A method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil amendment fertilizer

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of fertilizer preparation technology characterized by biological or biochemical treatment steps. It discloses a low-nitrogen-loss acid composting method for preparing soil-improving fertilizer using cow and sheep manure. The method involves using various microbial agents that consume easily degradable organic matter in the manure to produce acid. These agents are inoculated into multiple acidified and breathable layers inside the manure pile. These layers create an environment conducive to the growth of acid-producing bacteria and are in direct contact with aeration pipes, where the first stage of fermentation is completed, producing a large amount of acidic liquid. After spraying, the acidic liquid flows into the manure, preventing the normal growth of existing microorganisms. The acid-producing bacteria then begin the second stage of fermentation in the manure, completing the composting process while retaining a large amount of cellulose. This method prevents excessively high internal temperatures and oxygen deficiency caused by simultaneous fermentation of the entire manure pile. The polycarbonate sheet and acidified insulation layer maintain the outer surface temperature of the manure pile, eliminating the need for turning. The manure pile is acidic, and acidic liquid is present in areas where ammonia gas escapes, thus suppressing nitrogen loss.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fertilizer preparation technology characterized by biological or biochemical treatment steps, and in particular to a method for composting cattle and sheep manure with low nitrogen loss and acidity for preparing soil-improving fertilizers. Background Technology

[0002] Primary soils refer to soils with a weak degree of development, indistinct soil profile layers, significant parent material characteristics, and a relatively young stage, which are clearly different from zonal soils.

[0003] The initial soil preparation is extremely detrimental to vegetation growth, with the main adverse effects including: 1. Extremely barren, with a severe shortage of nutrients; 2. Extremely poor water and fertilizer retention capacity; 3. Its physical structure is unstable and susceptible to wind and water erosion; 4. The plants are subjected to severe physical stress.

[0004] The development of soil in its initial stages can be gradually improved by natural forces, but this process is extremely slow, often taking tens of thousands of years. Artificial intervention can significantly accelerate this process. Current technologies employ a combination of chemical modification and vegetation restoration. By incorporating bentonite and carboxymethyl cellulose, which have binding properties, the soil can quickly acquire a certain water and fertilizer retention capacity, allowing some well-developed root-forming plants to grow. However, the fertility of this improved soil remains limited for a considerable period, necessitating the use of large amounts of organic fertilizer.

[0005] The requirements for organic fertilizers used in soil improvement are quite different from those in conventional agricultural production scenarios.

[0006] 1. It does not require the killing of weed seeds or the complete degradation of cellulose; on the contrary, weed seeds and cellulose are beneficial to soil improvement. In soil improvement (especially ecological restoration and degraded land remediation), the goal is often to quickly establish vegetation cover, increase biodiversity, and prevent soil erosion. Surviving weed seeds can germinate rapidly, acting as pioneer plants, covering the surface, reducing evaporation, and their roots help loosen the soil. After death, they increase organic matter. This is quite different from conventional farmland, which requires thorough decomposition to kill weed seeds and pathogens. Incompletely degraded organic residues such as cellulose are important raw materials for forming soil organic matter, especially stable organic carbon (such as humus). They can significantly improve soil physical structure (increasing porosity, water retention, and aeration), provide a long-term carbon source for microorganisms, and slowly release nutrients. Conventional composting pursues rapid degradation and nutrient availability, while soil improvement emphasizes long-term structural improvement and carbon pool construction.

[0007] 2. The amount used is enormous, covering an area equivalent to large-scale field cultivation, rather than the small plots of land typically used for organic fertilizer in vegetable gardens or horticulture. To achieve effective soil improvement and establish basic soil functions (structure, fertility, and biological activity) on such a large area of ​​land with extremely poor basic conditions, a very large amount of organic matter must be invested. This scale far exceeds the amount of organic fertilizer used as supplementary fertilizer in well-fertile vegetable gardens or horticultural plots.

