Numerical simulation method and system for high-speed collision and embedding of CEL micrometer-level metal particles

Abstract

The application discloses a numerical simulation method and system for high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles, and belongs to the technical field of high-speed collision simulation of metal particles. The application is based on ABAQUS software and simulates the high-speed collision embedding process of micron-sized metal particles under supersonic airflow. A geometric component model is established by using the ABAQUS software, the geometric component model is assembled, and Euler grids and Lagrange grids are divided, respectively. Then, analysis framework definition, interaction setting, dynamic and constraint application, solution calculation and result extraction are defined to form a complete closed loop. Each step is closely related through "physical property matching", "boundary condition transmission" and "data support", and is matched with the actual collision result, so that the high-speed collision embedding process of micron-sized metal particles is accurately simulated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of high-speed collision simulation technology of metal particles, and specifically relates to a numerical simulation method and system for high-speed collision of micron-sized metal particles based on CEL. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, supersonic gas acceleration and collision technology has shown great potential and advantages in low-temperature solid-state reaction synthesis. These technologies can significantly improve reaction rates and synthesize a wider variety of materials. The working principle involves using high-speed gas flow to accelerate particles, achieving solid-state synthesis through particle collisions and impacts with solid walls. However, in practical applications, there is currently no data on how to obtain the critical velocity for particle collision embedding, describe the particle collision embedding process, and provide a reference for the preparation of embedded powders.

[0003] To simulate the collision and embedding of metal particles in supersonic airflow, the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrange (CEL) method is adopted. It has the following characteristics: Eulerian meshes are used for large deformation components, and Lagrange meshes are used for non-deformable components. This method can not only describe large deformation problems without causing mesh distortion, but also give the accurate position and boundary of the material. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to address the aforementioned problems by providing a numerical simulation method and system for high-speed collisions of micron-sized metal particles based on CEL (Computer-Electronic-Layered Electron Micrometers). This aims to improve existing methods for describing high-speed collision problems, which struggle to accurately determine the location and boundaries of materials because the mesh does not change with the movement of the material.

[0005] The technical solution adopted in this invention is as follows: A numerical simulation method based on high-speed collision and embedding of micron-sized metal particles using CEL (Computer-Assisted Electron Micrometer) software is employed. This method simulates the high-speed collision and embedding process of micron-sized metal particles using ABAQUS software, and includes the following steps: Step S100: Use ABAQUS software to create geometric component models, creating Lagrange bodies for small-diameter particles and Eulerian bodies for large-diameter particles; Among them, the small diameter ranges from 0 micrometers to 5 micrometers, and the large diameter ranges from 20 micrometers to 100 micrometers; It should be noted that the distinction between larger and smaller particles should be set according to the specific application. Step S200: Select the Johnson-Cook material constitutive equation to define the material properties of the metal particles, and use the Us-Up definition type for the hydrodynamic behavior of the material; Step S300: Assemble the geometric component model established in step S100; Step S400: Mesh the Eulerian and Lagrange solids; Step S500: Create dynamics, temperature-displacement, display the analysis step to perform thermo-mechanical coupling analysis, define output variables; set the collision time to the microsecond level, and turn on the geometric nonlinearity switch in the analysis step; Step S600: Create interactions and set the contact conditions between small-diameter particles and large-diameter particles; Step S700: Add load conditions for the matrix and particles to simulate the load state under supersonic airflow environment; set the initial temperature through a predefined field and assign velocity loads to metal particles of different sizes. Step S800: Add model constraints, set boundary symmetry conditions for the metal particles, and constrain the bottom degree of freedom of the Euler body; Step S900: Use the ABAQUS / Explicit explicit solver to solve the established model and obtain the relevant output results; Step S110: View the model calculation results through the ABAQUS post-processing module. The visualization of results containing Euler elements needs to be viewed through the View Section Manager.

[0006] Furthermore, in step S100, a 1 / 4 symmetric model of the metal particles is established using the part module of the ABAQUS software. The metal particles are tungsten and aluminum. Since the tungsten particles are smaller, they are created as Langerian particles, while the aluminum particles are larger, they are created as Eulerian particles.

[0007] Furthermore, in step S300, the Lagrange body is assembled directly above the Euler body during assembly.

