High-adit bench-and-fill longwall retreat mining with subsequent backfill
By adopting the high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method, the problems of low safety and efficiency in the mining of steeply inclined narrow and thin veins have been solved, achieving efficient and economical ore recovery and ground pressure control, and optimizing the stope structure and support costs.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NORTHEASTERN UNIV CHINA
- Filing Date
- 2026-04-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-16
AI Technical Summary
Existing technologies have problems such as poor operational safety, high production costs, high labor intensity, low level of mechanization, and small production capacity when mining steeply dipping narrow and thin veins. In particular, they can easily cause serious ore loss and dilution when the ore body's occurrence changes drastically.
The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method is adopted. The initial mining unit is excavated from both ends of the stope towards the center of the stope, and the lower layer of the operating space is constructed by roof construction. The upper layer of the operating space is constructed and a ramp is built. Mining is carried out by combining the ordinary approach method and the downward blast hole lateral caving method. After the goaf is formed, it is backfilled, and space for cyclic operation is reserved. The operating space of the next mining unit is gradually advanced until the entire ore body is mined.
It achieves a simple stope structure, small amount of preparation work, high mining efficiency, high ore recovery rate, and easy control of ground pressure under the condition of relatively stable ore body occurrence, thereby reducing support costs and improving production capacity and mining efficiency.
Smart Images
Figure CN122014260B_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This application belongs to the field of metal mining technology, specifically relating to a high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method. Background Technology
[0002] Steeply dipping, narrow, and thin veins are typical complex ore bodies in metal mining. These ore bodies are irregular in shape, exhibit significant variations in occurrence, and show instability in strike and occurrence. Branching, compounding, and pinch-out recurrence are frequent occurrences. Ore body thickness typically ranges from 0.2m to 4.0m, with considerable fluctuations. Constrained by the thin and drastically varying ore body thickness, the industry currently employs traditional mining methods centered on shallow-hole drilling, such as shallow-hole ore retention, wall-cutting and backfilling, and layered backfilling. These traditional methods usually involve hand-held drills, resulting in poor operational safety, high production costs, high labor intensity, low mechanization, and low production capacity, leading to persistently low mining efficiency. To address these issues, the industry has attempted to adopt medium-deep-hole drilling and large-parameter mining schemes. While these methods can improve mining efficiency and mechanization to some extent, they still suffer from significant ore loss and dilution, and difficulty in controlling the mining width, especially under conditions of drastic ore body occurrence variations, which can easily cause severe loss and dilution.
[0003] In summary, the mining of steeply dipping, narrow, and thin veins in deep metal mines still faces significant technical bottlenecks. To achieve safe, efficient, and economical mining of such ore bodies, it is urgent to develop a new mining method. Summary of the Invention
[0004] Therefore, the purpose of this application is to provide a high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method, which at least solves one technical problem existing in the background art.
[0005] To address the aforementioned problems, this application provides a high-advance bench-type continuous mining method followed by backfilling, comprising:
[0006] The lower layered operating space of the initial mining unit is excavated from both ends of the stope toward the center of the stope, the upper layered operating space of the initial mining unit is constructed by roof lifting, and the ramp of the initial mining unit is piled up.
[0007] The upper layer of the initial mining unit was mined using the conventional approach method until completion; the lower layer of the initial mining unit was mined using the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving.
[0008] After mining, the initial mining unit goaf is formed. The first filling is done using a non-roofing filling method, and space is reserved for cyclic operations.
[0009] The first refuge chamber is excavated on the first side of the cyclic working space, and the next mining unit is constructed from the second side by lifting the roof to fill the cyclic working space.
[0010] The second refuge chamber is excavated on the second side of the lower layered operating space of the next mining unit, and the upper layered operating space of the next mining unit is constructed by lifting the roof on the first side, while the ramp of the next mining unit is built simultaneously.
[0011] The upper layer of the next mining unit is mined using the conventional approach method until it connects with the first side ore pass; the lower layer of the next mining unit is mined using the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving until it connects with the first side ore pass; the third refuge chamber is excavated; and the remaining mining operation of the upper layer of the next mining unit is completed by returning to the second side.
[0012] After mining, the goaf of the next mining unit is formed. The first filling is carried out using a non-roofing filling method, and the space for the cyclic operation is reserved.
[0013] Returning to the first side of the cyclic working space, excavating the first refuge chamber, and from the second side, constructing the next mining unit's lower layered working space, filling the cyclic working space, until the entire ore body is mined, and fully filling the goaf of the last next mining unit.
[0014] Optionally, the height of the circulating work space is 1.8m to 2.5m.