[0008] 3. Sufficient nitrogen must be retained; because the initial soil is extremely deficient in nitrogen and cannot obtain nitrogen through mineral weathering, and the initial soil itself is also difficult to retain nitrogen from chemical fertilizers. In the early stages of soil improvement, nitrogen from organic fertilizers is almost the only stable and reliable source of nitrogen. The nitrogen in organic fertilizers mainly exists in organic form (such as protein, amino acids, and microbial biomass nitrogen). This form of nitrogen needs to undergo mineralization by microorganisms in the soil to be converted into inorganic nitrogen (ammonium salts, nitrates) that plants can utilize. This process is a slow release. Before the soil's nutrient retention capacity is established, the slow-release organic nitrogen provided by organic fertilizers is crucial for activating soil biological activity and supporting early vegetation growth.

[0009] However, the existing methods of composting organic fertilizers are not compatible with the organic fertilizers needed for soil improvement. In order to fully degrade the fertilizers, the composting process requires multiple turnings, and at the same time, a large amount of organic nitrogen is converted into inorganic nitrogen, or even lost in the form of ammonia and ammonium salts.

[0010] Taking the research project on the mechanism and prevention strategies of various types of soil erosion under complex mountainous conditions, as an example, this project requires the improvement of aeolian sandy soil in Pai Town, Milin County, Nyingchi City. The area has various agricultural and forestry wastes that can be used for organic fertilizer preparation, including various types of cow and sheep manure and distiller's grains from a nearby Grand Canyon brewery. However, conventional composting methods for preparing organic fertilizer are inefficient, resulting in low cellulose content in the product, and 40-50% of the nitrogen in the fertilizer is lost. Summary of the Invention

[0011] This invention provides a method for composting cow and sheep manure with low nitrogen loss and acidity for preparing soil amendment fertilizer.

[0012] The technical problem to be solved is that the existing methods for composting organic fertilizer are not compatible with the organic fertilizers needed for soil improvement.

[0013] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil improvement fertilizer, which is used to prepare organic fertilizer required for soil improvement in batches. The method adopts a layered and staged fermentation method to pre-treat the cow and sheep manure in situ by acidification, and then fermentation by acid-resistant microorganisms. The composting method includes the following steps: Step 1: Construct a retaining wall, which includes an east-west oriented main wall and right-angled triangular side walls on both sides of the main wall. The retaining wall encloses a sloping internal space. A leachate ditch for collecting compost leachate is excavated at the line connecting the ends of the two side walls away from the main wall. Step 2: Lay an acidified insulation layer against the inner wall of the retaining wall for heat preservation and ammonia interception. The acidified insulation layer is a loose cellulose waste mixed with starchy organic matter and / or free sugars. The acidified insulation layer is sprayed with water to moisten it and inoculated with fast acid-producing bacteria that use starchy organic matter and / or free sugars as carbon sources. Step 3: Stack the raw materials layer by layer inside the retaining wall, alternating between layers of cow and sheep manure and acidification and aeration layers, to form a fertilizer pile; the acidification and aeration layer is made of grass and wood powder mixed with starchy organic matter and / or free sugars, and the acidification and insulation layer is moistened by spraying water and inoculated with fast acid-producing bacteria that use starchy organic matter and / or free sugars as carbon sources, as well as long-term acid-producing bacteria for the composting of cow and sheep manure; Each acidified breathable layer has an aeration pipe evenly installed at the bottom. The aeration pipe extends from the permeate trench to the acidified insulation layer that is attached to the main wall from bottom to top, and uses the heat generated during the fermentation process to draw air into the acidified breathable layer from bottom to top. Step 4: Lay an acidified insulation layer on top of the fertilizer pile for heat preservation, shading and interception of ammonia gas, and integrate it with the acidified insulation layer on the inner wall of the retaining wall. Step 5: Lay polycarbonate sheets on top of the retaining wall and together with the retaining wall, form a polycarbonate greenhouse; Step 6: After fermentation for 3-5 days, spray water on the fertilizer pile to reduce the acidity of the acidification and aeration layer and allow the bacterial acid solution in each layer of the acidification and aeration layer to flow downwards and soak the cow and sheep manure. Step 7: The cow and sheep manure begins to ferment in an acidic environment and continues to ferment for at least half a month.

[0014] Furthermore, the rapidly acid-producing bacteria include acid-resistant Aspergillus niger and acetic acid bacteria, and the long-term acid-producing bacteria include Bacillus acidophilus and lactic acid bacteria.

