A kind of nanometer polymer coating for temperature control to improve photovoltaic panel power generation

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of functional coating technology for photovoltaic materials, and discloses a nanopolymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels. The raw materials and their weight ratios for the coating are as follows: 5%-12% acrylate modified composite emulsion; 5%-9% silicone resin; 3%-6% fluoropolymer; 0.5%-2% curing agent; 0.3%-1.5% adhesion promoter; 4%-8% paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion; 1%-3% thermally conductive filler; 2%-5% alumina; 11%-15% double-shell hollow nanoparticles; 3%-8% porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles; 1%-5% modified nano titanium dioxide particles; and 2% nano titanium dioxide. -5%; nano zinc oxide 0.3%-0.6%; indium tin oxide nanoparticles 0.2%-0.5%; antistatic agent 0.3%-0.8%; nano cerium oxide 0.15%-0.25%; dispersant 0.5%-1.2%; leveling agent 0.2%-0.6%; silicone defoamer 0.1%-0.3%; thickener 0.3%-0.8%; film-forming aid 1.0%-3.0%; crosslinking agent 0.1%-0.2%; ultraviolet absorber 0.1%-0.2%; light stabilizer 0.1%-0.2%; diluent 20%-35%. The coating prepared from the above raw materials can achieve synergistic thermal management integrating heat conduction, heat storage, and radiation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of functional coating technology for photovoltaic materials, specifically a nanopolymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels. Background Technology

[0002] Photovoltaic power generation, as a clean and renewable energy source, has been widely used globally. However, during actual operation, solar radiation is mostly converted into heat energy, with only a portion being converted into electricity, leading to a significant increase in panel temperature.

[0003] Currently, photovoltaic panel cooling technologies mainly include air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change material (PCM) cooling, and radiation cooling. Air cooling and liquid cooling require additional energy consumption and equipment maintenance, increasing system complexity and cost. PCM cooling utilizes the solid-liquid phase change of materials to absorb heat, but single PCM materials suffer from low thermal conductivity and the inability to dissipate heat in a timely manner. Radiation cooling technology uses coatings to dissipate heat into outer space through atmospheric windows in the form of infrared radiation, but existing radiation cooling coatings often only focus on single radiation functions, lacking comprehensive design for heat conduction, heat storage and peak regulation, and surface self-cleaning. In addition, while existing photovoltaic anti-reflective coatings can improve light transmittance, they lack temperature control functions, and are prone to dust accumulation and aging during long-term outdoor use, leading to a decrease in light transmittance.

[0004] Therefore, developing a multifunctional nanopolymer coating that integrates radiative cooling, phase change heat storage, enhanced thermal conductivity, self-cleaning, antistatic properties, and UV aging resistance is of great practical significance and has broad application prospects for improving the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic panels. Summary of the Invention

[0005] (a) Technical problems to be solved

[0006] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a nano-polymer coating for temperature control to enhance the power generation of photovoltaic panels. It integrates multiple functions such as synergistic temperature control through radiation cooling and phase change heat storage, high thermal conductivity and rapid heat conduction, photocatalytic self-cleaning, antistatic dust prevention, and anti-ultraviolet aging. This solves the problems of limited temperature control effect, low heat conduction efficiency, easy dust accumulation and difficult cleaning on the surface, and rapid performance degradation after long-term outdoor use of existing coatings.

[0007] (II) Technical Solution

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a nano-polymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels, wherein the raw materials of the coating and their weight ratios are as follows: 5%-12% acrylate modified composite emulsion; 5%-9% silicone resin; 3%-6% fluoropolymer; 0.5%-2% curing agent; 0.3%-1.5% adhesion promoter; 4%-8% paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion; 1%-3% thermally conductive filler; 2%-5% alumina; 11%-15% double-shell hollow nanoparticles; 3%-8% porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles; modified nano-silica... Titanium particles 1%-5%; nano titanium dioxide 2%-5%; nano zinc oxide 0.3%-0.6%; indium tin oxide nanoparticles 0.2%-0.5%; antistatic agent 0.3%-0.8%; nano cerium oxide 0.15%-0.25%; dispersant 0.5%-1.2%; leveling agent 0.2%-0.6%; silicone defoamer 0.1%-0.3%; thickener 0.3%-0.8%; film-forming aid 1.0%-3.0%; crosslinking agent 0.1%-0.2%; ultraviolet absorber 0.1%-0.2%; light stabilizer 0.1%-0.2%; diluent 20%-35%.

[0009] Preferably, the fluoropolymer is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride or fluorocarbon resin; the curing agent is composed of an aliphatic isocyanate and an amino resin in a weight ratio of 1:1; the adhesion promoter is γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; and the thermally conductive filler is hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets.

