Terminals, wireless communication methods and base stations

Abstract

A terminal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure includes a control unit that applies a waveform transformation process related to tone reservation when functionality or a model associated with the waveform transformation is activated, and a transmission unit that transmits an uplink signal containing a peak reduction tone via the waveform transformation process. According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a waveform transformation based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology can be appropriately implemented.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems. Background Technology

[0002] In Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was standardized with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was standardized with the aim of further increasing capacity and improving the height of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] The development of successor systems to LTE is also underway (e.g., also known as the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), the 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel.15 and later, etc.).

[0004] Existing technical documents

[0005] Non-patent literature

[0006] Non-patent document 1: 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010 Summary of the Invention

[0007] The problem that the invention aims to solve

[0008] Generally, the transmitted signal used for wireless communication is amplified in the transmitter via a power amplifier (PA). However, it is known that the PA can cause nonlinear distortion, interference, etc., when the input power is high.

[0009] Regarding future wireless communication technologies, research is underway to utilize artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as machine learning (ML), in network / device control and management. For example, research is being conducted on future wireless communication technologies (e.g., 3GPP Rel.19, 20, 21) that use AI to compensate for the aforementioned nonlinear distortion.

[0010] However, research on how to configure, control, and communicate signals for purposes such as compensating for nonlinear distortion in AI techniques used for communication has not yet progressed. Without explicit specification, optimal waveform transformations cannot be implemented, raising concerns about hindering improvements in communication throughput and quality.

[0011] Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, wireless communication method, and base station capable of appropriately implementing waveform transformation based on AI technology.

[0012] Methods for solving problems

[0013] One aspect of this disclosure relates to a terminal comprising: a control unit that applies waveform transformation processing related to tone reservation when a waveform transformation associated functionality or model is activated; and a transmission unit that transmits an uplink signal containing a peak-lowered tone via the waveform transformation processing.

[0014] Invention Effects

[0015] According to one aspect of this disclosure, waveform transformation based on AI technology can be appropriately implemented. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the input-output characteristics of a PA.

[0017] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example of nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of PA.

[0018] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example of compensation for nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of PA.

[0019] Figure 4This is a diagram illustrating an example of the rotation or scaling of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first embodiment.

[0020] Figure 5 This is a diagram illustrating an example of selective mapping.

[0021] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of selective mapping in the second embodiment.

[0022] Figure 7A and Figure 7B This is a diagram illustrating an example of a change in the subcarrier mapping accompanying selective mapping in the second embodiment.

[0023] Figures 8A to 8D This is a diagram illustrating an example of cases 1-5 in the third embodiment.

[0024] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the definition of a time-continuous signal in the existing 3GPP NR standard.

[0025] Figure 10A and Figure 10B This is a diagram illustrating an example of clipping in the third embodiment.

[0026] Figures 11A to 11C This is a diagram illustrating an example of TR.

[0027] Figure 12A and Figure 12B This is a diagram illustrating an example of the application flow of the functionality / model in the seventh embodiment.

[0028] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment.

[0029] Figure 14 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment.

[0030] Figure 15 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0031] Figure 16 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0032] Figure 17 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0033] (Nonlinearity problem of power amplifier (PA))

[0034] Generally, the transmitted signal used for wireless communication is amplified in the transmitter via a power amplifier (PA). However, it is known that the PA can cause nonlinear distortion, interference, etc., when the input power is high.

[0035] Figure 1 This diagram illustrates an example of the input-output characteristics of a power amplifier (PA). In an ideal PA, the output voltage is linearly amplified relative to the input voltage. Real-world PAs exhibit roughly linear characteristics below a certain input voltage value, but become non-linear above that value, and the amplification of the output voltage relative to the input voltage becomes saturated.

[0036] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example of nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of the PA. This diagram, also known as a signal space diagram (constellation diagram), has the horizontal axis corresponding to in-phase and the vertical axis corresponding to quadrature. In this example, it shows an example of nonlinear distortion experienced by modulation symbols based on 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For example, the complex number corresponding to the baseband signal obtained at the receiving end from the signal output / transmitted via the PA is plotted. The 256 signal points corresponding to the original modulation symbols become blurred due to nonlinear distortion.

[0037] If the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver increases, interference from nonlinear distortion (e.g., an increase in the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)) will limit the receiver's performance and may become a major factor in detecting errors.

[0038] (Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology to wireless communication)

[0039] Regarding future wireless communication technologies, research is underway on the flexible application of AI technologies such as Machine Learning (ML) in the control and management of networks / devices.

[0040] For example, to improve Channel State Information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reduced overhead, improved accuracy, prediction), beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the time / spatial domain), and location measurement (e.g., improved location estimation / prediction), research is underway to flexibly apply AI technologies to terminals (user terminals, user equipment (UE)) and base stations (BS).

[0041] AI models can also output at least one of the following information based on the input information: estimated value, predicted value, selected operation, classification, etc. UE / BS can also input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc., into the AI ​​model and output high-precision channel state information / measurements / beam selection / location, future channel state information / wireless link quality, etc.

[0042] Additionally, in this disclosure, AI can also be rewritten as an object (also referred to as an object, subject, data, function, program, etc.) having at least one of the following characteristics:

[0043] • Estimation based on observed or collected information;

[0044] • Selection based on observed or collected information;

[0045] • Predictions based on observed or collected information.

[0046] In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, in this disclosure, making an estimate, making a prediction, and inferring can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0047] In this disclosure, the object may be, for example, a device or apparatus such as a UE or BS. Furthermore, in this disclosure, the object may also correspond to a program / model / entity that operates within that device.

[0048] Future-oriented wireless communication technologies (e.g., 3GPP Rel.19, 20, 21) are exploring the use of AI technology to compensate for the aforementioned nonlinear distortion.

[0049] Figure 3 This diagram illustrates an example of compensation for nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of a PA. This example demonstrates the use of a certain AI technique to... Figure 2An example of compensation for nonlinear distortion is presented. Points approximating the original 256 signal points are plotted to demonstrate how AI technology can reduce the impact of nonlinear distortion.

[0050] The aforementioned nonlinear distortion compensation can also be performed on the transmitter / receiver side. For example, in one scenario employing AI, a one-sided model for both the transmitter and receiver can be used; in another scenario, a two-sided model for both the transmitter and receiver can be used.

[0051] The inventors of this invention believe that the following should be considered in all circumstances:

[0052] • The UE reports which AI technology is used in the UE's uplink transmission;

[0053] • The UE receives information on which AI technology should be applied in the UE's uplink transmission;

[0054] • The UE receives information about which AI technology is applied in the UE's downlink transmission.

[0055] For AI techniques that transform signal waveforms used in communication, such as those for compensating for nonlinear distortion, research on how to configure, control, and communicate these waveforms is still lacking. Without explicit specification, optimal waveform transformations cannot be implemented, raising concerns about hindering improvements in communication throughput and quality.

[0056] Therefore, the inventors of this invention have conceived of suitable setting / control / communication methods for waveform transformation. According to one aspect of this disclosure, by taking into account the interaction between the UE and the network (NW), performance improvements (e.g., reduction of nonlinearity issues in the PA) can be achieved.

[0057] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The wireless communication methods involved in each embodiment can be used individually or in combination.

[0058] (Various rewrites)

[0059] In this disclosure, terms enclosed in parentheses "()" can also indicate explanations of the preceding term (e.g., spelling notes), rewrites, specific examples, supplementary explanations, etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms enclosed in square brackets "[]" can be interpreted either by including them (or ignoring) them. Additionally, "()" and "[]" can also be used for purposes / meanings other than those listed above.

[0060] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be rewritten as each other. In addition, in this disclosure, "A / B / C" may also mean "at least one of A, B and C".

[0061] In this disclosure, terms such as notification, activation, deactivation, indication (or indication), selection, configuration, update, and determination can be overridden. Similarly, terms such as support, control, ability to control, operation, and ability to operate can also be overridden.

[0062] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-level parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., can also be modified interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) elements (MAC ControlElement (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., can also be modified interchangeably.

[0063] In this disclosure, higher-layer signaling may also be, for example, any one or a combination of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) messages, etc., from the core network)).

[0064] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may also use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MACCE) or a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Broadcast information may also be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), a Minimum System Information (Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI)), or Other System Information (OSI).

[0065] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may also be, for example, downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), etc.

[0066] In this disclosure, monitoring, measurement / estimation, etc., can also be performed using a reference signal (RS). In this disclosure, the RS may, for example, include at least one of the following: a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), a Synchronization Signal (SS), a Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) block, a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), a Measurement Reference Signal (SRS), etc.

[0067] Furthermore, in this disclosure, measured values, measurement results, received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Block Error Rate (BLER)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), Channel State Information (CSI), PAPR, and any metric related to the measured received power / quality can be interchanged. A measured value can also refer to the actual value measured rather than the predicted value.

[0068] Alternatively, the measured value can be assigned "layer-X(Layer-X(LX(e.g., X=1, 2, 3, ...)))-".

[0069] Additionally, in this disclosure, "any subject (e.g., UE) performs..." and "any subject is set / instructed to perform..." can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0070] In this disclosure, "condition(s)" may also mean a set of candidate values / parameters in the UE capability [associated with the AI-enabled functionality]. In this disclosure, "additional condition(s)" may also mean a non-conditional approach envisioned for training (e.g., the beam direction of the BS, the codebook of the BS beam, points not associated with the UE capability).

[0071] In this disclosure, “functionality” may also mean a set of parameters / features supported based on conditions specified by the UE capability (e.g., a set of parameters for waveform transformation techniques, CSI prediction, beam prediction, CSI compression, etc.).

[0072] In this disclosure, "model identifier (ID)" can also refer to an ID associated with a functional / additional condition (or the model corresponding to that ID). Furthermore, model ID, AI ID, dataset ID, pairing ID, etc., can be interchanged.

[0073] In this disclosure, function / functionality can also be rewritten as feature, function, and functionality.

[0074] In this disclosure, the model and model ID can be overridden. Similarly, the functionality and functionality ID can be overridden.

[0075] In this disclosure, bit blocks, blocks of bits, bits of blocks, [sent] information [sequences], data, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0076] In this disclosure, complex numerical symbols, complex numbers, complex numbers, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0077] (Wireless communication method)

[0078] In this disclosure, the waveform transformation function may also include specific processing. For the UE, when the functionality / model associated with the waveform transformation is activated / notified / applied / set / specified, the UE may apply the above-mentioned specific processing (e.g., the above-mentioned specific processing may also be applied to the transmitter side / receiver side), or it may be conceivable that the above-mentioned specific processing is applied (e.g., it may also be conceivable that the above-mentioned specific processing is applied in the transmitter side / receiver side).

[0079] In addition, when the specific processing described above is applied to the communication object (BS or UE) (or it is assumed that the specific processing described above is applied in the communication object), the UE or BS may also implement the corresponding transmission / reception processing that takes into account the application of the specific processing described above (e.g., waveform transformation, inverse transformation, correction, inverse correction, modulation, demodulation, mapping, demapping, spread spectrum, inverse spread spectrum, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), FFT, etc.).

[0080] In the following description, although the specific processing described above is referred to as waveform transformation processing, the terminology is not limited thereto. Furthermore, the following description primarily assumes that the waveform transformation processing is applied on the transmitter side, but some or all of the waveform transformation processing (or its corresponding inverse waveform transformation processing) described below may also be applied on the receiver side. In this disclosure, waveform transformation processing may also include inverse waveform transformation processing.

[0081] In addition, waveform transformation processing can also be applied to at least one of a specific channel (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PBCH) or a specific RS (e.g., DMRS, CSI-RS, SRS). Common waveform transformation processing can also be applied to multiple channels / RS.

[0082] In various implementations, unless otherwise specified, "functional / model" may also refer to the functional / model associated with waveform transformation.

[0083] <First Implementation Method>

[0084] The first implementation involves signal constellation compensation.

[0085] <<Signal Processing on the Transmitter Side in Existing 3GPP NR Standards>>

[0086] Before explaining signal constellation compensation, let's first provide an overview of the signal processing on the transmitter side in the existing 3GPP NR standard. In the following description of the signal processing sequence, terms enclosed in parentheses indicate the content of the signal processing, with the "=" preceding it indicating the input and the "=" preceding it indicating the output.

