Water sampling device

Abstract

The invention discloses a water sampling device and relates to the technical field of water sampling, a body is internally provided with a containing cavity, a piston is located in the containing cavity, two ends of the body are provided with a first water port and a second water port, the side wall of the piston is in contact with the side wall of the containing cavity and divides the containing cavity into a first chamber and a second chamber, and a driving device is connected with the piston. The control system is connected with the driving device, the piston moves from the first position to the second position in the containing cavity and can drive water in the second cavity to be discharged through the second water opening, the first water opening is provided with an opening and closing assembly, and the control system is connected with the opening and closing assembly and can control the opening and closing assembly to open and close the first water opening. When the piston is located at the first position and the second cavity is filled with water, the body can sink to a target water layer, and when the opening and closing assembly opens the first water opening and the piston is located at the second position, the water in the first cavity is not smaller than a preset sampling amount. According to the invention, the collected target water body is not doped with water bodies of other layers.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of water sampling technology, and in particular to a water sampling device. Background Technology

[0002] In existing ecological research and environmental monitoring, water sample analysis can reveal the current state of lake water quality, determine the risk of eutrophication or pollution, and provide data support for early warning of cyanobacterial blooms and protection of water sources. This process requires the use of water sampling devices. However, existing water sampling devices place the sampler body on the water surface before use. To overcome the influence of buoyancy, water enters through an opening at the bottom of the sampler. After reaching the target depth, due to insufficient water renewal within the sampler, residual upper or middle layer water may still mix with the target water layer sample, resulting in sampling results that cannot accurately correspond to the set water depth, affecting the accuracy and validity of the data. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide a water sampling device to solve the problems existing in the prior art, so that the sampled target water body is not mixed with water from other layers, improve the authenticity of the sampling data, and thus ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the final detection data.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following solution: This invention provides a water sampling device, comprising: a body, a piston, a driving device, and a control system. The body has a accommodating cavity, and the piston is located inside the accommodating cavity. A first water inlet and a second water inlet are respectively provided at both ends of the body along a first direction. Both the first and second water inlets can connect the accommodating cavity to the outside. The circumferential sidewall of the piston is in sealing contact with the circumferential sidewall of the accommodating cavity, dividing the accommodating cavity into a first chamber and a second chamber distributed along the first direction. The driving device is connected to the piston, and the control system is connected to the driving device. The control system can control the driving device to move the piston from a first position to a second position within the accommodating cavity. The first position and the second position are located within the accommodating cavity. Between the first water inlet and the second water inlet, and in the first direction, the second position is closer to the second water inlet than the first position. The piston moves from the first position to the second position in the accommodating cavity, which can drive the water in the second chamber to be discharged through the second water inlet. An opening and closing component is provided at the first water inlet. The control system is connected to the opening and closing component and can control the opening and closing component to open or close the first water inlet. When the opening and closing component closes the first water inlet, the piston is in the first position, and the second chamber is full of water, the body can sink to the target water layer. When the opening and closing component opens the first water inlet and the piston is in the second position, the water in the first chamber is not less than a preset sampling amount.

[0005] In one embodiment, a water pressure sensor is also included, which is signal-connected to the control system and is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the body for measuring water depth.

[0006] In one embodiment, the driving device includes a motor, a transmission mechanism, a connecting rod, and a support rod. The motor is signal-connected to the control system and is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the main body. The output shaft of the motor is drively connected to the input component of the transmission mechanism, and the output component of the transmission mechanism is fixedly connected to the connecting rod. The two sides of the connecting rod are rotatably connected to the side wall of the main body about a rotation axis. The connecting rod has an eccentric portion with a distance between the eccentric portion and the rotation axis. One end of the support rod is rotatably connected to the eccentric portion, and the other end of the support rod is rotatably connected to the piston.

[0007] In one embodiment, the opening / closing component is a solenoid valve, which is signal-connected to the control system.

[0008] In one embodiment, the outer wall of the body has a square cross-section, and the accommodating cavity has a circular cross-section.