[0015] Optionally, before the step of tunneling the initial mining unit's sub-layer operating space from both ends of the stope towards the center of the stope, the method further includes:
[0016] Mineral blocks are arranged along the strike of the ore body;
[0017] The construction of the upper and lower mining area connecting roadways involves constructing a roadway via a ramp from the lower mining area connecting roadway to the upper mining area connecting roadway to connect the lower and upper mining area connecting roadways, thereby forming a closed channel for ventilation and transportation.
[0018] The upper mining area connecting roadway, the lower mining area connecting roadway, and the access shaft are supported.
[0019] Optionally, the ore block has a height of 40m to 60m, a length of 50m to 100m, and a width equal to the thickness of the ore body; the layer height is 3m to 4.5m.
[0020] Optionally, the steps of constructing the upper and lower mining area connecting roadways include:
[0021] In the upper part of the mining area, the upper mining area connecting roadway is formed by construction from the upper stage roadway into the mining area; in the lower part of the mining area, the lower mining area connecting roadway is formed by construction from the lower stage roadway into the mining area.
[0022] Optionally, the length of the lower layer operation space of the initial mining unit is determined based on the layer height and the maximum ramp angle of the equipment.
[0023] Optionally, the length of the next layer operation space in the next mining unit can be determined based on the layer height, the maximum climbing angle of the equipment, and the blasting vibration safety distance.
[0024] Optionally, the following steps are included: providing support for the upper stope connecting roadway, the lower stope connecting roadway, and the access shaft.
[0025] The upper mining area connecting roadway, the lower mining area connecting roadway, and the access shaft are supported by a combination of anchor cables, anchor bolts, metal mesh, and shotcrete.
[0026] Optionally, the steps of creating layered operating spaces on the initial mining unit during the roof-lifting construction and constructing the initial mining unit ramp are as follows:
[0027] Anchor cables are used to support the roof of the lower layered operating space of the initial mining unit. The upper layered operating space of the initial mining unit is formed by the top-lifting blasting construction. The anchor cable holes and blasting holes are arranged alternately. After the top-lifting blasting, the ore is extracted and the ore is used to build a temporary ramp for the mining equipment to go up.
[0028] Optionally, the slope of the initial mining unit ramp and the slope of the next mining unit ramp are both adapted to the maximum climbing angle of the mining equipment.
[0029] By employing the above technical solution, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
[0030] The purpose of this application is to provide a high-advance bench-type continuous mining method followed by backfilling. Under relatively stable ore body conditions, this mining method has advantages such as simple stope structure, small preparation work, high mining efficiency, high ore recovery rate, and easy control of ground pressure. Unlike the single-layer mining of traditional access methods, this method optimizes the stope structure parameters from the cross-sectional dimensions of a single layer to the cross-sectional dimensions of two adjacent layers, effectively reducing the frequency of support operations and saving support costs. During the lower layer mining, a drilling rig is used to construct downward blast holes and perform lateral caving; during the upper layer mining, a combination of methods using conventional access methods is employed, significantly improving stope production capacity and further enhancing the advantages of efficient mining. Attached Figure Description
[0031] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the high-access bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to an embodiment of this application;
[0032] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a high-access bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to an embodiment of this application;
[0033] Figure 3 Examples of embodiments of this application Figure 2 BB-direction sectional view;
[0034] Figure 4 Examples of embodiments of this application Figure 2 CC-direction sectional view;
[0035] Figure 5 This is a process flow diagram of the initial mining unit of the high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to an embodiment of this application; wherein: Figure 5 (a) is a schematic diagram of the lower layer operation space of the initial mining unit during tunneling; Figure 5 (b) is a schematic diagram of the construction of the roof slab supported by long anchor cables; Figure 5 (c) is a schematic diagram of the initial mining unit ramp during construction; Figure 5 (d) is a schematic diagram of the layered mining of the upper and lower layers of the initial mining unit;
[0036] Figure 6 This is a flow chart of the initial mining unit backfilling process for the high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to an embodiment of this application; wherein: Figure 6 (a) Schematic diagram of equipment placement using a method of stacking waste rock; Figure 6 (b) Schematic diagram of reserved space for cyclical operations;
[0037] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the first refuge chamber in the high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to an embodiment of this application;
[0038] Figure 8 This is a flowchart illustrating the tunneling process of the next mining unit in the high-access bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to an embodiment of this application; wherein... Figure 8 (a) is a schematic diagram of the lower layer operation space of the next mining unit; Figure 8 (b) is a schematic diagram of the waste rock placement equipment at the second side cantilever. Figure 8 (c) Schematic diagram after filling the reserved cyclic operation space;
[0039] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating the mining process of the next mining unit in the high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to an embodiment of this application; wherein: Figure 9 (a) is a schematic diagram of the construction of the second refuge chamber, the upper layered operating space of the next mining unit, and the ramp of the next mining unit; Figure 9 (b) is a schematic diagram of the layered mining of the upper layer and the lower layer of the next mining unit; Figure 9 (c) is a schematic diagram of the third refuge chamber during construction; Figure 9 (d) is a schematic diagram of the completion of the next mining unit.