[0008] Furthermore, in step S400, when meshing the Lagrange, the element type is an eight-node linear hexahedral element, with reduced integration and hourglass control. When meshing the Euler body, the element type is an 8-node thermally coupled pure Euler hexahedral element, with reduced integration, hourglass control, and mesh refinement along the Y-axis.

[0009] Furthermore, in step S500, the thermo-mechanical coupling analysis simultaneously considers the mechanical behavior and temperature changes during the collision process.

[0010] Furthermore, in step S600, the contact condition between particles is set to general contact, the normal behavior of the contact attribute is hard contact, and separation after contact is allowed; the tangential behavior adopts the penalty friction formula, and the friction coefficient is 0.3.

[0011] Furthermore, in step S700, the initial temperature is set to 298K, and a velocity load of 100-700m / s is assigned to metal particles of different sizes.

[0012] Furthermore, in step S900, during the explicit solver's solution process, the analysis steps, contact conditions, load conditions, and constraint conditions defined in steps S500-S800 are automatically processed, and the output includes data containing the changes of each physical quantity over time.

[0013] Furthermore, the present invention also provides a numerical simulation system for high-speed collision embedding of micron-sized metal particles based on CEL. The system is composed of modular units corresponding to the method steps of the CEL micron-sized metal particle high-speed collision embedding numerical simulation method, used to simulate the numerical simulation of high-speed collision embedding of metal particles; the system includes the following modules: The modeling module is used to distinguish between small-diameter and large-diameter particles, and to create small-diameter particles as Lagrangian bodies and large-diameter particles as Eulerian bodies; The assembly module assembles the Lagrange and Eulerian models and meshes them. The simulation module performs numerical simulations on Lagrange and Eulerian models by setting constraints. The results extraction module is used to extract and store the simulation results from the simulation module.