[0015] Furthermore, the acidified insulation layer is moist sugarcane bagasse with added rapidly acid-producing bacteria, or moist sawdust with added starchy organic matter and rapidly acid-producing bacteria, wherein the starchy organic matter content in the sawdust is 5-9% by dry weight; The acidified breathable layer is made of moist wood powder containing starchy organic matter, fast-producing acid bacteria, and long-term acid-producing bacteria. The starchy organic matter content in the wood powder is 8-12% by dry weight. The wood chips include sawdust and / or shavings, the starchy organic matter includes distiller's grains and / or aged grain powder, and the plant powder is lignified plant stem powder and / or mature plant stem powder.

[0016] Furthermore, the rapidly acid-producing bacteria are Acetobacter tropicalis CGMCC 1.3694 and Aspergillus niger CICC 41434, and the long-term acid-producing bacteria include Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 1.10314 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus AK-0779; Based on CFU, the ratio of rapidly acid-producing bacteria to long-term acid-producing bacteria in the acidified breathable layer is 60-80:100; Based on CFU, among rapidly acid-producing bacteria, the ratio of Acetobacter tropicalis CGMCC 1.3694 to Aspergillus niger CICC 41434 was 20-30:100; among long-term acid-producing bacteria, the ratio of Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 1.10314 to Lactobacillus rhamnosus AK-0779 was 100:20-40.

[0017] Furthermore, the thickness of the acidified insulation layer is not less than 5 cm; based on the pile volume, the ratio of the acidified breathable layer to cow and sheep manure in the fertilizer pile is 15-20:100.

[0018] Furthermore, the main wall is provided with multiple layers of wall-connecting brackets at intervals along the vertical direction. Each layer of wall-connecting brackets includes a row of connecting rods anchored to the main wall at intervals along the horizontal direction, and a crossbeam fixed to the end of each connecting rod and parallel to the main wall. The aeration pipe is a corrosion-resistant rigid pipe with open ends and covered with dustproof netting, and with air holes evenly distributed on the sides. The top of the leachate ditch is covered with a grid plate and a tarpaulin. The upper side of the aeration pipe is tied to the wall beam, and the lower end is supported on the grid plate along the bottom of the tarpaulin. The airflow in the aeration pipe rises along the pipe by relying on the heat of the fertilizer pile.

[0019] Furthermore, in the acidified insulation layer, the acidified insulation layer set against the retaining wall is referred to as the wall insulation layer, and the acidified insulation layer located above the fertilizer pile is referred to as the top insulation layer. A plastic mesh is installed on the side of the wall insulation layer facing the fertilizer pile to prevent the wall insulation layer from being lost. The plastic mesh is connected to the retaining wall by a connecting rod. After the cow and sheep manure has finished composting, remove the top insulation layer first, then the wall insulation layer, leaving the wall insulation layer in place. The top insulation layer is used as raw material for the acidification and aeration layer during the next composting of cow and sheep manure, and starchy organic matter is sprinkled on top of the wall insulation layer to replenish the lost height.

[0020] Furthermore, the lower surface of the polycarbonate sheet is provided with purlins for supporting the polycarbonate sheet. One end of the purlin is mounted on the top of the main wall, and the other end is located at the edge of the leachate trench away from the main wall. The ground surface within the space enclosed by the retaining wall and the walls of the leachate ditch are all treated to prevent leakage, and a straw mat layer for ventilation is also laid under the fertilizer pile.

[0021] Furthermore, in step six, a sewage pump installed in the leachate ditch is used to spray the fertilizer pile. During the spraying process, water is replenished to the leachate ditch through the water supply network to control the liquid level in the leachate ditch to be higher than that of the sewage pump.