[0010] Preferably, the double-shell hollow nanoparticles are double-shell hollow nanoparticles with an inner layer of indium tin oxide and an outer layer of silicon dioxide, and the weight ratio of the outer shell to the inner shell is 2.4:1; the antistatic agent is antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles; the alumina particle size is controlled at 100-200 nm; and the dispersant is selected from one of ammonium polyacrylate or a polymer block copolymer.

[0011] Preferably, the film-forming aid is selected from dipropylene glycol butyl ether or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether; the crosslinking agent is selected from aziridine or carbodiimide; and the diluent is composed of deionized water and anhydrous ethanol in a volume ratio of 1:1.

[0012] A nanopolymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels includes the following preparation steps:

[0013] Step 1: Raw Material Selection: Select the following raw materials: acrylate modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, curing agent, adhesion promoter, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion, thermally conductive filler, alumina, double-shell hollow nanoparticles, porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles, modified nano titanium dioxide particles, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, dispersant, leveling agent, silicone defoamer, thickener, film-forming aid, crosslinking agent, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, and diluent.

[0014] Step 2, Raw material pretreatment and weighing: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula ratio, and only perform dispersion pretreatment on alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler and porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles.

[0015] Step 3: Preparation of organic phase: The acrylate-modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, curing agent, adhesion promoter, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion and leveling agent are mixed according to the formula ratio to obtain a mixed organic phase;

[0016] Step 4: Inorganic functional phase preparation and premixing: The alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler and porous composite particle slurry pretreated in Step 2 are added to a high shear dispersion container in the formula ratio. At the same time, the dispersant, organosilicon defoamer and thickener in the formula ratio are added. After mixing, the inorganic functional phase slurry is obtained.

[0017] Step 5, Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Composite: The organic phase obtained in Step 3 is added dropwise to the inorganic functional phase slurry obtained in Step 4. After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred evenly to obtain the hybrid composite slurry. Then, double-shell hollow nanoparticles and modified nano-titanium dioxide particles are added and stirred evenly again.

[0018] Step 6, Film Forming and Preparation: In the hybrid composite slurry obtained in Step 5, add crosslinking agent, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, film forming aid and remaining diluent in sequence. After stirring, use diluent to adjust to the working viscosity. Filter through a sieve to obtain the finished coating material.

[0019] Step 7, Coating and Curing: The finished coating material obtained in Step 6 is sprayed onto the cleaned photovoltaic panel glass surface to be treated, and the nano polymer coating is obtained by gradient curing.

[0020] Preferably, in step two: alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler, and porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles are added to the diluent, with the solid content controlled at 10wt%, and a dispersant of 0.5% of the powder mass is added. The mixture is then ultrasonically treated with an ultrasonic cell disruptor at 300W power for 30-45 minutes to obtain a uniformly dispersed slurry. During the ultrasonic treatment, the temperature is controlled at ≤30℃ using an ice-water bath. After pretreatment, each slurry is weighed according to the formula ratio for later use.

[0021] Preferably, the organic phase preparation process in step three is as follows:

[0022] S1.1 Under the condition of mixing temperature of 25-30℃, first add the acrylate modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion and curing agent into the mixing container in sequence, and stir at a speed of 500-600 rpm for 5-10 minutes to make the above components initially mixed evenly.

[0023] S1.2. Dilute the adhesion promoter to a concentration of 50% with a diluent, and add it dropwise to the above mixture at a rate of 2-3 mL / min, while keeping the mixture stirred during the dropwise addition.

[0024] S1.3 After the adhesion promoter has been added and the mixture has been stirred for 2-3 minutes to disperse it evenly, add the leveling agent and continue stirring at 500-600 rpm until the total time reaches 20-30 minutes to obtain the organic phase.

[0025] Preferably, the inorganic functional phase mixing conditions in step four are: high shear dispersion at 1000-1500 rpm for 45-60 min at room temperature.

[0026] Preferably, the organic-inorganic hybrid composite step in step five is as follows:

[0027] S2.1. The organic phase obtained in step three is added dropwise to the inorganic functional phase slurry obtained in step four at a rate of 5-8 mL / min under the stirring conditions of 25-35℃ and 500-700 rpm. After the addition is completed, the mixture is stirred at 700-800 rpm for 35-40 min to obtain the hybrid composite slurry.

[0028] S2.2 Next, mix the double-shell hollow nanoparticles and diluent in a mass ratio of 1:1 to form a paste, and add it together with the modified nano titanium dioxide particles into the above slurry. Finally, stir at 600-700 rpm for 20-25 minutes until uniform.

[0029] The film-forming preparation conditions in step six are as follows: after stirring at 500-600 rpm for 20-25 minutes at room temperature until uniform, adjust the viscosity to 150-250 mPa·s using a diluent, and then filter through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain the finished coating material.

