Method and device for evaluating fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake and medium

Abstract

The invention discloses a method and a device for evaluating fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake, and a medium. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring daily average saturated fatty acid intake data of a pregnant woman to be evaluated; comparing the intake with a plurality of preset risk threshold intervals, and determining a corresponding fetal distress risk level; and finally outputting an evaluation result containing the risk level. According to the method, objective dietary data and a rigorous statistical method are combined, and the association between saturated fatty acid and fetal distress is converted into a clear quantitative risk assessment standard, so that the progress of risk assessment from qualitative to quantitative and from fuzzy to accurate is realized; the problem that in the prior art, an individualized and quantitative fetal distress risk assessment tool for saturated fatty acid is lacked is solved. The invention provides a rapid, convenient and non-invasive risk screening tool, and provides a scientific basis for pregnancy diet intervention and clinical monitoring.

Description

A method, apparatus, and medium for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake. Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of medical monitoring and prevention technology, and in particular to a method, device, and medium for assessing the risk of fetal distress based on saturated fatty acid intake. Background Technology

[0002] Fetal distress is a common pregnancy complication, referring to a series of abnormal changes in the fetus within the uterus that lead to fetal hypoxia, acidosis, or other adverse effects, endangering the fetus's health. It is a significant cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early identification and intervention of high-risk pregnant women are crucial for improving pregnancy outcomes.

[0003] Studies have shown that nutritional status during pregnancy, especially dietary fat intake, may affect maternal metabolism, inflammation levels, and placental function. Among these, excessive intake of saturated fatty acids, an important dietary component, has been observed to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. However, the potential link between saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress remains unclear.

[0004] However, in clinical practice and public health, translating saturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy into a quantifiable and individualized assessment of fetal distress risk still faces significant technical bottlenecks, primarily in the following aspects. First, existing dietary intake assessment methods lack accuracy, making it difficult to obtain reliable exposure data. Currently, large-scale epidemiological studies or clinical assessments largely rely on dietary frequency questionnaires or simplified dietary recall. These methods are typically crude, suffering from recall bias and inaccurate portion estimations, especially when assessing food components like fatty acids, which are difficult to recall precisely. The lack of standardized survey procedures, unified portion reference tools, and rigorous quality control systems results in high noise and low reliability in the collected saturated fatty acid intake data, failing to provide a high-quality data foundation for accurate risk modeling. Second, the impact of saturated fatty acid intake on fetal distress risk is not isolated but significantly moderated by multiple covariates, including lifestyle (such as sedentary lifestyle and alcohol consumption), socioeconomic factors, and medication history (such as hormone therapy). Most existing risk assessment tools fail to consider saturated fatty acid intake in relation to these key covariates, thus failing to provide personalized risk correction. For example, at the same level of saturated fatty acid intake, the actual risks for pregnant women from different backgrounds may differ, and general models cannot reflect this.

[0005] In conclusion, there is an urgent need to construct a comprehensive risk assessment system based on large-scale population evidence, capable of handling the association between saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress, and able to integrate key covariates for personalized adjustments. This would provide clinicians with a highly operable and reliable tool for stratifying overall pregnancy risk, enabling a shift from passively treating complications to proactive prevention and precise intervention. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the shortcomings of the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: how to provide a method, device, and medium for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake, thereby solving the technical problems in existing fetal distress risk assessment models that lack objective and quantitative assessment of specific, modifiable nutritional factors (such as saturated fatty acids), have low data accuracy, and do not fully consider key confounding factors and interactions, resulting in insufficient accuracy of individualized risk assessment.

[0007] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a method for assessing the risk of fetal distress based on saturated fatty acid intake, comprising the following steps:

[0008] S1: Obtain the average daily saturated fatty acid intake data of the pregnant women to be evaluated through a standardized dietary survey method.

[0009] S2: The average daily intake of saturated fatty acids is compared with multiple pre-set risk threshold intervals, and the fetal distress risk level of the pregnant woman to be evaluated is determined according to the interval to which it belongs; wherein, the multiple risk threshold intervals are determined based on the cohort data of pregnant women in a multi-center cross-sectional survey, and are determined by dividing the distribution of the average daily intake of saturated fatty acids of pregnant women in the cohort according to quantiles and associating it with the risk of fetal distress.