[0022] The present invention provides a low-nitrogen-loss acid composting method for cattle and sheep manure used in the preparation of soil-amortized fertilizers, which has the following advantages compared with existing technologies: In this invention, instead of using the original microorganisms in cattle and sheep manure or conventional inoculants to compost the manure, a variety of inoculants that can consume the easily degradable organic matter in cattle and sheep manure to produce acid are used for composting. The inoculants are inoculated into multiple acidified and breathable layers inside the manure pile. The acidified and breathable layers create an environment conducive to the growth of acid-producing bacteria and are in direct contact with the aeration pipes, thereby completing the first stage of fermentation and producing a large amount of acid liquid. Then, through spraying, the acid liquid flows into the cattle and sheep manure, preventing the original microorganisms in it from growing normally. The acid-producing bacteria begin the second stage of fermentation in the cattle and sheep manure, completing the composting while retaining a large amount of cellulose (the acid-producing bacteria used here have a very low utilization rate of cellulose, and the original microorganisms cannot grow normally). The two-stage fermentation process takes place in different layers, preventing excessively high internal temperatures caused by fermenting the entire fertilizer pile at once. Due to the staged fermentation and the presence of a large amount of ventilation structure (acidified permeable layer), there is no oxygen deficiency. The polycarbonate panels and acidified insulation layer maintain the temperature of the outer surface of the fertilizer pile. These three factors eliminate the need for turning the pile (the purpose of turning the pile is to change the situation of excessively high internal temperature and excessively low external temperature, and to avoid internal oxygen deficiency, but these three problems do not exist here), significantly improving fertilizer production efficiency. Meanwhile, because the fertilizer pile is acidic during fermentation, and ammonia may escape from the acidified insulation layer and acidified air permeable layer, which contain acidic liquid, nitrogen loss is significantly reduced. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the fertilizer pile structure for preparing organic fertilizer using a low-nitrogen-loss acid composting method for cattle and sheep manure in the preparation of soil-improving fertilizer according to the present invention. Figure 2 This is a diagram showing the distribution of the retaining wall structure; the viewpoint in the diagram is from above. In the diagram, 11-main wall, 12-side wall, 2-sunlight panel, 3-aeration pipe, 4-leachate ditch, 5-cow and sheep manure, 6-acidification insulation layer, 7-acidification breathable layer. Detailed Implementation

[0024] Taking the research project on the mechanism and prevention and control of soil erosion of various types of soil under complex mountain conditions, which is proposed to be improved by using the present invention as an example, the present invention is used to prepare organic fertilizer for the improvement of wind-blown sandy soil. The raw materials are cow and sheep manure collected from nearby farmers and breeding farms, and the lees of the Grand Canyon Brewery.

[0025] like Figure 1-2 As shown, a low-nitrogen-loss acid composting method for cattle and sheep manure used to prepare soil-improving fertilizer is used to prepare organic fertilizer required for soil improvement in batches. The method adopts a layered and staged fermentation method to pre-treat the cattle and sheep manure in situ by acidification, and then fermentation by acid-resistant microorganisms. The composting method includes the following steps: Step 1: Construct a retaining wall, which includes an east-west main wall 11 and right-angled triangular side walls 12 set on both sides of the main wall 11. The retaining wall encloses a sloping internal space. A leachate ditch 4 for collecting compost leachate is excavated at the line connecting the ends of the two side walls 12 away from the main wall 11. The main wall 11 can be made very long, tens or even hundreds of meters, thereby improving production efficiency, while the side wall 12 is generally a right-angled triangular wall 1.5 meters high and 2 meters wide.

[0026] Step 2: Lay an acidified insulation layer 6 against the inner side wall 12 of the retaining wall for heat preservation and ammonia interception. The acidified insulation layer 6 is a loose cellulose waste mixed with starchy organic matter and / or free sugar. The acidified insulation layer 6 is sprayed with water to moisten it and inoculated with fast acid-producing bacteria that use starchy organic matter and / or free sugar as carbon sources. The acidification and insulation layer 6 is located at the edge of the fertilizer pile, which is the main area for ammonia loss. Acidification is performed here to intercept the lost ammonia. At the same time, this is also an area of ​​heat loss, so insulation is required. The acidification and insulation layer 6 located at the top of the fertilizer pile also has a shading effect, preventing direct sunlight from hitting the fertilizer pile and causing the surface temperature to become too high.

[0027] Step 3: Stack the raw materials layer by layer inside the retaining wall in the manner of alternating layers of cow and sheep manure 5 and acidification and aeration layer 7 to form a fertilizer pile; the acidification and aeration layer 7 is grass and wood powder mixed with starchy organic matter and / or free sugars, and the acidification and heat preservation layer 6 is moistened by spraying water and inoculated with fast acid-producing bacteria that use starchy organic matter and / or free sugars as carbon sources, as well as long-term acid-producing bacteria for the composting of cow and sheep manure 5; This stage requires the rapid production of large amounts of slurry to acidify the cow and sheep manure (5) and inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. Therefore, starchy organic matter and / or free sugars are used as substrates for rapid fermentation and acid production. While the long-term acid-producing bacteria here can also grow using starchy organic matter and / or free sugars, they have access to a wider range of substrates, including the organic matter in the cow and sheep manure (5). Therefore, they are the main force in the second-stage fermentation process.