[0087] In the case of PUSCH, signal processing generally proceeds in the following order:

[0088] Bit block = (scrambling) => scrambled bits = (modulation) => complex-valued modulated symbols = (layer mapping) => complex-valued symbols for each layer = ([transform precoding] + precoding) => complex-valued symbols for each port.

[0089] In the case of PDSCH, signal processing is generally performed in the following order:

[0090] Bit block = (scrambling) => Scrambled bits = (modulation) => Complex value modulation symbols = (layer mapping) => Complex value symbols of each layer = (antenna port mapping) => Complex value symbols of each port.

[0091] In the case of PUCCH, for PUCCH formats that include modulation, signal processing is generally performed in the following order:

[0092] Bit block = (scrambling) => Scrambled bits = (modulation) => Complex value modulated code = [(Block-wise spreading)] => Complex value code = (transform precoding) => Complex value code.

[0093] Additionally, in PUCCH format 1, the process ends with modulation, and complex-valued modulation symbols are mapped to physical resources. Furthermore, block spread spectrum is not applied in PUCCH format 3, but it is applied in PUCCH format 4. Block spread spectrum can also be rewritten as Frequency Domain Orthogonal Cover Code (FD-OCC).

[0094] In the case of PDCCH, signal processing is basically performed in the following order:

[0095] Bit block = (scrambling) => Scrambled bits = (modulation) => Complex value modulation symbol.

[0096] In the case of PBCH, signal processing is generally performed in the following order:

[0097] Bit block = (scrambling) => Scrambled bits = (modulation) => Complex value modulation symbol.

[0098] Complex-valued modulation symbols are generated by a modulation mapper based on the bits contained in a bit block. For example, in the case of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), bit pairs b(2i) and b(2i+1) are mapped to complex-valued modulation symbols d(i) according to d(i) = 1 / √2*{(1-2b(2i))+j(1-2b(2i+1))}.

[0099] Regarding complex-valued symbols, they can be output by performing more than one signal processing step on the complex-valued modulation symbols, or they can be the same as the complex-valued modulation symbols (for example, in the case of PDCCH / PBCH, the aforementioned complex-valued modulation symbols are mapped to physical resources as complex-valued symbols).

[0100] In this disclosure, complex numerical symbols can also be rewritten with each port / layer complex numerical symbol, complex numerical symbol for a specific port / layer, complex numerical symbol after block spread, etc.

[0101] <<Waveform Transformation Processing for Signal Constellation Compensation>>

[0102] Signal constellation compensation is a technique used to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem by shifting / scaling / rotating the signal constellation on the transmitter / receiver side to mitigate the effects of nonlinearity (e.g., reducing the false detection rate on the receiver side).

[0103] For example, if the original modulated signal (complex-valued modulated symbols) becomes a modulated signal with a smaller amplitude at the receiving side due to the transmitter / receiver, it is possible to consider implementing amplitude-increasing compensation at the transmitting side.

[0104] In the first embodiment, waveform transformation processing for signal constellation compensation can also be implemented / applied before IFFT processing.

[0105] In the first embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include: determining the mapping associated with complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols based on the functionality associated with the functionality / model.

[0106] The above mapping can be a mapping between complex-valued modulation symbols and bit blocks, or a mapping between complex-valued modulation symbols and complex-valued symbols.

[0107] The mapping between complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be a mapping between groups of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols (the mapping between complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first group and complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the second group). For example, the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first group (also called group A) can also be complex-valued modulation symbols derived from bit blocks, and the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the second group (also called group B) can also be complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols used to calculate the transmitted signal.

[0108] In the first embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include shifting / scaling the above-mentioned mapping associated with the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols (in other words, the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols obtained as a result of the above-mentioned mapping).

[0109] In addition, shifting / scaling complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be equivalent to at least one of the following:

[0110] The complex-valued modulation symbol / complex-valued symbol is multiplied (or is conceived to be multiplied) by a scaling factor and at least one of a specific complex number.

[0111] • The complex-valued modulation symbol / complex-valued symbol is rotated (or imagined to be rotated) by a specific angle (in radians or degrees).

[0112] Additionally, in this disclosure, shifting can also mean adding a value (or a complex value), and scaling / rotating can also mean multiplying by a value (or a complex value).

[0113] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of rotation or scaling of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first embodiment. In this example, the result of rotating the complex-valued modulation symbol d(i) of the above-mentioned QPSK (the four black circles in the central diagram) by a certain angle is shown (the four shaded circles in the lower left diagram), and the result of multiplying by a scaling factor is shown (the four shaded circles in the lower right diagram).

[0114] In the first embodiment, how to determine at least one of the above-described mappings, and how to shift / scale at least one of the above-described mappings, can be determined either based on associated functionality / models (for example, values ​​related to shift / scaling can also be derived via associated functionality / models) or based on specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, may include parameters set / indicated by the UE, or may include parameters related to UE capabilities.

[0115] For example, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can be determined based on either the associated functionality / model or the aforementioned specific parameters. Furthermore, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can also be determined for each of X complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols / bit blocks / ports / subcarriers / symbols. This X can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE by higher-layer signaling / physical-layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on the associated functionality / model.

[0116] <<On Waveform Transformation Processing of RS>>

[0117] The waveform transformation processing for complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols corresponding to data has been described above, but waveform transformation processing can also be applied to the DMRS of the channel used for this data. That is, in the first embodiment, the waveform transformation processing can include determining the mapping associated with the DMRS sequence based on the functionality / model, or it can include shifting / scaling the DMRS sequence (or the sequence based on the mapping).

[0118] When waveform transformation processing is applied to the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols corresponding to the data, the UE / BS can either assume that the waveform transformation processing is also applied to the DMRS sequence of the channel used for the data, or assume that it is not applied to the DMRS sequence (only the waveform transformation processing is applied to the channel of the data and the former of the corresponding DMRS).

[0119] The scaling factors / specific complex numbers / specific angles (hereinafter, for simplicity, they are collectively referred to as DMRS coefficients) associated with the waveform transformation processing applied to the DMRS sequence can also be derived (e.g., they can be the same or different) based on the scaling factors / specific complex numbers / specific angles (hereinafter, for simplicity, they are collectively referred to as data coefficients) associated with the waveform transformation processing applied to the complex numerical modulation symbols / complex numerical symbols corresponding to the data.

[0120] DMRS coefficients can also be derived based on data coefficients for a specific time slot / subcarrier / symbol. The specific time slot / subcarrier / symbol can also be the same time slot / subcarrier / symbol. DMRS coefficients can also be derived based on data coefficients for multiple time slots / subcarriers / symbols. For example, the DMRS coefficients associated with the DMRS of a certain subcarrier can also be the average / maximum / minimum values ​​of multiple data coefficients for the same subcarrier.

[0121] Multiple DMRS coefficients can also be derived separately based on data coefficients used for the same specific time slot / subcarrier / symbol. DMRS coefficients for multiple time slots / subcarriers / symbols can be either the same or different.

[0122] For RSs other than DMRS (CSI-RS, SRS, etc.), waveform transformation processing can also be applied based on the above-mentioned rewritten DMRS description.

[0123] According to the first implementation described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement signal constellation compensation.

[0124] <Second Implementation Method>

[0125] The second implementation involves selective mapping.

[0126] Selective mapping is a technique used to reduce PAPR by changing the waveform.

[0127] Figure 5 This diagram illustrates an example of selective mapping. In selective mapping, the transmitter multiplies a data vector (e.g., one or more complex-valued [modulated] symbols, or a set of complex-valued [modulated] symbols) by a specific sequence before IFFT processing. For example, the data vector X is serially / parallel transformed and multiplied by a specific sequence Pi (i=1, ..., m, where m is an integer). IFFT processing is applied to the multiplied Xi (Xi is X obtained by multiplying by Pi), outputting a time-domain signal Si (Si corresponds to Xi). Finally, the values ​​of PAPR corresponding to each Si (i=1, ..., m) are compared, and the Si / Xi / Pi corresponding to the smallest PAPR is selected. Furthermore, the lengths of Xi and Pi can be different (e.g., the length of Xi > the length of Pi); the multiplication operation in this case will be described later.

[0128] That is, the multiplication operation described above is performed in the frequency domain. Information related to the selected Si / Xi / Pi can also be communicated to the receiver. At the receiver, after applying FFT to the received signal, the data vector can be reconstructed based on the communicated Si / Xi / Pi information.

[0129] Furthermore, the selection mapping when the number of candidate sequences (also referred to as candidate sequences) Pi (=m) is one is equivalent to frequency-domain spectral shaping (FDSS).

[0130] In the second embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include implementing selective mapping.

[0131] The selective mapping in the second embodiment can also be used to determine how to shift / scale the mapping associated with the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first embodiment (e.g., the determination of the scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle mentioned above). In the second embodiment, the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be rewritten with the set of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols.

[0132] The shifted / scaled complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be derived by multiplying the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols by the elements of a specific sequence. If the length of the specific sequence is set to N, then each of the N complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can be multiplied sequentially by the elements of the specific sequence. This specific sequence can also be selected from more than one candidate sequence. Furthermore, the elements of the specific sequence can consist of 1, -1, j (where j is the imaginary unit), and -j, or values ​​obtained by multiplying them by coefficients, or any other arbitrary integer / real number / complex number. The elements of the specific sequence can also correspond to the scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle in the first embodiment.

[0133] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of selective mapping in the second embodiment. In this example, a sequence of length 5 (-1, 1, -1, 1, 1) is shown as a specific sequence. The original complex numerical code contains 15 code elements, and the shifted / scaled complex numerical code elements are derived as a result of multiplying the specific sequence by 5 code elements sequentially from the first one.

[0134] Alternatively, the mapping between groups of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be determined using the specific sequence described above. For example, the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols of the second group described above can also be derived by multiplying the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols of the first group described above by the elements of the specific sequence described above.

[0135] The aforementioned candidate sequences can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on associated functionality / model.

[0136] The sequence length of the aforementioned specific sequence / candidate sequence can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on associated functionality / model. The sequence length can also be a multiple (e.g., 0.5 times, 1 times, 2 times, ...) of the number of subcarriers (or resource elements (REs)) per specific frequency unit (e.g., 1 resource block (RB)).

[0137] The specific sequences mentioned above can also be selected from candidate sequences based on any one or more of the following:

[0138] • Select a sequence that achieves the minimum PAPR based on the complex numerical [modulation] symbols shifted / scaled from the sequence (the result of IFFT based on these symbols) as the specific sequence;

[0139] • Select a sequence that achieves a PAPR lower than a pre-defined / configured / indicated threshold based on the complex numerical [modulation] symbols shifted / scaled on the sequence (the result of IFFT based on these symbols) as a specific sequence;

[0140] • Select specific sequences based on the results (e.g., output) of the activated or configured functionality / model;

[0141] • Select a specific sequence based on predefined / set / indicated parameters or parameters of UE capabilities.

[0142] <<Mapping of Complex-Valued Modulation Symbols to Subcarriers>>

[0143] It can also determine / change / switch the mapping between shifted / scaled complex-valued [modulated] symbols and subcarriers (or the indexes of resource elements / resource blocks in the frequency domain). In other words, the shifted / scaled complex-valued [modulated] symbols input to the IFFT in the mapping selection can also be shifted / scaled complex-valued symbols obtained by changing the order [corresponding to the subcarriers] from the original order based on a specific mapping (specific rules).

[0144] The specific mapping described above (also referred to as a subcarrier mapping) can also be selected from candidate mappings (also referred to as candidate mappings) based on any one or more of the following:

[0145] • Select a mapping that achieves the minimum PAPR based on the shifted / scaled complex-valued [modulated] symbols (the result of IFFT based on these symbols) that has been rearranged according to the mapping;

[0146] • Select a mapping as a specific mapping that uses shifted / scaled complex-valued [modulated] symbols (based on the result of IFFT) that have been rearranged based on the mapping and achieve a PAPR below a predefined / set / indicated threshold;

[0147] • Select a specific mapping based on the results of the activated or configured functionality / model;

[0148] • Select a specific mapping based on predefined / set / indicated parameters or parameters of UE capabilities.

[0149] Furthermore, the specific mappings described above can also differ for each of the candidate sequences.

