Furrow and ridge structure suitable for planting fungi on fruit-bearing forest and laying method of furrow and ridge structure

Abstract

The invention provides a furrow and ridge structure suitable for planting fungi on a fruit-bearing forest and a laying method, the furrow and ridge structure comprises a furrow bed and a laying layer, the width of the furrow bed is 0.5 m, the height of the furrow bed is 18 cm, the furrow bed is of a slope-shaped structure with the high middle and the two low sides, the slope of the furrow bed is 5-8 degrees, drainage ditches are arranged around the furrow bed, and the laying layer is arranged between the furrow bed and the furrow bed. The laying layer comprises a lower drainage and oxygen supply layer, a middle hypha production layer and an upper moisture-preserving and impurity-preventing induction layer, the thickness of the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer is 5-8 cm, the porosity of the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer is 70%-80%, the PH value of the middle hypha production layer is neutral or weakly alkaline, the PH value of the upper moisture-preserving and impurity-preventing induction layer is weakly acidic, the porosity of the upper moisture-preserving and impurity-preventing induction layer is smaller than that of the middle hypha production layer, and the thickness of the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer is 5-8 cm. The method is suitable for litchi forests or pericarpium citri reticulatae forests, the cost is low, popularization is easy, and rapid recovery after raining can be achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of seedling cultivation technology, specifically to a furrow structure and laying method suitable for planting fungi in orchards. Background Technology

[0002] Existing orchards are generally grown on furrow-ridge structures, while lychee, as a distinctive subtropical fruit tree native to southern my country, is mainly cultivated in hilly and mountainous areas, alluvial plains, and paddy fields in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, and Hainan. Because lychee is extremely sensitive to water conditions, requiring water but also susceptible to waterlogging, its root system requires soil with good aeration. Through long-term cultivation practices, various land preparation methods centered on regulating the water-air relationship have been developed for lychee cultivation under different site conditions.

[0003] Traditional deep-ditch water-retaining furrow-ridge planting methods, such as Chinese patent application CN201810223402.6, published on August 21, 2018, disclose a method for planting lychees in orchards. The method involves selecting an open area with sufficient moisture, minimal soil erosion, a soil layer thickness of at least 80cm, and a soil pH of 8 as the planting base. The orchard is pre-treated by applying fertilizer (1500-2500 kg / mu of organic fertilizer) and then tilling the land using tilling machinery to obtain the planting base. Finally, pits are dug, and the obtained base is ridged. The standard is 140-380 ridges per mu (approximately 0.16 acres), with a ridge height of 25-45 cm and a ditch of 3-4 m between ridges. Then, pits are dug from the top of the ridges. The existing ditch and ridge arrangement is only trapezoidal, and the focus is mainly on the width and depth of the ditch. Water and fertilizer are added. For example, the branch canals of the three-level irrigation and drainage system often have a large ditch and ridge depth and long-term water storage. Although this meets the regional drainage needs, it can easily lead to some water seepage on the ridge surface in certain seasons, causing root hypoxia and root rot, which affects the shape and growth of trees and fruit trees.

[0004] The above literature mainly ensures the nutrition of the planted trees by fertilizing the orchard and adding water and fertilizer. However, it does not utilize the existing base layer of the litchi forest, resulting in the litchi forest bed structure not forming a clearly defined micro-ecological gradient. Many practices involve flat or single-layer beds, making it difficult to simultaneously achieve the functional separation of the upper layer for moisture retention and weed control / induction, the middle layer for expanding and providing nutrients for fungal growth, and the lower layer for drainage and oxygen supply. It is necessary to ensure good drainage in the lower layer to ensure litchi growth, while also ensuring appropriate humidity for fungal growth in the middle layer. The surface soil of the litchi roots requires a slightly acidic environment, while fungi prefer a neutral or slightly alkaline environment, and the lower layer needs strong drainage performance. This is necessary to ensure that the litchi forest and fungi form a stable microenvironment, and to ensure faster drainage and recovery in litchi forests under heavy rain or humid conditions, reducing waterlogging and hypoxia. It is also necessary to maintain a stable microenvironment in the bed without relying on intelligent systems. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a furrow structure and laying method adapted for planting fungi in orchards, which creates a stable microenvironment under existing orchards, with good drainage, low cost and easy promotion.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, another aspect of the present invention provides a method for laying furrow and ridge structures suitable for planting fungi in orchards, comprising the following steps: S1. Construct raised beds; the raised beds are higher in the middle and lower on both sides, and drainage ditches are dug around the raised beds; S2. Lay the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer. Mix 30% or 50% coarse corn cobs, 30% crushed stone, and 40% or 20% large particles after pretreatment. After adjusting the moisture content of the mixture, lay it on the bed to form a porosity of 70%-80%. S3. Lay the middle mycelium production layer. The material used for laying is a mature fermentation substrate, forming a porosity of 60%-70%. The pH value of the middle mycelium production layer is neutral or weakly acidic. S4. Lay the upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer. Mix 60% orchard soil, 20% peat soil, 15% fine sand and 5% orchard fallen leaves after pretreatment. After adjusting the moisture content of the mixed material, lay it on the middle mycelium production layer to form a porosity of 50-60%. The pH value of the upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer is weakly alkaline.