[0028] Each acidified breathable layer 7 has an aeration pipe 3 evenly arranged at the bottom. The aeration pipe 3 extends from the inside of the permeate ditch 4 to the acidified insulation layer 6 that is attached to the main wall 11 from bottom to top, and uses the heat generated during the fermentation process to draw air from bottom to top into the acidified breathable layer 7. The heat generated during fermentation heats the air inside the aeration pipe 3, causing it to rise. This allows the air to flow along the aeration pipe 3. During this flow, some of the air flows through the pores on the side of the aeration pipe 3 into the acidified permeable layer 7 and the cow and sheep manure 5.

[0029] Step 4: Lay an acidified insulation layer 6 on top of the fertilizer pile for heat preservation, light shading and ammonia interception, and connect it with the acidified insulation layer 6 on the inner side wall 12 of the retaining wall. Step 5: Lay polycarbonate sheet 2 on top of the retaining wall, and together with the retaining wall, form a polycarbonate sheet 2 greenhouse; The structure of the retaining wall here means that only one polycarbonate panel 2 is needed, thereby reducing material consumption and making it convenient to open the polycarbonate panel 2 later for spraying or to take out the fermented and decomposed fertilizer.

[0030] Step 6: After fermentation for 3-5 days, spray water on the fertilizer pile to reduce the acidity of the acidification and aeration layer 7 and allow the bacterial acid solution in each layer of the acidification and aeration layer 7 to flow downwards and soak the cow and sheep manure 5. Step 7: The cow and sheep manure will begin to ferment in an acidic environment and continue to ferment for at least half a month.

[0031] In this embodiment, the rapidly acid-producing bacteria include acid-resistant Aspergillus niger and acetic acid bacteria, while the long-term acid-producing bacteria include Bacillus acidophilus and lactic acid bacteria.

[0032] In this embodiment, the acidified insulation layer 6 is moist sugarcane bagasse with added fast acid-producing bacteria, or moist sawdust with added starchy organic matter and fast acid-producing bacteria. On a dry weight basis, the starchy organic matter content in the sawdust is 5-9%. The acid solution here does not need to be sprayed down later for pre-acidification of cow and sheep manure 5, and the starch content does not need to be too high.

[0033] Sugarcane bagasse naturally contains a significant amount of free sugars, so there's no need to add starchy organic matter. It also has excellent heat-retaining properties. Of course, sugarcane bagasse isn't readily available in all regions; in areas where it's unavailable, sawdust can be used as a substitute.

[0034] The acidified breathable layer 7 is a moistened plant powder containing starchy organic matter, fast-producing acid bacteria, and long-term acid-producing bacteria. On a dry weight basis, the starchy organic matter content in the plant powder is 8-12%. In this embodiment, the wood chips include sawdust and / or shavings, which are obtained from nearby forest farms. Starchy organic matter includes distiller's grains and / or aged grain powder, which are obtained from the nearby Grand Canyon Brewing Company. The plant powder consists of powdered lignified plant stems and / or mature plant stems. These are locally sourced, prepared by drying and crushing various hays, straws, and logging residues.

[0035] In this embodiment, the rapidly acid-producing bacteria are the heat-resistant Acetobacter tropicalis CGMCC 1.3694 and the acid-resistant Aspergillus niger CICC41434, while the long-term acid-producing bacteria include the acid-resistant Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 1.10314 and the low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio-tolerant Lactobacillus rhamnosus AK-0779.

[0036] Four types of bacteria—acetic acid bacteria, Aspergillus, Bacillus, and lactic acid bacteria—were selected for fermentation. Acetic acid bacteria and Aspergillus niger were used in combination for the first stage of fermentation. Aspergillus can degrade starch into smaller carbon molecules to supply the acetic acid bacteria, which in turn rapidly and abundantly produce acid. Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria have a wide range of substrates, but the organic acids they produce are less acidic than acetic acid, and their acid production rate is relatively lower. Therefore, they were used for the second stage of fermentation. However, these bacteria have some growth bottlenecks in their fermentation environment, so strains with higher tolerance to these bottlenecks were selected. These inoculum agents were inoculated as live bacterial solutions or activated powder suspensions. After inoculation, the concentration of each bacterial strain in the acidified insulation layer 6 and the acidified permeable layer 7 was required to be no less than CFU / g.