[0014] In summary, due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: This invention employs the coupled Eulerian-Lagrange (CEL) method to describe easily deformable and non-deformable components separately. Eulerian meshes are used for highly deformable components, while Lagrange meshes are used for non-deformable components. This approach minimizes mesh distortion when describing highly deformable components and provides accurate locations and boundaries of the material, thereby improving the accuracy of the simulation. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method of the present invention; Figure 2 This is the particle collision simulation model of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a SEM image of the collision results of the present invention; Figure 4(a) is a schematic diagram of the particle collision process at t=0ns in this invention; Figure 4(b) is a schematic diagram of the particle collision process at t=10ns according to the present invention; Figure 4(c) is a schematic diagram of the particle collision process simulation at t=20ns according to the present invention; Figure 4(d) is a schematic diagram of the particle collision process at t=30ns according to the present invention; Figure 4(e) is a schematic diagram of the particle collision process at t=40ns according to the present invention; Figure 4(f) is a schematic diagram of the particle collision process at t=50ns according to the present invention; Figure 5 This is a line graph showing the change in the embedding depth of the metal particles as a function of collision time according to the present invention. Figure 6 This is a time-cloud diagram of the tungsten particles of the present invention at 700 m / s; Figure 7(a) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram variation of the aluminum-tungsten collision effect at a collision velocity of 100 m / s according to the present invention; Figure 7(b) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram variation of the aluminum-tungsten collision effect at a collision velocity of 200 m / s according to the present invention; Figure 7(c) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram variation of the aluminum-tungsten collision effect at a collision velocity of 300 m / s according to the present invention; Figure 7(d) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram variation of the aluminum-tungsten collision effect at a collision velocity of 400 m / s according to the present invention; Figure 7(e) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram variation of the aluminum-tungsten collision effect at a collision velocity of 500 m / s according to the present invention; Figure 7(f) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram variation of the aluminum-tungsten collision effect at a collision velocity of 600 m / s according to the present invention; Figure 7(g) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram variation of the aluminum-tungsten collision effect at a collision velocity of 700 m / s according to the present invention; Figure 8(a) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram of the collision effect of the aluminum-nickel alloy of the present invention at a collision velocity of 100 m / s; Figure 8(b) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram of the collision effect of the aluminum-nickel alloy of the present invention at a collision velocity of 200 m / s; Figure 8(c) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram of the impact effect of the aluminum-nickel alloy of the present invention at a collision velocity of 300 m / s; Figure 8(d) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram of the impact effect of the aluminum-nickel alloy of the present invention at a collision velocity of 400 m / s; Figure 8(e) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram of the impact effect of the aluminum-nickel alloy of the present invention at a collision velocity of 500 m / s; Figure 8(f) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram of the impact effect of the aluminum-nickel alloy of the present invention at a collision velocity of 600 m / s; Figure 8(g) shows the Mises stress cloud diagram of the impact effect of the aluminum-nickel alloy of the present invention at a collision velocity of 700 m / s; Figure 9 This is a comparison diagram of the aluminum-nickel embedding depth of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a diagram showing the change in kinetic energy of the aluminum-nickel particles during collisions according to the present invention. Figure 11 This is a diagram showing the change in internal energy of aluminum-nickel particles during collisions according to the present invention. Figure 12(a) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of 1μm tungsten particles impacting aluminum particles according to the present invention; Figure 12(b) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of 2μm tungsten particles impacting aluminum particles according to the present invention; Figure 12(c) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of 3μm tungsten particles impacting aluminum particles according to the present invention; Figure 12(d) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of 4μm tungsten particles impacting aluminum particles according to the present invention; Figure 12(e) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of 5μm tungsten particles impacting aluminum particles according to the present invention; Figure 13 This is a graph showing the kinetic energy variation of tungsten particles of different sizes according to the present invention; Figure 14 This is a diagram showing the variation of internal energy of tungsten particles of different sizes according to the present invention; Figure 15 This is a diagram showing the change in kinetic and internal energy when a 1μm tungsten particle collides with a 30μm aluminum particle. Figure 16 This is a diagram showing the change in kinetic and internal energy when a 2μm tungsten particle collides with a 30μm aluminum particle. Figure 17 This is a diagram showing the change in kinetic and internal energy when a 3μm tungsten particle collides with a 30μm aluminum particle. Figure 18 This is a diagram showing the change in kinetic and internal energy when a 4μm tungsten particle collides with a 30μm aluminum particle. Figure 19 This is a diagram showing the change in kinetic and internal energy when a 5μm tungsten particle collides with a 30μm aluminum particle. Figure 20 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the maximum embedding depth of tungsten particles of different diameters colliding with aluminum particles according to the present invention. Figure 21(a) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of a 4μm tungsten particle impacting a 10μm diameter aluminum particle according to the present invention; Figure 21(b) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of a 4μm tungsten particle impacting a 15μm diameter aluminum particle according to the present invention; Figure 21(c) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of a 4μm tungsten particle impacting a 20μm diameter aluminum particle according to the present invention; Figure 21(d) is a Mises stress cloud diagram of a 4μm tungsten particle impacting a 30μm diameter aluminum particle according to the present invention; Figure 22 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the maximum embedding depth of tungsten particles impacting aluminum particles of different diameters according to the present invention. Figure 23 This is a graph showing the energy change when 4μm tungsten collides with 10μm aluminum according to the present invention; Figure 24 This is a graph showing the energy change when 4μm tungsten collides with 15μm aluminum according to the present invention; Figure 25 This is a graph showing the energy change when 4μm tungsten collides with 20μm aluminum according to the present invention; Figure 26This is a graph showing the energy change when 4μm tungsten collides with 30μm aluminum according to the present invention; Figure 27 This is a diagram showing the change in internal energy during collisions of aluminum particles of different sizes according to the present invention. Figure 28 This is a graph showing the change in kinetic energy during collisions of aluminum particles of different sizes according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0016] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0017] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0018] Commonly used methods for describing high-speed collision problems include the Lagrange method, the Eulerian method, and the coupled Eulerian-Lagrange method. Lagrange meshes move with the deformation of the material, resulting in high computational efficiency. The finer the mesh, the more accurate the calculation results. However, when the particle velocity is too high, the high-speed impact of the particles can cause severe mesh deformation, ultimately forcibly terminating the calculation. The Euler method places particles in a flowing Euler body. By simply dividing the Euler body into a mesh, the volume fraction change in each cell of the Euler body can be observed during the particle impact on the substrate. The mesh does not change during the simulation, and the material can flow freely within the mesh. However, since the mesh does not change with the movement of the material, it is difficult to give the accurate location and boundary of the material. In addition, additional computation time is required to maintain the material interface. The Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method combines the advantages of the two methods mentioned above. By using an Eulerian network for large deformation components and a Lagrangian network for non-deformable components, it can reduce mesh distortion when describing large deformation problems and provide accurate locations and boundaries of materials, thereby improving the accuracy of numerical simulation.