[0007] The above method first constructs a basic raised bed structure with a certain slope and drainage ditches around the perimeter to facilitate drainage from the lower layer. Then, a lower layer with high porosity is formed using coarse corn cobs, gravel, and granular materials. This high porosity facilitates drainage and oxygen supply, promoting the growth of microorganisms in the middle layer. Furthermore, the materials used are all readily available agricultural products, resulting in low costs. Finally, a mature fermentation substrate is used in the middle layer, forming a porosity of 60%-70% with a neutral or slightly acidic pH, providing a suitable microbial environment for microbial growth. The pH value and porosity are ensured to be smaller than those of the lower layer, thus preventing excessive water from entering the lower layer. Then, a moisturizing and anti-pollution induction layer is formed by lychee leaves. The pH value is slightly alkaline. The upper layer is in contact with the fruit forest to prevent the pH value from damaging the fruit forest's growth environment. This creates a slope in terms of porosity and pH value, which is beneficial for drainage and oxygen supply in rainy conditions, facilitating the growth of fruit forests and fungal crops. This creates a stable microenvironment. Moreover, the mixed material is formed from existing fruit forest products, which is low-cost and easy to promote.

[0008] Furthermore, in step S2, the large particles include 40% coarse sand or 20% pruned lychee tree branches, with the pruned lychee tree branches having a diameter of 2-3 cm and a length of 5-8 cm.

[0009] The above setup can be easily achieved by using coarse sand or pruning litchi resin segments to form large particles for mixing and creating the lower layer.

[0010] Furthermore, in step S2, when the large particles are 40% coarse sand, the pretreatment includes: sieving 40% coarse sand and 30% crushed stone to remove soil impurities, and soaking the coarse corn cobs in clean water for 12 hours in advance, and draining them until there is no dripping water on the surface. The mixing process includes: first, pouring the coarse sand and gravel after removing soil impurities into the mixing equipment and mixing for 5 minutes until the particles are evenly distributed, then adding coarse corn cobs and continuing to mix for 3-5 minutes; The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water while stirring to bring the moisture content of the mixture to 50-60%. The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 5-8cm thick layer of mixed material on the prepared bed, gently patting it flat, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 70-80%.

[0011] The above settings, by removing soil impurities and controlling the moisture content of coarse corn cobs, prevent impurities from clogging pores and uneven moisture from causing localized oxygen deficiency. Mixing coarse sand and gravel before adding corn cobs can prevent material agglomeration and make the distribution more uniform. By setting the moisture content and porosity, the bonding force between particles is ensured, while simultaneously satisfying drainage and oxygen supply.

[0012] Furthermore, in step S2, when 20% of the lychee tree branches are pruned with large particles, the pretreatment includes: sieving 30% of the crushed stone to remove soil and impurities, soaking the coarse corn cobs in clean water for 12 hours in advance, draining until there is no dripping water on the surface, and drying the pruned lychee tree branches until the moisture content is ≤20%; The mixing process includes: first, pouring the gravel after removing soil and impurities into the mixing equipment and mixing for 5 minutes until the particles are evenly distributed; then, adding coarse corn cobs and modified lychee branches and continuing to mix for 3-5 minutes. The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water while stirring to bring the moisture content of the mixture to 50-60%. The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 5-8cm thick layer of mixed material on the prepared bed, gently patting it flat, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 70-80%.