[0037] Based on CFU, the ratio of rapidly acid-producing bacteria to long-term acid-producing bacteria in the acidified breathable layer 7 is 60-80:100; In terms of CFU, the ratio of *Acetobacter tropicalis* CGMCC 1.3694 to *Aspergillus niger* CICC 41434 among the rapidly acid-producing bacteria is 20-30:100. This ratio is consistent in both the acidified breathable layer 7 and the acidified heat-insulating layer 6, with *Aspergillus niger* having a larger proportion, thus providing sufficient small-molecule carbon source for the acetic acid bacteria. Simultaneously, since some alcohol remains in the distiller's grains, this alcohol can also be utilized by the acetic acid bacteria. However, if the residual alcohol concentration is too high, it is unacceptable; the alcohol concentration must be controlled below the level that would kill the inoculated bacteria. This can be achieved by drying the distiller's grains. However, considering that the distiller's grains will be diluted by other materials such as wood powder during actual use, the issue of alcohol is generally not a concern in practice.

[0038] Among the long-term acid-producing bacteria, the ratio of Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 1.10314 to Lactobacillus rhamnosus AK-0779 was 100:20-40. The above ratios represent proportions where the metabolic intensities of each bacterial species were well-coupled in experiments.

[0039] The thickness of the acidification insulation layer 6 is no less than 5 cm to ensure sufficient insulation. By pile volume, the ratio of the acidification breathable layer 7 to cow / sheep manure 5 in the fertilizer pile is 15-20:100. This ratio is one we determined during our experiments to achieve a relatively balanced fermentation process between the two stages.

[0040] All the above ratios have been converted, with one ratio converted to 100 and the data rounded to facilitate on-site mixing.

[0041] In this embodiment, multiple layers of wall-connecting brackets are arranged vertically on the main wall 11. Each layer of wall-connecting brackets includes a row of connecting rods anchored horizontally on the main wall 11, and a crossbeam fixed at the end of each connecting rod and parallel to the main wall 11. The aeration pipe 3 is a corrosion-resistant rigid pipe with open ends and covered with dustproof netting, and with air holes evenly distributed on the sides. The top of the leachate ditch 4 is covered with a grid plate and a tarpaulin. The upper side of the aeration pipe 3 is tied to the wall beam, and the lower end is supported on the grid plate along the bottom of the tarpaulin (that is, the tarpaulin covers both the grid plate and the lower end of the aeration pipe 3 at the same time). The airflow in the aeration pipe 3 rises along the pipe by relying on the heat of the fertilizer pile.

[0042] The aeration pipe 3 is open at both ends to ensure a smooth upward airflow. To prevent debris from entering, it needs to be covered with a dustproof net. Of course, if possible, forced airflow can be applied to each aeration pipe 3.

[0043] In the acidification insulation layer 6, the acidification insulation layer 6 set against the retaining wall is called the wall insulation layer, and the acidification insulation layer 6 located above the fertilizer pile is called the top insulation layer; here the top insulation layer also has the effect of shading light.

[0044] A plastic mesh is installed on the side of the wall insulation layer facing the fertilizer pile to prevent the wall insulation layer from being lost. The plastic mesh is connected to the retaining wall by connecting rods. Note that the plastic mesh should be taut, or some scrap aluminum wires can be added as a frame to maintain its shape.

[0045] After the cow and sheep manure (5) has fully decomposed, remove the top insulation layer first, then the wall insulation layer, leaving the wall insulation layer in its original position. The top insulation layer will be used as raw material for the next acidification and aeration layer (7) after the cow and sheep manure (5) has fully decomposed. The top of the wall insulation layer will be sprinkled with starchy organic matter to replenish the lost height. The top insulation layer itself contains a large amount of other impurities mixed in during fermentation, therefore it cannot be reused. However, the wall insulation layer can be reused after replenishing with starchy organic matter. Note that the replenished starchy organic matter should be fine enough to allow it to seep down a short distance, rather than accumulating on the surface. Only a short seepage distance is needed, as the entire wall insulation layer does not need to hold a large amount of acid; acid at the top is sufficient.