[0009] In one embodiment, a position sensor is further provided at the second position. When the piston moves to the second position, the position sensor can send a signal to the control system and cause the control system to control the opening and closing assembly to close the first water inlet.

[0010] In one embodiment, the main body is further provided with a third water inlet that can connect the accommodating cavity to the outside. The third water inlet is located between the first position and the second position, and a first water outlet valve that can open and close the third water inlet is provided at the third water inlet.

[0011] In one embodiment, the main body is further provided with a fourth water outlet that can connect the accommodating cavity to the outside. The fourth water outlet is located between the first water outlet and the first position in a first direction, and a second water outlet valve that can open and close the fourth water outlet is provided at the fourth water outlet.

[0012] In one embodiment, a handle is also included, which is rotatably connected to the outer side wall of the body, and the handle is made of metal.

[0013] In one embodiment, the handle is provided with a connecting rope, and the connecting rope is provided with a scale.

[0014] The present invention achieves the following technical effects compared to the prior art: The water sampling device provided by this invention has a piston whose circumferential sidewall is in sealed contact with the circumferential sidewall of the receiving cavity, dividing the receiving cavity into a first chamber and a second chamber distributed in a first direction. This prevents water from mixing between the first and second chambers, thereby improving the authenticity of the sampling data. When the piston is in the first position, the opening and closing assembly closes the first water inlet, and the main body is placed in water. Water can enter the receiving cavity through the second water inlet. The second water inlet also dissipates air from the second chamber during water intake, overcoming buoyancy and allowing the main body to sink. When the second chamber is filled with water, the main body sinks until it reaches the target water layer. After reaching the target water layer, the driving device moves the piston from the first position to the second position within the receiving cavity, causing water in the second chamber to flow through the second water inlet. The discharge of water from the outlet increases the volume of the first chamber, thereby increasing the volume of the water sample to be collected and improving the space utilization rate. Simultaneously, the control system sends a signal to the opening and closing component to open the first outlet, allowing water from the target water layer to enter the first chamber. When the piston is in the second position, the water volume in the first chamber reaches or exceeds the preset sampling volume, ensuring that the volume of the first chamber can meet the required water sample volume for the experiment, avoiding multiple samplings, saving time, and improving efficiency. Furthermore, by moving the piston to discharge water from the second chamber, water from non-target water layers can be removed, reducing the risk of data errors caused by cross-contamination. This provides more scientific and authoritative sampling data for water quality monitoring, ecological research, and other fields, effectively ensuring the accuracy and reliability of experimental results. Attached Figure Description

[0015] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the water sampling device of the present invention; In the diagram: 1. Main body; 2. Second sprue; 3. First sprue; 4. Piston; 5. Drive unit; 6. Water pressure sensor; 7. Motor; 8. First gear; 9. Second gear; 10. Eccentric part; 11. Connecting rod; 12. Support rod; 13. Solenoid valve; 14. Position sensor; 15. Third sprue; 16. Fourth sprue; 17. Handle; 18. Connecting rope. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0018] The purpose of this invention is to provide a water sampling device to solve the problems existing in the prior art, so that the sampled target water body is not mixed with water from other layers, improve the authenticity of the sampling data, and thus ensure the accuracy and validity of the final detection data.

[0019] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0020] like Figure 1 As shown, the present invention provides a water sampling device, including: a body 1, a piston 4, a driving device 5, and a control system. The body 1 has a receiving cavity inside, and the piston 4 is located inside the receiving cavity. A first water inlet 3 and a second water inlet 2 are respectively provided at both ends of the body 1 along a first direction. Both the first water inlet 3 and the second water inlet 2 can connect the receiving cavity to the outside. The circumferential sidewall of the piston 4 is in sealing contact with the circumferential sidewall of the receiving cavity, dividing the receiving cavity into a first chamber and a second chamber distributed along the first direction. The driving device 5 is connected to the piston 4, and the control system is connected to the driving device 5. The control system can control the driving device 5 to move the piston 4 from a first position to a second position within the receiving cavity. The first position and the second position are located between the first water inlet 3 and the second water inlet 2. In the first direction, the second position is closer to the second water inlet 2 than the first position. The piston 4 moves from the first position to the second position in the accommodating cavity, which can drive the water in the second chamber to be discharged through the second water inlet 2. An opening and closing component is provided at the first water inlet 3. The control system is connected to the opening and closing component and can control the opening and closing component to open or close the first water inlet 3. When the opening and closing component closes the first water inlet 3, the piston 4 is in the first position, and the second chamber is full of water, the body 1 can sink to the target water layer. When the opening and closing component opens the first water inlet 3 and the piston 4 is in the second position, the water in the first chamber is not less than the preset sampling amount.