[0013] The above setup, which involves pruning lychee segments to create larger granules, is low-cost.

[0014] Furthermore, in step S4, the fallen leaves in the orchard are litchi leaves. The pretreatment operation includes: 60% of the orchard soil is sieved through a 5mm sieve to remove stones and grass roots, 15% of the fine sand is sieved through a 3mm sieve, and 5% of the fallen leaves in the orchard are crushed to 1-2cm and pre-fermented for more than 30 days. The mixing process includes: first, pouring the orchard soil and fine sand into the mixing equipment and mixing for 4 minutes until uniform; then adding peat moss and litchi leaves and continuing to mix for 5 minutes. The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water in several stages while stirring, so that the moisture content of the mixed material reaches 65-75%; The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 3-5cm thick layer of mixed covering material on the middle mycelial growth layer, lightly scraping and leveling it, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 50-60%.

[0015] The above setup removes impurities, avoids damaging the upper substrate structure, ensures moisture retention and impurity prevention, pre-ferments the fallen lychee leaves to decompose them fully, and enhances their integration with the soil. Stirring further ensures integration, while controlling the moisture content ensures surface moisture retention and prevents waterlogging that could lead to the growth of bacteria.

[0016] Furthermore, after "lightly scraping and leveling" in step S4, the laying operation also includes covering with a 1-2cm thick layer of fallen lychee leaves.

[0017] The above setup, by laying a layer of fresh lychee leaves, prevents external influences.

[0018] The technical solution provided by this invention is: a furrow structure adapted for planting fungi in orchards, including a raised bed and a laying layer. The raised bed has a sloping structure with a high center and low sides, and the slope of the raised bed is 5°-8°. Drainage ditches are set around the raised bed. The laying layer includes a lower drainage and oxygen supply layer, a middle mycelium production layer, and an upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer. The lower drainage and oxygen supply layer has a thickness of 5-8 cm and a porosity of 70%-80%. The middle mycelium production layer has a neutral or slightly alkaline pH value, and the upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer has a slightly acidic pH value. The porosity of the upper layer is less than that of the middle layer, and the porosity of the middle layer is less than that of the lower layer.

[0019] The above setup utilizes the shading provided by the native tree canopy of the orchard instead of a traditional greenhouse structure, eliminating the need for additional dedicated greenhouses and reducing material and construction costs. It is also well-suited to the planting conditions of the orchard, enabling low-cost implementation. By adjusting the width and height of the raised beds and their slope, drainage and recovery under heavy rain or damp conditions are accelerated, reducing waterlogging and oxygen deficiency. The coarse-grained corn cobs, along with gravel and other granular materials, create a porous lower layer that facilitates drainage and oxygen supply, promoting the growth of fungi in the middle layer. Furthermore, the materials used are all existing crops, resulting in low costs. Finally, mature fungi are utilized in the middle layer... The fermentation substrate has a porosity of 60%-70% and a neutral or slightly acidic pH, providing a microbial environment for fungal growth. This ensures that the pH and porosity are lower than those of the lower layers, preventing excessive water from entering. Then, a moisturizing and impurity-preventing layer is formed by lychee leaves, with a slightly alkaline pH. This upper layer contacts the fruit orchard, preventing pH damage to the orchard's growth environment. The resulting slope in porosity and pH facilitates drainage and oxygenation during rain, promoting the growth of both the fruit orchard and fungal crops, thus creating a stable microenvironment. Furthermore, the mixture is made from existing fruit orchard products, resulting in low cost and easy promotion.

[0020] Furthermore, the coarse corn kernels have a diameter of 3-5 mm, and the pruned lychee tree branches have a diameter of 2-3 cm and a length of 5-8 cm.

[0021] The above settings, by screening corn kernels and pruning lychee tree branches, avoid uneven distribution of substrate pores due to excessively large particle size or insufficient air permeability due to excessively small particle size. This ensures a uniform substrate structure between the drainage and oxygen supply layer and the mycelial growth layer, thereby improving the substrate's air permeability and water retention.