[0010] The pre-defined risk threshold range and its corresponding risk level are determined in advance through the following modeling and analysis steps:

[0011] S21: Obtain cohort data of pregnant women from a multicenter cross-sectional survey, including the daily average intake of saturated fatty acids, fetal distress outcomes, and covariates of the sample pregnant women.

[0012] S22: Using the aforementioned fetal distress outcome as the dependent variable, the aforementioned average daily saturated fatty acid intake as the core independent variable, and incorporating selected covariates, a multivariate adjusted risk assessment model is constructed using logistic regression.

[0013] S23: Based on the distribution of the average daily saturated fatty acid intake of pregnant women in the cohort, several consecutive intake intervals are divided using the quantile method as risk threshold intervals.

[0014] S24: Based on the risk assessment model, calculate the specific risk increase (such as the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval) corresponding to each risk threshold interval, and then divide the risk threshold intervals into different fetal distress risk levels according to the risk increase and clinical significance of each interval.

[0015] S3: Output the assessment results containing the risk level.

[0016] By integrating large-scale population data from multi-center cross-sectional surveys, this study constructs a model to characterize the association between daily saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress, and develops a practical risk stratification strategy based on this association. For the first time, it achieves a systematic and quantitative assessment of the risk of fetal distress faced by pregnant women based on daily saturated fatty acid intake, providing a clear, simple, and evidence-based risk assessment tool. This allows clinicians or pregnant women to obtain an intuitive risk level simply by comparing known intake levels with preset thresholds, achieving standardization and operationalization of risk assessment and providing a key entry point for subsequent precise interventions.

[0017] Preferably, in step S2, when comparing the daily average saturated fatty acid intake with multiple preset risk threshold intervals, it is also necessary to adjust the risk level by incorporating at least one covariate of the pregnant woman to be assessed; the covariate and the daily average saturated fatty acid intake have an interaction effect on the risk of fetal distress; the interaction effect is determined through statistical analysis based on the cohort data. In this way, by conducting in-depth interaction analysis on the basic cohort data, those covariates that can significantly modify the risk effect of saturated fatty acids are identified, and by introducing the interaction effect of individual-specific covariates, the baseline risk based on the daily average saturated fatty acid intake is fine-tuned, thereby outputting a more accurate risk estimate that better reflects the individual's physiological and social behavioral characteristics, greatly enhancing the model's applicability and predictive efficacy in diverse populations.

[0018] Preferably, the covariates include alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use. This study found that the daily saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress are not isolated but influenced by these specific covariates (such as lifestyle and medication use). Incorporating these key covariates aligns with the principles of precision medicine, moving risk assessment from a "general model" based on daily saturated fatty acid intake to a "personalized model" incorporating individual characteristics. This addresses the issue of insufficient predictive accuracy of general models across different populations or individuals with specific characteristics, improving the personalization and clinical applicability of risk assessment. Specifically, alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use weaken the positive correlation between saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress.

[0019] Preferably, the daily saturated fatty acid intake data were obtained using a 24-hour dietary recall method; the cohort data consisted of a sample size of no less than 90,000 pregnant women. This large-scale sample provides more stable parameter estimates, reduces randomness, makes the discovered associations more universally significant, and effectively constructs detailed risk grading intervals, ensuring the empirical basis and broad applicability of the risk assessment method.

