BIM-based existing building safety hazard identification method and system

Abstract

The application discloses a BIM-based existing building safety hidden danger identification method and system, relates to the technical field of intelligent building operation and maintenance, and extracts and binds the geometric information and the completion attribute parameters of existing building components, splices the geometric shapes of the components into a BIM model, collects the current attribute parameters detected on site, and generates a detection point space mark in the three-dimensional model in combination with the component metadata information; the component risk state is evaluated through the construction of an abnormal hidden danger identification index Rid, the hidden danger aggregation index Gcl and the global risk linkage index Fld are constructed for risk linkage evaluation when there is a risk hidden danger, the safety state of the existing building is classified and distributedly displayed, the risk nodes are visually identified in the BIM model in a layer mode through layer construction and rendering, the component-level and regional-level safety hidden danger identification, evaluation and early warning are supported, and systematic management and linkage response of the safety state of the existing building are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of intelligent building operation and maintenance technology, specifically to a method and system for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings based on BIM. Background Technology

[0002] With the widespread application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the entire lifecycle management of buildings, its advantages in digital integration during the design, construction, and operation and maintenance phases are becoming increasingly apparent, demonstrating unique value in the structural safety supervision and hazard assessment of existing buildings. Traditional building structural safety management mainly relies on static drawings and manual inspections, making it difficult to achieve real-time data alignment and dynamic risk identification at the component level. In existing buildings, due to their long service life, significant environmental coupling effects, and complex component performance degradation, the accuracy of component-level hazard identification becomes a key factor affecting the overall building safety assessment. Therefore, how to leverage BIM platforms to perform refined modeling and dynamic attribute management of existing building components, thereby achieving hazard identification based on two-way analysis of as-built parameters and current status parameters, has become a crucial issue that urgently needs to be addressed.

[0003] In the safety assessment of existing building components, current mainstream methods often rely on manual comparison of paper design documents with on-site inspection results. This lack of a unified data carrier and spatial alignment mechanism easily leads to problems such as data misalignment, incorrect component positioning, and attribute identification bias. Furthermore, existing inspection equipment struggles to quickly establish a one-to-one mapping between current parameters and corresponding components in the BIM model. This makes subsequent hazard assessments less about structural units and more reliant on abstract statistical values ​​for overall estimation. In addition, most BIM models remain at the as-built data archiving stage, lacking dynamic updates and time-series comparison capabilities, limiting the model's intelligent evolution throughout the building's lifecycle. Therefore, there is an urgent need to construct a mechanism that can automatically identify components, integrate inspection metadata, and assign precision, ensuring that each piece of inspection data not only has physical coordinate meaning but can also be accurately anchored in the BIM 3D model. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a method and system for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings based on BIM, thus solving the problems mentioned in the background section.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings, comprising an attribute loading module, a model updating module, an anomaly identification module, a risk clustering analysis module, and a layer display module; The attribute loading module is used to extract the geometric elements and as-built attribute parameters of existing building components and bind them, and then stitch the geometric shape of the components into the BIM model. The model update module is used to detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components and upload them to the BIM platform for corresponding component identification, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters to the attribute table of the same component. The anomaly identification module is used to fit the as-built attribute parameters and the current status attribute parameters to perform hidden danger risk analysis, and generate a component risk status assessment based on the analysis results. When the assessment indicates that there is a risk hazard, the risk clustering analysis module is triggered. The risk clustering analysis module is used to perform hazard clustering analysis on each existing building component with potential risks based on the hazard risk analysis results, fit the analysis results to perform overall risk status analysis, and generate a risk linkage assessment based on the analysis results. The layer display module is used to write the analysis results into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model, and generate the corresponding layer type for display.

[0006] Preferably, the attribute loading module includes an attribute extraction unit and an attribute binding unit; The attribute extraction unit is used to call and geometrically analyze the existing building's as-built BIM model, design drawings, and component performance parameter database through the BIM platform's application programming interface, based on the safety hazard identification system, to extract the component's geometric information and as-built attribute parameters. The geometric information includes spatial coordinates, cross-sectional shape, orientation angle, and positioning reference. The as-built attribute parameters include the design thickness Td and design bearing capacity Cd of the component; The attribute binding unit is used to, after the as-built attribute parameters and geometric information are bound together, use the three-dimensional modeling function of the BIM model to stitch the geometric shapes of each component into a unified existing building BIM model based on the component geometric information, and to spatially align the spatial relationship framework of the components in the existing building BIM model. The geometry includes the constructed length, width, height, and cross-sectional information; After the geometric splicing is completed, the as-built attribute parameters are attached to the corresponding geometric component nodes, and an attribute index based on the component code is established to bind the geometric information and as-built attribute parameters of the component in two directions.

[0007] Preferably, the model update module includes an attribute acquisition unit, an attribute input unit, and an attribute merging unit; The attribute acquisition unit is used to detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components in real time based on the detection equipment deployed at the existing building site. The testing equipment includes a rebar scanner and an ultrasonic rebound hammer. The rebar scanning device is used to collect the current thickness Ta of the component; The ultrasonic rebound hammer is used to collect the current bearing capacity Ca of the component; The attribute entry unit is used to upload the current status attribute parameters of building components to the data entry interface of the BIM platform through a mobile terminal, and to identify the corresponding component based on the unique identifier of the target component in the BIM model, so that the component has both as-built attributes and current status attributes on the BIM platform. Then, metadata information is added to the current status attribute parameters and the data is stored in a structured manner. The metadata information includes detection time, spatial coordinates of the detection point, detection angle parameters, detection equipment number, and operator identity information; The attribute merging unit is used to identify the corresponding component in the current status attribute parameters in the BIM platform, automatically generate spatial markers corresponding to the detection point positions in the three-dimensional model based on the metadata information of the building components, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters in the attribute table of the same component through the attribute alignment algorithm and use the markers to distinguish them.