[0040] The reference numerals in the attached figures are as follows:
[0041] 1. Upper stage roadway; 2. Upper stope connecting roadway; 3. Lower stage roadway; 4. Lower stope connecting roadway; 5. Along-road lift; 6. Lower working space of the initial mining unit; 7. Long anchor cable; 8. Initial mining unit ramp; 9. Upper layer of the initial mining unit; 10. Lower layer of the initial mining unit; 11. Circulating working space; 121. First refuge chamber; 122. Second refuge chamber; 123. Third refuge chamber; 13. Lower working space of the next mining unit; 14. Ramp of the next mining unit; 15. Lower layer of the next mining unit; 16. Upper layer of the next mining unit. Detailed Implementation
[0042] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
[0043] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.
[0044] In this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "linking," "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.
[0045] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.
[0046] Under relatively stable ore body conditions, this mining method offers advantages such as simple stope structure, minimal preparation work, high mining efficiency, high ore recovery rate, and easy control of ground pressure. Unlike traditional single-layer mining methods, this method optimizes the stope structure parameters from the cross-sectional dimensions of a single layer to the cross-sectional dimensions of two adjacent layers, effectively reducing the frequency of support operations and saving support costs. During lower-layer mining, a combination of drilling rigs to construct downward blast holes and lateral caving is used; during upper-layer mining, a conventional approach method is employed, significantly improving stope production capacity and further enhancing the advantages of efficient mining.
[0047] After the mining steps are set up, during backfilling, the mining equipment can be moved from the lower to the upper layers of the stope through methods such as slag padding and suspension by roof anchor bolts. This not only greatly saves on preparatory work but also enables mechanized mining. The access shafts constructed at both ends of the stope, in addition to their preparatory and ore extraction functions, also have exploration functions, enabling a combination of exploration and mining. This makes the method suitable for application in mines with complex ore body shapes.
[0048] According to embodiments of this application, such as Figure 1 As shown, a high-access bench-type continuous mining method followed by backfilling is provided, including:
[0049] Step S101: Excavate the lower layered operating space 6 of the initial mining unit from both ends of the stope toward the center of the stope, construct the upper layered operating space of the initial mining unit by lifting the roof, and build the ramp 8 of the initial mining unit.
[0050] like Figure 5 As shown in (a), the initial mining unit's lower layered operating space 6 is excavated towards the center of the stope using the conventional approach method at both ends of the stope. Within the initial mining unit's lower layered operating space 6, as follows: Figure 5 As shown in (b), long anchor cables 7 are used to support the roof, followed by roof lifting construction to form the layered operating space on the initial mining unit. In this embodiment, the anchor cable holes and blasting holes are arranged alternately.
[0051] The initial mining unit has a layered operating space above the roof-jacking construction. After the roof caving, a loader is used to remove the ore, and the ore is used to construct the initial mining unit ramp 8. Figure 5 As shown in (c), this facilitates the upward movement of mining equipment.
[0052] Step S102: The upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit is mined using the conventional approach method until completion; the lower layer 10 of the initial mining unit is mined using the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving.
[0053] The mining equipment ascends along the initial mining unit ramp 8 to the upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit. The conventional approach method is used to mine the upper layer 9. During the advancement of the upper layer 9, pre-support of the roof is required simultaneously until the mining of the upper layer 9 is completed. A drilling rig is used to construct downward blast holes and perform lateral caving to mine the lower layer 10 of the initial mining unit until the mining of the lower layer 10 is completed. Figure 5 As shown in (d).
[0054] Step S103: After mining, the goaf of the initial mining unit is formed. The first filling is carried out using a non-roofing filling method, and a space 11 for cyclic operation is reserved.
[0055] like Figure 6 As shown in (b), after the mining of the lower layer 10 and the upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit is completed, the goaf of the initial mining unit is formed. The goaf of the initial mining unit is filled by the first filling method without roof contact, and a space 11 for cyclic operation is reserved.
[0056] The height of the circulating working space 11 is 1.8m to 2.5m. During filling, the solidified filling material forms a backfill body that controls the deformation of the surrounding rock and maintains the stability of the stope, providing a safe working environment for subsequent layered mining. Mining equipment, as the core equipment for mining and ore extraction, such as... Figure 6 As shown in (a), before the filling operation, the equipment is placed by means of piling up waste rock or suspending it with top plate anchor bolts, and the placement height is consistent with the filling height. The application of the top plate anchor bolt suspension method is to protect the safety of the equipment and ensure the continuity of the operation.
[0057] During backfilling operations, targeted measures such as slag padding and roof anchor suspension were implemented to enable smooth movement of mining equipment from lower to upper layers within the mining area. This significantly reduced the investment in preparatory work, provided strong support for the full implementation of mechanized mining in the mining area, and indirectly improved mining efficiency and operational safety.