[0020] Preferably, the risk threshold range is based on four levels formed by dividing the daily average saturated fatty acid intake of the cohort data according to the quartiles. Specifically, the distribution of daily average saturated fatty acid intake is divided into four groups, Q1 to Q4, with Q1 as the reference benchmark. Q1 is a daily average saturated fatty acid intake of less than 17.63 g / d, Q2 is a daily average saturated fatty acid intake between 17.63 g / d and 23.85 g / d, Q3 is a daily average saturated fatty acid intake between 23.85 g / d and 31.21 g / d, and Q4 is a daily average saturated fatty acid intake of more than 31.21 g / d. When the daily saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant woman to be evaluated falls into the Q1 range, "low risk" is output; when the daily saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant woman to be evaluated falls into the Q2 or Q3 range, "medium risk" is output and it is indicated that the risk of fetal distress is significantly increased compared with the reference baseline, with an odds ratio of 1.16; when the daily saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant woman to be evaluated falls into the Q4 range, "high risk" is output and it is indicated that the risk of fetal distress is significantly increased compared with the reference baseline, with an odds ratio of 1.41; and for every standard deviation increase in saturated fatty acid intake compared with the reference baseline, the overall risk increases by 1.13 times.

[0021] Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for assessing the risk of fetal distress based on saturated fatty acid intake, comprising:

[0022] The data acquisition module is used to obtain data on the daily saturated fatty acid intake and covariates of pregnant women to be evaluated through standardized dietary survey methods.

[0023] The risk assessment module is used to store multiple preset risk threshold intervals, compare the average daily saturated fatty acid intake with the risk threshold intervals, and determine the corresponding fetal distress risk level. The risk threshold intervals are determined based on multi-center cross-sectional survey data of pregnant women, according to the quantiles of the average daily saturated fatty acid intake and associated with risks.

[0024] The results output module is used to output the fetal distress risk assessment results of the pregnant woman to be evaluated.

[0025] In this way, through the collaboration of various modules (such as the data acquisition module standardizing input, the risk assessment and processing module carrying out risk threshold ranges and performing calculations, and the result output module presenting results), the abstract method process is automated and tool-based.

[0026] Preferably, in the risk assessment module, when comparing the average daily saturated fatty acid intake with multiple preset risk threshold intervals, it is also necessary to adjust the risk level by incorporating at least one covariate of the pregnant woman to be assessed; the covariate and the average daily saturated fatty acid intake have an interaction effect on the risk of fetal distress; the interaction effect is determined based on the cohort data through statistical analysis; the covariate includes alcohol consumption and / or oral contraceptive use. The risk threshold intervals are four levels formed by dividing the average daily saturated fatty acid intake of the cohort data according to the quartiles.

[0027] Another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic device comprising: a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor executes the computer program to implement the method as described above.

[0028] Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the method described above.

[0029] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0030] 1. Based on large-scale population data, this invention, through rigorous statistical models (such as restricted cubic splines), for the first time accurately depicts the nonlinear dose-response relationship between daily saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress risk. Building upon this, a multivariate adjusted logistic regression model is constructed. This model not only incorporates multidimensional covariates such as lifestyle and medication history to correct for confounding effects, but also innovatively introduces and verifies the significant interaction between key covariates (such as alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use) and saturated fatty acid intake, thus profoundly revealing the complex regulatory mechanisms behind the risk. Based on this, a clear "low, medium, and high" risk level is scientifically defined, with quantitative risk threshold intervals, and specific risk increments (such as odds ratios and their confidence intervals) are provided for each interval. This represents a leap from previously vague qualitative associations to quantitative risk grading that can be directly used for individual screening. This invention significantly improves the accuracy and operability of diagnosis, enhances the individualization and refinement of risk assessment, provides a scientific basis for constructing fetal distress risk management models and precision prevention strategies, and offers an intuitive and reliable decision-making tool for clinical and public health practices.

[0031] 2. This invention reveals a significant interaction between key covariates (such as alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use) and the risk of fetal distress outcomes in daily saturated fatty acid intake. In risk assessment, the system not only compares the individual's intake range but also dynamically corrects the risk assessment based on embedded interaction information using unique covariate data. This multi-factor joint analysis and correction mechanism effectively eliminates confounding factors, resulting in high consistency and stability of assessment results across different subgroups, significantly improving the specificity and sensitivity of the risk assessment. Attached Figure Description

[0032] Figure 1 is a flowchart of the sample data cleaning process. Figure 2 is a restriction cubic spline plot of the relationship between daily saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments. In the following embodiments, "cohort data" and "study population" refer to a large benchmark dataset of a reference population used for statistical analysis and setting grading thresholds, such as the UKBiobank cohort.