[0008] Preferably, the anomaly identification module includes a hazard analysis unit and an anomaly assessment unit; The hazard analysis unit is used to retrieve the as-built attribute parameters and current status attribute parameters of the target component from the BIM model based on the safety hazard identification system, and to perform hazard risk analysis by fitting the as-built attribute parameters and current status attribute parameters. It calculates and obtains the abnormal hazard identification index Rid, which is used to quantify the degree of deviation between the design state and the current state of a single component, reflecting the dual differences in the component's geometric dimensions and load-bearing capacity. Specifically: In the formula, Indicates the relative deviation in thickness. This indicates the relative deviation in bearing capacity.

[0009] Preferably, the anomaly assessment unit is used to extract the anomaly hazard identification index Rid of one thousand existing building components without risk hazards, and calculate the 95th percentile value using the percentile method as the preset deviation critical threshold Rt, and conduct component risk status assessment with the real-time acquired anomaly hazard identification index Rid. The specific assessment scheme is as follows. When the abnormal hazard identification index Rid < deviation critical threshold Rt, it means that there is no risk hazard in the current component. At this time, no intervention is taken and the normal hazard monitoring cycle is maintained. When the abnormal hazard identification index Rid is greater than or equal to the deviation critical threshold Rt, it indicates that there is a risk hazard in the current component, and hazard clustering analysis is performed at this time.

[0010] Preferably, the risk clustering analysis module includes a clustering effect identification unit and a comprehensive risk analysis unit; The clustering effect identification unit is used to perform clustering analysis on each existing building component with potential risks based on the component's abnormal risk identification index Rid when the component's risk status assessment indicates the presence of potential risks. It also constructs a risk clustering index Gcl to analyze the spatial concentration of potential risks within a region, reflecting the spatial relationship between multiple potentially hazardous components. Specifically: In the formula, n represents the number of components with potential risks, Rid i and Rid j Let d represent the abnormal hazard identification index of the i-th component and the j-th component, respectively. ij This represents the distance constant between the i-th component and the j-th component in BIM space coordinates.

[0011] Preferably, the comprehensive risk analysis unit includes a risk linkage analysis unit and a risk assessment unit; The risk linkage analysis unit is used to fit the abnormal hazard identification index Rid and the hazard aggregation index Gcl to perform an overall risk status analysis of the abnormal and aggregation states of the existing building, and to construct a global risk linkage index Fld to analyze the overall risk status of the existing building and reflect its overall safety status. Specifically: In the formula, ln represents the logarithmic function, and max(Rid) represents the maximum comprehensive hidden danger index among all components.

[0012] Preferably, the risk assessment unit is used to calculate the risk linkage formula by substituting the maximum tolerance deviation index value and the clustering effect index value of the components in the safety neighborhood of the existing building structure, and preset the result as the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, and then perform risk linkage assessment with the real-time acquired global risk linkage index Fld. The specific assessment is as follows: When the overall risk linkage index Fld < the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, it indicates that the abnormal points of the components are spatially dispersed and the overall risk of the existing building is controllable. At this time, each abnormal point is marked in yellow in the BIM model, and the component number is recorded and transmitted to relevant personnel for evaluation and maintenance. When the overall risk linkage index Fld is greater than or equal to the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, it indicates that there is a spatial cluster of abnormal points in the components, and the existing building as a whole is at risk of losing control. At this time, the abnormal points in the cluster area are marked in red in the BIM model, and the component coordinates and component numbers in the cluster area are used to generate a risk report and transmit it to relevant personnel for building reinforcement.

[0013] Preferably, the layer display module includes a layer construction unit and a result display unit; The layer construction unit is used to automatically call risk indicators, including the abnormal hazard identification index Rid, the hazard aggregation index Gcl, and the global risk linkage index Fld, after completing the risk linkage assessment. These indicators are written into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model. The safety hazard identification system automatically generates the corresponding layer type based on the risk indicators and the risk linkage assessment results, including the component risk layer, the aggregation effect layer, and the early warning status layer. For each layer type, a rendering attribute table is established based on the risk linkage assessment results, including layer color and layer overlay. The result display unit is used to display node layers with spatially dispersed abnormal points and spatially clustered abnormal points in the BIM model in yellow and red respectively, according to the spatial location index of the component in the BIM model. Clicking on the color layer will take you to the risk indicator display layer.

[0014] The BIM-based method for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings includes the following steps: S1. Extract the geometric elements and as-built attribute parameters of existing building components and bind them, then stitch the geometric shapes of the components into the BIM model; S2. Detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components and upload them to the BIM platform for corresponding component identification, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters to the attribute table of the same component; S3. Fit the completed attribute parameters and the current status attribute parameters to perform a hidden danger risk analysis, and generate a component risk status assessment based on the analysis results. If the assessment indicates that there is a risk hazard, trigger S4. S4. Based on the results of the hidden danger risk analysis, conduct hidden danger cluster analysis for each existing building component with potential risks, fit the analysis results to conduct overall risk status analysis, and generate a risk linkage assessment based on the analysis results. S5. Write the analysis results into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model, and generate the corresponding layer type for display.