[0021] The water sampling device provided by this invention has a piston 4 whose circumferential sidewall is in sealed contact with the circumferential sidewall of the receiving cavity, dividing the receiving cavity into a first chamber and a second chamber distributed in a first direction. This prevents water from mixing between the first and second chambers, thereby improving the authenticity of the sampling data. When the piston 4 is in the first position, the opening and closing component closes the first water inlet 3, and the body 1 is placed in the water. Water can enter the receiving cavity through the second water inlet 2. The second water inlet 2 can also expel air from the second chamber when water is entering, overcoming the buoyancy of the water and allowing the body 1 to sink. When the second chamber is filled with water, the body 1 can sink until it reaches the target water layer. After reaching the target water layer, the driving device 5 drives the piston 4 to move from the first position to the second position within the receiving cavity, which can drive the water in the second chamber through... The discharge from the second inlet 2 increases the volume of the first chamber, thereby increasing the volume of the water sample to be collected and improving the space utilization rate. Simultaneously, the control system sends a signal to control the opening and closing component to open the first inlet 3, allowing water from the target water layer to enter the first chamber through the first inlet 3. When the piston 4 is in the second position, the water volume in the first chamber reaches or exceeds the preset sampling volume, ensuring that the volume of the first chamber can meet the volume of water sample required for the experiment, avoiding multiple sampling, saving time, and improving efficiency. Moreover, by moving the piston 4 to discharge water from the second chamber, water from non-target water layers can be removed, reducing the risk of data errors caused by cross-contamination of water bodies. This provides more scientific and authoritative sampling data for water quality monitoring, ecological research, and other fields, effectively ensuring the accuracy and reliability of experimental results.

[0022] Furthermore, the main body 1 is made of transparent acrylic material, which is sturdy and lightweight. In addition, the transparent material allows for a clear view of the internal structure of the main body 1, facilitating the observation of water discharge, water intake, and troubleshooting.

[0023] The end of the main body 1 with the first water inlet 3 is heavier than the end with the second water inlet 2 due to the presence of the drive device 5. When it is placed in the water, the end with the first water inlet 3 faces downwards and the end with the second water inlet 2 faces upwards and water enters through the second water inlet 2. At the same time as water enters through the second water inlet 2, the air in the second chamber is expelled and water is filled into the second chamber. The main body 1 can overcome the buoyancy of the water and begins to sink. When collecting water samples from deeper water layers, the counterweight can be added to achieve the purpose of the main body 1 overcoming the buoyancy of the water and quickly entering the water.

[0024] In one embodiment, when the piston is in the first position, the volume of the first chamber is much smaller than that of the second chamber, which can reduce the counterweight of the body 1 and ensure that water can easily enter when the piston is submerged to achieve the effect of balancing the buoyancy of the water.

[0025] In one embodiment, a water pressure sensor 6 is also included. The water pressure sensor 6 is signal-connected to the control system and is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the main body 1. It is used to measure water depth. When the target water layer is reached, the water pressure sensor 6 sends a signal to the control system, which then controls the drive device 5 to move the piston 4 from a first position to a second position within the accommodating cavity, causing water in the second chamber to be discharged through the second water outlet 2. Simultaneously, the control system controls the opening and closing assembly to open, allowing the first water outlet 3 of the water well to enter the first chamber. The water pressure sensor 6 enables automatic water sampling at a specified depth, and can detect the water pressure value of the underwater environment in real time and accurately determine the water depth of the device through conversion. When the target water layer is reached, the water pressure sensor 6 sends a signal to the control system, which then sends a signal to the drive device 5 and the opening and closing assembly. Once the water depth reaches the target, the water pressure sensor 6 automatically sends a trigger signal, eliminating the need for remote manual control or manual underwater operation.