[0019] High-speed particle collisions fall under transient dynamic analysis, which is an analytical method for determining the structural response under time-varying loads. Therefore, ABAQUS / CAE was selected for modeling and mesh generation, and the results were post-processed. The ABAQUS / Explicit explicit solver was selected as the computational solver.

[0020] like Figure 1As shown, this invention simulates the high-speed collision and embedding process of micron-sized metal particles using ABAQUS software. A geometric component model is established using ABAQUS software, assembled, and meshed. A complete closed loop is then formed, consisting of defining the analysis framework, setting interactions, applying dynamics and constraints, performing calculations, and extracting results. Each step is closely linked through "physical property matching," "boundary condition transfer," and "data support," ultimately achieving accurate simulation of the high-speed collision and embedding process of micron-sized metal particles.

[0021] Example 1 like Figure 1 As shown, one embodiment of the present invention is a numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of micron-sized metal particles based on CEL, characterized in that it simulates the high-speed collision embedding process of micron-sized metal particles based on ABAQUS software, and the method includes the following steps: Step S100: Use the part module of ABAQUS software to create a 1 / 4 symmetric model of the metal particles. Create a Lagrangian body for smaller diameter particles and an Eulerian body for larger diameter particles; the diameter size is distinguished according to specific requirements. Step S200: Create model material properties. Select the Johnson-Cook material constitutive equation to define the material properties of the metal particles. The Johnson-Cook material constitutive equation is a built-in model in the ABAQUS software. The hydrodynamic behavior definition type of the material is Us-Up. The specific parameters of the material properties of the metal particles are shown in Table 1. Step S300: Using the 1 / 4 symmetric model of the metal particles established in step S100 as the object, assemble the Lagrange body directly above the Eulerian body. Step S400: Mesh the Eulerian and Lagrange bodies (e.g., ...) Figure 2 (As shown); When meshing the Lagrange element, the element type is an eight-node linear hexahedral element, with reduced integration and hourglass control; When meshing the Euler body, the element type is an 8-node thermally coupled pure Euler hexahedral element, with reduced integration, hourglass control, and mesh refinement along the Y-axis (collision region).

[0022] Step S500: Create dynamics, temperature-displacement, display the analysis step to perform thermo-mechanical coupling analysis, define output variables; set the collision time to the microsecond level, because large deformations may occur between particles and the matrix during the collision process, the influence of geometric shape changes on mechanical behavior needs to be considered; turn on the geometric nonlinearity switch in the analysis step; Step S600: Create interactions and set contact conditions between particles and between particles and the collective; The contact conditions between particles are set to general contact, the normal behavior of the contact properties is hard contact, and separation after contact is allowed; the tangential behavior adopts the penalty friction formula, and the friction coefficient is 0.3. Contact conditions directly affect the transmission of collision force and energy dissipation. Their settings need to match the mesh generation accuracy in step S400 to avoid contact judgment errors caused by an overly coarse mesh, while also providing a balanced basis for the application of load in the subsequent step S700.

[0023] Step S700: Add load conditions for the matrix and particles to simulate the load state under supersonic airflow environment; set the initial temperature through a predefined field and assign velocity loads to metal particles of different sizes. The initial temperature was set to 298K, and a velocity load of 700m / s was assigned to metal particles of different sizes. The velocity load is the core driving force of the collision process, and its value needs to be matched with the time scale of the analysis step in step S500 to ensure that the collision, embedding or rebound process is completed within microseconds; the initial temperature setting provides the initial thermal boundary conditions for the thermo-mechanical coupling analysis in step S500.