[0015] This invention provides a method and system for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings based on BIM. It has the following beneficial effects: (1) The system attribute loading module supports the structured extraction of data from the as-built BIM model, design drawings, and performance parameter database. It also accurately splices and aligns components in space using spatial geometric information to ensure the spatial logic closure of the 3D model. The model update module further uploads the existing parameters collected on-site in real time and matches them to the existing component coding system. Combined with metadata information such as detection time, detection point coordinates, and detection angle, it generates a traceable and verifiable detection data structure. This triple binding mechanism from the geometric layer, attribute layer, to the metadata layer lays a unified semantic foundation and spatial indexing capability for subsequent anomaly identification and spatial analysis, improving the data integrity of the model and the accuracy of component identification.

[0016] (2) The anomaly identification module of the system constructs an anomaly hazard identification index Rid by comparing the design thickness Td of the component with the current thickness Ta, and the design bearing capacity Cd with the current bearing capacity Ca, to quantify the deviation of the component in terms of size and performance. It not only reflects the degree of local hazards, but also calculates the 95th percentile value of the risk-free component sample to establish the deviation critical threshold Rt. If the anomaly hazard identification index Rid is greater than or equal to the deviation critical threshold Rt, the risk clustering analysis module is activated to establish the hazard clustering index Gcl by calculating the spatial distance between components, which is used to characterize the risk diffusion trend between components. On this basis, the anomaly hazard identification index Rid and the hazard clustering index Gcl are integrated to construct the global risk linkage index Fld, which reflects the nonlinear relationship that the more concentrated the clustering, the steeper the risk, in a logarithmic scaling form, and sets the risk trigger threshold Rh to judge the overall risk level of the building. The entire assessment process, from single-point identification to clustering modeling and then to linkage assessment, constitutes a closed-loop response mechanism, which enables the system to not only identify individual hazard components, but also dynamically reflect whether the risk produces a chain reaction in the building structure, thereby assessing the overall safety evolution trend of the building from point to surface.

[0017] (3) Based on the risk assessment results, the system's layer display module constructs a layer management system for different risk dimensions, including an abnormal component risk layer, a hidden danger clustering effect layer, and a global early warning status layer, and configures an independent rendering attribute table for each type of layer. The system can automatically assign corresponding color marks to component nodes according to the risk level, and write risk indicators including the abnormal hidden danger identification index Rid, the hidden danger clustering index Gcl, and the global risk linkage index Fld into the layer, so that users can view the corresponding risk details by clicking on the component in the BIM model. In addition, this module also supports the association display of detection metadata with the component attribute table, realizing the visual access to tracking information such as the operator, time, and equipment number of each detection point, improving the system's accountability and data transparency. Through the above layer-driven risk expression method, the system realizes a complete linkage path from the bottom-level data perception to the upper-level decision control, providing construction units, maintenance personnel, and safety supervision agencies with a unified and intuitive digital risk identification tool, and strengthening cross-role communication efficiency and response capabilities. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process of the BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the steps of the BIM-based method for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings according to the present invention. Figure 3 The present invention provides a block diagram illustrating the operating principle of a BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] Example 1 Please see Figure 1 This invention provides a BIM-based system for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings. To achieve the above objectives, this invention employs the following technical solutions: including an attribute loading module, a model updating module, an anomaly identification module, a risk clustering analysis module, and a layer display module. The attribute loading module is used to extract the geometric elements and as-built attribute parameters of existing building components and bind them, and then stitch the geometric shape of the components into the BIM model. The model update module is used to detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components and upload them to the BIM platform for corresponding component identification, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters to the attribute table of the same component. The anomaly identification module is used to fit the as-built attribute parameters and the current status attribute parameters to perform hidden danger risk analysis, and generate a component risk status assessment based on the analysis results. When the assessment indicates that there is a risk hazard, the risk clustering analysis module is triggered. The risk clustering analysis module is used to perform hazard clustering analysis on each existing building component with potential risks based on the hazard risk analysis results, fit the analysis results to perform overall risk status analysis, and generate a risk linkage assessment based on the analysis results. The layer display module is used to write the analysis results into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model, and generate the corresponding layer type for display.