[0026] The control system sets the parameter threshold of the water pressure sensor 6 with centimeter-level precision to ensure that the device can accurately collect water samples in the target water layer. The water pressure sensor 6 can accurately measure the depth of the water layer without manual measurement, thus improving the accuracy and efficiency of water depth measurement.

[0027] In one embodiment, the drive device 5 includes a motor 7, a transmission mechanism, a connecting rod 11, and a support rod 12. The motor 7 is signal-connected to the control system and is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the body 1. The output shaft of the motor 7 is drivenly connected to the input component of the transmission mechanism. The output component of the transmission mechanism is fixedly connected to the connecting rod 11. Both sides of the connecting rod 11 are rotatably connected to the side wall of the body 1 around the rotation axis. The connecting rod 11 has an eccentric portion 10 and the eccentric portion 10 is spaced from the rotation axis. One end of the support rod 12 is rotatably connected to the eccentric portion 10, and the other end of the support rod 12 is rotatably connected to the piston 4. The transmission mechanism specifically uses a first gear 8 and a second gear 9. The output shaft of the motor 7 is coaxially connected to the first gear 8, which meshes with the second gear 9. A connecting rod 11 is coaxially fixedly connected to the second gear 9. One end of the connecting rod 11 and the output component passes through the side wall of the main body 1 and is equipped with a seal to prevent water from flowing out, thus achieving a seal. The other end of the connecting rod 11 is rotatably connected to the side wall of the main body 1. The first gear 8, the second gear 9, the connecting rod 11, and the support rod 12 are all rigid mechanical components with high structural strength, capable of withstanding the high-pressure environment of the target water layer underwater. They will not be deformed or fail due to excessive water pressure. At the same time, the power of the motor 7 can discharge the water in the second chamber from the second water outlet 2, overcoming the pressure from the external water itself. The motor 7 is designed as a waterproof motor to prevent water from damaging the motor 7 during underwater movement, thus affecting the water sampling implementation of the entire device.

[0028] In one embodiment, the opening and closing component is a solenoid valve 13, which is disposed on the first water inlet 3. The solenoid valve 13 is connected to the control system signal. By selecting the solenoid valve 13 to control the opening and closing of the first water inlet 3, on the one hand, automatic opening and closing can be achieved, and on the other hand, the solenoid valve 13 has fewer moving parts, less mechanical wear, and a long service life.

[0029] In one embodiment, the outer cross-section of the body 1 is square, and the cross-section of the accommodating cavity is circular. The square outer wall effectively improves the device's anti-overturning performance in complex underwater flow fields, while the circular inner wall reduces the resistance encountered by the piston 4 during its vertical movement. The synergistic effect of the dual structures significantly enhances the stability and durability of the device in variable water environments, greatly extending the equipment's service life. The square outer wall of the body 1 can disperse underwater pressure and external impact loads, and has strong resistance to deformation. The internal circular cavity is perfectly matched with the circular structure of the piston 4, and the gap between them is uniform, which can reduce the frictional resistance when the piston 4 moves. For the water inlet process of the first chamber, the circular inner wall has no sharp corners, so no eddies or dead zones are generated when the water flows in, which can quickly and uniformly fill the first chamber, ensuring a stable increase in ballast weight, thereby maintaining the stable attitude of the device in the target water layer.

[0030] In one embodiment, a position sensor 14 is also provided at a second position. When the piston 4 moves to the second position, the position sensor 14 can send a signal to the control system and cause the control system to control the opening and closing component to close the first water inlet 3. The position sensor 14 is highly intelligent and can automatically collect opening and closing data without manual observation.

