% paraformaldehyde plastic bottles and 5 mL cryovials, respectively. The former were stored at room temperature, while the latter were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and then transferred to -80°C for later testing. All samples were taken from the same location in each piglet.

[0084] 4. Indicator measurement, plasma inflammatory factors The concentrations of TNF-α (ml002360, Shanghai ELISA kit), IL-1β (ml0222366-J, Shanghai ELISA kit), IL-6 (ml663251, Shanghai ELISA kit), IL-10 (ml002319, Shanghai ELISA kit), and IFN-γ (ml002398, Shanghai ELISA kit) in plasma were determined using an ELISA kit (Shanghai ELISA kit). Before the assay, the samples were taken from -20℃ and allowed to warm to room temperature for 30 min. The procedure was strictly performed according to the kit instructions.

[0085] H&E staining of jejunal tissue sections Intestinal tissue samples were extracted from 4% paraformaldehyde fixative, subjected to gradient dehydration, embedding, and sectioning (5 μm thickness). Subsequently, the sections were stained using hematoxylin-eosin staining and then dehydrated and mounted. To ensure data accuracy, two sections were prepared for each sample, and three typical fields of view (40x magnification) were selected from each section for image acquisition. Data analysis was performed using specialized image processing software. Intestinal villus height and crypt depth were measured.

[0086] Real-time quantitative PCR detection Prior to the experiment, primers were designed using Primer 3.0 software based on the target gene sequence from the NCBI database and synthesized by the Guangzhou branch of Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (see Table 2.3 for details). The total RNA extraction process was as follows: The EZ-pressRNAPurification Kit (Cat#B0004DP, EZBioscience) was used. Specifically, magnetic beads, lysis buffer, and intestinal tissue were added to a grinding tube, and the mixture was ground and transferred to an enzyme-free tube. After standing at room temperature, the supernatant was collected by centrifugation, and ethanol was added before centrifugation again. The centrifuge column was washed, and the mixture was transferred to an RNase-free EP tube and air-dried. The RNA was dissolved in elution buffer, and its concentration and mass were measured. cDNA was prepared using the Color Reverse Transcription Kit (containing gDNA Remover). The cDNA obtained from reverse transcription was used as a template for qPCR and stored at -20℃. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed using a 2×ColorSYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (ROX2plus) kit to determine the expression level of the target gene, and the results were calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method.

[0087] In this context, DLY refers to Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire three-way crossbred weaned piglets; CON is the control group; ZnO is zinc oxide; HT is hydrolyzable tannic acid; ETEC is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; E. coli K88 is porcine pathogenic Escherichia coli K88; CFU is colony forming unit; NB medium is nutrient broth; EDTA is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EP tube is an Eppendorf tube; H&E staining is hematoxylin and eosin staining; and ELISA is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunosorbent Assay; TNF-α is Tumor Necrosis Factor-α; IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 are Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-10, respectively; IFN-γ is Interferon Gamma; RNA is Ribonucleic Acid; cDNA is Complementary DNA; qPCR is Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction; NCBI is the National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2^-ΔΔCt method is the relative gene expression level calculation method (2 to the Power of Minus Delta DeltaCt Method).

[0088] The embodiments of the present invention are given for illustrative and descriptive purposes only, and are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The embodiments were chosen and described to better illustrate the principles and practical application of the invention, and to enable those skilled in the art to understand the invention and design various embodiments with various modifications suitable for a particular purpose.

Claims

1. A pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins, comprising a frame (10), wherein a mixing chamber (11) and a drive motor (14) are provided on the upper side of the frame (10), and the mixing chamber (11) is provided with a mixing cavity (43) for containing feed, characterized in that, Also includes: A mixing component is disposed within the mixing box (11) and can be driven to move in order to mix the feed ingredients in the mixing chamber (43); A plow assembly is disposed on the mixing assembly and moves with the mixing assembly. The plow assembly sweeps the inner wall of the mixing box (11) during the mixing process. A low-adhesion liner is provided on the inner wall of the mixing tank (11) to reduce the tendency of hydrolyzed tannic acid materials to adhere to the inner wall of the mixing tank (11).

2. The pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mixing box (11) has a main shaft (16) rotatably mounted at both ends. The output end of the drive motor (14) is connected to one end of the main shaft (16). The main shaft (16) is used to drive the mixing assembly to rotate.