[0021] In this embodiment, design drawings, BIM models, and performance parameter libraries are first invoked to extract the geometric shapes and as-built attributes of components, which are then pieced together to form a 3D model with spatial topological relationships. This model is then combined with current status attribute parameters collected by inspection equipment to identify and bind the corresponding components, enabling simultaneous recording of as-built and current status in a single component attribute table. This mechanism solves the problems of disconnection, difficulty in binding, and lack of traceability between as-built information and inspection data in traditional building safety management, ensuring clear data ownership, traceable sources, and a clear structure, thus improving the reliability of basic data and the consistency of model representation in existing building hazard identification. Through an anomaly identification module and a risk clustering analysis module, a multi-level assessment chain from local anomaly identification to regional risk assessment is constructed. An anomaly hazard identification index (Rid) reflecting the degree of component performance deviation is constructed using current status attribute parameters and as-built attribute parameters to assess component risk status. When a component risk status assessment indicates the presence of a hazard, spatial clustering analysis is performed on the abnormal component based on the anomaly hazard identification index Rid, deducing the diffusion trend and linkage relationship of the hazard in space. This mechanism not only enables the quantitative assessment of the status of individual components but also supports the identification and modeling of cross-component risk relationships, constructing a hazard clustering index (Gcl) and a global risk linkage index (Fld) for risk linkage assessment. Compared to traditional methods based on experience or solely relying on drawing comparison, this system introduces a data-driven fitting calculation and spatial reasoning mechanism, making hazard assessment more continuous, objective, and dynamically responsive, thereby enhancing the scientific rigor and foresight of overall building risk management. Finally, the analysis results are embedded into the component attribute table and visualized in the BIM model layers through the layer display module, achieving intuitive expression and operable feedback of risk results. Component nodes with different risk levels are distinguished by layer colors in the 3D model, and users can view specific risk types and parameter indicators through layer rendering, completing a closed-loop operation process from spatial positioning to attribute retrieval. Compared to traditional two-dimensional tabular records or single-layer warning systems, this module supports multi-layer overlay and interactive feedback mechanisms at the component level, enhancing the model's expressive power and user comprehension efficiency. It improves response speed, collaboration efficiency, and data transparency in the process of building safety hazard management, making it suitable for digital monitoring and refined management of complex building complexes or historical buildings.

[0022] Example 2 Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3 Specifically: the attribute loading module includes an attribute extraction unit and an attribute binding unit; The attribute extraction unit is used to call and geometrically analyze the existing building's as-built BIM model, design drawings, and component performance parameter database through the BIM platform's application programming interface, based on the safety hazard identification system, to extract the component's geometric information and as-built attribute parameters. The geometric information includes spatial coordinates, cross-sectional shape, orientation angle, and positioning reference. The as-built attribute parameters include the design thickness Td and design bearing capacity Cd of the component; The attribute binding unit is used to, after the as-built attribute parameters and geometric information are bound together, use the three-dimensional modeling function of the BIM model to stitch the geometric shapes of each component into a unified existing building BIM model based on the component geometric information, and to spatially align the spatial relationship framework of the components in the existing building BIM model. The geometry includes the constructed length, width, height, and cross-sectional information; After the geometric splicing is completed, the as-built attribute parameters are attached to the corresponding geometric component nodes, and an attribute index based on the component code is established to bind the geometric information and as-built attribute parameters of the component in two directions.

[0023] In this embodiment, the system uses the BIM platform's application programming interface (API) to call design drawings, as-built BIM models, and component performance databases. This enables structured analysis of geometric elements such as spatial coordinates, orientation angles, and cross-sectional shapes of components, and extracts key performance parameters such as design thickness Td and design bearing capacity Cd. Subsequently, using geometric information as a spatial splicing benchmark, the system uses 3D modeling to splice the geometric shapes of each component into a unified BIM model. Based on spatial alignment, it completes attribute mounting and constructs a two-way binding index based on component codes. Through the implementation of this module, not only is a representation model of existing building components with spatial continuity and attribute integrity established, but the problems of scattered component information and lack of geometric semantic linkage in traditional methods are also solved. This lays a unified and traceable digital model foundation for subsequent component identification, status analysis, and hazard assessment.

[0024] Example 3 Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3 Specifically: the model update module includes an attribute acquisition unit, an attribute input unit, and an attribute merging unit; The attribute acquisition unit is used to detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components in real time based on the detection equipment deployed at the existing building site. The testing equipment includes a rebar scanner and an ultrasonic rebound hammer. The rebar scanning device is used to collect the current thickness Ta of the component; The ultrasonic rebound hammer is used to collect the current bearing capacity Ca of the component; The attribute entry unit is used to upload the current status attribute parameters of building components to the data entry interface of the BIM platform through a mobile terminal, and to identify the corresponding component based on the unique identifier of the target component in the BIM model, so that the component has both as-built attributes and current status attributes on the BIM platform. Then, metadata information is added to the current status attribute parameters and the data is stored in a structured manner. The metadata information includes detection time, spatial coordinates of the detection point, detection angle parameters, detection equipment number, and operator identity information; The attribute merging unit is used to identify the corresponding component in the current status attribute parameters in the BIM platform, automatically generate spatial markers corresponding to the detection point positions in the three-dimensional model based on the metadata information of the building components, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters in the attribute table of the same component through the attribute alignment algorithm and use the markers to distinguish them.

[0025] In this embodiment, the existing thickness Ta and existing bearing capacity Ca of the component are collected using a rebar scanning device and an ultrasonic rebound hammer. The data is then uploaded to the BIM platform in real time via a mobile terminal, and data ownership is bound together with the component's unique identifier. Simultaneously, the safety hazard identification system automatically adds metadata information such as inspection time, inspection point coordinates, inspection angle, equipment number, and operator, achieving full-process recording and structured storage of the inspection process. Based on this, spatial markers corresponding to the inspection points are automatically generated in the 3D model according to the metadata information. An attribute alignment algorithm is used to unify the management of existing attributes and as-built parameters in the same component attribute table, ensuring that historical and real-time data are comparable, traceable, and distinguishable. This process achieves precise synchronization from physical inspection to the digital model. Compared to traditional manual annotation and offline data integration methods, it improves data update efficiency, identification accuracy, and information transparency, providing a high-quality data foundation with strong real-time performance, clear structure, and accurate positioning for subsequent hazard identification and risk analysis.