[0034] Example 1: Determination of Risk Threshold Range and Risk Level

[0035] 1. Data Sources: The specific process is shown in Figure 1. Data was obtained from the UK Biobank (UKB) (http: / / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / geo / ). The UKB is an ongoing prospective cohort study. During the baseline period (March 2006 to December 2010), over 500,000 participants (aged 37-73 years) were recruited from 22 research centers in the UK. Extensive information was collected through a series of touchscreen questionnaires, including sociodemographic information, lifestyle, and medical history. In computer-assisted individual interviews, trained interviewers collected self-reported information about medical diagnoses from patients. More information about diagnoses was also collected through links to hospital records in the Hospital Events Statistics Database. We used the cohort baseline (2006-2010) as a cross-sectional analysis, focusing on participants who had experienced pregnancy at baseline assessment. Inclusion criteria: 1) All participants in the UK Biobank database. Exclusion criteria: 1) Exclusion of male participants; 2) Exclusion of participants without a history of pregnancy; 3) Exclusion of participants lacking fatty acid intake. All participants gave informed consent. All variables, "don't want to answer" and "don't know," were set to missing values, ultimately identifying 94,528 participants. The study has received ethical approval.

[0036] 2. Sample data acquisition: Search and download sample data from the UK Biobank database, including fetal distress outcomes, covariate data, and daily saturated fatty acid intake.

[0037] Fetal distress was used as the outcome variable. The diagnosis of fetal distress was defined by participants' self-reports at baseline or by the "First Occurrence Field" (data category: 2415) provided by UK Biobank. The "First Occurrence Field" includes data from primary care, hospital admission records, self-reported medical conditions, and death registries, primarily using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for diagnosis. In this study, we used UKB data field 132346 for fetal distress.

[0038] The covariate data involved in this embodiment include baseline supplemental age, smoking, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive use, sedentary time, education level, and income level. Age, defined as the age at which the patient first attended the assessment center, was selected as the age variable in this study. Sedentary time was coded as the sum of time spent watching television and using a computer. Income level was represented by the Townsend Deprivation Index. Education level was categorized as undergraduate or associate degree, UK A / AS level or equivalent, UK O level / GCSE or equivalent, UK CSE certificate or equivalent, National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) / Higher National Diploma (HND) / Higher National Certificate (HNC) or equivalent, and other professional qualifications. Smoking status was assessed as never smoking and smoking. Alcohol consumption was assessed as never drinking and drinking. Oral contraceptive use was assessed as never using and using. Hormone replacement therapy use was assessed as never using and using.

[0039] The daily saturated fatty acid intake involved in this embodiment was collected from the UK Biobank database during the online follow-up phase using the 24-hour dietary recall method. A validated automated dietary assessment system (Oxford WebQ electronic questionnaire v2.0) was used to collect information on 147 types of dietary intake from participants the previous day. The daily SFA intake (data field 26014) was automatically calculated by matching data from the UK Food Composition Standards database (McCance and Widdowson's Composition of Foods integrated dataset, v7.0). This study used the value of this field after quality control calibration (unit: grams / day). Data collection began in April 2022. Participants were required to complete a standardized 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire online (average time 12-15 minutes). An interactive food search (supporting fuzzy search and branded food barcode scanning) was used to confirm the intake of foods rich in SFAs, such as red meat, full-fat dairy products, butter, palm oil, and tropical fruits (the system has a built-in UK standard serving size database, accurate to ±0.1 grams). The system automatically calculated the impact of cooking methods (e.g., frying increases the SFA absorption coefficient by 1.3) and food combinations (e.g., the fat additive algorithm for buttered bread) on the total SFA intake. All data were reviewed by a team of certified nutritionists (who passed the 24-hour recall consistency test and had a correlation coefficient r ≥ 0.72 with the gold standard recall method). Abnormal energy intake values ​​(SFA > 150 g / day or < 2 g / day) underwent double manual verification. Finally, the SFA data was validated against plasma phospholipid fatty acid profiles (n = 15,000 subsamples) using Spearman's biomarker method. (ρ=0.68), suitable for the longitudinal tracking needs of large-scale nutritional epidemiological studies.