3. The pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins according to claim 2, characterized in that: The mixing component includes a movable ring (17) sleeved on the outer wall of the main shaft (16). The inner wall of the movable ring (17) is axially engaged with the spline of the outer wall of the main shaft (16). Two sets of plow blade assemblies are disposed on the movable ring (17). A spiral plate (33) is connected to the two sets of plow blade assemblies. The spiral plate (33) moves synchronously with the movable ring (17) to form an axial flow guiding effect during the mixing process.

4. The pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins according to claim 3, characterized in that: The plow assembly includes a round rod (21), one end of which is rotatably connected to the main shaft (16). A slide rod (22) is slidably provided inside the round rod (21), and a plow blade (23) is provided at one end of the slide rod (22). A plurality of rubber scrapers (24) are provided at intervals on the outer wall of the plow blade (23). The rubber scrapers (24) are used to sweep the inner wall of the mixing box (11) during the mixing process.

5. The pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins according to claim 4, characterized in that: The main shaft (16) has several sliding grooves (25) inside. A gear (26) is provided on the outer wall of one end of the round rod (21). The gear (26) slides in the sliding groove (25), and a rack (27) that meshes with the gear (26) is fixed on one side of the sliding groove (25).

6. The pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins according to claim 5, characterized in that: The slide groove (25) has a groove (28) on one side, and one end of the slide rod (22) slides in the groove (28). The groove (28) has a guide (29) inside, and one side of the guide (29) has an inclined structure.

7. The pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins according to claim 4, characterized in that: The outer wall of the round rod (21) is fitted with a sleeve (30), the sleeve (30) is fixedly connected to the spiral plate (33), and the outer wall of the sleeve (30) is inclined and symmetrically provided with two stirring elements (31), and each stirring element (31) is inclined with several guide grooves (32) on one side.

8. The pig feed preparation system containing hydrolyzed tannins according to claim 3, characterized in that: The mixing box (11) has fixed rings (18) fixed on the inner walls of both ends respectively. Each fixed ring (18) has two spiral grooves (19) with their ends connected. The movable ring (17) has a slider (20) on one side of its outer wall. The slider (20) slides spirally in the spiral groove (19) to drive the movable ring (17) to move back and forth along the main shaft (16).

9. An application of a pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins, characterized in that: The application of the hydrolyzed tannic acid-containing pig feed in pig farming, wherein the addition of hydrolyzed tannic acid to the pig feed can effectively alleviate intestinal damage caused to piglets by ETEC challenge, improve growth performance, reduce piglet diarrhea, repair intestinal barrier and aquaporins, reduce inflammation, and regulate intestinal microorganisms.

10. An application of a system for preparing pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins, based on the system for preparing pig feed containing hydrolyzed tannins according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: In the raw material addition stage, the basic diet raw materials and hydrolyzed tannic acid premix are respectively fed into the preparation system, wherein the hydrolyzed tannic acid is added in trace amounts. S2: In the homogenization mixing stage, the plow mixer is started, and the main shaft drives the plow assembly to form a spray fluidized mixing. During the mixing process, the low-adhesion liner set on the inner wall of the cylinder reduces the tendency of hydrolyzed tannic acid and its microcapsule particles to adsorb onto the inner wall. At the same time, the wall-sweeping scraper rotating with the main shaft continuously sweeps the inner wall, timely peeling off the material that may adhere to the inner wall and returning it to the main mixing flow field, thereby avoiding the accumulation and sudden shedding of material on the inner wall. S3: Mixing and stabilization stage. Through the synergistic effect of the low-adhesion liner and the wall-sweeping scraper, the material adhering to the inner wall during the mixing process is kept in a controllable thin layer state, which significantly reduces the concentration fluctuation within the batch and ensures the uniform distribution of hydrolyzed tannic acid in the feed system. S4: In the discharge and granulation stage, the homogenized and mixed material is sent to the subsequent conditioning and granulation section for granulation. The mixing structure can effectively reduce the risk of concentration drift from the mixing stage to the granulation stage, thereby ensuring the stability of the distribution of hydrolyzed tannins in the granulated product. S5: Batch switching application. During continuous production or batch switching, the significant reduction in residual material on the inner wall can reduce the risk of cross-contamination between different batches and improve the reliability of the system under continuous production conditions.

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