[0024] Step S800: Add model constraints, set boundary symmetry conditions for the metal particles, and constrain the bottom degree of freedom of the Euler body; Boundary symmetry conditions are set for the metal particles (Lagrange bodies) and the matrix (Eulerian bodies). Since the metal particles have a 1 / 4 symmetric structure, the computational cost can be reduced through symmetry constraints, while ensuring that the results are equivalent to the complete model. The bottom degree of freedom of the Eulerian body is constrained. By fixing the position of the matrix, the static state of the matrix in the actual scene is simulated, avoiding distortion of the collision process caused by the movement of the matrix. Step S800 reduces the computational domain by using the symmetric model in step S100, thereby reducing the solution cost of step S900. The bottom constraint of the Eulerian body ensures that the collision force is borne by the matrix, which, together with the contact conditions in step S600, maintains the mechanical equilibrium of the symmetric model.

[0025] Step S900: Use the ABAQUS / Explicit explicit solver to solve the established model and obtain the relevant output results; The explicit solver is suitable for handling high-speed dynamic problems. It solves the equations of motion using the central difference method without iteration, making it suitable for short-time, highly nonlinear collision scenarios. During the solution process, the explicit solver automatically processes the analysis steps, contact, loads, and constraints defined in steps S500-S800, and outputs a data file containing the changes of each physical quantity over time.

[0026] The choice of solver must match the dynamic characteristics of the model. Its calculation results depend on the rationality of mesh quality, contact conditions, loads and constraints in the preceding steps. It is a key step in transforming the theoretical model into numerical results.

[0027] Step S110: View the model calculation results through the ABAQUS post-processing module. The visualization of results containing Euler elements needs to be viewed through the View Section Manager.

[0028] like Figure 3 As shown, the numerical calculation results are compared with the experimental results in the SEM image.

[0029] Table 1 Specific parameters of metal particulate materials

[0030] As shown in Figures 4(a) to 4(f), Figure 4(a) is t=0 ns, Figure 4(b) is t=10 ns, Figure 4(c) is t=20 ns, Figure 4(d) is t=30 ns, Figure 4(e) is t=40 ns, and Figure 4(f) is t=50 ns; Taking a collision velocity of 700 m / s as an example, the change of the Mises stress cloud diagram of aluminum-tungsten particles over time is as follows: Figure 5 As shown, the collision process involved inelastic collisions between the aluminum-tungsten particles, including compression and rebound. The Mises stress distribution was symmetrical along the collision direction, with a maximum value in the direct collision region. During compression (embedding), the Mises stress of the aluminum particles increased sharply, reaching its maximum when the contact area between the two particles was maximized (i.e., the tungsten particle was embedded to the deepest point in the aluminum particle). The maximum Mises stress reached 579 MPa at 20 ns, far exceeding the yield strength of the aluminum particles (148.4 MPa). During rebound, the Mises stress of the aluminum particles gradually decreased and stabilized, with a maximum Mises stress of 493 MPa after the collision. The aluminum particles underwent permanent plastic deformation after the collision. At a collision velocity of 700 m / s, the rebound kinetic energy of the tungsten particles was insufficient for them to detach from the aluminum particles, thus achieving the embedding effect.

[0031] like Figure 5 As shown, Figure 5 The data shows the change in embedding depth over time at a collision velocity of 700 m / s. It can be seen that the tungsten particles first quickly embed into the aluminum particles and reach the maximum embedding depth. Subsequently, the aluminum particles rebound, and the embedding depth slowly decreases and tends to stabilize.

[0032] like Figure 6 As shown, the final complete cloud map effect of the tungsten particles at a collision velocity of 700 m / s is displayed. It can be seen that the tungsten particles achieved complete embedding. Figure 3 The SEM results of the impact test of aluminum-tungsten particles are presented, and compared with... Figure 6 and Figure 3It can be seen that the numerical simulation results have a similar embedding (pitting) effect to the experimental results. Using CEL to simulate the collision of metal particles is of certain value in analyzing the particle embedding effect during the experiment.

[0033] Example 2 Another embodiment of the present invention is the prediction of critical embedding velocity. To analyze the critical velocity of particle embedding, collision velocities were set to 100 m / s-700 m / s, with intervals of 100 m / s. The cloud maps of the collision effect of aluminum-tungsten particles between 100 m / s and 700 m / s are shown in Figures 7(a) to 7(g). It can be seen that at velocities of 100 m / s and 200 m / s, the tungsten particles bounced back after colliding with the aluminum particles, and the tungsten particles completely detached from the surface of the aluminum particles, forming pits of varying degrees on the surface of the aluminum particles. At velocities of 300 m / s, 400 m / s, and 500 m / s, the tungsten particles partially detached from the surface of the aluminum particles during the bounce phase, achieving partial embedding. At velocities of 600 m / s and above, the tungsten particles did not detach from the surface of the aluminum particles after the collision, achieving complete embedding.