[0150] Figure 7A and Figure 7B This is a diagram illustrating an example of a change in subcarrier mapping accompanying selective mapping in the second embodiment. Figure 7A In the original order shown, the complex numerical symbols a1, a2, a3, and a4 are mapped sequentially in ascending order of the subcarriers. Figure 7B In the altered sequence shown, the complex numerical symbols a1, a3, a2, and a4 are mapped sequentially in ascending order of the subcarriers (i.e., the order of a2 and a3 is switched).

[0151] The UE can also report information to the network related to which sequence / mapping is applied (as a specific sequence / mapping). This information indicates the sequence / mapping selected by the UE.

[0152] The UE can also receive information from the network related to which sequence / mapping is applied (as a specific sequence / mapping). This information indicates the sequence / mapping selected by the network.

[0153] According to the second embodiment described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement selective mapping.

[0154] <Third Implementation Method>

[0155] The third implementation relates to waveform transformation for reducing PAPR.

[0156] The waveform transformation in the third embodiment is classified into any of the following cases:

[0157] Case 1: Transform the output sequence from the IFFT;

[0158] Case 2: Transform the output sequence after adding (appending) the cyclic prefix (CP);

[0159] Case 3: Transform [and expand] the output from the IFFT;

[0160] Case 4: Transform a complex value of size N in the frequency domain into a signal of size N+P in the time domain (where N and P are integers).

[0161] Case 5: Transform a complex value of size N in the frequency domain into a signal of size N in the time domain (N is an integer).

[0162] Figures 8A to 8D This diagram illustrates an example of cases 1-5 in the third embodiment. The waveform transformations in cases 1 to 3 are equivalent to post-IFFT processing. In case 1, the output sequence of the IFFT is waveform transformed (PA compensation), then CP is applied and input to the PA (...). Figure 8A In case 2, the output sequence of the IFFT is appended with CP, then subjected to waveform transformation (PA compensation) and input to PA (…). Figure 8B In case 3, the output sequence of the IFFT is subjected to waveform transformation (equivalent to joint CP addition and PA compensation) and then input to the PA ( Figure 8C ).

[0163] The waveform transformations in scenarios 4 and 5 above include the existing post-IFFT processing and are equivalent to either including or replacing IFFT processing. In scenarios 4 / 5, the original IFFT input is waveform transformed (equivalent to a combined IFFT, CP appending, and PA compensation) and then input to the PA (...). Figure 8D ).

[0164] In cases 1 through 3, waveform transformation processing can also be interpreted as being applied to the time-continuous signal after IFFT processing. In cases 4 and 5, waveform transformation processing can also be interpreted as being applied to the complex value before IFFT processing (before IFFT processing).

[0165] Figure 9 This diagram illustrates an example of the definition of a time-continuous signal in the existing 3GPP NR standard. This definition is documented in 3GPP TS 38.211 5.3.1. As defined, the time-continuous signal s in the antenna port p and subcarrier spacing setting μ of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol l is... l（p，μ） (t) based on a k，l （p，μ） The IFFT is calculated. Here, a k，l （p，μ） It is a complex value of a resource element of a physical resource used for antenna port p, subcarrier spacing setting μ, relative to a certain reference point, in the frequency domain as index k (subcarrier index k), and in the time domain as symbol position index l.

[0166] In the third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include shifting / scaling a complex value a [associated with at least one of the antenna port index, subcarrier spacing setting index, and subcarrier / symbol position index in the frequency / time domain relative to a reference point] [and deriving the complex value a'].

[0167] In the third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include shifting / scaling the time-continuous signal s [associated with at least one of the antenna port index, OFDM symbol index [in the subframe], subcarrier spacing setting index, etc.] and deriving the time-continuous signal s'.

[0168] In addition, shifting / scaling a complex / time-continuous signal can also be equivalent to at least one of the following:

[0169] The complex-valued / time-continuous signal is multiplied (or is conceived to be multiplied) by a scaling factor and at least one of a specific complex number.

[0170] • The complex value / time continuous signal is rotated (or is conceived of being rotated) by a specific angle (in radians or degrees).

[0171] In the third embodiment, how to perform the above-mentioned at least one shift / scaling can be determined either based on the relevant functionality / model (e.g., values ​​related to shift / scaling can also be derived via the associated functionality / model) or based on specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, include parameters set / instructed by the UE, or include parameters of the UE's capabilities.

[0172] For example, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can be determined based on either the associated functionality / model or the aforementioned specific parameters. Furthermore, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can also be determined for each of X complex values / time-continuous signals / ports / subcarriers / symbols. This X can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on the associated functionality / model.

[0173] In the third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include clipping of the complex-valued / time-continuous signal. This clipping may also include at least one of the following processes performed when the [absolute] value is greater than a predefined / set / indicated threshold:

[0174] • Scale the absolute value to make it equal to the threshold;

[0175] • Change the [complex number] value to a specific [complex number] value that is predefined / set / indicated.

[0176] The threshold / the specific [complex] value can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on associated functionality / model.

[0177] Figure 10A and Figure 10B This is a diagram illustrating an example of clipping in the third embodiment. Figure 10A In the diagram, the absolute values ​​(amplitudes) of the complex values ​​a1, a2, a3, and a4 before clipping are shown in ascending order of the subcarriers. Figure 10B The absolute values ​​(amplitudes) of the clipped complex values ​​a1', a2', a3', and a4' are shown in ascending order of subcarriers. In this example, a1 and a3, which are greater than the threshold, are clipped to a1' and a3' with the same absolute value as the threshold. Furthermore, a2 and a4, which are below the threshold, maintain the same absolute value even after clipping (the absolute values ​​of a2' and a4' remain unchanged relative to a2 and a4, respectively).

[0178] In a third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include transforming the complex value 'a' into a time-continuous signal [and deriving the time-continuous signal 's']. Transforming the complex value into a time-continuous signal may also be equivalent to at least one of the following:

[0179] Perform processing equivalent to the shifting / scaling / clipping described above;

[0180] • Perform processing equivalent to CP addition;

[0181] Perform processing equivalent to IFFT.

[0182] In the waveform transformation of Case 1 above, the complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be shifted / scaled / clipping only at a time unrelated to the cyclic prefix (OFDM symbol duration) (time t in Equation 1 described later).

[0183] In the waveform transformation of Case 2 above, the complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be shifted / scaled / clipped only at the time associated with the cyclic prefix and the OFDM symbol duration (time t in Equation 2 described later).

[0184] In the waveform transformation of scenario 3 above, the complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be transformed with respect to the time associated with the cyclic prefix and the OFDM symbol duration (time t in Equation 2 described later), via an associated / indicated / set functionality or model. The complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be transformed based on the original complex-valued / time-continuous signal via a model corresponding to the functionality or the aforementioned model. Furthermore, the [transformed] time-continuous signal can also become the output of a model having the original time-continuous signal.

[0185] Equations 1 and 2 above are as follows.

[0186] (Equation 1) t start，l μ +T C ·(N CP、l μ )≤t <t start，l μ +T C ·(N u μ +N CP、l μ )

[0187] (Equation 2) t start，l μ ≤t <t start，l μ +T C ·(N u μ +N CP、l μ )

[0188] In addition, t start，l μ N u μ N CP、l μ etc. can also be like Figure 9 As recorded. Furthermore, T C It can also be T C =1 / (Δf max ·N f ), here, Δf max =480·10 3 Hz, N f =4096. Additionally, T C , Δf max N fThe definition is not limited to these.

[0189] In the waveform transformation of scenario 4 above, the complex value can also be transformed into a time-continuous signal associated with a length equal to the duration of the cyclic prefix and the OFDM symbol through an associated / indicated / set functionality or model. The time-continuous signal s can also be transformed based on the original complex value a through functionality.

[0190] In the waveform transformation of scenario 5 above, the complex value can also be transformed into a time-continuous signal associated with the OFDM symbol duration via a correlated / indicated / set functionality or model. The time-continuous signal s can also be transformed based on the original complex value a via functionality.

[0191] According to the third embodiment described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement waveform transformation.

[0192] <Fourth Implementation Method>

[0193] The fourth implementation involves tone reservation (TR).

[0194] TR is a technique used to reduce PAPR by altering the waveform. In TR, for clipping absorption / noise shaping, Peak Reduction Tone(s) (PRT(s)) are assigned to more than one subcarrier. The PRTs are orthogonal to each other.

[0195] Figures 11A to 11C This is a diagram illustrating an example of TR. Figure 11A This shows an in-band TR with PRT inside the allocated frequency band. Figure 11B This illustrates a sideband TR that has PRT outside the allocated frequency band (e.g., an adjacent frequency band). Figure 11C This illustrates a common TR [sequence] with a PRT common to all UEs both inside and outside the allocated frequency band. Furthermore, in this disclosure, the frequency band can also be interleaved with subcarriers, REs, RBs, frequency [domain] resources, etc.

[0196] In the fourth embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include transmitting a signal that does not transmit data (e.g., a signal associated with a [peak reduction] tone). Here, transmitting a signal that does not transmit data may also be equivalent to at least one of the following:

[0197] • Append specific signals to the time-continuous signal [used for data];

[0198] • The specific complex value associated with a particular subcarrier / RE / RB is not based on the data (e.g., the specific complex value may also be calculated taking into account the data [signal], but is not simply derived from the modulation symbols of the data).

[0199] • Add a specific complex value to the complex value associated with a specific subcarrier / RE / RB.

[0200] In the fourth embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include transmitting a signal that transmits data in a subcarrier / RE / RB other than the specific subcarrier / RE / RB. In this case, a complex value based on the data is mapped to a subcarrier / RE / RB other than the specific subcarrier / RE / RB.

[0201] In the fourth embodiment, there may also be a limitation on the reuse / mapping of values ​​associated with data and values ​​not associated with data. This limitation may also include at least one of the following:

[0202] • The UE does not expect data-based complex values ​​to be mapped to specific subcarriers / REs / RBs;

[0203] • Complex values ​​based on data can also be mapped to specific subcarriers / RE / RB.

[0204] In the fourth embodiment, the specific signal, the specific complex value, and the specific subcarrier / RE / RB can be determined based on the associated functionality / model (e.g., derived via the associated functionality / model), the result (e.g., output) of the activated or set functionality / model, or a specific parameter. This specific parameter can be predefined, include parameters set / indicated to the UE, or include parameters of the UE's capabilities.

[0205] The aforementioned specific subcarriers / RE / RB can also be referred to as signal subcarriers / RE / RB associated with the [peak reduction] tone.

[0206] The specific subcarriers / RE / RBs mentioned above may not overlap with the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the transmitted signal mapped to the transmitted data. In this case, in the sideband TR, the specific subcarriers / RE / RBs may also be located outside (e.g., adjacent to) the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the transmitted signal mapped to the transmitted data. Furthermore, in the in-band TR, the specific subcarriers / RE / RBs may also be located inside the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the transmitted signal mapped to the transmitted data.

[0207] The specific subcarriers / RE / RBs mentioned above may also be located within the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the signal mapped to transmit data (or may overlap with the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the signal mapped to transmit data). In this case, for example, data and [peak reduction] tone may also be multiplexed in the same subcarriers / RE / RBs.

[0208] According to the fourth implementation described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement TR.

[0209] <Fifth Implementation Method>

[0210] The fifth implementation involves supported functionalities / models, applicable functionalities / models, etc.

[0211] In this disclosure, the functionality / model supported by the UE (or BS) can also mean the functionality / model that the UE (or BS) is able to apply / activate associated features when the UE (or BS) is in a proper / good state.

[0212] In this disclosure, the applicable functionality / model can also be equivalent to at least one of the following:

[0213] • Implement functionality / models for metrics (e.g., performance metrics) that are greater than / less than a predefined / set / indicated threshold.

[0214] A model that satisfies the additional conditions for association with the model is consistent with the real environment.

[0215] The UE (or BS) can also determine that even if a feature / model is supported, it cannot be applied / activated by the UE (or BS) if it is not an applicable feature / model.

[0216] The UE may also receive a notification from the network indicating a report (hereinafter also referred to as a report request, etc.) that indicates the functionality / model associated with the supported / applicable waveform transformation. The report request may contain either information for determining whether the UE should report whether it supports a functionality / model, or information for determining whether the UE should report the functionality / model that it can apply.