[0031] In one embodiment, the position sensor 14 can be an infrared sensor. The transmitting end and the receiving end of the infrared sensor are both located on the side wall of the accommodating cavity at the same distance from the second water inlet in the first direction and are located on both sides of the piston. The infrared sensor is connected to the control system. When the piston 4 moves to the second position and blocks the infrared sensor, the infrared sensor transmits a signal to the control system. The control system receives the signal and sends a signal to control the opening and closing assembly to close the first water inlet 3.

[0032] In one embodiment, the position sensor 14 may also be a pressure sensor, which is located in the second chamber and on the side wall of the body 1. The pressure sensor is connected to the control system signal. The piston 4 moves to the pressure sensor and contacts it. The pressure sensor transmits a third signal to the control system. The control system transmits a second signal to the solenoid valve 13 to close the first water inlet 3, so that no more water enters and the sampling is completed.

[0033] In one embodiment, the main body 1 is further provided with a third water inlet 15 that connects the accommodating cavity to the outside. The third water inlet 15 is located between the first position and the second position, and a first water outlet valve that can open and close the third water inlet 15 is provided at the third water inlet 15. The first water outlet valve is a manual valve for easy operation. When the main body 1 is in the water, the first water outlet valve is in the closed state. When the main body 1 needs to drain the water in the first chamber, the first water outlet valve is opened to ensure that the water in the first chamber can be drained. When taking out the water sample from the first chamber, in order to ensure the pressure balance inside the accommodating cavity, the opening and closing component can be opened to open the first water inlet 3. The air pressure connection mechanism ensures the air pressure balance during water intake, making the drainage operation more convenient and efficient, and facilitating the drainage of water inside the first chamber.

[0034] Preferably, when the piston 4 is in the first position, the side facing the first chamber is in contact with the third water outlet 15, which ensures that when it is necessary to remove the water sample from the first chamber, the water in the first chamber is discharged as much as possible when the first water outlet valve is opened to open the third water outlet 15.

[0035] In one alternative implementation, the infrared sensor is placed on the side wall near the bottom of the accommodating cavity, which ensures that the first chamber after water collection is completed is basically the entire accommodating cavity, and the first chamber contains the most water, thus resulting in the collection of the most water samples.

[0036] In one embodiment, the main body 1 is further provided with a fourth water inlet 16 that connects the accommodating cavity to the outside. The fourth water inlet 16 is located on one side of the first water inlet 3, and a second water outlet valve is provided at the fourth water inlet 16 that can be opened and closed. The second water outlet valve is a manual valve for easy operation. When the main body 1 is in water, the second water outlet valve is in the closed state; when the main body 1 needs to drain the water from the first chamber, the second water outlet valve is opened to ensure that the water in the first chamber can be drained. The fourth water inlet 16 allows for easier adjustment of the pressure in the first chamber when the water sample is taken out, without the need to open and close the opening and closing components to balance the pressure, making the operation more convenient.

[0037] In one embodiment, a handle 17 is also included. The handle 17 is rotatably connected to the outer side wall of the body 1 and is connected to the body 1 by a hinge pin, which facilitates rotation. The handle 17 facilitates the picking up and putting down of the body 1 and makes sampling convenient. The handle 17 is made of metal, which improves the pulling effect on the body 1 and enhances safety.

[0038] In one embodiment, a connecting rope 18 is provided on the handle 17. The length of the connecting rope 18 can be adjusted according to the water depth. The connecting rope 18 is provided with a scale. The depth of the main body 1 entering the water can be obtained by measuring the length of the connecting rope that enters the water.