[0058] Step S104: Excavate the first refuge chamber 121 on the first side of the cyclic operation space 11, and construct the next mining unit's lower layered operation space 13 from the second side, filling the cyclic operation space 11.
[0059] Based on the cyclic working space 11, the first refuge chamber 121 is excavated on the first side, such as Figure 7 As shown; the next mining unit is constructed from the second side through a cantilever construction, and the cyclic operation space 11 is filled. In this embodiment, the first side is the right side shown in the figure; the second side is the left side shown in the figure.
[0060] After the initial mining unit is completed, it is considered a completed mining unit. Starting from the second mining unit, that is, from the lower layer of the second mining unit, a second refuge chamber 122, which serves as both a refuge chamber and a turning chamber, needs to be excavated for the mining equipment to avoid blasting and to turn. The chamber's location should be, while meeting the safety distance requirements for blasting vibration, placed in areas with thicker ore bodies to reduce the amount of excavation in the surrounding rock. Generally, the chamber size needs to meet the dimensions of the mining equipment and the turning requirements. Specifically, the chamber size needs to be determined based on the maximum external dimensions and minimum turning radius of the mining equipment used on site. Generally, the chamber length should not be less than 1.5 times the equipment length, the width should not be less than 2 times the equipment width, and the height should not be less than the maximum equipment height plus 0.5m to ensure flexible equipment turning and safe blasting avoidance.
[0061] Starting from the second mining unit, the mining sequence is from the second side to the first side (i.e., from left to right). First, the roof is lifted on the second side to form the lower layered operating space 13 of the next mining unit (in this step, the next mining unit can also be understood as the second mining unit). Figure 8 As shown in (a), the waste rock generated by the top is transported by a loader and transported to the first side pass of the mining area through the first side return and first refuge chamber 121 of the circulating operation space 11.
[0062] like Figure 8 As shown in (b), mining equipment is then placed at the second side of the stope by piling up waste rock, and the mining equipment is moved to the next mining unit's lower layered operating space 13. The circulating operating space 11 is then filled, as shown in [example diagram]. Figure 8 As shown in (c).
[0063] Step S105: On the second side of the lower layered operating space 13 of the next mining unit, the second refuge chamber 122 is excavated, and the upper layered operating space of the next mining unit is constructed by lifting the roof on the first side, while the ramp 14 of the next mining unit is simultaneously built.
[0064] like Figure 9 As shown in (a), the second refuge chamber 122 is excavated on the second side of the lower layered operating space 13 of the next mining unit. Before excavation, the surrounding rock stability of the rock mass on the second side of the lower layered operating space 13 of the next mining unit needs to be investigated to avoid fracture zones and areas with developed fissures. If the rock mass stability is poor, pre-support using advanced anchor bolts is required to prevent roof collapse accidents during excavation. The size standard of the second refuge chamber 122 is consistent with that of the first refuge chamber 121. During excavation, the roof is supported simultaneously using a combination of anchor bolts, metal mesh, and shotcrete.
[0065] The first side end of the lower layer operating space 13 of the next mining unit is marked with the scope of the roof cantilever. The roof cantilever construction is carried out on the upper layer operating space of the next mining unit. The roof cantilever height must be consistent with the layer height. The roof cantilever width is determined in conjunction with the ramp construction requirements to ensure that the ramp 14 of the next mining unit can be constructed to meet the climbing requirements of the mining equipment. Subsequently, the construction of the ramp 14 of the next mining unit begins. The ramp 14 of the next mining unit is constructed by piling up qualified waste rock generated from the roof cantilever. The piling must be compacted in layers to ensure that the ramp is flat, solid, and free of loose rocks.
[0066] The mining equipment can turn around by utilizing the existing second refuge chamber 122. During operation, a dedicated person will be assigned to direct the operation. After loading ore from the top area, the loader will drive into the second refuge chamber 122 to complete the turn, avoiding disorderly turning in the work space that could lead to equipment collisions and blockage of the work passage.
[0067] Step S106: Use the ordinary approach method to mine the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit until it connects with the first side ore pass; use the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving to mine the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit until it connects with the first side ore pass; excavate the third refuge chamber 123; return to the second side to complete the mining operation of the remaining part of the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit.
[0068] like Figure 9 As shown in (b), the mining equipment moves up the slope 14 of the next mining unit to the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit, and uses the ordinary approach method to mine the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit until the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit is connected to the first side chute.
[0069] The method of drilling downward blast holes and lateral caving is used to mine the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit. After caving, the ore is promptly removed by a loader. The ore is transported to the first side pass through the lower layer operating space 13 of the next mining unit to achieve continuous ore production. This continues until the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit is fully connected with the first side pass.