[0026] Example 4 Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3 Specifically: the anomaly identification module includes a hazard analysis unit and an anomaly assessment unit; The hazard analysis unit is used to retrieve the as-built attribute parameters and current status attribute parameters of the target component from the BIM model based on the safety hazard identification system, and to perform hazard risk analysis by fitting the as-built attribute parameters and current status attribute parameters. It calculates and obtains the abnormal hazard identification index Rid, which is used to quantify the degree of deviation between the design state and the current state of a single component, reflecting the dual differences in the component's geometric dimensions and load-bearing capacity. Specifically: In the formula, This indicates the relative thickness deviation, used to analyze the difference between the designed thickness and the existing thickness. This indicates the relative deviation of bearing capacity, used to analyze the difference between the design bearing capacity and the current bearing capacity.

[0027] The anomaly assessment unit is used to extract the anomaly hazard identification index Rid of one thousand existing building components without risk hazards, and calculate the 95th percentile value using the percentile method as the preset deviation critical threshold Rt, and conduct component risk status assessment with the real-time acquired anomaly hazard identification index Rid. The specific assessment scheme is as follows. When the abnormal hazard identification index Rid < deviation critical threshold Rt, it means that there is no risk hazard in the current component. At this time, no intervention is taken and the normal hazard monitoring cycle is maintained. When the abnormal hazard identification index Rid is greater than or equal to the deviation critical threshold Rt, it indicates that there is a risk hazard in the current component, and hazard clustering analysis is performed at this time.

[0028] In this embodiment, the hazard analysis unit retrieves the as-built attribute parameters of the components from the BIM model and the current status attribute parameters from on-site inspections, and calculates the abnormal hazard identification index Rid. Using thickness deviation and bearing capacity deviation as core indicators, it intuitively reflects the differences in the geometric dimensions and load-bearing performance of the components. This formula is derived from the Euclidean norm, used to describe the distance between points in multidimensional space. The degree of deviation in the geometric dimensions of a component is an indicator for judging whether the components of an existing building have been weakened. The degree of degradation in the mechanical properties of a component is an indicator for judging structural safety. In structural engineering and mechanics of materials, relative deviation is used to compare the difference between design and measured values; the relative amount of thickness difference is... Relative quantity to the difference in bearing capacity Both are derived from the relative error formula in classical error theory. By taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the relative errors in different dimensions, it equals the comprehensive deviation of the component in both geometric and mechanical dimensions. The original Euclidean norm is merely a simple geometric distance measure. This formula transplants the Euclidean norm into the relative error space between as-built parameters and current parameters. It calculates the comprehensive deviation of the component by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the relative quantities of thickness difference and bearing capacity difference, i.e., the abnormal hazard identification index Rid. This derivation concretizes multidimensional differences into differences in the geometric dimensions and bearing capacity of building components, directly serving risk identification. The relative quantity of thickness difference in the formula... Relative quantity to the difference in bearing capacity Since the numerator and denominator are both the same physical quantity, each term is a dimensionless result. Therefore, the abnormal hazard identification index Rid is a dimensionless value. The formula as a whole is a dimensionless operation and there is no dimension influence.

[0029] The anomaly assessment unit establishes a reference distribution using Rid values ​​from a large number of risk-free components. A 95th percentile value is set as the deviation threshold Rt using the percentile method. The real-time acquired Rid values ​​are compared with Rt to complete the risk status assessment: if the value is below the threshold, routine monitoring continues; if the value reaches or exceeds the threshold, subsequent hazard clustering analysis is triggered. This implementation method achieves quantitative and threshold-based management of risk identification. Compared to traditional methods relying on experience-based judgment, it offers improvements in unified judgment standards, high sensitivity, and strong traceability, thereby significantly enhancing the scientific rigor, reliability, and response efficiency of hazard detection in existing building components.

[0030] Example 5 Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3 Specifically: the risk clustering analysis module includes a clustering effect identification unit and a comprehensive risk analysis unit; The clustering effect identification unit is used to perform clustering analysis on each existing building component with potential risks based on the component's abnormal risk identification index Rid when the component's risk status assessment indicates the presence of potential risks. It also constructs a risk clustering index Gcl to analyze the spatial concentration of potential risks within a region, reflecting the spatial relationship between multiple potentially hazardous components. Specifically: In the formula, n represents the number of components with potential risks, Rid i and Rid j Let d represent the abnormal hazard identification index of the i-th component and the j-th component, respectively. ij This represents the distance constant between the i-th component and the j-th component in BIM space coordinates.

[0031] The comprehensive risk analysis unit includes a risk linkage analysis unit and a risk assessment unit; The risk linkage analysis unit is used to fit the abnormal hazard identification index Rid and the hazard aggregation index Gcl to perform an overall risk status analysis of the abnormal and aggregation states of the existing building, and to construct a global risk linkage index Fld to analyze the overall risk status of the existing building and reflect its overall safety status. Specifically: In the formula, ln represents the logarithmic function, max(Rid) represents the largest comprehensive hidden danger index among all components, and ln(1+Gcl) is a logarithmic scaling of the hidden danger clustering index based on the logarithmic function ln, reflecting the nonlinear effect that the risk rises faster when the clustering degree is high.