[0039] The working process of the water sampling device: When water sampling is required, the entire body 1 is placed in water, solenoid valve 13 is closed, and both the first and second outlet valves are closed. Under the action of pressure difference, water enters through the second inlet 2, which then expels the air in the second chamber and fills the second chamber with water. The body 1 overcomes the buoyancy of the water and begins to sink. After sinking to the target water layer, the water pressure sensor 6 senses it and transmits a signal to the control system. The control system sends a signal to the motor 7 and solenoid valve 13. The motor 7 drives the piston 4 from the first position to the second position, and discharges the water in the second chamber from the second inlet 2. At the same time as the piston 4 moves, the solenoid valve 13 opens the first inlet 3, and the water sample enters the first chamber from the first inlet 3. When the piston 4 moves to the position sensor 14, the control system sends a signal to the solenoid valve 13 to close the first inlet 3. The first chamber now contains the water sample to be collected. Pull up the connecting rope 18 to remove the body 1 from the water. After removal, open the first and second outlet valves to release the water sample from the first chamber.

[0040] All electronic components in this device, including the control system, motor 7, solenoid valve 13, water pressure sensor 6, and position sensor 14, are connected wirelessly.

[0041] Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this invention. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of this invention. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that, based on the ideas of this invention, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

Claims

1. A water sampling device, characterized in that: include: The system comprises a body, a piston, a drive device, and a control system. The body has an internal accommodating cavity, and the piston is located inside the accommodating cavity. A first water inlet and a second water inlet are respectively provided at both ends of the body along a first direction. Both the first and second water inlets connect the accommodating cavity to the outside. The circumferential sidewall of the piston is in sealing contact with the circumferential sidewall of the accommodating cavity, dividing the accommodating cavity into a first chamber and a second chamber distributed along the first direction. The drive device is connected to the piston, and the control system is connected to the drive device. The control system can control the drive device to move the piston from a first position to a second position within the accommodating cavity. The first and second positions are located at the first water inlet and the second water inlet, respectively. Between the second water inlets, and in the first direction, the second position is closer to the second water inlet than the first position. The piston moves from the first position to the second position in the accommodating cavity, which can drive the water in the second chamber to be discharged through the second water inlet. An opening and closing component is provided at the first water inlet. The control system is connected to the opening and closing component and can control the opening and closing component to open or close the first water inlet. When the opening and closing component closes the first water inlet, the piston is in the first position, and the second chamber is filled with water, the body can sink to the target water layer. When the opening and closing component opens the first water inlet and the piston is in the second position, the water in the first chamber is not less than a preset sampling amount.

2. The water sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a water pressure sensor, which is connected to the control system. The water pressure sensor is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the body and is used to measure the water depth.

3. The water sampling device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The driving device includes a motor, a transmission mechanism, a connecting rod, and a support rod. The motor is signal-connected to the control system and is fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the main body. The output shaft of the motor is drivenly connected to the input component of the transmission mechanism, and the output component of the transmission mechanism is fixedly connected to the connecting rod. The two sides of the connecting rod are rotatably connected to the side wall of the main body around the rotation axis. The connecting rod has an eccentric portion with a distance between the eccentric portion and the rotation axis. One end of the support rod is rotatably connected to the eccentric portion, and the other end of the support rod is rotatably connected to the piston.

4. The water sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The opening and closing component is a solenoid valve, and the solenoid valve is connected to the control system via signal.

5. The water sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer wall of the main body has a square cross-section, and the accommodating cavity has a circular cross-section.

6. The water sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a position sensor disposed at the second position. When the piston moves to the second position, the position sensor can send a signal to the control system and cause the control system to control the opening and closing assembly to close the first water inlet.

7. The water sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main body is also provided with a third water outlet that can connect the accommodating cavity to the outside. The third water outlet is located between the first position and the second position, and a first water outlet valve that can open and close the third water outlet is provided at the third water outlet.

8. The water sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main body is also provided with a fourth water outlet that can connect the accommodating cavity to the outside. The fourth water outlet is located between the first water outlet and the first position in a first direction. A second water outlet valve that can open and close the fourth water outlet is provided at the fourth water outlet.

9. The water sampling device according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a handle, which is rotatably connected to the outer side wall of the body, and the handle is made of metal.

10. The water sampling device according to claim 9, characterized in that: The handle is equipped with a connecting rope, and the connecting rope is marked with graduations.

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