[0022] Furthermore, the width of the raised bed is 0.5m and the height of the raised bed is 18cm.

[0023] The above settings ensure that the width and height of the raised beds, while maintaining a certain slope, guarantee the planting area.

[0024] Furthermore, the pH value of the upper moisturizing and impurity-preventing induction layer is 7.5–8.0, and the pH value of the middle mycelium production layer is 5.5–6.5.

[0025] The above settings establish a pH difference between the upper moisturizing and impurity-preventing layer and the middle mycelial production layer to ensure that the growth requirements of different layers are met. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the furrow structure of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a rendering of the effect of laying furrows and ridges under a litchi forest according to the present invention.

[0028] Figure 3 This is a rendering of the effect of laying furrows under a litchi forest and then covering the top layer with litchi leaves, according to the present invention.

[0029] Explanation of the labels in the attached diagram: 1-Lychee tree; 2-Drainage ditch; 3-Upper drainage and oxygen supply layer; 4-Middle mycelial growth layer; 5-Lower moisture-retaining and anti-pollution induction layer; 6-Lychee fallen leaves. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0031] Example 1.

[0032] like Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, a furrow structure suitable for cultivating fungi in orchards includes raised beds, which are actually set under litchi trees. Instead of traditional greenhouses, the litchi trees provide natural shade through their original canopy layer. This shaded environment eliminates the need for dedicated greenhouses; during the rainy season, only a simple rainproof film is needed, reducing initial construction costs. Watering pipes are added to the litchi trees for irrigation. The raised beds are 0.5m wide and 18cm high, with a sloping structure that is higher in the middle and lower on both sides, with a slope of 5°-8°. Drainage ditches are provided around the beds, and a 30-40cm operating passage is reserved between the beds. This passage allows workers to operate with hand-held turning tools, while also accommodating the mobile operation of small spraying equipment and the short-distance transportation of fermentation substrate and covering materials. This operating passage is suitable for the limited space under the litchi trees, avoiding either excessively wide passages that waste land resources or excessively narrow passages that obstruct construction operations.

[0033] In this embodiment, the fungus growing under the litchi forest is matsutake.

[0034] In this embodiment, the slope range of the raised beds is determined by combining hydrological drainage calculations with the convenience of construction under the forest canopy, as shown in formula (1). i = (P×B) / (2×K×T)×100% (1); Where i is the transverse slope of the bed (%), P is the maximum daily rainfall in the local area once every 50 years (mm), B is the width of the bed (m), K is the saturated permeability coefficient of the preset middle mycelial production layer (mm / h), and T is the rainfall duration (taken as 24h). After calculation, the slope needs to be converted into an angle value and controlled within 5°-8° to ensure that rainwater can be drained away quickly and the substrate is not easy to slip.

[0035] like Figure 1As shown, the furrow structure includes a lower drainage and oxygen supply layer 3, a middle mycelial production layer 4, and an upper moisture-retaining and anti-pollution induction layer 5. This three-layer structure, along with pore / water content gradients and pH gradients, constructs a micro-ecological environment suitable for litchi forests. The lower drainage and oxygen supply layer has a thickness of 5-8 cm and is composed of at least one combination of these elements. Option 1, primarily composed of sand and gravel, includes the following components by weight: Coarse sand: 40%; Crushed stone: 30%; Coarse corn kernels: 30%; The coarse corn kernels have a particle size of 3-5 mm. Option 2, primarily composed of agricultural and forestry waste, includes the following components by weight: Coarse corn kernels: 50%; Pruning of lychee tree branches: 20%; Crushed stone: 30%; The coarse corn kernels have a diameter of 3-5 mm, the pruned lychee tree branches have a diameter of 2-3 cm and a length of 5-8 cm; coarse sandy soil is a subclass of sandy soil, with a clay content of less than 15% and a sand content of more than 55%, and the proportion of coarse sand particles with a diameter greater than 0.5 mm must reach more than 50%; crushed stone usually refers to rock particles with a diameter greater than 2 mm.