[0034] Among them, Figure 7(a) shows the collision velocity V=100m / s, Figure 7(b) shows V=200m / s, Figure 7(c) shows V=300m / s, Figure 7(d) shows V=400m / s, Figure 7(e) shows V=500m / s, Figure 7(f) shows V=600m / s, and Figure 7(g) shows V=700m / s.

[0035] To analyze the influence of material properties on particle collision effects, Mises cloud diagrams of nickel particles colliding with aluminum particles of the same size are shown in Figures 8(a) to 8(g), where V=100m / s in Figure 8(a), V=200m / s in Figure 8(b), V=300m / s in Figure 8(c), V=400m / s in Figure 8(d), V=500m / s in Figure 8(e), V=600m / s in Figure 8(f), and V=700m / s in Figure 8(g). It can be seen that at speeds of 100 m / s to 600 m / s, after the nickel particles collide with the aluminum particles, their rebound process completely detaches them from the surface of the aluminum particles, forming pits of varying degrees, without achieving embedding; at 700 m / s, the nickel particles achieve partial embedding after the collision; comparing the aluminum-tungsten collision effects in Figures 8(a) to 8(g), it can be seen that the deformation of the nickel particles after the collision is greater than that of the tungsten particles, and the rebound effect is more obvious. This is because the density and yield strength of tungsten particles are much greater than those of nickel particles, and they have greater kinetic energy and hardness.

[0036] Figure 9The data presents the embedment depth (dent) of tungsten and nickel particles colliding with aluminum particles at the same speed and size. It can be seen that as the collision speed increases, the difference in embedment depth (dent) between the two particles also increases. At 100 m / s, the difference is 7.76E-5 mm (scientific notation), and at 700 m / s, it reaches 2.18E-3 mm, with the increase showing an order-of-magnitude increase. Tungsten particles have a better collision effect than nickel particles. Therefore, when selecting a collision system, at the same collision speed, materials with higher density and higher yield strength should be preferred.

[0037] Example 3 Another embodiment of the present invention is an energy conversion mechanism during a collision process. Figure 10 The changes in kinetic energy of aluminum-tungsten particles during collisions at speeds ranging from 100 m / s to 700 m / s are presented. It can be seen that during particle collisions, the kinetic energy of the entire system exhibits the same decay trend: rapid decay followed by stabilization. The greater the speed, the greater the kinetic energy decay. At 100 m / s, the kinetic energy decays by approximately 7.6E-7 mJ; at 200 m / s, by approximately 3.1E-6 mJ; at 300 m / s, by approximately 7E-6 mJ; at 400 m / s, by approximately 1.25E-5 mJ; at 500 m / s, by approximately 1.96E-5 mJ; at 600 m / s, by approximately 2.82E-5 mJ; and at 700 m / s, by approximately 3.85E-5 mJ.

[0038] Figure 11 The changes in the internal energy of aluminum-tungsten particles during collisions at speeds ranging from 100 m / s to 700 m / s are presented. It can be seen that during particle collisions, the internal energy of the entire system increases in the same way: it increases rapidly and then tends to stabilize. The greater the speed, the greater the increase in internal energy. At 100 m / s, the internal energy increases by approximately 7.3E-7 mJ; at 200 m / s, by approximately 3.05E-6 mJ; at 300 m / s, by approximately 6.93E-6 mJ; at 400 m / s, by approximately 1.24E-5 mJ; at 500 m / s, by approximately 1.94E-5 mJ; at 600 m / s, by approximately 2.79E-5 mJ; and at 700 m / s, by approximately 3.82E-5 mJ.