[0040] 3. Statistical Analysis

[0041] 1) Descriptive Analysis: Based on R software, the study population was divided into an exposed group and an unexposed group for fetal distress outcomes. Continuous variables were presented as means (standard deviations), and t-tests were used for comparisons between groups; categorical variables were presented as frequencies (percentages), and chi-square tests were used for comparisons between groups. All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.3.3). A two-tailed p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and the same applies below. The study aimed to observe whether there were significant differences in outcomes and covariates between the exposed and unexposed groups. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0042] Table 1

[0043]

[0044] The results showed that the exposed group had a significantly higher intake of saturated fatty acids compared to the unexposed group. Furthermore, the exposed group was more likely to be younger, more educated, and more economically affluent than the unexposed group, and was also more likely to use oral contraceptives, but showed the opposite trend in hormone replacement therapy.

[0045] 2) Correlation analysis: Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed using the rms package in R software. Four nodes were set, with daily saturated fatty acid intake as exposure and fetal distress as outcome, to assess the potential relationship between the two. The results are shown in Figure 2.

[0046] The results showed that there was a linear relationship between daily saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress; as the intake of saturated fatty acids increased, the risk of fetal distress also increased.

[0047] 3) Logistic Regression Modeling: Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between daily saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress outcomes. Specifically, two stepwise adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were constructed: Model 1 (baseline model) used fetal distress as the dependent variable and daily saturated fatty acid intake as the core independent variable, adjusting only for age; Model 2 (fully adjusted model) further adjusted for BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption frequency, education level, income, sedentary time, history of oral contraceptive use, and history of hormone replacement therapy, and this model served as the final risk assessment model. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and all results were quantified using odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the strength of the association between daily saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress outcomes.

[0048] Furthermore, to more intuitively illustrate the changes in risk, daily saturated fatty acid intake was transformed into a categorical variable based on the quartiles (Q1–Q4) of the study population for analysis. Specifically, Q1 represents the 0th to 25th percentile of daily saturated fatty acid intake in the study population; Q2 represents the 25th to 50th percentile; Q3 represents the 50th to 75th percentile; and Q4 represents the 75th to 100th percentile. The lowest quartile (Q1) was used as the baseline (OR = 1.00). The results are shown in Table 2.

[0049] Table 2

[0050]

[0051] Table 3

[0052]

[0053] As can be seen from Table 2, an increase in the intake of saturated fatty acids will increase the risk of fetal distress, and there is a positive correlation between the intake of saturated fatty acids and the risk of fetal distress. After adjusting for all covariates, for every one standard deviation increase in the intake of saturated fatty acids, the risk of fetal distress increases significantly (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.08 - 1.17). In the main adjustment model, compared with Q1, the risks of fetal distress in the saturated fatty acid intake groups of Q2, Q3, and Q4 increase significantly (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.33; OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01 - 1.33; OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.24 - 1.61). These results indicate that an increase in the intake of saturated fatty acids will increase the risk of fetal distress.

[0054] Furthermore, the daily intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) of pregnant women in the entire cohort data was divided into four groups, Q1 - Q4, using the quartile method, and the corresponding SFA cut-off values for each group were analyzed. The results are shown in Table 3. The results show that: Q1 (the lowest intake group): SFA < 17.63 g / d; Q2: 17.63 g / d < SFA < 23.85 g / d; Q3: 23.85 g / d < SFA < 31.21 g / d; Q4 (the highest intake group): SFA > 31.21 g / d.

[0055] 4) Robustness test and subgroup analysis: Subgroup analysis was performed on the categorical variables in the covariates, and interaction terms of SFA intake and these covariates were introduced for testing to verify and quantify the moderating effect of covariates on the relationship between the daily average saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress outcome, and to ensure the stability and consistency of the association between the daily average saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress outcome under different population characteristics.