[0036] The middle mycelial growth layer 4 is 10-15 cm thick and is composed of a mature fermentation substrate. In this embodiment, the mature fermentation substrate is a fermentation substrate for matsutake mushroom growth, such as the bio-activated substrate disclosed in Chinese Patent Application No. 202511411929.8, published on December 16, 2025, or other existing fermentation substrates for matsutake mushroom growth. The lower moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer 5 is 3-5 cm thick and, by weight, comprises the following components: Fruit forest soil: 60%; Peat soil: 20%; Fine sand: 15%; Lychee leaf fall: 6.5%.

[0037] The furrow structure forms a spatial gradient. The upper layer is a weakly acidic environment, and the pH is maintained in the range of 5.5-6.5 by covering it with soil. The middle layer is close to neutral or slightly alkaline, with a pH range of 6.8-7.5 under normal circumstances and a pH range of 7.2-8.0 when strengthening resistance to miscellaneous bacteria. The lower layer is a highly porous structure, which allows the furrow structure to take into account both mycelial activity and the weakly acidic ecology of the litchi rhizosphere. In this embodiment, peat soil is a gleyed soil with a peat layer thickness >50cm, mostly distributed in low-lying areas of cold and humid regions. Orchard soil can be soil from litchi or tangerine peel orchards. Litchi orchard soil refers to soil types suitable for litchi tree growth, characterized by deep soil layers, loose and breathable texture, good drainage, and a slightly acidic pH. Specific definitions of litchi orchard soil include: pH value: between 5.0 and 6.5, with a slightly acidic environment conducive to root nutrient absorption; texture and structure: preferably sandy loam, loam, or red soil, requiring loose texture and good aeration, avoiding heavy clay or waterlogging. Tangerine peel orchard soil is defined as soil type: mainly alluvial silt or paddy soil; pH value range: generally between 5.0 and 7.0, slightly acidic to neutral; structural characteristics: loose and breathable, with moderate water and fertilizer retention, and a subsoil layer (30-60 cm thick). The soil is composed of alternating layers of sand and clay. The upper layer of the furrow structure uses a mixture of orchard soil and peat moss in a 3:1 ratio. The orchard soil itself is a weakly acidic topsoil from the litchi orchard. After mixing, the pH of the upper layer naturally returns to the range of 5.5-6.5. At the same time, 5-10% fine sand is added to further buffer pH fluctuations, ensuring compatibility with the litchi rhizosphere microecology and avoiding stimulation of the litchi roots. The middle layer of the furrow structure is prepared by adding 0.5-1% lime / dolomite powder and 1-2% gypsum to the mature fermentation substrate. The matured material is placed in sealed containers or covered with a film to seal the pile, and excess air is removed as much as possible. It is maintained at 25-35℃ for 2-5 days and then spread out to re-oxygenate for 12-24 hours to reduce the accumulation of acidic substances and stabilize the pH of the middle layer at 6.8-7.5. If it is necessary to enhance the resistance to miscellaneous bacteria, the proportion of lime can be increased to 1-1.5% to raise the pH to 7.2-8.0.

[0038] The lower drainage and oxygen supply layer 3 is made by mixing coarse sand, gravel, and coarse corn cobs, so that the particle size of the mixed material is ≥10mm, thereby constructing a physical high-porosity skeleton with a porosity of 70-80%, prioritizing drainage and aeration; the middle mycelial growth layer 4 is a mature fermentation substrate, and the materials of the fermentation substrate are the materials required for the growth of existing fungi. The porosity is maintained by controlling the particle size, so that the porosity is controlled at 60-70%; the upper moisture-retaining and anti-contamination induction layer 5 is made by mixing orchard soil, peat soil, and fine sand, so that the particle size of the mixed material is ≤5mm, and the porosity is controlled at 50-60%, achieving the functions of moisture retention and anti-contamination of contaminants. To control the porosity within the target range, porosity needs to be detected. In this embodiment, the bulk density is determined by layered sampling using the ring sampler method, and the total porosity is determined by the bulk density, as shown in formula (2). Total porosity = (1 - density / 2.65) × 100% (2); Alternatively, a soil porosity meter can be used to directly measure the porosity of each layer to ensure the target gradient of 70-80% for the lower layer, 60-70% for the middle layer, and 50-60% for the upper layer.