[0032] The risk assessment unit is used to calculate the risk linkage formula by substituting the maximum tolerance deviation index value and the clustering effect index value of the components in the safety neighborhood of the existing building structure into the whole domain risk linkage formula, and preset the result as the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, and then perform risk linkage assessment with the real-time acquired whole domain risk linkage index Fld. The specific assessment is as follows: When the overall risk linkage index Fld < the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, it indicates that the abnormal points of the components are spatially dispersed and the overall risk of the existing building is controllable. At this time, each abnormal point is marked in yellow in the BIM model, and the component number is recorded and transmitted to relevant personnel for evaluation and maintenance. When the overall risk linkage index Fld is greater than or equal to the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, it indicates that there is a spatial cluster of abnormal points in the components, and the existing building as a whole is at risk of losing control. At this time, the abnormal points in the cluster area are marked in red in the BIM model, and the component coordinates and component numbers in the cluster area are used to generate a risk report and transmit it to relevant personnel for building reinforcement.

[0033] In this embodiment, the clustering effect identification unit performs spatial clustering analysis on components identified as having potential risks, constructs a risk clustering index Gcl, and quantifies the degree of spatial concentration among multiple abnormal components. This formula originates from the gravitational model based on the weighted average and distance decay concepts. In the gravitational model, the interaction force between two objects is directly proportional to their respective sizes and inversely proportional to the spatial distance, in the form: M i and M j It refers to the object size, d ij The distance between the two is k, and the decay factor is k. This formula, based on the gravitational model, replaces the action with the risk exponent product Rid. i ×Rid j This is used to simultaneously reflect the potential risks of two components. When both are in a high-risk state, the clustering effect is more significant. Adding 1 to the denominator avoids the calculation being meaningless when the distance constant between the two components is 0. Double summation is used. This indicates that the pairwise relationships between all risk components are calculated, with each pair contributing a clustering strength value, ensuring the comprehensiveness of spatial correlation and the average factor. This is used to eliminate the influence of the number of components on the index size, ensuring that the result is not exaggerated or reduced depending on the size of the number n of components with potential risks. In this formula, Rid... i and Rid j Derived from the anomaly and hazard identification index Rid, it is a dimensionless value, d ij Since is a distance constant and is a dimensionless value, the hazard aggregation index Gcl is also a dimensionless value. The entire formula is a dimensionless operation and there is no dimensional influence.

[0034] The comprehensive risk analysis unit fits the hazard clustering index Gcl with the abnormal hazard identification index Rid of the components to form the global risk linkage index Fld, which reflects the nonlinear evolution trend of the overall risk of existing buildings. max(Rid) originates from extreme value theory and is used to capture the weakest link effect; its basic form is: , where R i Represents the unit risk value, max(R) i The most dangerous unit has a decisive impact on overall safety. In risk theory and reliability engineering, the maximum value principle reflects the control effect of the limit state on the overall state. ln(1+Gcl) originates from the nonlinear scaling idea of ​​logarithmic functions. Its basic form is: f(x) = ln(1+x). In growth models of information theory, mathematical statistics, and ecology, logarithmic functions are often used to handle rapid accumulation and saturation phenomena. This formula borrows this idea, scaling the hazard aggregation index Gcl through ln(1+Gcl) to obtain a risk amplification factor that is sensitive in the early stages and converges in the later stages, reflecting the linkage effect when hazards are concentrated in space. Adding 1 to Gcl and 1 to the logarithmic term ln(1+Gcl) ensures that even when there is no risk aggregation (Gcl = 0), the 1+ln(1+Gcl) term retains a baseline value of 1, and does not eliminate single-point risks. max(R) i Multiplying 1 by 1+ln(1+Gcl) represents the nonlinear coupling of "single-point risk × clustering effect", constructing the global risk linkage index Fld. In the formula, the abnormal hazard identification index Rid and the hazard clustering index Gcl are both dimensionless values, so the global risk linkage index Fld is also dimensionless. The entire formula is a dimensionless operation and there is no dimensional influence.

[0035] The risk assessment unit calculates the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh based on the maximum tolerable deviation value of the existing building structure's safety neighborhood and the clustering effect index value. It then compares the real-time acquired global risk linkage index Fld with the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh. When the global risk linkage index Fld is lower than the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, the abnormal point is automatically marked in yellow in the BIM model, and maintenance information is transmitted. When the global risk linkage index Fld is greater than or equal to the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, the clustering area is marked in red in the BIM model, and a risk report is output for rapid initiation of reinforcement measures. This process not only achieves dynamic quantitative assessment from single-point hazards to overall uncontrolled risks but also establishes a threshold-driven, visualized early warning and tiered response mechanism. Compared to traditional hazard judgment methods relying on manual experience, it reveals the patterns of risk diffusion and linkage, improving the scientific rigor, operability, and decision-making efficiency of existing building safety monitoring.

[0036] Example 6 Please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 3Specifically: the layer display module includes a layer construction unit and a result display unit; The layer construction unit is used to automatically call risk indicators, including the abnormal hazard identification index Rid, the hazard aggregation index Gcl, and the global risk linkage index Fld, after completing the risk linkage assessment. These indicators are written into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model. The safety hazard identification system automatically generates the corresponding layer type based on the risk indicators and the risk linkage assessment results, including the component risk layer, the aggregation effect layer, and the early warning status layer. For each layer type, a rendering attribute table is established based on the risk linkage assessment results, including layer color and layer overlay. The result display unit is used to display node layers with spatially dispersed abnormal points and spatially clustered abnormal points in the BIM model in yellow and red respectively, according to the spatial location index of the component in the BIM model. Clicking on the color layer will take you to the risk indicator display layer.