[0070] Using the second refuge chamber 122 as a reference, the excavation position of the third refuge chamber 123 is determined at the corresponding position where the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit connects with the first side chute. Figure 9 As shown in (c), the third refuge chamber 123 is constructed using the ordinary approach method, and the third refuge chamber 123 is arranged symmetrically opposite to the second refuge chamber 122. The size of the chamber must match the requirements of the mining equipment for blasting avoidance, turning around and operation, and at the same time meet the safety distance requirements for blasting vibration.
[0071] The mining equipment is moved from the first side pass through the area to the third refuge chamber 123. Within the third refuge chamber 123, the equipment is turned around and then returned to the second side to complete the remaining mining operation of the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit. After the caving, ore is promptly extracted and transported to the first side pass via the lower layer operating space of the nearest mining unit. Temporary support is provided as mining progresses until all remaining ore in the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit is mined, completing the mining operation of the entire next mining unit. Figure 9 As shown in (d).
[0072] Step S107: After mining, the goaf of the next mining unit is formed. The first filling is carried out using a non-roofing filling method, and a space 11 for cyclic operation is reserved.
[0073] After the mining is completed, the goaf of the next mining unit is formed. The goaf of the next mining unit is filled using a non-roofing filling method during the first filling, reserving a circulating work space 11. The height of the circulating work space 11 is 1.8m~2.5m. During filling, the solidified filling material is used to control the deformation of the surrounding rock in the stope, maintain the stability of the stope, and provide a safe working environment for subsequent layered mining. Mining equipment, as the core equipment for mining and ore extraction, requires protective measures during filling operations, such as piling up waste rock or suspending it with roof anchor bolts. The placement height is consistent with the filling height. The application of roof anchor bolt suspension is to protect equipment safety and ensure operational continuity.
[0074] Step S108: Return to the first refuge chamber 121 on the first side of the cyclic operation space, and construct the next mining unit's lower layered operation space 13 from the second side, filling the cyclic operation space 11, until the entire ore body is mined, and the goaf of the last next mining unit is fully filled.
[0075] After all areas of the ore body have been mined, a full filling operation is carried out on the goaf formed by the last mining unit. Unlike the previous non-roof filling, a roof-connected full filling is carried out using filling materials. During the filling process, the filling speed and the pouring sequence of the filling body are controlled. The filling is carried out gradually from the bottom of the goaf to the top and from the far end to the near end to ensure that the filling body fills the entire goaf without voids or gaps, achieving 100% roof-connected filling of the goaf.
[0076] As a refinement and extension of the specific implementation of the above embodiments, in order to fully illustrate the specific implementation process of this embodiment, another high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method is provided, which includes:
[0077] Step S201: Arrange the ore blocks along the strike of the ore body, such as... Figures 2 to 4 As shown.
[0078] Specifically, the block height is 40m~60m, where the block height usually refers to the total height of the block in a direction perpendicular to the horizontal plane, along the ore body, or in a vertical direction; the length is 50m~100m, where the block length usually refers to the length of the block in a horizontal direction parallel to the ore body; the block width is the thickness of the ore body; and the layer height is 3m~4.5m.
[0079] In step S202, construct the upper mining area connecting roadway 2 and the lower mining area connecting roadway 4. From the lower mining area connecting roadway 4 to the upper mining area connecting roadway 2, construct the access shaft 5 to connect the lower mining area connecting roadway 4 and the upper mining area connecting roadway 2 to form a closed channel for ventilation and transportation.
[0080] In the upper part of the mining area, based on the starting point marked by the upper stage roadway 1, the ordinary approach method is used to construct the upper mining area connecting roadway 2 from the upper stage roadway 1 into the mining area. In the lower part of the mining area, based on the starting point marked by the lower stage roadway 3, the ordinary approach method is used to horizontally excavate into the mining area to form the lower mining area connecting roadway 4. The excavation direction is parallel to the upper mining area connecting roadway 2 to ensure that the subsequent access shaft 5 can be vertically connected and reduce construction deviation.
[0081] Using the lower mining area connecting roadway 4 as the benchmark, the upper shaft 5 is excavated upwards to connect the lower mining area connecting roadway 4 and the upper mining area connecting roadway 2, so as to form a closed ventilation and transportation loop.
[0082] Step S203: Provide support for the upper mining area connecting roadway 2, the lower mining area connecting roadway 4, and the access shaft 5.
[0083] The upper mining area connecting roadway 2, the lower mining area connecting roadway 4, and the adjacent shaft 5 are supported by a combination of anchor cables, anchor rods, metal mesh, and shotcrete.
[0084] Step S204: Excavate the lower layered operating space 6 of the initial mining unit from both ends of the stope toward the center of the stope, construct the upper layered operating space of the initial mining unit by lifting the roof, and build the ramp 8 of the initial mining unit.