[0217] Upon receiving a report request, the UE can also report the functionality / model associated with supported / applicable waveform transformations. This report may also utilize at least one of the following messages:

[0218] • UEcapabilityInformation message (=UE capability information)

[0219] • UEAssistanceInformation message (=UE Assistance Information (UAI)), Assistance Information)

[0220] • RRCReconfigurationComplete message (=RRC reset complete)

[0221] The UE that receives the above report request may also report that it only supports or is able to apply the functionality / model associated with the waveform transformation determined by the report request.

[0222] UEs may also report only information about the supported / applicable functionalities / models whose status has been updated since the last report (e.g., whether they are supported / applicable).

[0223] In the following explanation, "UE" and "UE / BS" can be interchanged. Furthermore, "[model / functional] applicability" and "[waveform transformation related][model / functional] support / applicability" can be interchanged, as can "[model / functional] applicability" and "supported / applicable [waveform transformation related] functionality / model". Additionally, "[not] applicable" and "[not] supported / applied" can be interchanged. Moreover, "able to support" and "supported" can be interchanged, as can "not supported" and "not supported".

[0224] <<Decision / Judgment on Applicability>>

[0225] UE can determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on at least one of the conditions / rules shown in options 1 to 4 below.

[0226] <Option 1>

[0227] The UE can determine / judge the applicability of a model / function based on important performance indicators (Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)) (also known as performance KPIs). More specifically, the UE can determine / judge the applicability of a model / function based on whether the performance KPI is greater than or less than a specific requirement (threshold).

[0228] In addition, performance KPIs may also include any one or a combination of the following:

[0229] Intermediate KPIs;

[0230] • Link-level and system-level performance;

[0231] Generalization performance.

[0232] The aforementioned thresholds can be set / indicated by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, or they can be defined in advance by specifications.

[0233] Performance KPIs can also be set / indicated by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling.

[0234] Performance KPIs can also be calculated over a certain duration. For example, the average performance over a certain period can also be used as the performance KPI.

[0235] If a performance KPI is greater than a certain threshold, the UE can determine that the corresponding model / functionality is applicable. Conversely, if the KPI is less than a certain threshold, the UE can determine that the corresponding model / functionality is inapplicable.

[0236] <Option 2>

[0237] The UE can also determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on the UE status shown in options 2-1 to 2-4.

[0238] • Overheating condition (option 2-1);

[0239] • Computational resources (Option 2-2);

[0240] • Memory storage (options 2-3);

[0241] • Power supply battery (options 2-4).

[0242] For example, the UE can compare the states of options 2-1 to 2-4 above with a specific threshold and, based on the results, determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality.

[0243] <Option 3>

[0244] The UE can determine / judge the applicability of a model / function based on auxiliary information received from the NW. For example, if the state / condition of a model / function is consistent with the auxiliary information received from the NW, the UE can determine / judge that the model / function is applicable. Auxiliary information will be described later (e.g., options 1-4 of implementation 3-1).

[0245] <Option 4>

[0246] The UE can determine / judge the applicability of a model / function based on sensing information. Sensing information can be any information detected by the UE (measured values / detected values, etc.), such as L1-RSRP / SINR and information related to the surrounding environment.

[0247] For example, if the state / condition of the model / function is consistent with the sensing information, the UE can decide / determine that the model / function can be applied.

[0248] Regarding the above options, UE can also be configured with higher-level parameters, which are used to determine whether to apply any option (whether to determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on any option).

[0249] In this disclosure, the conditions / rules of options 1 to 4 may also be referred to as elements (factors) for applicability.

[0250] <<Applicability Report>>

[0251] <<<Report Beginning with NW as the Main Focus>>>

[0252] First, let's explain the situation where NW becomes the main body and the report on the applicability of the model / function is initiated.

[0253] The NW can initiate a model / functionality applicability report based on at least one condition / rule shown in options 1-1 to 1-4 below. In this case, the UE can report an applicability update based on a trigger from the NW (an indication to start reporting, etc.).

[0254] <Option 1-1>

[0255] The UE can report the applicability of the model / functionality based on settings from the NW. For example, the UE can periodically report updates to applicability based on a set period / predefined period.

[0256] <Options 1-2>

[0257] The UE can report the applicability of models / functionality based on settings from the NW. For example, in the case of serving cell handover (being switched), the UE can periodically report updates on applicability.

[0258] <Options 1-3>

[0259] The UE can report the applicability of a model / functionality based on inquiries / instructions from the NW. For example, when receiving an inquiry / instruction from the NW to report applicability, the UE can report an update on the applicability.

[0260] <Options 1-4>

[0261] Upon receiving at least one of the following auxiliary information, the UE may report an update on applicability. In addition to the above, the auxiliary information may also be at least one of the following.

[0262] • Dataset information (e.g., a dataset ID can also be defined, which represents the characteristics of the channel in which the UE is located / exists, and the characteristics of the measurement values ​​that the UE can obtain).

[0263] • NW configuration (location) information (for example, an NW configuration ID representing the gNB configuration can also be defined);

[0264] • Environmental information (e.g., an environment ID representing the environment in which the UE exists (LOS / NLOS environment, etc.) can also be defined).

[0265] By making good use of this auxiliary information, the UE can appropriately determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on the received auxiliary information.

[0266] <<>>

[0267] Next, we will explain the scenario where the UE becomes the subject and initiates (triggers) the reporting of model / functionality applicability.

[0268] Under the condition that the set / predefined rules are met, the UE can begin sending (reporting) applicability. Specifically, the UE can begin reporting the applicability of the model / function based on at least one condition / rule shown in options 1 to 6 below.

[0269] <Option 1>

[0270] With specific high-level parameters (RRC parameters) set, the UE can begin reporting applicability. These high-level parameters can be related to reporting updated applicability. Furthermore, these high-level parameters can be associated with the applicability factors described in options 1-4 of the "Applicability Decision / Judgment" section above.

[0271] <Option 2>

[0272] If applicability is not reported (not sent) and at least one of the following options 2-1 to 2-3 is met, the UE may begin reporting applicability.

[0273] [Option 2-1]

[0274] The UE is configured with certain high-level parameters for reporting updates on applicability.

[0275] [Option 2-2]

[0276] The UE reports (sends) at least one of the configurable model / functionality and the state (condition) of the model / functionality.

[0277] [Options 2-3]

[0278] The UE has a defined model / functionality. That is, the defined model / functionality is determined / judged.

[0279] <Option 3>

[0280] If the applicability differs from the applicability reported / indicated in the latest report (sent), the UE may begin reporting the applicability. The types of different applicability can be broadly categorized into options 3-1 to 3-3. Furthermore, options 3-1 to 3-3 may correspond to options 1 to 3 in the first embodiment described above.

[0281] [Option 3-1]

[0282] The applicability of the configurable model / functionality differs from the applicability of the indicated model / functionality.

[0283] [Option 3-2]

[0284] The applicability of the configured model / functionality differs from the applicability of the indicated model / functionality.

[0285] [Option 3-3]

[0286] The applicability of the activated / monitored model / functionality differs from the applicability of the indicated model / functionality.

[0287] <Option 4>

[0288] The UE can initiate an applicability report if a specific timer associated with the applicability report is not active. The timer length can be set / indicated by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling or predefined by the specification. For example, if the timer length is not set / indicated, a predetermined value (default value) / initial value can be determined based on a predefined value. Furthermore, the timer can be associated with the applicability factors or specific models / functionalities described in options 1-4 of the second implementation.

[0289] <Option 5>

[0290] In the event of an inapplicable model / functionality, the UE can initiate an applicability report. The types of inapplicable models / functionalities can be broadly categorized into options 5-1 to 5-3. Furthermore, options 5-1 to 5-3 can correspond to options 1 to 3 in the first embodiment described above.

[0291] [Option 5-1]

[0292] The case where at least one of the configurable models / functionalities cannot be applied.

[0293] [Option 5-2]

[0294] Cases where at least one of the configured models / functionalities cannot be applied.

[0295] [Option 5-3]

[0296] The case where at least one of the activated / monitored models / functionalities cannot be applied.

[0297] <Option 6>

[0298] If an applicable model / functionality exists, the UE can begin reporting applicability. The types of applicable models / functionalities can be broadly categorized into options 6-1 to 6-3. Furthermore, options 6-1 to 6-3 can correspond to options 1 to 3 in the first embodiment described above.

[0299] [Option 6-1]

[0300] The case where at least one of the configurable models / functionalities can be applied.

[0301] [Option 6-2]

[0302] The ability to apply at least one of the configured models / functionalities.

[0303] [Option 6-3]

[0304] It is possible to apply at least one of the activated / monitored models / functionalities.

[0305] <<UE Operation in the Context of Initial Applicability Reporting>>

[0306] In the event of an initial applicability report, the UE may perform at least one of the following options 1 to 3.

[0307] <Option 1>

[0308] The UE can set the information to be reported (the information that becomes the reporting object). Then, the UE can apply at least one of the operations in options 1-1 to 1-2.

[0309] [Option 1-1]

[0310] The UE can set parameters based on applicability (e.g., RRC parameters). These parameters can be associated with the applicability factors described in options 1-4 of the second implementation.

[0311] For example, the parameters mentioned above could be a bit sequence corresponding to the applicability of each bit in the model / functionality. More specifically, the value of either "0" or "1" could indicate that it is applicable, and the other "0" or "1" could indicate that it is not applicable.

[0312] [Options 1-2]

[0313] The UE can decide / determine whether to include the parameter in a specific information element (IE). For example, the UE can include the parameter in a specific information element if at least one of the following conditions 1 to 3 is met.

[0314] (Condition 1)

[0315] The parameters are set via option 1-1 above.

[0316] (Condition 2)

[0317] At least one of the configurable models / functionalities is configured.

[0318] (Condition 3)

[0319] The case where at least one of the models / functionalities is activated / monitored.

[0320] If at least one of conditions 1 to 3 above is not met, the UE may not include the parameter in the specific information element.

[0321] <Option 2>

[0322] The UE may also report at least one of the following information to the NW.

[0323] • The parameters or specific information elements described in Option 1;

[0324] • Information related to applicability;

[0325] • Information used to identify the model / functionality of objects that are reported as applicable.

[0326] <Option 3>

[0327] The UE can start a specific timer (or the same timer as described above). Alternatively, the UE may be unable to begin an applicability update while the timer is active.

[0328] <<Limitations Related to Reporting Applicability>>

[0329] UEs may also be set to be unapplicable models / functionalities from a certain period after receiving signaling related to the applicability report.

[0330] The UE may also not be expected to be set to monitor unapplicable models / functionalities for a certain duration after receiving signaling related to the applicability report.

[0331] After receiving signaling related to an applicability report, the UE may also be unexpected to activate an unapplicable model / function, or receive an indication related to the activation of an unapplicable model / function, within a certain duration.

[0332] The aforementioned "certain duration" can be X symbols / slots / subframes / milliseconds (ms). Here, X can be any real number greater than 0, which can be set / indicated by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, or defined in advance by the specification.

[0333] In this disclosure, the signaling associated with the reporting of applicability can be at least one of the following.

[0334] • Signaling that contains information about the applicability of the model / functionality (e.g., PUSCH / PUCCH transmission).

[0335] • PDCCH reception, which contains the DCI format of the scheduled PUSCH transmission, which has the same HARQ process number as the transmission of the applicability report (PUSCH / PUCCH transmission) and has a New data indicator (NDI) field value that has been toggled.

[0336] According to the fifth implementation described above, the UE / BS can perform appropriate control based on the supported functions / models, the applicable functions / models, etc.

[0337] <Sixth Implementation Method>

[0338] The sixth implementation involves performance monitoring.

[0339] The UE can also be [set / specified] to implement performance monitoring for the functionality / model of waveform transformation association. Performance monitoring can include calculating performance metrics, deriving reports based on the calculated performance metrics, and exporting reports.

[0340] In addition, in the sixth embodiment, the network can also decide which functionality / model to activate in the UE.

[0341] <<Calculation of Performance Metrics>>

[0342] Performance metrics are measures that represent the performance of functionality / models, and may include any one or a combination of the following metrics:

[0343] • BLER of functional / model-based hypothetical PDCCH / PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH based on waveform transformation association;

[0344] • The gap (difference) in the BLER of the hypothetical PDCCH / PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH between functional / models with and without waveform transformation association;

[0345] • PAPR / RSRP / SINR values ​​based on the functional / model-based waveform transformation correlation;

[0346] • The difference (difference) between the PAPR / RSRP / SINR values ​​of functionalities / models with and without waveform transformation association.