[0056] Specifically, based on the study participants, the covariates including age, smoking, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive use, sedentary time, education level, and income level were divided into several subgroups. Age, defined as the age at which patients first attended the assessment center, was selected as the age variable in this study. Sedentary time was coded as the sum of time spent watching television and using a computer. Income level was represented by the Townsend Deprivation Index. Education level was categorized into undergraduate or associate degree, UK A / AS level or equivalent, UK O level / GCSE or equivalent, UK CSE certificate or equivalent, National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) / Higher National Diploma (HND) / Higher National Certificate (HNC) or equivalent, and other professional qualifications. Smoking status was assessed as never smoking and smoking. Alcohol consumption was assessed as never drinking and drinking. Oral contraceptive use was assessed as never using and using. Hormone replacement therapy use was assessed as never using and using. The study aimed to examine the relationship between daily saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress outcomes in different subgroups, and to identify which variables might play a role in this relationship. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0057] Table 4

[0058]

[0059] Table 4 shows that the p-values ​​for the interaction terms between alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use were all less than 0.05, indicating that these factors had a significant moderating effect on the association between daily saturated fatty acid intake and the risk of fetal distress. Specifically, the results showed that for pregnant women with a history of alcohol consumption, the increase in fetal distress risk associated with increased SFA intake was significantly lower than that for pregnant women without a history of alcohol consumption; similarly, for pregnant women with a history of oral contraceptive use, the increase in fetal distress risk associated with increased SFA intake was also significantly lower than that for pregnant women without a history of oral contraceptive use. Therefore, alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use weaken the positive correlation between saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress. There were no significant differences or moderating effects among the subgroups of age, smoking, hormone replacement therapy, sedentary time, education level, and income level. Therefore, when comparing the daily average intake of saturated fatty acids with multiple preset risk threshold ranges, it is also necessary to combine the covariates that have significant moderating effects mentioned above. The risk level is adjusted based on the interaction between the covariates and the daily average intake of saturated fatty acids on the risk of fetal distress, so as to accurately characterize its moderating effect and ensure the individualized accuracy of the assessment results.

[0060] 5) Risk stratification strategy: Based on the results of the fully adjusted model (Model 2) above, we developed the following risk stratification strategy according to the distribution of average daily SFA intake in the study cohort (i.e., the reference population):

[0061] Low risk (Q1): Daily SFA intake is in the lowest 25% range (<17.63 g / day), and this risk group is set as the reference baseline.

[0062] Medium risk (Q2 or Q3): Daily SFA intake is in the range of 25% to 75% (17.63 to 31.21 g / day). Compared with the reference baseline, the risk of fetal distress is significantly increased, with an odds ratio of 1.16.

[0063] High risk (Q4): Daily SFA intake is in the highest 25% range (>31.21 g / day), with a significantly increased risk of fetal distress compared to the reference baseline, with an odds ratio of 1.41.

[0064] Furthermore, compared to the reference baseline, the overall risk increases by 1.13 times for every standard deviation increase in saturated fatty acid intake. Additionally, alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use reduce the overall risk.

[0065] Example 2 This example describes a method for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake, comprising the following steps:

[0066] 1) A standardized 24-hour dietary recall survey was conducted face-to-face by trained healthcare professionals on the population to be assessed. Using a structured questionnaire similar in principle to that in Example 1, the types and precise quantities of all food intake over the past 24 hours were recorded (estimated with the aid of a food model atlas). The average daily SFA intake of the population to be assessed was calculated by consulting the *Chinese Food Composition Tables*, and covariates including alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use were recorded.

[0067] 2) The average daily SFA intake of the population to be assessed is compared with multiple preset risk threshold intervals to determine the fetal distress risk level of the pregnant women to be assessed; wherein, the multiple risk threshold intervals are determined based on the cohort data of pregnant women in a multi-center cross-sectional survey, according to the distribution of the average daily saturated fatty acid intake of pregnant women in the cohort, and after being divided by quantiles and associated with fetal distress risk.