[0030] Preferably, the coating and curing process in step seven is as follows:

[0031] S3.1 Photovoltaic glass cleaning: The photovoltaic panel glass to be treated is ultrasonically cleaned for 10-15 minutes using a 1:1 volume ratio of deionized water and anhydrous ethanol, and then plasma treated for 2-4 minutes at a power of 150W.

[0032] S3.2 Setting spraying parameters: spray gun nozzle diameter 0.8mm, pressure 0.3-0.4MPa, spray distance 18-22cm, spray 2-3 coats, interval 1.5-2.5min;

[0033] S3.3 Gradient curing: First, surface dry at room temperature for 20-22 min, then dry at 50-55℃ for 40-45 min, continue curing at 85-90℃ for 1.3-1.5 h, and finally cool naturally. The dry film thickness after curing is 40-60 μm.

[0034] Compared with existing technologies, the present invention provides a nano-polymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0035] 1. This invention utilizes a multi-level radiative cooling system composed of double-shell hollow nanoparticles, alumina, and porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles, combined with the heat storage and peak-shaving function of paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion and the heat conduction enhancement effect of hexagonal boron nitride thermally conductive filler, to achieve a three-in-one synergistic thermal management of heat conduction, heat storage, and radiation.

[0036] 2. This invention utilizes a photocatalytic self-cleaning system composed of modified nano-titanium dioxide particles, anatase nano-titanium dioxide, and nano-zinc oxide, combined with the antistatic adsorption function of an antistatic agent, to achieve a significant increase in the light transmittance recovery rate of the coating after rain, far exceeding that of commercially available antireflective coatings. At the same time, it effectively prevents the electrostatic adsorption of dust, thus maintaining the high light transmittance of the photovoltaic panel for a long time.

[0037] 3. This invention extends the outdoor service life of the coating by using nano-cerium oxide as an ultraviolet absorber and free radical scavenger, a synergistic anti-aging system of benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers, combined with the shielding and enhancement effect of inorganic functional fillers on the polymer matrix. Attached Figure Description

[0038] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the coating preparation process of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0039] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0040] Please see Figure 1 A nano-polymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels, the raw materials and functions of the coating are shown in the table below:

[0041] Table 1

[0042] Raw material name effect Acrylic ester modified composite emulsion The primary film-forming resin provides the basic mechanical properties and adhesion of the coating, and synergistically forms an organic-inorganic hybrid network with silicone resin and fluoropolymer. silicone resin Improve the coating's heat resistance, weather resistance, and hydrophobicity, and enhance its resistance to UV aging. Fluoropolymers (polyvinylidene fluoride or fluorocarbon resins) This coating imparts ultra-low surface energy, excellent chemical resistance, and self-cleaning properties, extending its outdoor service life. Curing agent (aliphatic isocyanate or amino resin) It undergoes a cross-linking reaction with active groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the resin to form a three-dimensional network structure, thereby improving the hardness and water resistance of the coating. Adhesion promoter (γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) The chemical bonding between the coating and the photovoltaic glass substrate is enhanced through silane coupling to prevent coating peeling. Paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion By absorbing / releasing latent heat through solid-liquid phase change, the temperature fluctuation of photovoltaic panels can be regulated to achieve heat storage and peak shaving. Thermally conductive filler (hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets) Improving the thermal conductivity of the coating accelerates the conduction and dissipation of heat from the panel to the coating surface, thereby enhancing heat dissipation efficiency. <![CDATA[Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)]]> As an infrared emitting material for atmospheric windows, it exhibits high infrared emissivity in the 8-13 μm band, dissipating heat into outer space through radiation; simultaneously, it enhances the hardness and wear resistance of the coating. <![CDATA[Double-shell hollow nanoparticles (inner ITO / outer SiO2)]]> <![CDATA[Core radiative cooling component: The inner layer ITO reflects infrared thermal radiation, and the outer layer SiO2 enhances the visible light transmittance and increases the infrared emissivity to achieve passive cooling synergistically]]> Porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles Enhanced solar scattering and infrared emission; increased specific surface area through porous structure; improved radiative cooling efficiency. Modified nano-titanium dioxide particles (silane coupling agent grafted photopolymer) Photo-induced self-cleaning function: generates strong oxidizing free radicals under ultraviolet light, decomposing organic contaminants on the surface; silane grafting improves dispersibility and compatibility with resins. Nano titanium dioxide (anatase type) Photocatalytic active components work synergistically with nano-zinc oxide to decompose dirt, while also possessing a certain degree of UV shielding capability. Nano zinc oxide (photocatalytic material) <![CDATA[Ultraviolet-responsive photocatalyst, supplementing the absorption of nano-TiO2 in the near-ultraviolet region to enhance the self-cleaning effect]]> Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles Infrared reflective filler: selectively transmits visible light and reflects infrared thermal radiation, reducing the absorption of solar thermal radiation by the photovoltaic panel. Antistatic agent (antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles) Reduce the surface resistance of the coating to prevent static electricity from attracting dust and maintain the light transmittance of the panel. <![CDATA[Nano cerium oxide (CeO2)]]> This UV absorber also acts as a free radical scavenger, protecting the polymer matrix from UV degradation and extending coating life. Dispersant (ammonium polyacrylate or high molecular block copolymer) Improve the dispersion stability of inorganic nanoparticles in coating systems and prevent agglomeration and sedimentation. Leveling agent (polyether-modified polysiloxane) Reduce the surface tension of the coating to improve the flowability and smoothness of the coating film and avoid defects such as orange peel and pinholes. silicone defoamer Suppresses and eliminates air bubbles generated during paint preparation and application, preventing pinholes in the coating. Thickener (alkali-swellable or polyurethane-associated type) Adjusting paint viscosity, optimizing application performance, and preventing sagging. Film-forming aids (dipropylene glycol butyl ether / ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) Lowering the minimum film-forming temperature of the polymer promotes the formation of a continuous and dense coating at room temperature. Crosslinking agent (aziridine or carbodiimide) In synergy with resins and curing agents, it increases crosslinking density and improves the coating's water resistance and chemical resistance. Ultraviolet absorbers (benzotriazoles) It absorbs ultraviolet light and converts it into heat energy, thus reducing the degradation effect of ultraviolet light on the resin. Light stabilizers (hindered amines) It captures free radicals generated during photo-oxidation, inhibits polymer chain breakage and cross-linking, and extends the outdoor service life of the coating. Diluent (deionized water to anhydrous ethanol, volume ratio 1:1) Adjusting the solids content and application viscosity of the coating, while ethanol-assisted evaporation promotes rapid surface drying.