[0085] Through the lower stope connecting roadway 4, the initial mining unit's lower layered operating space 6 is excavated towards the center of the stope using the conventional approach method at both ends of the stope. Within the initial mining unit's lower layered operating space 6, long anchor cables 7 are used to support the roof. Subsequently, roof lifting construction is carried out to form the initial mining unit's upper layered operating space. In this embodiment, the anchor cable holes and blasting holes are arranged alternately.
[0086] The initial mining unit has a layered operating space. After the ore is removed by the top-lifting construction, a loader is used to remove the ore, and the ore is used to build the initial mining unit ramp 8 to facilitate the upward movement of mining equipment.
[0087] The length of the lower layer operation space 6 of the initial mining unit is determined based on the layer height and the maximum ramp angle of the equipment. The specific calculation formula is as follows:
[0088]
[0089] In the formula, L1 The length of the layered operation space under the initial mining unit is 6. H For layer height; This represents the maximum ramp angle of the equipment; H as well as Not shown in the attached diagram.
[0090] The slope of the initial mining unit ramp 8 is adapted to the maximum climbing angle of the mining equipment.
[0091] Step S205: The upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit is mined using the conventional approach method until completion; the lower layer 10 of the initial mining unit is mined using the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving.
[0092] The mining equipment ascends along the slope 8 of the initial mining unit to the upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit. The ordinary approach method is used to mine the upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit. As the upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit advances, the roof needs to be pre-supported at the same time until the mining of the upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit is completed. The rock drilling rig is used to construct downward blast holes and carry out lateral caving to mine the lower layer 10 of the initial mining unit until the mining of the lower layer 10 of the initial mining unit is completed.
[0093] Step S206: After mining, the goaf of the initial mining unit is formed. The first filling is carried out using a non-roofing filling method, and a space 11 for cyclic operation is reserved.
[0094] After the mining of the lower layer 10 and the upper layer 9 of the initial mining unit is completed, the goaf of the initial mining unit is formed. The goaf of the initial mining unit is filled by the first filling method without roof contact, and a space 11 for cyclic operation is reserved.
[0095] The height of the circulating working space 11 is 1.8m to 2.5m. During backfilling, the solidified backfill material is used to control the deformation of the surrounding rock and maintain the stability of the mining area, providing a safe working environment for subsequent layered mining. As the core equipment for mining and ore extraction, the mining equipment needs to be protected during backfilling operations by measures such as piling up waste rock or suspending it with roof anchor bolts. The placement height is consistent with the height of this backfilling operation. The application of roof anchor bolt suspension is to protect the safety of the equipment and ensure the continuity of operations.
[0096] During backfilling operations, targeted measures such as slag padding and roof anchor suspension were implemented to enable smooth movement of mining equipment from lower to upper layers within the mining area. This significantly reduced the investment in preparatory work, provided strong support for the full implementation of mechanized mining in the mining area, and indirectly improved mining efficiency and operational safety.
[0097] In step S207, the first refuge chamber 121 is excavated on the first side of the cyclic operation space 11, and the lower layered operation space 13 of the next mining unit is constructed from the second side by lifting the roof, and the cyclic operation space 11 is filled.
[0098] Based on the cyclic working space 11, the first refuge chamber 121 is excavated on the first side, and the next mining unit lower layered operating space 13 is constructed from the second side through the top-lifting construction; the cyclic working space 11 is then filled.
[0099] After the initial mining unit is completed, it is considered a completed mining unit. Before the construction of the second mining unit, i.e., before the lower-level excavation of the second mining unit, a first refuge chamber 121, which serves as both a refuge chamber and a turning chamber, needs to be excavated for the mining equipment to avoid blasting and to turn. The chamber's location should be, while meeting the safety distance requirements for blasting vibration, placed in areas with thicker ore bodies to reduce the amount of excavation in the surrounding rock. Generally, the chamber's dimensions need to meet the external dimensions of the mining equipment and the requirements for turning operations. Specifically, the chamber's dimensions need to be determined based on the maximum external dimensions and minimum turning radius of the mining equipment used on site. Generally, the chamber's length should not be less than 1.5 times the equipment length, its width should not be less than 2 times the equipment width, and its height should not be less than the maximum equipment height plus 0.5m, ensuring flexible equipment turning and safe blasting avoidance.
[0100] Starting from the second mining unit, the mining sequence is to advance from the second side to the first side. First, the roof is lifted from the second side using the self-advance method to form the lower layered operation space 13 of the next mining unit (in this step, the next mining unit can also be understood as the second mining unit). The waste rock generated by the roof lifting is transported by a loader and transported to the first side pass 121 of the first side return car in the circulating operation space 11 to be mined.
[0101] Subsequently, mining equipment was placed at the second side of the mining area by piling up waste rock and other means, and the mining equipment was moved to the next mining unit's lower layer operation space 13. Then, the circulating operation space 11 was filled.