[0068] The daily saturated fatty acid intake based on the cohort data is divided into four levels according to the quartiles. Specifically, Q1 is used as the reference benchmark, where Q1 is a daily saturated fatty acid intake of less than 17.63 g / d, Q2 is a daily saturated fatty acid intake between 17.63 g / d and 23.85 g / d, Q3 is a daily saturated fatty acid intake between 23.85 g / d and 31.21 g / d, and Q4 is a daily saturated fatty acid intake of more than 31.21 g / d. When the daily saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant woman being assessed falls within the Q1 range, a "low risk" is output; when it falls within the Q2 or Q3 range, a "medium risk" is output, indicating a significantly increased risk of fetal distress compared to the reference baseline (odds ratio 1.16); when it falls within the Q4 range, a "high risk" is output, indicating a significantly increased risk of fetal distress compared to the reference baseline (odds ratio 1.41); and for every standard deviation increase in daily saturated fatty acid intake compared to the reference baseline, the overall risk increases by 1.13 times. For example, a daily saturated fatty acid intake falling within the range of 23.85 g / d to 31.21 g / d is therefore classified as "medium risk (Q3)".

[0069] In a specific embodiment, when comparing the average daily intake of saturated fatty acids with multiple preset risk threshold ranges, it is also necessary to adjust the risk level by taking into account the pregnant woman's alcohol consumption and / or oral contraceptive use; alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use can weaken the positive correlation between saturated fatty acid intake and fetal distress.

[0070] 3) The system automatically generates a "Fetal Distress Nutritional Risk Assessment Report." The report can be output electronically, printed, or transmitted via a data interface. The report should include at least the following: a clear list of the risk category and corresponding effect values ​​(OR and CI), and dietary recommendations. For example, the report might state: "This pregnant woman's daily saturated fatty acid intake is assessed as 'medium risk.' Studies show that the risk of fetal distress corresponding to this risk level is approximately 1.16 times that of the low-risk group. Recommendation: Under the guidance of a professional nutritionist, appropriately reduce the intake of red meat, full-fat dairy products, butter, and processed baked goods, and have regular prenatal checkups."

[0071] Example 3 This example constructs a data processing device for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake. The device mainly includes a data acquisition module, a risk assessment module (processor), and a result output module. During operation, the raw sample data acquired by the data acquisition module is transmitted to the risk assessment module via the communication connection; the risk assessment module calls a built-in risk assessment model to process the data and sends the generated risk assessment signal to the result output module; the result output module responds to the risk assessment signal, generates and outputs an assessment report containing risk level or dietary recommendations. Specifically:

[0072] 1) Data Acquisition Module: Configured to connect to external testing equipment or a database to acquire data including the daily saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant women to be evaluated, obtained through a standardized dietary survey method, and covariate data. The covariates include alcohol consumption and oral contraceptive use.

[0073] 2) Risk Assessment Module: Connected to the data acquisition module, this module receives the raw sample data. Internally, it is further configured to: store data in an associated storage medium; store multiple preset risk threshold intervals; compare the daily average saturated fatty acid intake with these risk threshold intervals to determine the corresponding fetal distress risk level; the risk threshold intervals are determined based on multi-center cross-sectional survey data of pregnant women, according to the quantiles of daily average saturated fatty acid intake and associated with risk. In a specific embodiment, when comparing the daily average saturated fatty acid intake with the preset multiple risk threshold intervals, it is also necessary to adjust the risk level by incorporating at least one covariate of the pregnant woman to be assessed; the covariate interacts with the daily average saturated fatty acid intake on the risk of fetal distress; the interaction is determined based on the cohort data through statistical analysis; the covariate includes alcohol consumption and / or oral contraceptive use.

[0074] 3) Result Output Module: Used to output the fetal distress risk assessment results for the pregnant woman to be evaluated. Risk assessment is performed according to the above-described judgment logic, wherein the output results follow the following correlation logic: when the daily average saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant woman to be evaluated falls into the Q1 range, "low risk" is output; when the daily average saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant woman to be evaluated falls into the Q2 or Q3 range, "medium risk" is output with a message indicating that the risk of fetal distress is significantly increased compared to the reference baseline, with an odds ratio of 1.16; when the daily average saturated fatty acid intake of the pregnant woman to be evaluated falls into the Q4 range, "high risk" is output with a message indicating that the risk of fetal distress is significantly increased compared to the reference baseline, with an odds ratio of 1.41; and that for every standard deviation increase in daily average saturated fatty acid intake compared to the reference baseline, the overall risk increases by 1.13 times.