[0347] The metric to be calculated can be determined based on either the associated functionality / model or a specific parameter. This specific parameter can be predefined, include parameters set / indicated by the UE, or include parameters related to the UE's capabilities.

[0348] The sample used to calculate performance metrics can also be based on any one of the following or a combination thereof:

[0349] • Performance metrics can also be statistics at a specific time (e.g., slot / symbol / subframe / millisecond);

[0350] • Performance metrics can also be statistics across a number of measurements / measurement opportunities;

[0351] • Performance metrics can also be statistics across a certain number of resources / resource opportunities / sending opportunities.

[0352] In other words, performance metrics can also be calculated based on samples obtained at the aforementioned specific time and from the aforementioned number of measurement / measurement opportunities / resources / resource opportunities / sending opportunities.

[0353] The aforementioned specific time, quantity, etc., can be determined based on associated functionality / model or on specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, include parameters set / indicated by the UE, or include parameters of the UE's capabilities.

[0354] The channel / RS used / imagined / measured for calculating performance metrics can be determined based on either associated functionality / model or specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, include parameters set / indicated by the UE, or include parameters related to the UE's capabilities.

[0355] <<Performance Monitoring-Based Report>>

[0356] The UE can also send a report containing at least one of the following (also referred to as a performance monitoring report, performance metric report, performance report, etc.) based on performance monitoring (performance metric calculation):

[0357] • Activation / deactivation recommendations;

[0358] • Functional / model recommendations;

[0359] • Calculated metrics that are associated with the functionality / model that is set / indicated;

[0360] • Whether the calculated metric associated with the set / indicated functionality / model is greater than / less than a predefined / set / indicated threshold.

[0361] The activation / deactivation suggestion may also include information on whether it is recommended to apply / activate the configured / indicated functionality or the model [associated with the functionality]. The suggestion for functionality / model may also include information on which functionality or model to apply / activate among the configured / indicated multiple functionalities or multiple models [associated with the functionality].

[0362] In addition, the activation / deactivation suggestion, the suggestion for functionality / model, etc. may also be based on the calculated metric. For example, it may also be recommended to select the model that achieves the maximum / minimum metric among the multiple models associated with the functionality.

[0363] The UE may also start the performance report when at least one of the following conditions is met:

[0364] · The [current or newly derived] activation / deactivation suggestion changes with respect to the activation / deactivation suggestion reported in the most recent report;

[0365] · The [current or newly derived] functionality / model suggestion changes with respect to the functionality / model suggestion reported in the most recent report;

[0366] · The calculated metric associated with the configured / indicated functionality / model is greater / smaller than the predefined / configured / indicated threshold;

[0367] · The UE is configured / indicated by the network to perform the performance report.

[0368] According to the sixth embodiment described above, the UE / BS can appropriately perform performance monitoring / performance reporting.

[0369] <The Seventh Embodiment>

[0370] The seventh embodiment relates to the application (activation) of functionality / model.

[0371] Figure 12A And Figure 12B are diagrams showing an example of the process of applying functionality / model in the seventh embodiment. In the following description, these drawings are appropriately referred to.

[0372] <<UE's Autonomous Judgment on Uplink Transmission>>

[0373] In the seventh embodiment, it may also be envisioned that the UE determines which functionality / model to activate for uplink transmission. The UE may also apply / activate the functionality / model associated with waveform transformation from the predefined / configured / indicated functionality / models.

[0374] As Figure 12AAs shown, the UE can also select (determine) the functionality / model of the target channel / RS applied to the uplink [based on the performance metrics described in the sixth embodiment]. The UE can also select the model based on additional conditions associated with the model. In addition, for the seventh embodiment, the target channel / RS can also refer to the channel / RS in which the waveform transformation-associated functionality / model is applied / activated.

[0375] like Figure 12A As shown, the UE can also notify (report) the NW (BS) which waveform transformation associated functionality / model [for the [uplink] object channel / RS] is applied / activated.

[0376] The UE can also notify which waveform transformation associated functionality / model is applied / activated in the target channel / RS via the port / sequence of the DMRS associated with the target channel / RS (e.g., PUSCH DMRS in the case of PUSCH). Here, the mapping between the port / sequence of the DMRS and the associated waveform transformation associated functionality / model can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0377] The UE can also use the PUCCH used for the [transmitted] scheduling request of the target channel / RS to indicate which waveform transformation associated functionality / model is applied / activated in the target channel / RS. For example, the functionality / model can be indicated by parameters / elements associated with the aforementioned PUCCH. These parameters / elements may include, for example, at least one of PUCCH resources, PUCCH format, PUCCH sequence, scheduling request ID, etc. The mapping between the aforementioned PUCCH [related parameters / elements] and the associated waveform transformation associated functionality / model can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0378] The UE may also apply (or be based on) waveform association processing [in the first to fourth embodiments] associated with the activated functionality / model to perform target channel / RS transmission processing.

[0379] <<Notifications sent to the UE via downlink>>

[0380] In the seventh embodiment, such as Figure 12B As shown, it can also be envisioned that the network decides which function / model to activate for the downlink transmission [object channel / RS] and notifies the UE of the determined function / model.

[0381] The UE can also be envisioned as applying / activating, within a predefined / set / indicated functional / model, [in the [downlink] target channel / RS], a functional / model associated with at least one of the following corresponding waveform transformations:

[0382] • First: Functionality / model from network instructions / configuration;

[0383] • Second: Functionality / model indicated by DCI via scheduling / activation / triggering object channel / RS;

[0384] • The third: Functionality / model indicated by the PDCCH of the DCI via transmission scheduling / activation / triggering of the target channel / RS;

[0385] • Fourth: Functionality / model indicated by MAC CE via the activated object channel / RS;

[0386] • Fifth: Functionality / model derived from the port / sequence of the DMRS associated with the target channel (e.g., PDSCH / PDCCH).

[0387] Alternatively, the object channel / RS here can also be the downlink channel / RS.

[0388] For the second one mentioned above, for example, the functionality / model associated with the waveform transformation applied to the target channel / RS can also be notified to the UE via the DCI of the associated target channel / RS through scheduling / activation / triggering.

[0389] For the third point mentioned above, functionality / model can also be indicated through parameters / elements associated with the PDCCH. These parameters / elements may include, for example, at least one of a Control Channel Element (CCE) index, a PDCCH candidate, and a Control Resource Set (CORESET) / search space set related to the DCI detected by the UE. The mapping between the parameters / elements associated with the PDCCH and the functionality / model associated with the associated waveform transformation can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0390] Regarding the fifth point above, the mapping between the ports / sequences of the aforementioned DMRS and the associated functionalities / models of the waveform transformations can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0391] The UE may also apply (or be based on) waveform association processing [in the first to fourth embodiments] associated with the notified activated functionality / model to perform target channel / RS reception processing.

[0392] <<Notification to UE regarding uplink transmission>>

[0393] In the seventh embodiment, such as Figure 12B As shown, it can also be envisioned that the network determines which function / model to activate for the uplink transmission [object channel / RS] and notifies the UE of the determined function / model.

[0394] The UE can also apply / activate the waveform transformation associated functionality / model [in a predefined / set / indicated functional / model] [in the [uplink] object channel / RS] based on at least one of the following:

[0395] • First: Information from network instructions / settings [associated with functionality / model];

[0396] • Second: Scheduling / activating / triggering the DCI of the target channel / RS;

[0397] • The third: PDCCH of DCI for transmission scheduling / activation / triggering target channel / RS;

[0398] • Fourth: Activate the MAC CE of the target channel / RS.

[0399] Alternatively, the object channel / RS here can also be the uplink channel / RS.

[0400] For the second one mentioned above, for example, the functionality / model associated with the waveform transformation applied to the target channel / RS can also be notified to the UE via the DCI of the associated target channel / RS through scheduling / activation / triggering.

[0401] For the third one mentioned above, functionality / model can also be indicated through parameters / elements associated with the PDCCH. These parameters / elements may include, for example, at least one of a Control Channel Element (CCE) index, a PDCCH candidate, and the relevant CORESET / search space set of the DCI corresponding to the UE detection. The mapping between the parameters / elements associated with the PDCCH and the functionality / model associated with the associated waveform transformation can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0402] The UE may also apply (or be based on) waveform association processing [in the first to fourth embodiments] that is notified to be activated and associated with functionality / model to perform target channel / RS transmission processing.

[0403] <<Limitations on Simultaneous Application / Activation>>

[0404] UEs may also not be expected [set / specified] to simultaneously apply / activate multiple waveform transformations associated with at least one of the following:

[0405] • Multiple models associated with the same functionality;

[0406] • Predefined / specified / set specific functionalities;

[0407] • Multiple models associated with predefined / specified / set specific functionalities.

[0408] The UE can also apply waveform transformation processing associated with an activated function / model to implement uplink transmission / downlink reception.

[0409] According to the seventh implementation described above, the UE / BS can appropriately apply / activate functionality / models.

[0410] <Supplement>

[0411] <<Notification of Information to UE>>

[0412] The notification of any information from the NW to the UE in the above embodiments (in other words, the reception of any information from the BS in the UE) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MACCE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or combinations thereof.

[0413] In the case where the above notification is made via MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader that is not specified in the existing standard.

[0414] When the above notification is made through a DCI, the notification can also be made through specific fields of the DCI, the Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used in the scrambling of the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0415] Furthermore, the notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments can also be carried out periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0416] <<Notifications from UE>>

[0417] The notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the above embodiments (in other words, the transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MACCE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, reference signals), or combinations thereof.

[0418] In the case where the above notification is delivered via MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by including a new LCID in the MAC sub-header that is not specified in the existing standard.

[0419] In cases where the above notification is sent via UCI, the above notification may also be sent using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0420] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above embodiments can also be carried out periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0421] <<Application of Each Implementation Method>>

[0422] In the US / BS, specific processing / operation / control / concept / information regarding at least one of the above embodiments may also be applied (used) if any one or more of the following conditions are met:

[0423] • High-level parameters are set to represent the specific processing / operation / control / conception / information mentioned above;

[0424] The specific processing / operation / control / concept / information mentioned above is determined based on associated high-level parameters;

[0425] The aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / conception / information is specified / activated / triggered via MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS;

[0426] • This indicates the specific processing / operation / control / conception / information or report associated with the specific UE capability, or support for that specific UE capability;

[0427] The application of the aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / conception / information is judged based on specific conditions.

[0428] The aforementioned specific UE capabilities can also represent at least one of the following:

[0429] • Supports the specific processing / operation / control / concept / information mentioned above;

[0430] • Supports specific features / functionalities / models;

[0431] • Supports waveform transformation [for specific features / functionalities / models];

[0432] • (In the second embodiment) the maximum number of [supported / configurable] candidate sequences;

[0433] • (In the second embodiment) the maximum length of the supported / configurable candidate sequences;

[0434] • (In the third embodiment) [Supported / Settable] threshold;

[0435] • (In the third embodiment) [Supported / Settable] Specific [complex] values;

[0436] • (In the seventh embodiment) [Supported / reportable] metrics.

[0437] Additionally, the UE / BS may expect to apply the aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / concept / information only if the UE report supports the specific features / functionality / model described above.

[0438] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be capabilities applied across the entire frequency range (commonly independent of frequency), capabilities for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of cells, bands, band combinations, BWPs, component carriers, etc.), capabilities for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), capabilities for each subcarrier spacing (SCS), capabilities for each feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC), or capabilities for each function / model.

[0439] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be either capabilities that apply to all duplex modes (commonly regardless of the duplex mode) or capabilities that apply to each duplex mode (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0440] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may also follow the operations specified in the existing 3GPP version.

[0441] (Postscript)

[0442] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the first and second embodiments), the following invention is noted.

[0443] [Postscript 1]

[0444] A terminal having:

[0445] The control unit applies waveform transformation processing related to signal constellation compensation when the waveform transformation-related functionality or model is activated; and

[0446] The transmitting unit transmits an uplink signal based on complex-valued modulation symbols or complex-valued symbols that have been shifted or scaled through the waveform transformation processing.

[0447] [Postscript 2]

[0448] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0449] The waveform transformation process includes: determining, based on the functionality or the model, the mapping between blocks of bits representing data transmitted via the uplink signal and the complex-valued modulation symbols.