[0039] Comparing the changes in kinetic energy and internal energy of the aluminum-tungsten particles during the collision process, it can be seen that most of the kinetic energy is converted into internal energy. The difference between the two is 0.3E-7 mJ at 100 m / s, 0.05E-6 mJ at 200 m / s, 0.07E-6 mJ at 300 m / s, 0.01E-5 mJ at 400 m / s, 0.02E-5 mJ at 500 m / s, 0.03E-5 mJ at 600 m / s, and 0.03E-5 mJ at 700 m / s. It can be seen that as the speed increases, the conversion of kinetic energy into internal energy is accompanied by the loss of other forms of energy, with some kinetic energy being dissipated as heat.

[0040] Example 4 Another embodiment of the present invention is the collision situation of different aluminum-tungsten particle systems at 500 m / s.

[0041] (1) The effect of tungsten particle size on the collision effect To analyze the effect of tungsten particle size on the collision effect, tungsten particles with diameters of 1-5 μm were used to collide with aluminum particles with a diameter of 30 μm at 500 m / s. The contour plots are shown in Figures 12(a) to 12(e), where Figure 12(a) shows 1 μm tungsten, Figure 12(b) shows 2 μm tungsten, Figure 12(c) shows 3 μm tungsten, Figure 12(d) shows 4 μm tungsten, and Figure 12(e) shows 5 μm tungsten. It can be seen that as the particle size increases, the indentation formed on the aluminum particle after the collision becomes deeper. This is because larger particles have greater kinetic energy, which causes greater plastic deformation on the surface of the aluminum particle during the collision, thus achieving better embedding.

[0042] Figures 13-19 The changes in kinetic energy and internal energy of tungsten particles with diameters ranging from 1 μm to 5 μm when they collide with aluminum particles with a diameter of 30 μm are presented. Figure 20 The maximum embedding depth of tungsten particles of different diameters colliding with aluminum particles is given. It can be seen that the larger the size of the tungsten particle, the greater the amount of kinetic energy decay and the greater the amount of internal energy increase. This indicates that the larger tungsten particle converts more kinetic energy into internal energy during the collision, causes greater plastic deformation to the aluminum particle, and is easier to embed. The smaller the size of the tungsten particle, the faster its kinetic energy decays and its internal energy increases. This is because smaller particles are more prone to rebound and are less likely to embed.

[0043] (2) The effect of aluminum particle size on collision effect To analyze the effect of aluminum particle size on the collision effect, a collision velocity of 500 ms was set. The impact contour maps of a 4 μm diameter tungsten particle colliding with aluminum particles of diameters of 10, 15, 20, and 30 μm are shown in Figures 21(a) to 21(d). Figure 21(a) shows 10 μm aluminum, Figure 21(b) shows 15 μm aluminum, Figure 21(c) shows 20 μm aluminum, and Figure 21(d) shows 30 μm aluminum. The maximum embedment depth of the tungsten particle colliding with aluminum particles of different diameters is shown in Figure 21(a). Figure 22 As shown, it can be seen that as the size of the aluminum particles increases, the tungsten particles bounce off the aluminum particles, and the portion that does not detach gradually increases, meaning the maximum embedding depth increases. However, when the diameter of the aluminum particles is 30 μm, the maximum embedding depth is not as good as when it is 20 μm. Therefore, the size ratio of the colliding particles should be reasonably considered when designing particle collision tests.

[0044] Figures 23 to 26 The changes in kinetic energy and internal energy of 4μm tungsten particles colliding with 10, 15, 20, and 30μm aluminum particles are presented. It can be seen that the size of the aluminum particles has little effect on the energy conversion rate, and the trends of kinetic energy decay and internal energy increase are basically consistent. Figure 27-28 As shown, the larger the aluminum particle size, the greater the amount of kinetic energy decay and the greater the amount of internal energy increase, because the contact area between the two is larger during the collision process.

[0045] The speed should be less than 600m / s; the effect of particle size on the collision effect: when the collision particle size is small, due to its less kinetic energy, the converted internal energy is difficult to cause large particles to produce large plastic deformation. For aluminum particles, as the size of aluminum particles increases, their embedding (pit) becomes deeper. However, when the diameter of aluminum particles is 30um, their maximum embedding depth is not as good as when it is 20um. Therefore, the size ratio of the collision particles should be reasonably considered when designing particle collision tests.