[0037] In this embodiment, after completing the risk linkage assessment, the layer construction unit uniformly writes risk indicators such as the abnormal hazard identification index Rid, the hazard aggregation index Gcl, and the global risk linkage index Fld into the component's attribute information table. Based on the assessment results, it automatically generates component risk layers, aggregation effect layers, and early warning status layers. Simultaneously, it establishes a rendering attribute table for each type of layer, including color and overlay relationships, achieving an intuitive mapping between risk indicators and spatial levels. The result display unit, according to the spatial index of the components, visualizes scattered anomalies in the 3D BIM model using yellow and clustered risk points using red. Users can click on the color layer to enter the corresponding risk indicator display interface, achieving interactive linkage from global risk distribution to detailed parameter specifications. This module achieves the goal of transforming complex risk analysis results into intuitive spatial information. Compared to traditional static reports or single-color warnings, it realizes the automatic generation and dynamic interaction of multiple layers, resulting in higher risk identification efficiency and stronger management decision support capabilities, improving the refinement and intelligence level of existing building safety hazard monitoring and early warning.

[0038] Example 7 Please refer to Figure 2 A BIM-based method for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings includes the following steps: S1. Extract the geometric elements and as-built attribute parameters of existing building components and bind them, then stitch the geometric shapes of the components into the BIM model; S2. Detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components and upload them to the BIM platform for corresponding component identification, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters to the attribute table of the same component; S3. Fit the completed attribute parameters and the current status attribute parameters to perform a hidden danger risk analysis, and generate a component risk status assessment based on the analysis results. If the assessment indicates that there is a risk hazard, trigger S4. S4. Based on the results of the hidden danger risk analysis, conduct hidden danger cluster analysis for each existing building component with potential risks, fit the analysis results to conduct overall risk status analysis, and generate a risk linkage assessment based on the analysis results. S5. Write the analysis results into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model, and generate the corresponding layer type for display.

[0039] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings, characterized in that: It includes an attribute loading module, a model update module, an anomaly detection module, a risk clustering analysis module, and a layer display module; The attribute loading module is used to extract the geometric elements and as-built attribute parameters of existing building components and bind them, and then stitch the geometric shape of the components into the BIM model. The model update module is used to detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components and upload them to the BIM platform for corresponding component identification, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters to the attribute table of the same component. The anomaly identification module is used to fit the as-built attribute parameters and the current status attribute parameters to perform hidden danger risk analysis, and generate a component risk status assessment based on the analysis results. When the assessment indicates that there is a risk hazard, the risk clustering analysis module is triggered. The risk clustering analysis module is used to perform hazard clustering analysis on each existing building component with potential risks based on the hazard risk analysis results, fit the analysis results to perform overall risk status analysis, and generate a risk linkage assessment based on the analysis results. The layer display module is used to write the analysis results into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model, and generate the corresponding layer type for display.

2. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 1, characterized in that: The attribute loading module includes an attribute extraction unit and an attribute binding unit; The attribute extraction unit is used to call and geometrically analyze the existing building's as-built BIM model, design drawings, and component performance parameter database through the BIM platform's application programming interface, based on the safety hazard identification system, to extract the component's geometric information and as-built attribute parameters. The geometric information includes spatial coordinates, cross-sectional shape, orientation angle, and positioning reference. The as-built attribute parameters include the design thickness Td and design bearing capacity Cd of the component; The attribute binding unit is used to, after the as-built attribute parameters and geometric information are bound together, use the three-dimensional modeling function of the BIM model to stitch the geometric shapes of each component into a unified existing building BIM model based on the component geometric information, and to spatially align the spatial relationship framework of the components in the existing building BIM model. The geometry includes the constructed length, width, height, and cross-sectional information; After the geometric splicing is completed, the as-built attribute parameters are attached to the corresponding geometric component nodes, and an attribute index based on the component code is established to bind the geometric information and as-built attribute parameters of the component in two directions.

3. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 2, characterized in that: The model update module includes an attribute acquisition unit, an attribute input unit, and an attribute merging unit; The attribute acquisition unit is used to detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components in real time based on the detection equipment deployed at the existing building site. The testing equipment includes a rebar scanner and an ultrasonic rebound hammer. The rebar scanning device is used to collect the current thickness Ta of the component; The ultrasonic rebound hammer is used to collect the current bearing capacity Ca of the component; The attribute entry unit is used to upload the current status attribute parameters of building components to the data entry interface of the BIM platform through a mobile terminal, and to identify the corresponding component based on the unique identifier of the target component in the BIM model, so that the component has both as-built attributes and current status attributes on the BIM platform. Then, metadata information is added to the current status attribute parameters and the data is stored in a structured manner. The metadata information includes detection time, spatial coordinates of the detection point, detection angle parameters, detection equipment number, and operator identity information; The attribute merging unit is used to identify the corresponding component in the current status attribute parameters in the BIM platform, automatically generate spatial markers corresponding to the detection point positions in the three-dimensional model based on the metadata information of the building components, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters in the attribute table of the same component through the attribute alignment algorithm and use the markers to distinguish them.

4. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 3, characterized in that: The anomaly identification module includes a hazard analysis unit and an anomaly assessment unit; The hazard analysis unit is used to retrieve the as-built attribute parameters and current status attribute parameters of the target component from the BIM model based on the safety hazard identification system, and to perform hazard risk analysis by fitting the as-built attribute parameters and current status attribute parameters. It calculates and obtains the abnormal hazard identification index Rid, which is used to quantify the degree of deviation between the design state and the current state of a single component, reflecting the dual differences in the component's geometric dimensions and load-bearing capacity. Specifically: In the formula, Indicates the relative deviation in thickness. This indicates the relative deviation in bearing capacity.

5. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 4, characterized in that: The anomaly assessment unit is used to extract the anomaly hazard identification index Rid of one thousand existing building components without risk hazards, and calculate the 95th percentile value using the percentile method as the preset deviation critical threshold Rt, and conduct component risk status assessment with the real-time acquired anomaly hazard identification index Rid. The specific assessment scheme is as follows. When the abnormal hazard identification index Rid < deviation critical threshold Rt, it means that there is no risk hazard in the current component. At this time, no intervention is taken and the normal hazard monitoring cycle is maintained. When the abnormal hazard identification index Rid is greater than or equal to the deviation critical threshold Rt, it indicates that there is a risk hazard in the current component, and hazard clustering analysis is performed at this time.

6. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 5, characterized in that: The risk clustering analysis module includes a clustering effect identification unit and a comprehensive risk analysis unit; The clustering effect identification unit is used to perform clustering analysis on each existing building component with potential risks based on the component's abnormal risk identification index Rid when the component's risk status assessment indicates the presence of potential risks. It also constructs a risk clustering index Gcl to analyze the spatial concentration of potential risks within a region, reflecting the spatial relationship between multiple potentially hazardous components. Specifically: In the formula, n represents the number of components with potential risks, Rid i and Rid j Let d represent the abnormal hazard identification index of the i-th component and the j-th component, respectively. ij This represents the distance constant between the i-th component and the j-th component in BIM space coordinates.

7. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 6, characterized in that: The comprehensive risk analysis unit includes a risk linkage analysis unit and a risk assessment unit; The risk linkage analysis unit is used to fit the abnormal hazard identification index Rid and the hazard aggregation index Gcl to perform an overall risk status analysis of the abnormal and aggregation states of the existing building, and to construct a global risk linkage index Fld to analyze the overall risk status of the existing building and reflect its overall safety status. Specifically: In the formula, ln represents the logarithmic function, and max(Rid) represents the maximum comprehensive hidden danger index among all components.

8. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 7, characterized in that: The risk assessment unit is used to calculate the risk linkage formula by substituting the maximum tolerance deviation index value and the clustering effect index value of the components in the safety neighborhood of the existing building structure into the whole domain risk linkage formula, and preset the result as the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, and then perform risk linkage assessment with the real-time acquired whole domain risk linkage index Fld. The specific assessment is as follows: When the overall risk linkage index Fld < the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, it indicates that the abnormal points of the components are spatially dispersed and the overall risk of the existing building is controllable. At this time, each abnormal point is marked in yellow in the BIM model, and the component number is recorded and transmitted to relevant personnel for evaluation and maintenance. When the overall risk linkage index Fld is greater than or equal to the comprehensive risk trigger threshold Rh, it indicates that there is a spatial cluster of abnormal points in the components, and the existing building as a whole is at risk of losing control. At this time, the abnormal points in the cluster area are marked in red in the BIM model, and the component coordinates and component numbers in the cluster area are used to generate a risk report and transmit it to relevant personnel for building reinforcement.

9. The BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings according to claim 1, characterized in that: The layer display module includes a layer construction unit and a result display unit; The layer construction unit is used to automatically call risk indicators, including the abnormal hazard identification index Rid, the hazard aggregation index Gcl, and the global risk linkage index Fld, after completing the risk linkage assessment. These indicators are written into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model. The safety hazard identification system automatically generates the corresponding layer type based on the risk indicators and the risk linkage assessment results, including the component risk layer, the aggregation effect layer, and the early warning status layer. For each layer type, a rendering attribute table is established based on the risk linkage assessment results, including layer color and layer overlay. The result display unit is used to display node layers with spatially dispersed abnormal points and spatially clustered abnormal points in the BIM model in yellow and red respectively, according to the spatial location index of the component in the BIM model. Clicking on the color layer will take you to the risk indicator display layer.

10. A method for identifying safety hazards in existing buildings based on BIM, applied to the BIM-based safety hazard identification system for existing buildings as described in any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. Extract the geometric elements and as-built attribute parameters of existing building components and bind them, then stitch the geometric shapes of the components into the BIM model; S2. Detect the current status attribute parameters of existing building components and upload them to the BIM platform for corresponding component identification, and bind the current status attribute parameters and the as-built attribute parameters to the attribute table of the same component; S3. Fit the completed attribute parameters and the current status attribute parameters to perform a hidden danger risk analysis, and generate a component risk status assessment based on the analysis results. If the assessment indicates that there is a risk hazard, trigger S4. S4. Based on the results of the hidden danger risk analysis, conduct hidden danger cluster analysis for each existing building component with potential risks, fit the analysis results to conduct overall risk status analysis, and generate a risk linkage assessment based on the analysis results. S5. Write the analysis results into the attribute information table of the corresponding component combination in the BIM model, and generate the corresponding layer type for display.

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