[0450] [Postscript 3]

[0451] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0452] The control unit selects one of the candidate sequences based on a selective mapping to achieve the minimum peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the uplink signal based on the complex-valued symbols, which are shifted or scaled based on the candidate sequences.

[0453] [Postscript 4]

[0454] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0455] In the selective mapping, the control unit changes the order of the complex numerical symbols and the corresponding subcarriers.

[0456] (Postscript)

[0457] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the third embodiment), the invention is described below.

[0458] [Postscript 1]

[0459] A terminal having:

[0460] The control unit applies waveform transformation processing when the associated functionality or model is activated; and

[0461] The transmitting unit transmits an uplink signal based on a complex-valued or time-continuous signal, which is shifted, scaled, or clipped by the waveform conversion processing.

[0462] [Postscript 2]

[0463] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0464] The control unit applies the waveform transformation processing to the time-continuous signal after processing with Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).

[0465] [Postscript 3]

[0466] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0467] The control unit applies the waveform transformation processing to the complex value before the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing.

[0468] [Postscript 4]

[0469] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0470] The control unit transforms the complex value before the IFFT processing via the aforementioned functionality to obtain the time-continuous signal.

[0471] (Postscript)

[0472] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the fourth embodiment), the invention is described below.

[0473] [Postscript 1]

[0474] A terminal having:

[0475] The control unit applies waveform transformation processing related to pitch reservation when the waveform transformation-related functionality or model is activated; and

[0476] The transmitting unit transmits an uplink signal containing a peak-lowering tone via the waveform transformation process.

[0477] [Postscript 2]

[0478] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0479] The waveform transformation process involves appending a specific signal to a time-continuous signal.

[0480] [Postscript 3]

[0481] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0482] The waveform transformation process includes determining a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource, not based on the data transmitted via the uplink signal.

[0483] [Postscript 4]

[0484] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0485] The waveform transformation process involves adding a specific complex value to a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource.

[0486] (Postscript)

[0487] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the fifth to seventh embodiments), the following invention is noted.

[0488] [Postscript 1]

[0489] A terminal having:

[0490] The control unit can simultaneously activate multiple functionalities or models associated with waveform transformation; and

[0491] The transmitting unit applies waveform transformation processing associated with one of the activated functionalities or models to transmit uplink signals.

[0492] [Postscript 2]

[0493] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0494] The multiple models are associated with the same functionality.

[0495] [Postscript 3]

[0496] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0497] The multiple functionalities are specific multiple functionalities that are being notified.

[0498] [Postscript 4]

[0499] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0500] The multiple models are multiple models associated with multiple specific functionalities that are being notified.

[0501] (Postscript)

[0502] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the seventh embodiment), the invention is described below.

[0503] [Postscript 1]

[0504] A terminal having:

[0505] The control unit determines the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation applied to a certain channel or reference signal; and

[0506] The transmitting and receiving unit performs transmitting or receiving processing of the channel or the reference signal based on waveform association processing associated with the functionality or the model.

[0507] [Postscript 2]

[0508] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0509] The control unit determines the functionality or the model based on performance metrics.

[0510] [Postscript 3]

[0511] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0512] The transmitting and receiving unit reports the functionality or the model by parameters or elements associated with the uplink control channel for scheduling requests for the channel or the reference signal.

[0513] [Postscript 4]

[0514] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0515] The control unit determines the functionality or the model based on notifications from the network.

[0516] (Wireless communication system)

[0517] The structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will now be described. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one or a combination of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure.

[0518] Figure 13This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (also referred to simply as System 1) may also be a system that uses Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5GNR) as standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0519] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple radio access technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC can also include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0520] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0521] Wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (e.g., MN and SN are dual connectivity between NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0522] The wireless communication system 1 may also include a base station 11 forming a macro cell C1 with a relatively wide coverage area, and a base station 12 (12a-12c) configured within the macro cell C1 and forming a small cell C2 narrower than the macro cell C1. The user terminal 20 may also be located within at least one cell. The configuration and number of each cell and the user terminal 20 are not limited to the arrangement shown in the figure. Hereinafter, without distinguishing between base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0523] User terminal 20 may also connect to at least one of multiple base stations 10. User terminal 20 may also utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0524] Each CC can also be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). Macro cell C1 can also be included in FR1, and small cell C2 can also be included in FR2. For example, FR1 can also be a frequency band below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 can also be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). In addition, the frequency bands, definitions, etc. of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these; for example, FR1 can also correspond to a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0525] In addition, in each CC, the user terminal 20 may also use at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) for communication.

[0526] Multiple base stations 10 can also be connected via wired (e.g., fiber optic, X2 interface, etc. based on Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI)) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication between base stations 11 and 12 is used as a backhaul, base station 11, which is equivalent to a host station, can also be referred to as an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is equivalent to a relay station, can also be referred to as an IAB node.

[0527] Base station 10 may also be connected to core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. Core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0528] The core network 30 may also include, for example, user plane functions (UPF), access and mobility management functions (AMF), session management functions (SMF), unified data management (UDM), application functions (AF), data network (DN), location management functions (LMF), and network functions (NF) such as operation, administration and maintenance (OAM). Alternatively, multiple functions can be provided through a single network node. Furthermore, communication with external networks (e.g., the Internet) can also be achieved via the DN.

[0529] User terminal 20 can also be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0530] In wireless communication system 1, wireless access methods based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can also be used. For example, in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) links, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) can also be used.

[0531] The wireless access method can also be referred to as a waveform. In addition, in the wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (e.g., other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) can also be used in the wireless access methods of UL and DL.

[0532] As a downlink channel, the wireless communication system 1 can also use downlink shared channels (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)), broadcast channels (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), downlink control channels (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)) and so on, which are shared among the user terminals 20.

[0533] In addition, as uplink channels, the wireless communication system 1 may also use uplink shared channels (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)), uplink control channels (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), random access channels (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)) and so on, which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0534] User data, high-level control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via the PDSCH. User data and high-level control information can also be transmitted via the PUSCH. In addition, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) can also be transmitted via the PBCH.

[0535] Lower-layer control information can also be transmitted via PDCCH. This lower-layer control information may include, for example, downlink control information (DCI), which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0536] Additionally, the DCI that schedules PDSCH can also be called DL allocation, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH can also be called UL authorization, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH can be rewritten as DL data, and PUSCH can be rewritten as UL data.

[0537] In PDCCH detection, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space can also be utilized. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. The search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A CORESET can also be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE can also monitor CORESETs associated with a specific search space based on search space settings.

[0538] A search space can also correspond to a PDCCH candidate corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces can also be referred to as a search space set. In addition, the terms "search space", "search space set", "search space setting", "search space set setting", "CORESET", and "CORESET setting" in this disclosure can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0539] The PUCCH can also transmit uplink control information (uplink control information (UCI)) that includes at least one of the following: Channel State Information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (e.g., also known as Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request ACK Knowledge (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and Scheduling Request (SR). The PRACH can also transmit random access preambles used for establishing connections with the cell.

[0540] In addition, in this disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc., may be described without the word "link". Furthermore, various channels may be described without the word "physical".

[0541] In wireless communication system 1, synchronization signals (SS) and downlink reference signals (DL-RS) can also be transmitted. In wireless communication system 1, DL-RS can also transmit cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), positioning reference signals (PRS), and phase tracking reference signals (PTRS).

[0542] Synchronization signals can be, for example, at least one of a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS). A signal block containing SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) can also be called an SS / PBCH block, SS block (SSB), etc. In addition, SS, SSB, etc. can also be called reference signals.

[0543] Furthermore, in wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) can also transmit measurement reference signals (sounding reference signals (SRS)) and demodulation reference signals (DMRS). Additionally, DMRS can also be referred to as user terminal-specific reference signals (UE-specific reference signals).

[0544] (Base station)

[0545] Figure 14 This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmit / receive unit 120, a transmit / receive antenna 130, and a transmission path interface (transmission line interface) 140. Alternatively, the control unit 110, the transmit / receive unit 120, the transmit / receive antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140 may each be provided in more than one manner.

[0546] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it can also be envisioned that the base station 10 also possesses other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0547] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0548] The control unit 110 can also control signal generation and scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping). The control unit 110 can also control transmission, reception, and measurement using the transmit / receive unit 120, transmit / receive antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmit / receive unit 120. The control unit 110 can also perform call processing (setting, releasing, etc.) of the communication channel, status management of the base station 10, and management of wireless resources.

[0549] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may also include a transmitting processing unit 1211 and a receiving processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be composed of transmitters / receivers, RF circuits, baseband circuits, filters, phase shifters, measurement circuits, transmitting / receiving circuits, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0550] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0551] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0552] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also transmit the aforementioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also receive the aforementioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0553] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0554] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) may, for example, perform processing at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0555] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) can also perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may also include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing (filtering processing), Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (as needed), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0556] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signal through the transmitting and receiving antenna 130.

[0557] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also amplify, filter, and demodulate the signals of the wireless frequency band received through the transmitting and receiving antenna 130 into the baseband signal.

[0558] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (receiving and processing unit 1212) can also perform receiving and processing on the acquired baseband signal, including analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing, to acquire user data, etc.

[0559] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 can also perform radio resource management (RRM) measurements, channel state information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 can also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 110.

[0560] The transmission path interface 140 can also transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between the device included in the core network 30 (e.g., the network node providing the NF), other base stations 10, etc., and can also acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0561] In addition, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the base station 10 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140.

[0562] In addition, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also send information about the functionality or model associated with the activation waveform transformation to the user terminal 20 (for example, see the seventh embodiment).

[0563] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also receive uplink signals transmitted from the user terminal 20 based on complex-valued modulation symbols or complex-valued symbols that have been shifted or scaled through waveform transformation processing related to signal constellation compensation.

[0564] In addition, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 can also receive uplink signals sent from the user terminal 20 based on complex numerical or time-continuous signals that have been shifted, scaled or clipped through waveform transformation processing.

[0565] In addition, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 can also receive uplink signals sent from the user terminal 20, which include peak-lowering pitch after waveform transformation processing related to pitch reservation.

[0566] Furthermore, the control unit 110 can also be conceived as a way to prevent the user terminal 20 from simultaneously activating multiple functions or models associated with waveform transformation. The transmit / receive unit 120 can also be applied to waveform transformation processing associated with one of the functions or models activated by the user terminal 20, and receive uplink signals transmitted from the user terminal 20.

[0567] Furthermore, the control unit 110 can also determine the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation applied in the user terminal 20 for a certain channel or reference signal. The transmit / receive unit 120 can also perform the receive or transmit processing of the channel or the reference signal based on the waveform association processing associated with the functionality or the model.

[0568] (User terminal)

[0569] Figure 15 This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Alternatively, the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may each be provided as one or more.

[0570] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it is also conceivable that the user terminal 20 may also have other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0571] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

[0572] The control unit 210 can also control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 can also control transmission, reception, measurement, etc., using the transmission / reception unit 220 and the transmission / reception antenna 230. The control unit 210 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmission / reception unit 220.

[0573] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may also include a transmitting processing unit 2211 and a receiving processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0574] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0575] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0576] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc., mentioned above. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc., mentioned above.

[0577] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0578] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) may, for example, perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 210, and generate the bit string to be transmitted.

[0579] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) can also perform channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing, DFT processing (as needed), IFFT processing, precoding, digital-to-analog conversion and other transmission processing on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0580] Furthermore, whether or not to apply DFT processing can be based on the settings of transform precoding. For a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), if transform precoding is enabled, the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform DFT processing as described above in order to transmit the channel using the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. If not, the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform the above transmission processing without performing DFT processing.

[0581] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signal through the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0582] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also amplify, filter, demodulate, etc., the signals of the wireless frequency band received by the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0583] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (receiving and processing unit 2212) can also perform receiving and processing on the acquired baseband signal, such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing, to acquire user data.

[0584] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measurement unit 223) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 can also perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 can also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 210.

[0585] Additionally, the measurement unit 223 can also derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources can be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. Furthermore, the measurement unit 223 can also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources can be at least one of NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. Additionally, CSI-IM can also be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM), and can be interchanged with zero power (ZP) CSI-RS. Furthermore, in this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZPCSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., can also be interchanged.