[0075] Example 4: In order to execute the method corresponding to Example 2 above and achieve the corresponding functions and technical effects, an apparatus is provided below, including: at least one processor; and a memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor; wherein the memory stores instructions that can be executed by the at least one processor, and the instructions are executed by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to perform the above-mentioned method for assessing the risk of fetal distress based on daily saturated fatty acid intake.

[0076] It should be understood that the aforementioned processor can be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), or other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc. A general-purpose processor can be a microprocessor or any conventional processor. The steps of the method disclosed in this invention can be directly implemented by a hardware processor, or implemented by a combination of hardware and software modules within the processor. The aforementioned memory may include high-speed random access memory (RAM), and may also include non-volatile memory (NVM), such as at least one disk storage device, and may also be a USB flash drive, external hard drive, read-only memory, disk, or optical disc, etc.

[0077] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions, which are executed by a processor to provide a method for assessing the risk of fetal distress outcomes based on daily saturated fatty acid intake.

[0078] Furthermore, unless otherwise specified, the functional modules in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one module, or each module can exist physically separately, or two or more modules can be integrated together. The integrated modules described above can be implemented in hardware or as software program modules.

[0079] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1: Obtain the average daily saturated fatty acid intake data of the pregnant woman to be evaluated; S2: Compare the average daily saturated fatty acid intake with multiple preset risk threshold intervals to determine the fetal distress risk level of the pregnant woman to be evaluated; wherein, the multiple risk threshold intervals are determined based on the pregnant woman cohort data of a multi-center cross-sectional survey, according to the distribution of the average daily saturated fatty acid intake of pregnant women in the cohort, divided by quantiles and associated with fetal distress risk; S3: Output the evaluation result including the risk level.

2. The method for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, when comparing the average daily saturated fatty acid intake with multiple preset risk threshold intervals, it is also necessary to adjust the risk level by combining at least one covariate of the pregnant woman to be assessed; the covariate and the average daily saturated fatty acid intake have an interaction effect on the risk of fetal distress; the interaction effect is determined by statistical analysis based on the cohort data.

3. The method for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake according to claim 2, characterized in that, The covariates include alcohol consumption and / or oral contraceptive use.

4. The method for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake according to claim 1, characterized in that, The daily average saturated fatty acid intake data were obtained using a 24-hour dietary recall method; the cohort data consisted of pregnant women with a sample size of no less than 90,000.

5. The method for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake according to claim 1, characterized in that, The risk threshold range is divided into four levels based on the daily average saturated fatty acid intake of the cohort data, according to the quartiles.

6. A device for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake, characterized in that, The device includes: a data acquisition module for acquiring daily saturated fatty acid intake data of pregnant women to be assessed; a risk assessment module for storing multiple preset risk threshold intervals, comparing the daily saturated fatty acid intake with the risk threshold intervals, and determining the corresponding fetal distress risk level; the risk threshold intervals are determined based on multi-center cross-sectional survey data of pregnant women, according to the distribution of daily saturated fatty acid intake, divided by quantiles and associated with risk; and a result output module for outputting the fetal distress risk assessment results of the pregnant women to be assessed.

7. The device for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake according to claim 6, characterized in that, When comparing the average daily saturated fatty acid intake with multiple preset risk threshold ranges, it is also necessary to adjust the risk level by combining at least one covariate of the pregnant woman to be assessed; the covariate and the average daily saturated fatty acid intake have an interaction effect on the risk of fetal distress; the interaction effect is determined by statistical analysis based on the cohort data; the covariate includes alcohol consumption and / or oral contraceptives.

8. The device for assessing fetal distress risk based on saturated fatty acid intake according to claim 6, characterized in that, The risk scoring threshold range is divided into four levels based on the daily average saturated fatty acid intake of the cohort data, according to the quartiles.

9. An electronic device, characterized in that, include: A memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor, when executing the computer program, implements the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 5.

10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores computer instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 5.

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