[0039] Example 2.

[0040] This invention also provides a method for laying furrow and ridge structures suitable for planting fungi in orchards, comprising the following steps: S1. Select facilities and construct raised beds. Set up a simple rainproof film in the orchard. Make raised beds with a width of 0.5m and a height of 18cm to form a sloping bed with a high center and low sides. Dig drainage ditches 2 around the perimeter and leave a 30-40cm operation passage between the raised beds. S2. Lay the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer 3, pre-treat the constituent materials, mix the pre-treated materials, adjust the moisture content of the mixed materials and lay them on the bed. S3. Lay the middle layer of mycelial production layer. The material used for laying is the mature fermentation substrate. If it is necessary to enhance local resistance to contamination, 95% of the mature fermentation substrate and 5% of sterilized shell powder are added and mixed according to the weight ratio. S4. Lay the upper moisturizing and impurity-preventing induction layer 5. Pre-treat the constituent materials, mix the pre-treated materials, adjust the moisture content of the mixed materials, and then lay them on the middle mycelium production layer.

[0041] There are two ways to form the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer 3. In step S2, the large particles include 40% coarse sand or 20% pruned lychee tree branches. The pruned lychee tree branches have a diameter of 2-3 cm and a length of 5-8 cm.

[0042] In one embodiment, when the large particles in step S2 are 40% coarse sand, the pretreatment includes: sieving 40% coarse sand and 30% crushed stone to remove soil impurities, and soaking the coarse corn cobs in clean water for 12 hours in advance, and draining them until there is no dripping water on the surface. The mixing process includes: first, pouring the coarse sand and gravel after removing soil impurities into the mixing equipment and mixing for 5 minutes until the particles are evenly distributed, then adding coarse corn cobs and continuing to mix for 3-5 minutes; The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water while stirring to bring the moisture content of the mixture to 50-60%. The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 5-8cm thick layer of mixed material on the prepared bed, gently patting it flat, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 70-80%.

[0043] In another embodiment, when 20% of the large particles in the lychee tree branch segments are pruned in step S2, the pretreatment includes: sieving 30% of the crushed stone to remove soil and impurities, soaking the coarse corn cobs in clean water for 12 hours in advance, draining until there is no dripping water on the surface, and drying the pruned lychee tree branch segments until the moisture content is ≤20%; The mixing process includes: first, pouring the gravel after removing soil and impurities into the mixing equipment and mixing for 5 minutes until the particles are evenly distributed; then, adding coarse corn cobs and modified lychee branches and continuing to mix for 3-5 minutes. The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water while stirring to bring the moisture content of the mixture to 50-60%. The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 5-8cm thick layer of mixed material on the prepared bed, gently patting it flat, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 70-80%.

[0044] In the above embodiments, the standard for detecting the moisture content of the mixed material is: it can be formed into a ball when squeezed in the hand, but crumbles when released.

[0045] Furthermore, step S3 also includes: mixing 95% mature fermentation substrate with 5% sterilized shell powder three times to ensure the shell powder is evenly dispersed in the mature fermentation substrate, and adjusting the moisture content to 60-65%; The laying operation includes: evenly laying a 10-15cm thick substrate on the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer, with a thickness of 15cm in the middle and 10cm at the edges, gently patting it flat to ensure that the porosity is controlled at 60-70%.

[0046] The pretreatment of the materials that make up the upper moisturizing and impurity-preventing induction layer 5 in step S4 includes: the orchard soil is sieved through a 5mm sieve to remove stones and grass roots, the fine sand is sieved through a 3mm sieve, and the litchi fallen leaves 6 are crushed to 1-2cm and pre-composted for more than 30 days to form composted litchi fallen leaves. The mixing process includes: first, pouring orchard soil and fine sand into a mixing device and mixing for 4 minutes until uniform; then, adding peat moss and decomposed lychee leaves and continuing to mix for 5 minutes to ensure that the humus is fully integrated with the soil. The moisture content adjustment operation includes: spraying clean water in several times while stirring, so that the moisture content of the mixed cover soil reaches 65-75%, which is the standard that it can be formed into a ball by hand and crumbles when lightly pressed. The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 3-5cm thick layer of mixed covering material on the middle mycelial growth layer 4, lightly scraping and leveling it, and finally covering it with a 1-2cm thick layer of fallen lychee leaves 6, ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 50-60%. In this embodiment, fallen lychee leaves refer to leaves that have fallen from the lychee tree and do not require any composting or other treatment.