[0046] The lower surface of the polycarbonate sheet 2 is provided with purlins for supporting the polycarbonate sheet 2. One end of the purlin is mounted on the top of the main wall 11, and the other end is located at the edge of the leachate ditch 4 away from the main wall 11. The ground surface within the space enclosed by the retaining wall and the walls of the leachate ditch 4 are all treated to prevent leakage, and a straw mat layer for ventilation is also laid under the fertilizer pile.

[0047] In step six, a sewage pump installed in leachate ditch 4 is used to spray the fertilizer pile. During the spraying process, water is replenished to leachate ditch 4 through the water supply network to control the liquid level in leachate ditch 4 to be higher than that of the sewage pump.

[0048] The spraying process in step six is ​​difficult to achieve quickly and evenly, so multiple sprays are required. This process generates a large amount of leachate (some is also produced during fermentation, but in relatively small amounts). To minimize water usage for this varied spraying process, this structure uses a wastewater pump to circulate water for spraying. During pumping, water is added to leachate ditch 4 to maintain the liquid level and replenish the water absorbed by the fertilizer pile. If further watering is needed later, the leachate can be directly extracted for replenishment.

[0049] This invention is intended for the preparation of organic fertilizer for improving sandy soil in Pai Town, Milin County, Nyingchi City. It uses cow dung, distiller's grains, and crushed logging residues as raw materials for fermentation. The first stage of fermentation lasts 3 days, and the second stage lasts 20 days. After fermentation, the nitrogen loss rate is measured to be 6.5%–9.3%, and the cellulose content in the finished organic fertilizer is about 16%–20.2%.

[0050] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil amendment fertilizer, used for the batch preparation of organic fertilizer required for soil amendment, characterized in that: A layered and staged fermentation method was adopted so that the cow and sheep manure (5) was first acidified and pretreated in situ, and then fermented by acid-resistant microorganisms. The composting method includes the following steps: Step 1: Construct a retaining wall, which includes an east-west main wall (11) and side walls (12) arranged on both sides of the main wall (11) in the shape of right triangles. The retaining wall encloses a sloping internal space. A leachate ditch (4) for collecting compost leachate is excavated at the line connecting the ends of the two side walls (12) away from the main wall (11). Step 2: Lay an acidified insulation layer (6) against the inner side wall (12) of the retaining wall for heat preservation and ammonia interception. The acidified insulation layer (6) is a loose cellulose waste mixed with starchy organic matter and / or free sugar. The acidified insulation layer (6) is sprayed with water to moisten it and inoculated with fast acid-producing bacteria that use starchy organic matter and / or free sugar as carbon sources. Step 3: The raw materials are piled up layer by layer inside the retaining wall in the manner of layering cow and sheep manure (5) and acidification and aeration layer (7) to form a fertilizer pile; the acidification and aeration layer (7) is grass and wood powder mixed with starchy organic matter and / or free sugar, the acidification and heat preservation layer (6) is sprayed with water and inoculated with fast acid-producing bacteria that use starchy organic matter and / or free sugar as carbon source, as well as long-term acid-producing bacteria for the composting of cow and sheep manure (5); Each acidified breathable layer (7) has an aeration pipe (3) evenly arranged at the bottom. The aeration pipe (3) extends from the inside of the permeate ditch (4) to the acidified insulation layer (6) that is close to the main wall (11) from bottom to top, and uses the heat generated during the fermentation process to draw air into the acidified breathable layer (7) from bottom to top. Step 4: Lay an acidified insulation layer (6) on top of the fertilizer pile for heat preservation, light shading and ammonia interception, and connect it with the acidified insulation layer (6) on the inner side wall (12) of the retaining wall; Step 5: Lay polycarbonate sheets (2) on top of the retaining wall and together with the retaining wall to form a polycarbonate sheet (2) greenhouse; Step 6: After fermentation for 3-5 days, spray water on the fertilizer pile to reduce the acidity of the acidified aeration layer (7) and make the bacterial acid liquid in each layer of the acidified aeration layer (7) flow downward to soak the cow and sheep manure (5). Step 7: Cow and sheep manure (5) begins to ferment in an acidic environment and continues to ferment for at least half a month.