[0102] The length of the lower layer operating space 13 of the next mining unit is determined based on the layer height, the maximum climbing angle of the equipment, and the safe distance for blasting vibration. The specific calculation formula is as follows:
[0103]
[0104] In the formula, L2The length of the next layer operation space in the next mining unit is 13. H For layer height; This is the maximum ramp angle of the equipment; To ensure safe distance for blasting vibrations; H , as well as Not shown in the attached diagram.
[0105] In step S208, the second refuge chamber 122 is excavated on the second side of the lower layered operating space 13 of the next mining unit, and the upper layered operating space of the next mining unit is constructed on the first side by lifting the roof and simultaneously building the ramp 14 of the next mining unit.
[0106] Before excavating the second refuge chamber 122 on the second side of the next mining unit's sub-layered operating space 13, a rock stability survey of the surrounding rock mass on the second side of the next mining unit's sub-layered operating space 13 must be conducted to avoid fractured zones and areas with developed fissures. If the rock mass stability is poor, pre-support using advanced anchor bolts is necessary to prevent roof collapse accidents during excavation. The dimensions of the second refuge chamber 122 are consistent with those of the first refuge chamber 121. During excavation, a combined support method of anchor bolts, metal mesh, and shotcrete is used to support the roof.
[0107] In the next mining unit, the area for roof lifting is marked on the first side of the layered operating space 13. The height of the roof lifting must be consistent with the layer height, and the width of the roof lifting is determined in conjunction with the ramp construction requirements to ensure that the ramp 14 of the next mining unit can be constructed to meet the climbing requirements of the mining equipment. Subsequently, the construction of the ramp 14 of the next mining unit begins. The ramp 14 of the next mining unit is constructed by piling up qualified waste rock generated from the roof lifting. The piling must be compacted in layers to ensure that the ramp is flat, solid, and free of loose rocks.
[0108] The mining equipment can turn around by utilizing the existing second refuge chamber 122. During operation, a dedicated person will be assigned to direct the operation. After loading ore from the top area, the loader will drive into the second refuge chamber 122 to complete the turn, avoiding disorderly turning in the work space that could lead to equipment collisions and blockage of the work passage.
[0109] The slope of the next mining unit ramp 14 is adapted to the maximum climbing angle of the mining equipment.
[0110] Step S209: Use the ordinary approach method to mine the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit until it connects with the first side ore pass; use the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving to mine the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit until it connects with the first side ore pass; excavate the third refuge chamber 123; return to the second side to complete the mining operation of the remaining part of the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit.
[0111] The mining equipment moves up the slope 14 of the next mining unit to the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit, and uses the ordinary approach method to mine the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit until the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit is connected to the first side chute.
[0112] The method of drilling downward blast holes and lateral caving is used to mine the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit. After caving, the ore is promptly removed by a loader. The ore is transported to the first side pass through the lower layer operating space 13 of the next mining unit to achieve continuous ore production. This continues until the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit is fully connected with the first side pass.
[0113] Based on the second refuge chamber 122, the excavation position of the third refuge chamber 123 is determined at the corresponding position of the lower layer 15 of the next mining unit where it connects with the first side chute. The third refuge chamber 123 is constructed using the ordinary approach method, and the third refuge chamber 123 is arranged symmetrically with the second refuge chamber 122. The size of the chamber must match the requirements of the mining equipment for blasting avoidance, turning around and operation, and at the same time meet the safety distance requirements for blasting vibration.
[0114] The mining equipment is transferred from the first side pass through the area to the third refuge chamber 123. The equipment is turned around in the third refuge chamber 123 and then returned to the second side to complete the mining operation of the remaining part of the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit. The ordinary approach method is used to mine the remaining ore body of the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit. After the caving, the ore is promptly extracted and transported to the first side pass through the lower layer operation space of the nearest mining unit. Temporary support is carried out at the same time as the mining progresses until the remaining part of the upper layer 16 of the next mining unit is completely mined, thus completing the mining operation of the entire next mining unit.
[0115] Step S210: After mining, the goaf of the next mining unit is formed. The first filling is carried out using a non-roofing filling method, and a space 11 for cyclic operation is reserved.
[0116] After the mining is completed, the goaf of the next mining unit is formed. The goaf of the next mining unit is filled using a non-roofing filling method during the first filling, reserving a circulating work space 11. The height of the circulating work space 11 is 1.8m~2.5m. During filling, the solidified filling material is used to control the deformation of the surrounding rock in the stope, maintain the stability of the stope, and provide a safe working environment for subsequent layered mining. Mining equipment, as the core equipment for mining and ore extraction, requires protective measures during filling operations, such as piling up waste rock or suspending it with roof anchor bolts. The placement height is consistent with the filling height. The application of roof anchor bolt suspension is to protect equipment safety and ensure operational continuity.