[0047] In this embodiment, the materials are first layered based on their water retention capacity. The lower layer of coarse-grained material has weak water retention capacity and maintains a water content of 50-60% after natural drainage. The middle layer of fermentation substrate has a reasonable particle size distribution and moderate water retention capacity, maintaining a stable water content of 60-65%. The upper layer of cover soil and humus soil has strong water retention capacity and maintains a water content of 65-75% through spraying to keep it moist. Furthermore, by using structural-assisted humidity control, the slope of the raised beds is designed to be 5-8°, which can accelerate the drainage of water in the lower layer and prevent water from seeping upward. At the same time, the drainage ditch 2 between the raised beds and the lower coarse particle layer form a three-dimensional drainage network, which quickly reduces the moisture content of the lower layer. Finally, through dynamic management and adjustment, the humidity of the environment is regulated by spraying small amounts of water multiple times in the upper layer, the moisture in the middle layer is naturally balanced by the water-holding capacity of the substrate itself, and the humidity in the lower layer is passively controlled through drainage ditch 2. This results in a gradient structure in which the humidity of the upper moisturizing and anti-pollution induction layer, the middle mycelial production layer and the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer decreases sequentially.

[0048] In this embodiment, the furrow structure and laying method adapted to orchards are mainly for litchi or tangerine peel orchards, which have similar ecological environments.

[0049] like Figure 2 and 3 The image shows a rendering of matsutake mushroom cultivation under a lychee grove. Figure 2 The red areas formed on the central ridges are where matsutake mushrooms are waiting to grow. The spacing between each litchi tree in the litchi forest is 4-6 meters.

[0050] The working principle of this invention is as follows: First, a basic raised bed structure is constructed with a certain slope, and drainage ditches are formed around the perimeter to facilitate drainage of the lower layer. Then, a lower drainage and oxygen supply layer 3 with larger porosity is formed by using coarse corn cobs, gravel, and granular materials. The larger porosity facilitates drainage and oxygen supply, which is conducive to the growth of microorganisms in the middle layer. Moreover, the materials used are all existing crops, resulting in low cost. Then, a mature fermentation substrate is used in the middle layer to form a porosity of 60%-70% and a neutral or slightly acidic pH value, providing microbial support for microbial growth. The biological environment ensures a suitable pH level and porosity. This porosity is lower than that of the lower layer, preventing excessive water from entering. Then, a moisturizing and anti-pollution induction layer is formed by lychee leaves. The pH level is slightly alkaline. The upper layer is in contact with the fruit forest to prevent the pH level from damaging the fruit forest's growth environment. This creates a slope in terms of porosity and pH level, which is beneficial for drainage and oxygen supply in rainy conditions, facilitating the growth of fruit forests and fungi. This creates a stable microenvironment. Moreover, the mixed material is formed using existing fruit forest products, resulting in low cost and easy promotion.

Claims

1. A method for laying furrow and ridge structures suitable for planting fungi in orchards, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. Construct raised beds; the raised beds are higher in the middle and lower on both sides, and drainage ditches are dug around the raised beds; S2. Lay the lower drainage and oxygen supply layer. Mix 30% or 50% coarse corn cobs, 30% crushed stone, and 40% or 20% large particles after pretreatment. After adjusting the moisture content of the mixture, lay it on the bed to form a porosity of 70%-80%. S3. Lay the middle mycelium production layer. The material used for laying is a mature fermentation substrate, forming a porosity of 60%-70%. The pH value of the middle mycelium production layer is neutral or weakly acidic. S4. Lay the upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer. Mix 60% orchard soil, 20% peat soil, 15% fine sand and 5% orchard fallen leaves after pretreatment. After adjusting the moisture content of the mixed material, lay it on the middle mycelium production layer to form a porosity of 50-60%. The pH value of the upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer is weakly alkaline.