2. The method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amoring fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The rapidly producing acid bacteria include acid-resistant Aspergillus niger and acetic acid bacteria, while the long-term producing acid bacteria include Bacillus acidophilus and lactic acid bacteria.

3. The method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amoring fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The acidified insulation layer (6) is moist sugarcane bagasse with added fast acid-producing bacteria, or moist sawdust with added starchy organic matter and fast acid-producing bacteria, and the starchy organic matter content in the sawdust is 5-9% by dry weight; The acidified breathable layer (7) is a moistened plant powder containing starchy organic matter, fast-producing acid bacteria and long-term acid-producing bacteria. The starchy organic matter content in the plant powder is 8-12% by dry weight. The wood chips include sawdust and / or shavings, the starchy organic matter includes distiller's grains and / or aged grain powder, and the plant powder is lignified plant stem powder and / or mature plant stem powder.

4. A method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amortized fertilizer according to claim 3, characterized in that: The rapidly acid-producing bacteria are Acetobacter tropicalis CGMCC 1.3694 and Aspergillus niger CICC 41434, and the long-term acid-producing bacteria include Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 1.10314 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus AK-0779. The ratio of rapidly acid-producing bacteria to long-term acid-producing bacteria in the acidified breathable layer (7) is 60-80:100, calculated by CFU. Based on CFU, among rapidly acid-producing bacteria, the ratio of Acetobacter tropicalis CGMCC 1.3694 to Aspergillus niger CICC 41434 was 20-30:100; among long-term acid-producing bacteria, the ratio of Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 1.10314 to Lactobacillus rhamnosus AK-0779 was 100:20-40.

5. The method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amoring fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The thickness of the acidified insulation layer (6) is not less than 5 cm; the ratio of the acidified breathable layer (7) to the cow and sheep manure (5) in the fertilizer pile is 15-20:100 based on the pile volume.

6. The method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amoring fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main wall (11) is provided with multiple layers of wall-connecting brackets at intervals along the vertical direction. Each layer of wall-connecting brackets includes a row of connecting rods anchored at intervals along the horizontal direction on the main wall (11), and a crossbeam fixed at the end of each connecting rod and parallel to the main wall (11). The aeration pipe (3) is a corrosion-resistant hard pipe with open ends and covered with dustproof netting and evenly spaced air holes on the side. The top of the leachate ditch (4) is covered with a grid plate and a tarpaulin. The upper side of the aeration pipe (3) is tied to the wall beam, and the lower end is supported on the grid plate along the bottom of the tarpaulin. The airflow in the aeration pipe (3) rises along the pipe by relying on the heat of the fertilizer pile.

7. A method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amoring fertilizer according to claim 6, characterized in that: In the acidification insulation layer (6), the acidification insulation layer (6) set against the retaining wall is called the wall insulation layer, and the acidification insulation layer (6) located above the fertilizer pile is called the top insulation layer. A plastic mesh is installed on the side of the wall insulation layer facing the fertilizer pile to prevent the wall insulation layer from being lost. The plastic mesh is connected to the retaining wall by a connecting rod. After the cow and sheep manure (5) has been decomposed, the top insulation layer is removed first, followed by the wall insulation layer. The wall insulation layer remains in its original position. The top insulation layer is used as the raw material for the acidified and breathable layer (7) of the next decomposed cow and sheep manure (5). Starchy organic matter is sprinkled on the top of the wall insulation layer to replenish the lost height.

8. The method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amoring fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lower surface of the polycarbonate sheet (2) is provided with purlins for supporting the polycarbonate sheet (2). One end of the purlin is mounted on the top of the main wall (11), and the other end is located at the edge of the percolation ditch (4) away from the main wall (11). The ground surface within the space enclosed by the retaining wall and the walls of the leachate ditch (4) are all treated to prevent leakage, and a straw mat layer for ventilation is also laid under the fertilizer pile.

9. A method for low-nitrogen-loss acid composting of cow and sheep manure for preparing soil-amoring fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step six, a sewage pump installed in the leachate ditch (4) is used to spray the fertilizer pile. During the spraying process, water is replenished to the leachate ditch (4) through the water supply network to control the liquid level in the leachate ditch (4) to be higher than that of the sewage pump.

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