[0586] Alternatively, the transmitting and receiving units of the user terminal 20 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one transmitting / receiving unit 220 and transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0587] Additionally, when the waveform transformation associated functionality or model is activated, the control unit 210 can also apply waveform transformation processing related to signal constellation compensation. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit uplink signals based on complex-valued modulation symbols or complex-valued symbols that have been shifted or scaled via the waveform transformation processing.

[0588] The waveform transformation processing can also be based on the functionality or the model to determine the mapping between blocks of bits representing data transmitted by the uplink signal and the complex-valued modulation symbols.

[0589] The control unit 210 may also select one of the candidate sequences based on a selective mapping to achieve the minimum peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the uplink signal based on the complex-valued symbols, which are shifted or scaled based on the candidate sequence.

[0590] The control unit 210 can also change the order of the complex numerical symbols and the corresponding subcarriers in the selective mapping.

[0591] Furthermore, when the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation is activated, the control unit 210 can also apply waveform transformation processing. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit uplink signals based on complex-valued or time-continuous signals, which are shifted, scaled, or clipped via the waveform transformation processing.

[0592] The control unit 210 can also apply the waveform transformation processing to the time-continuous signal after processing with Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).

[0593] The control unit 210 can also apply the waveform transformation processing to the complex value before the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing.

[0594] The control unit 210 can also transform the complex value before the IFFT processing via the aforementioned functionality to obtain the time-continuous signal.

[0595] Furthermore, when the waveform transformation-related functionality or model is activated, the control unit 210 can also apply waveform transformation processing related to tone reservation. The transmit / receive unit 220 can also transmit an uplink signal containing a peak-lowered tone via the waveform transformation processing.

[0596] The waveform transformation process may also include appending a specific signal to a time-continuous signal.

[0597] The waveform transformation process may also include: determining complex values ​​associated with specific frequency resources, not based on data transmitted by the uplink signal.

[0598] The waveform transformation process may also include adding a specific complex value to a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource.

[0599] Furthermore, the control unit 210 may not simultaneously activate multiple functions or models associated with waveform transformation. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also apply waveform transformation processing associated with one of the activated functions or models to transmit uplink signals.

[0600] The multiple models can also be associated with the same functionality.

[0601] The multiple functionalities can also be specific multiple functionalities that are notified.

[0602] The multiple models can also be multiple models associated with multiple specific functionalities that are being notified.

[0603] Furthermore, the control unit 210 can also determine the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation applied to a certain channel or reference signal. The transmit / receive unit 220 can also perform transmit or receive processing of the channel or reference signal based on the waveform association processing associated with the functionality or model.

[0604] The control unit 210 may also determine the functionality or the model based on performance metrics.

[0605] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also report the functionality or the model by parameters or elements associated with the uplink control channel for scheduling requests for the channel or the reference signal.

[0606] The control unit 210 can also determine the functionality or the model based on notifications from the network.

[0607] (Hardware structure)

[0608] Furthermore, the block diagrams used in the description of the above embodiments illustrate functional units. These functional blocks (structural units) are implemented through any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Moreover, the implementation method of each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block can be implemented using a single device that is physically or logically combined, or it can be implemented by directly or indirectly (e.g., using wired, wireless, etc.) connecting two or more physically or logically separate devices. A functional block can also be implemented by combining the aforementioned single device or multiple devices with software.

[0609] Here, the functions include judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, export, investigation, search, confirmation, receiving, sending, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, regard as, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assigning, but are not limited to these. For example, a functional block (structural unit) that implements the sending function can also be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. Each of these, as described above, is not particularly limited in its implementation method.

[0610] For example, in one embodiment of this disclosure, the base station, user terminal, etc., can also function as a computer for processing the wireless communication method of this disclosure. Figure 16This diagram illustrates an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above can also be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage device 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, and a bus 1007.

[0611] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit can be interchanged. The hardware structure of base station 10 and user terminal 20 can be configured to include one or more of the apparatuses shown in the figures, or it can be configured not to include any of the apparatuses.

[0612] For example, only one processor 1001 is shown, but there can be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing can be performed by one processor, or simultaneously, sequentially, or by two or more processors using other methods. Additionally, processor 1001 can be implemented using more than one chip.

[0613] Regarding the functions in base station 10 and user terminal 20, for example, by reading specific software (programs) into hardware such as processor 1001 and memory 1002, so that processor 1001 performs calculations and controls communication via communication device 1004, or by controlling at least one of reading and writing data in memory 1002 and storage device 1003.

[0614] The processor 1001 enables the operating system to operate and control the computer as a whole. The processor 1001 may also be a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic devices, registers, etc. For example, at least a portion of the control unit 110 (210), the transmit / receive unit 120 (220), etc., described above may also be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0615] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and performs various processes accordingly. As a program, a program that causes the computer to perform at least a portion of the operations described in the above embodiments can be used. For example, the control unit 110 (210) can also be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and operated in the processor 1001; similar implementations can be made for other functional blocks.

[0616] The memory 1002 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as being composed of at least one of a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a random access memory (RAM), or other suitable storage media. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory (main storage device), etc. The memory 1002 is capable of storing executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for implementing the wireless communication method according to an embodiment of this disclosure.

[0617] Storage device 1003 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as a flexible disc, floppy disk, optical disk (e.g., a compact disc ROM), digital multifunction disk, Blu-ray disc, removable disk, hard disk drive, smart card, flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), magnetic stripe, database, server, or at least one other suitable storage medium. Storage device 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0618] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting and receiving device) used for communication between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network. It is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network interface card (NIC), communication module, etc. To implement at least one of, for example, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), the communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. For example, the aforementioned transmit / receive unit 120 (220) and transmit / receive antenna 130 (230) may also be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmit / receive unit 120 (220) may also be implemented by physically or logically separating the transmit unit 120a (220a) and the receive unit 120b (220b).

[0619] Input device 1005 is an input device that receives input from external sources (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). Output device 1006 is an output device that performs output to external sources (e.g., display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). Alternatively, input device 1005 and output device 1006 can also be an integrated structure (e.g., a touch panel).

[0620] Furthermore, the processor 1001, memory 1002, and other devices are connected via a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 can be configured as a single bus or as different buses between the devices.

[0621] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 can also be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and can also use this hardware to implement part or all of the functional blocks. For example, the processor 1001 can also be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0622] (Modified example)

[0623] Furthermore, the terms described in this disclosure, as well as those necessary for understanding this disclosure, may be rewritten with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol, and signal (signal or signaling) may be interchanged. Additionally, a signal may also be a message. A reference signal may also be abbreviated as RS, and may be referred to as pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applied standard. Furthermore, a component carrier (CC) may also be referred to as cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0624] A radio frame can also be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) that constitute a radio frame can also be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe can also be composed of one or more time slots in the time domain. A subframe can also be a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) independent of the parameter set (numerology).

[0625] Here, the parameter set can also be communication parameters applied in at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. For example, the parameter set can also represent at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the time domain.

[0626] In the time domain, a time slot can also be composed of one or more symbols (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, etc.). In addition, a time slot can also be a time unit based on a set of parameters.

[0627] A time slot can also contain multiple mini-time slots. Each mini-time slot can also consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Furthermore, a mini-time slot can also be called a sub-time slot. A mini-time slot can also consist of fewer symbols than a time slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a mini-time slot can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using mini-time slots can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0628] Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols all represent time units for transmitting signals. Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols can also use their respective other names. Furthermore, the time units such as frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols in this disclosure can be interchanged.

[0629] For example, a subframe can also be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes can also be called a TTI, and a time slot or a mini-time slot can also be called a TTI. That is, at least one of a subframe and a TTI can be a subframe in existing LTE (1ms), a period shorter than 1ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1ms. In addition, the unit representing TTI may not be called a subframe, but rather a time slot, mini-time slot, etc.

[0630] Here, TTI refers, for example, to the smallest unit of time for scheduling in wireless communication. For instance, in an LTE system, the base station schedules radio resources (frequency bandwidth, transmit power, etc., available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0631] TTI can also be a unit of time for transmitting channel-coded data packets (transmission blocks), code blocks, codewords, etc., and can also be a unit of processing such as scheduling and link adaptation. In addition, when a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) mapped to transmission blocks, code blocks, codewords, etc. can be shorter than the TTI.

[0632] Additionally, where a time slot or a mini-time slot is referred to as a TTI, more than one TTI (i.e., more than one time slot or more than one mini-time slot) can also serve as the minimum time unit for scheduling. Furthermore, the number of time slots (mini-time slots) constituting the minimum time unit of the schedule can also be controlled.

[0633] A TTI with a duration of 1ms can also be referred to as a normal TTI (TTI in 3GPPRel.8-12), a standard TTI, a long TTI, a normal subframe, a standard subframe, a long subframe, a time slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI can also be referred to as a shortened TTI, a short TTI, a partial TTI (partial or fractional TTI), a shortened subframe, a short subframe, a mini time slot, a sub-time slot, a time slot, etc.

[0634] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of less than a long TTI but more than 1 ms.

[0635] A resource block (RB) is a unit of resource allocation in both the time and frequency domains. In the frequency domain, it can also contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB can be the same regardless of the parameter set, for example, it can be 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB can also be determined based on the parameter set.

[0636] Furthermore, an RB can contain one or more symbols in the time domain, and can also be a time slot, a mini-time slot, a subframe, or the length of a TTI. A TTI, a subframe, etc., can also be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0637] In addition, one or more RBs can also be referred to as Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0638] In addition, a resource block can also consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, an RE can also be a radio resource area consisting of a subcarrier and a symbol.

[0639] The Bandwidth Part (BWP) (also referred to as partial bandwidth, etc.) can also represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) used for a certain parameter set in a certain carrier. Here, common RBs can also be determined by the index of RBs based on the common reference point of the carrier. PRBs can also be defined in a BWP and appended with numbers within that BWP.

[0640] A BWP can also include a UL BWP (the BWP used by UL) and a DL BWP (the BWP used by DL). For a UE, one or more BWPs can also be set within a single carrier.

[0641] At least one of the configured BWPs can be active, and the UE may not intend to transmit or receive specific signals / channels outside of the active BWPs. Additionally, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" in this disclosure may be replaced with "BWP".

[0642] Furthermore, the structures described above, such as radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols, are merely illustrative. For example, the number of subframes contained in a radio frame, the number of time slots in each subframe or radio frame, the number of mini-time slots contained within a time slot, the number of symbols and RBs contained in a time slot or mini-time slot, the number of subcarriers contained in an RB, and the number of symbols in a TTI, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length can be varied in many ways.

[0643] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure can be represented by absolute values, relative values ​​with respect to a specific value, or other corresponding information. For example, wireless resources can also be indicated by a specific index.

[0644] In this disclosure, the names used for parameters, etc., are not limiting names in any respect. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions, etc., using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name; therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not limiting names in any respect.

[0645] The information, signals, etc., described in this disclosure can also be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc., which may be mentioned throughout the above description, can also be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0646] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output in at least one of the following directions: from higher level (upper layer) to lower level (lower layer), and from lower layer to higher level. Information, signals, etc., can also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0647] Input and output information, signals, etc., can be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc., can be overwritten, updated, or appended. Output information, signals, etc., can also be deleted. Input information, signals, etc., can also be sent to other devices.

[0648] The notification of information is not limited to the methods / implementations described in this disclosure, and may also be carried out by other methods. For example, the notification of information in this disclosure may also be implemented by physical layer signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), etc.), higher layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB) etc.), medium access control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or combinations thereof.

[0649] In addition, physical layer signaling can also be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. Furthermore, RRC signaling can also be referred to as RRC messages, such as RRC connection setup messages, RRC connection reconfiguration messages, etc. Additionally, MAC signaling can also be notified using, for example, the MAC control element (CE).

[0650] Furthermore, notification of specific information (e.g., a notification of “is X”) is not limited to explicit notification, but can also be implicit (e.g., by not providing that specific information, or by providing other information).

[0651] The determination can be made by a value represented by a single bit (0 or 1), by a true or false value (boolean), or by a numerical comparison (e.g., a comparison with a specific value).

[0652] Whether software is called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or any other name, it should be broadly interpreted to refer to instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, etc.

[0653] Furthermore, software, instructions, and information can also be sent and received via a transmission medium. For example, when software is sent from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technologies (coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) etc.) and wireless technologies (infrared, microwave, etc.), at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included within the definition of a transmission medium.