[0046] In summary, the collision process involves inelasticity, including compression and rebound. Energy conversion is rapid during the collision, with most kinetic energy converted into internal energy and some dissipated as heat. Tungsten particles deform less than nickel particles during the collision and produce larger embedding (dents) after impact, indicating that materials with higher yield strength, density, and hardness are more likely to achieve embedding. Comparing the embedding or surface dents in the SEM images of numerical simulations and experimental results shows that the ABAQUS-based CEL simulation method can effectively simulate metal particle collisions: the embedding depth (dent) increases with increasing collision velocity, achieving complete embedding at speeds of 600 m / s and above. However, since the numerical simulation uses perfectly regular spheres, while actual metal particle powder is irregularly shaped with greater surface roughness, the critical embedding depth in actual collisions is... The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of micron-sized metal particles based on CEL, characterized in that, Based on ABAQUS software, the high-speed collision and embedding process of micron-sized metal particles is simulated. The method includes the following steps: Step S100: Use ABAQUS software to create geometric component models, creating Lagrange bodies for small-diameter particles and Eulerian bodies for large-diameter particles; Step S200: Select the Johnson-Cook material constitutive equation to define the plastic properties of the metal particles, and use the Us-Up definition type for the material's hydrodynamic behavior; Step S300: Assemble the geometric component model established in step S100; Step S400: Mesh the Eulerian and Lagrange solids; Step S500: Create a dynamic-temperature-displacement display analysis step to perform thermodynamic coupling analysis and define output variables; Set the collision time to the microsecond level and turn on the geometric nonlinearity switch in the analysis step; Step S600: Create interactions and set the contact conditions between small-diameter particles and large-diameter particles; Step S700: Add load conditions for the matrix and particles to simulate the load state under supersonic airflow environment; The initial temperature is set by a predefined field, and velocity loads are assigned to metal particles of different sizes. Step S800: Add model constraints, set boundary symmetry conditions for the metal particles, and constrain the bottom degree of freedom of the Euler body; Step S900: Use the ABAQUS / Explicit explicit solver to solve the established model and obtain the relevant output results; Step S110: View the model calculation results through the ABAQUS post-processing module. The visualization of results containing Euler elements needs to be viewed through the View Section Manager.

2. The numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S100, a 1 / 4 symmetric model of the metal particles is established using the part module of the ABAQUS software. The metal particles are tungsten and aluminum. Since the tungsten particles are smaller, they are created as Lagrange particles, while the aluminum particles are larger, they are created as Eulerian particles.

3. The numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step S300, the Lagrange body is assembled directly above the Euler body during assembly.

4. The numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S400, when meshing the Lagrange, the element type is an eight-node linear hexahedral element, with reduced integration and hourglass control. When meshing the Euler body, the element type is an 8-node thermally coupled pure Euler hexahedral element, with reduced integration, hourglass control, and mesh refinement along the Y-axis.

5. The numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S500, the thermo-mechanical coupling analysis simultaneously considers the mechanical behavior and temperature changes during the collision process.

6. The numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S600, the contact condition between particles is set to general contact, the normal behavior of the contact attribute is hard contact, and separation after contact is allowed; the tangential behavior adopts the penalty friction formula, and the friction coefficient is 0.

3.

7. The numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S700, the initial temperature is set to 298K, and a velocity load of 100-700m / s is assigned to metal particles of different sizes.

8. The numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of micron-sized metal particles based on CEL according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S900, during the explicit solver's solution process, the analysis steps, contact conditions, load conditions, and constraint conditions defined in steps S500-S800 are automatically processed, and the output includes data containing the changes of each physical quantity over time.

9. A numerical simulation system based on high-speed collision embedding of CEL micron-sized metal particles, characterized in that, The system is a system composed of module units corresponding to the method steps of the numerical simulation method for high-speed collision embedding of micron-sized metal particles based on CEL as described in any one of claims 1-8, for simulating high-speed collision embedding of metal particles; the system includes the following modules: The modeling module is used to distinguish between small-diameter and large-diameter particles, and to create small-diameter particles as Lagrangian bodies and large-diameter particles as Eulerian bodies; The assembly module assembles the Lagrange and Eulerian models and meshes them. The simulation module performs numerical simulations on Lagrange and Eulerian models by setting constraints. The results extraction module is used to extract and store the simulation results from the simulation module.

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