2. The method for laying furrow and ridge structures suitable for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the large particles include 40% coarse sand or 20% pruned lychee tree branches, with the pruned lychee tree branches having a diameter of 2-3 cm and a length of 5-8 cm.

3. The method for laying furrow and ridge structures suitable for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 1, characterized in that: When the large particles in step S2 are 40% coarse sand, the pretreatment includes: sieving 40% coarse sand and 30% crushed stone to remove soil impurities, and soaking coarse corn cobs in clean water for 12 hours in advance, and draining until there is no dripping water on the surface. The mixing process includes: first, pouring the coarse sand and gravel after removing soil impurities into the mixing equipment and mixing for 5 minutes until the particles are evenly distributed, then adding coarse corn cobs and continuing to mix for 3-5 minutes; The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water while stirring to bring the moisture content of the mixture to 50-60%. The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 5-8cm thick layer of mixed material on the prepared bed, gently patting it flat, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 70-80%.

4. The method for laying furrow and ridge structures suitable for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, when 20% of the lychee tree branches are pruned with large particles, the pretreatment includes: sieving 30% of the gravel to remove soil and impurities, soaking coarse corn cobs in clean water for 12 hours in advance, draining until there is no dripping water on the surface, and drying the pruned lychee tree branches until the moisture content is ≤20%. The mixing process includes: first, pouring the gravel after removing soil and impurities into the mixing equipment and mixing for 5 minutes until the particles are evenly distributed; then, adding coarse corn cobs and modified lychee branches and continuing to mix for 3-5 minutes. The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water while stirring to bring the moisture content of the mixture to 50-60%. The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 5-8cm thick layer of mixed material on the prepared bed, gently patting it flat, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 70-80%.

5. The method for laying furrow and ridge structures suitable for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the fallen leaves in the orchard are litchi leaves. The pretreatment operation includes: 60% of the orchard soil is sieved through a 5mm sieve to remove stones and grass roots, 15% of the fine sand is sieved through a 3mm sieve, and 5% of the fallen leaves in the orchard are crushed to 1-2cm and pre-composted for more than 30 days. The mixing process includes: first, pouring the orchard soil and fine sand into the mixing equipment and mixing for 4 minutes until uniform; then adding peat moss and decomposed lychee leaves and continuing to mix for 5 minutes. The moisture content adjustment process includes: spraying clean water in several stages while stirring, so that the moisture content of the mixed material reaches 65-75%; The laying process includes: evenly spreading a 3-5cm thick layer of mixed covering material on the middle mycelial growth layer, lightly scraping and leveling it, and ensuring that the porosity is controlled at 50-60%.

6. The method for laying a furrow-ridge structure suitable for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 5, characterized in that: Step S4, after "lightly scraping and leveling" the laying operation, also includes covering with a 1-2cm thick layer of lychee fallen leaves.

7. The paving method according to any one of claims 1-6 forms a furrow-ridge structure suitable for planting fungi in orchards, characterized in that: It includes raised beds and a laying layer. The raised beds have a sloping structure that is high in the middle and low on both sides. The slope of the raised beds is 5°-8° and drainage ditches are set around the raised beds. The laying layer includes a lower drainage and oxygen supply layer, a middle mycelium production layer, and an upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer. The lower drainage and oxygen supply layer has a thickness of 5-8 cm and a porosity of 70%-80%. The middle mycelium production layer has a neutral or slightly alkaline pH value, and the upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer has a slightly acidic pH value. The porosity of the upper layer is less than that of the middle layer, and the porosity of the middle layer is less than that of the lower layer.

8. The furrow-ridge structure adapted for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 7, characterized in that: The coarse corn kernels have a diameter of 3-5 mm, and the pruned lychee tree branches have a diameter of 2-3 cm and a length of 5-8 cm.

9. The furrow-ridge structure adapted for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 7, characterized in that: The width of the raised bed is 0.5m and the height of the raised bed is 18cm.

10. A furrow-ridge structure adapted for planting fungi in orchards according to claim 7, characterized in that: The pH value of the upper moisturizing and impurity-preventing induction layer is 6.8–8.0, and the pH value of the middle mycelial production layer is 5.5–6.5.

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