[0654] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure are interchangeable. “Network” may also mean devices included in a network (e.g., base stations).

[0655] In this disclosure, the terms “precoding”, “precoder”, “weight (precoding weight)”, “quasi-co-location (QCL)”, “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state)”, “spatial relation”, “spatial domain filter”, “transmit power”, “phase rotation”, “antenna port”, “layer”, “number of layers”, “rank”, “resource”, “resource set”, “beam”, “beamwidth”, “beam angle”, “antenna”, “antenna element”, “panel”, “UE panel”, “transmitting entity”, and “receiving entity” are used interchangeably.

[0656] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the antenna port can also be rewritten with an antenna port used for any signal / channel (e.g., a DeModulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, resources can also be rewritten with resources used for any signal / channel (e.g., reference signal resources, SRS resources, etc.). Additionally, resources can also include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Moreover, the spatial domain transmission filter can also include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0657] The aforementioned groups may include, for example, at least one of the following: spatial relation group, code division multiplexing (CDM) group, reference signal (RS) group, control resource set (CORESET) group, PUCCH group, antenna port group (e.g., DMRS port group), layer group, resource group, beam group, antenna group, panel group, etc.

[0658] Furthermore, in this disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), RS, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0659] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, and joint TCI state can also be rewritten to each other.

[0660] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL", "QCL concept", "QCL relationship", "QCL type information", "QCL property (QCLproperty / properties)", "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D) property", and "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D)" can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0661] In this disclosure, indexes, identifiers (IDs), indicators, indications, resource IDs, etc., can be interchanged. Sequences, lists, sets, groups, clusters, subsets, etc., can also be interchanged.

[0662] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) can be interchanged. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" can also be interchanged with "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI states)," "one or more spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI can also be interchanged. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship can also be interchanged.

[0663] In this disclosure, the terms "Base Station (BS)", "Wireless Base Station", "Fixed Station", "NodeB", "eNB (eNodeB)", "gNB (gNodeB)", "Access Point", "Transmission Point (TP)", "Reception Point (RP)", "Transmission / Reception Point (TRP)", "Panel", "Cell", "Sector", "Cell Group", "Carrier", and "Component Carrier" are used interchangeably. There are also instances where the terms macro cell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell are used to refer to a base station.

[0664] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, its overall coverage area can be divided into several smaller areas, each of which can also provide communication services through a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). Terms such as "cell" or "sector" refer to a portion or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and base station subsystem providing communication services within that coverage area.

[0665] In this disclosure, the act of a base station sending information to a terminal can also be rewritten in relation to the act of the base station instructing the terminal to perform control / operation based on that information.

[0666] In this disclosure, the terms “Mobile Station (MS)”, “user terminal”, “user equipment (UE)”, and “terminal” are used interchangeably.

[0667] There are also instances where mobile stations are referred to as subscriber stations, mobile units, subscriber units, wireless units, remote units, mobile devices, wireless devices, wireless communication devices, remote devices, mobile subscriber stations, access terminals, mobile terminals, wireless terminals, remote terminals, handsets, user agents, mobile clients, clients, or several other appropriate terms.

[0668] At least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0669] The term "mobile body" refers to a movable object whose speed is arbitrary, including when the object is stationary. Examples of such mobile bodies include vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships (ships and other watercraft), airplanes, rockets, artificial satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, hot air balloons, and objects carried on them, but are not limited to these. Furthermore, the mobile body can also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on operational commands.

[0670] The mobile entity can be a means of transportation (e.g., a vehicle, an airplane, etc.), a mobile entity moving in an unmanned manner (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (humanized or unmanned). Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station also includes a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0671] Figure 17 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a speed sensor 51, a pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0672] The drive unit 41 is comprised of at least one of an engine, a motor, or a combination of an engine and a motor. The steering unit 42 is configured to include at least a steering wheel (also called a steering handle) that steers at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on operation of the steering wheel by the user.

[0673] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, a memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an input / output (IO) port) 63). Signals from various sensors 50-58 present in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 can also be referred to as an electronic control unit (ECU).

[0674] The signals from various sensors 50-58 include the following: current signal from current sensor 50 sensing the current of the motor; rotational speed signal of front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by speed sensor 51; air pressure signal of front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by air pressure sensor 52; vehicle speed signal obtained by vehicle speed sensor 53; acceleration signal obtained by acceleration sensor 54; accelerator pedal 43 depress amount signal obtained by accelerator pedal sensor 55; brake pedal 44 depress amount signal obtained by brake pedal sensor 56; shift lever 45 operation signal obtained by shift lever sensor 57; and detection signal obtained by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0675] The information service unit 59 comprises various devices such as a navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, used to provide (output) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information obtained from external devices via the communication module 60, etc., to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0676] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and output devices (e.g., display, speaker, LED light, touch panel, etc.) that implement output to the outside.

[0677] The driver assistance system unit 64 comprises various devices used to provide functions for preventing accidents or reducing the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning detectors (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyroscope systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. Furthermore, the driver assistance system unit 64 sends and receives various information via communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0678] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and the structural elements of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) with the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49 of the vehicle 40, and various sensors 50-58 via the communication port 63.

[0679] The communication module 60 can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and is a communication device capable of communicating with external devices. For example, it can transmit and receive various types of information with external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 can be located both inside and outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device can be, for example, the aforementioned base station 10, user terminal 20, etc. Furthermore, the communication module 60 can be, for example, at least one of the aforementioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 (or it can function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

[0680] The communication module 60 can also wirelessly transmit at least one of the signals input to the electronic control unit 49 from the various sensors 50-58 described above, the information obtained based on these signals, and the information based on input from an external (user) source obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., can also be referred to as input units that receive input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted via the communication module 60 can also contain information based on the aforementioned inputs.

[0681] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, workshop information, etc.) sent from external devices and displays it on the vehicle's information service unit 59. The information service unit 59 can also be referred to as an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or the data / information decoded from the PDSCH).

[0682] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various types of information received from external devices into a memory 62 that can be utilized by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 can also control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, and various sensors 50-58, etc., of the vehicle 40.

[0683] Furthermore, the base station in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a user terminal. For example, various methods / implementations of this disclosure can be applied to structures where communication between the base station and the user terminal is rewritten as communication between multiple user terminals (e.g., also referred to as device-to-device (D2D) or vehicle-to-everything (V2X)). In this case, it can also be configured such that the user terminal 20 has the functions of the base station 10 described above. In addition, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" can also be rewritten as terms corresponding to inter-terminal communication (e.g., "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., can also be rewritten as sidelink channel.

[0684] Similarly, the user terminal in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a base station. In this case, it can also be configured such that the base station 10 has the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0685] In this disclosure, operations are assumed to be performed by the base station, and sometimes, depending on the circumstances, by its upper node. In a network containing one or more network nodes having a base station, the various operations performed for communication with a terminal can obviously be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (e.g., considering a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or combinations thereof.

[0686] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be used individually or in combination, and can be switched as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, timing sequences, flowcharts, etc., of the various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be rearranged as long as they do not contradict each other. For example, for the method described in this disclosure, the illustrated order is used to indicate various steps, but the order in which they are indicated is not limited.

[0687] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can also be applied to Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG, where x is, for example, an integer or a decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New Radio Access (NX), Futuregeneration Radio Access (FX), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE This includes 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB)), Bluetooth (registered trademark), systems utilizing other suitable wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems derived from, modified, generated, or specified based on these methods. Furthermore, multiple systems can be combined (e.g., LTE or LTE-A, combinations with 5G, etc.) for application.

[0688] As used in this disclosure, the term "based on" does not mean "based on only" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the term "based on" means both "based on only" and "based on at least".

[0689] Any reference to an element using the designations "first," "second," etc., as used in this disclosure does not comprehensively limit the quantity or order of these elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Therefore, reference to the first and second elements does not imply that only two elements may be used, or that the first element must take precedence over the second element in some form.

[0690] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure can encompass a wide variety of operations. For example, "determining" can also refer to judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (search, inquiry) (e.g., searching in a table, database or other data structure), and ascertaining.

[0691] In addition, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), inputting, outputting, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc., as situations where "judgment (decision)" is performed.

[0692] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to situations where resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, or comparing are considered as making a "judgment (decision)". That is, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to certain operations as making a "judgment (decision)". In this disclosure, "judgment (decision)" can also be rewritten in relation to the operations described above.

[0693] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" can also be interchanged with "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Additionally, in this disclosure, "not assuming to proceed..." can also be interchanged with "assuming not to proceed..."

[0694] In this disclosure, "expect" can also be rewritten with "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." can also be expressed using a that clause, an infinitive to, etc.) can also be rewritten with "be expected ..." or "perform ... (in the case where "..." is an infinitive to "to", the verb after "to" is removed) etc. "does not expect ..." can also be rewritten with "be not expected ..." or "does not perform ... (in the case where "..." is an infinitive to "to", the verb after "to" is removed) etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." can also be rewritten with "Apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ..." (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B can also be a base station).

[0695] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may refer to the maximum value of the transmit power, the nominal maximum transmit power (the nominal UE maximum transmit power), or the rated maximum transmit power (the rated UE maximum transmit power).

[0696] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or all variations thereof, refer to all direct or indirect connections or combinations between two or more elements, and can include cases where there is one or more intermediate elements between two mutually “connected” or “coupled” elements. The connections or combinations between elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” can also be rewritten as “access.”

[0697] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, it is possible to consider using more than one wire, cable, printed electrical connection, etc. to be "connected" or "combined" with each other, and as several non-limiting and non-exclusive examples, to use electromagnetic energy with wavelengths having wireless frequency domain, microwave region, light (both visible and invisible) region to be "connected" or "combined" with each other.

[0698] In this disclosure, the term "A is different from B" can also mean "A and B are different from each other." Additionally, the term can also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combined" can also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0699] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms, like the term "comprising," mean inclusive. Furthermore, the term "or" as used in this disclosure does not mean XOR.

[0700] In this disclosure, for example, in cases where articles are added through translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may also include cases where the noun following these articles is in a plural form.

[0701] In this disclosure, words such as "below," "less than," "above," "more," and "equal to" can be interchanged. Furthermore, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," etc., are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, and can be interchanged. Additionally, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," etc., as expressions with "i" appended (i being any integer), are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, and can be interchanged (for example, "highest" can also be interchanged with "i-th highest").

[0702] In this disclosure, "of", "for", "regarding", "related to", "associated with" and other terms can be interchanged.

[0703] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "based on A", "B during / while A", "before A", "at the same time as / on A", "after A", "since A", and "until A" can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, A and B can be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or ordinary sentences depending on the context. Additionally, the time difference between A and B can be approximately 0 (immediately following or immediately preceding). Moreover, a time offset can be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" can also be rewritten interchangeably with "before / after the time offset of A". This time offset (e.g., more than one symbol / slot) can be predetermined or determined by the UE based on the information it is notified of.

[0704] In this disclosure, timing, moment, time, time instance, arbitrary time unit (e.g., time slot, sub-time slot, symbol, subframe), period, opportunity, resource, etc., can also be overridden.

[0705] The inventions disclosed herein have been described in detail above. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the inventions disclosed herein are not limited to the embodiments described herein. The description herein is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the inventions disclosed herein in any way.

Claims

1. A terminal, comprising: The control unit applies waveform transformation processing related to pitch reservation when the waveform transformation-related functionality or model is activated; and The transmitting unit transmits an uplink signal containing a peak-lowering tone via the waveform transformation process.

2. The terminal as described in claim 1, wherein, The waveform transformation process involves appending a specific signal to a time-continuous signal.

3. The terminal as described in claim 1, wherein, The waveform transformation process includes determining a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource, not based on the data transmitted via the uplink signal.

4. The terminal as described in claim 1, wherein, The waveform transformation process involves adding a specific complex value to a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising: When the functionality or model associated with waveform transformation is activated, apply the steps of waveform transformation processing related to pitch reservation; and The step of transmitting an uplink signal containing a peak-lowered pitch via the waveform transformation process.

6. A base station, comprising: The sending unit sends information about the functionality or model associated with the activation waveform transformation to the terminal; and The receiving unit receives an uplink signal transmitted from the terminal, which includes a peak-lowered pitch, via waveform transformation processing related to pitch reservation.

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