[0117] Step S211: Return to the first refuge chamber 121 on the first side of the cyclic operation space, and construct the next mining unit's lower layered operation space 13 from the second side, filling the cyclic operation space 11, until the entire ore body is mined, and the goaf of the last next mining unit is fully filled.
[0118] After all areas of the ore body have been mined, a full filling operation is carried out on the goaf formed by the last mining unit. Unlike the previous non-roof filling, the goaf is filled with filling material in a roof-connected manner. During the filling process, the filling speed and the pouring sequence of the filling body are controlled. The filling is carried out gradually from the bottom of the goaf to the top and from the far end to the near end to ensure that the filling body fills the entire goaf without voids or gaps, achieving 100% roof-connected filling of the goaf.
[0119] It will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that the aforementioned advantageous methods can be freely combined and superimposed without conflict.
[0120] The above are merely preferred embodiments of this application and are not intended to limit this application. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of this application should be included within the protection scope of this application. The above are merely preferred embodiments of this application. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the technical principles of this application, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the protection scope of this application.
Claims
1. A high-advance bench-type continuous mining method followed by backfilling, characterized in that, include: The lower layered operating space of the initial mining unit is excavated from both ends of the stope toward the center of the stope, the upper layered operating space of the initial mining unit is constructed by roof lifting, and the ramp of the initial mining unit is piled up. The upper layer of the initial mining unit was mined using the conventional approach method until completion; the lower layer of the initial mining unit was mined using the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving. After mining, the initial mining unit goaf is formed. The first filling is done using a non-roofing filling method, and space is reserved for cyclic operations. The first refuge chamber is excavated on the first side of the cyclic working space, and the next mining unit is constructed from the second side by lifting the roof to fill the cyclic working space. The second refuge chamber is excavated on the second side of the lower layered operating space of the next mining unit, and the upper layered operating space of the next mining unit is constructed by lifting the roof on the first side, while the ramp of the next mining unit is built simultaneously. The next mining unit's upper layer was mined using the conventional approach method until it connected with the first side ore pass; the next mining unit's lower layer was mined using the method of constructing downward blast holes and performing lateral caving until it connected with the first side ore pass; the third refuge chamber was excavated; Return to the second side to complete the mining operation for the remaining layer of the next mining unit; After mining, the goaf of the next mining unit is formed. The first filling is carried out using a non-roofing filling method, and the space for the cyclic operation is reserved. Returning to the first side of the cyclic working space, excavating the first refuge chamber, and from the second side, constructing the next mining unit's lower layered working space, filling the cyclic working space, until the entire ore body is mined, and fully filling the goaf of the last next mining unit.
2. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The height of the circulating work space is 1.8m to 2.5m.
3. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Before the step of tunneling the initial mining unit's lower working space from both ends of the stope towards the center of the stope, the method further includes: Mineral blocks are arranged along the strike of the ore body; The construction of the upper and lower mining area connecting roadways involves constructing a roadway via a ramp from the lower mining area connecting roadway to the upper mining area connecting roadway to connect the lower and upper mining area connecting roadways, thereby forming a closed channel for ventilation and transportation. The upper mining area connecting roadway, the lower mining area connecting roadway, and the access shaft are supported.
4. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The ore block has a height of 40m to 60m, a length of 50m to 100m, and a width equal to the thickness of the ore body. The height of each layer is 3m to 4.5m.
5. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The steps for constructing the upper and lower mining area connecting roadways include: In the upper part of the mining area, the upper mining area connecting roadway is formed by construction from the upper stage roadway into the mining area; in the lower part of the mining area, the lower mining area connecting roadway is formed by construction from the lower stage roadway into the mining area.
6. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The length of the lower layer operation space of the initial mining unit is determined based on the layer height and the maximum ramp angle of the equipment.
7. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 4, characterized in that, The length of the lower layer operation space of the next mining unit is determined based on the layer height, the maximum climbing angle of the equipment, and the safe distance for blasting vibration.
8. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The steps for supporting the upper stope connecting roadway, the lower stope connecting roadway, and the access shaft are as follows: The upper mining area connecting roadway, the lower mining area connecting roadway, and the access shaft are supported by a combination of anchor cables, anchor bolts, metal mesh, and shotcrete.
9. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The steps for constructing the initial mining unit's layered operating space and the initial mining unit's ramp during the roof-lifting construction are as follows: Anchor cables are used to support the roof of the lower layered operating space of the initial mining unit. The upper layered operating space of the initial mining unit is formed by the top-lifting blasting construction. The anchor cable holes and blasting holes are arranged alternately. After the top-lifting blasting, the ore is extracted and the ore is used to build a temporary ramp for the mining equipment to go up.
10. The high-advance bench-type continuous mining followed by backfilling mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The slope of the initial mining unit ramp and the slope of the next mining unit ramp are both adapted to the maximum climbing angle of the mining equipment.