[0043] Note: The synergistic effect of all the above raw materials enables the coating to simultaneously possess multiple functions such as radiative cooling, phase change heat storage, enhanced thermal conductivity, self-cleaning, antistatic properties, and anti-UV aging, thereby effectively reducing the operating temperature of photovoltaic panels and improving power generation efficiency. The weight ratio range of each component can be orthogonally optimized according to the actual application scenario (such as ambient temperature, humidity, and irradiance).

[0044] A nanopolymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels includes the following preparation steps:

[0045] Step 1: Raw Material Selection: Select the following raw materials: acrylate modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, curing agent, adhesion promoter, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion, thermally conductive filler, alumina, double-shell hollow nanoparticles, porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles, modified nano titanium dioxide particles, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, dispersant, leveling agent, silicone defoamer, thickener, film-forming aid, crosslinking agent, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, and diluent.

[0046] Step 2, Raw Material Pretreatment and Weighing: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula ratio, and only perform dispersion pretreatment on alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler, and porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles. The remaining raw materials (acrylate modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, curing agent, adhesion promoter, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion, double-shell hollow nanoparticles, modified nano titanium dioxide particles, dispersant, leveling agent, silicone defoamer, thickener, film-forming aid, crosslinking agent, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, diluent) are weighed directly for later use without any pretreatment.

[0047] Step 3: Preparation of organic phase: The acrylate-modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, curing agent, adhesion promoter, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion and leveling agent are mixed according to the formula ratio to obtain a mixed organic phase;

[0048] Step 4: Inorganic functional phase preparation and premixing: The alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler and porous composite particle slurry pretreated in Step 2 are added to a high shear dispersion container in the formula ratio. At the same time, the dispersant, organosilicon defoamer and thickener in the formula ratio are added. After mixing, the inorganic functional phase slurry is obtained.

[0049] Step 5, Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Composite: The organic phase obtained in Step 3 is added dropwise to the inorganic functional phase slurry obtained in Step 4. After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred evenly to obtain the hybrid composite slurry. Then, double-shell hollow nanoparticles and modified nano-titanium dioxide particles are added and stirred evenly again.

[0050] Step 6, Film Forming and Preparation: In the hybrid composite slurry obtained in Step 5, add crosslinking agent, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, film forming aid and remaining diluent in sequence. After stirring, use diluent to adjust to the working viscosity. Filter through a sieve to obtain the finished coating material.

[0051] Step 7, Coating and Curing: The finished coating material obtained in Step 6 is sprayed onto the cleaned photovoltaic panel glass surface to be treated, and the nano polymer coating is obtained by gradient curing.

[0052] Specifically, in step two: alumina, nano-titanium dioxide, nano-zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano-cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler, and porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles are added to the diluent, with the solid content controlled at 10wt% to ensure sufficient dispersion medium and efficient ultrasonic energy transfer. A dispersant (taken from the raw materials in step one) accounting for 0.5% of the powder mass is added. The mixture is then ultrasonically treated at 300W power for 30-45 minutes using an ultrasonic cell disruptor to obtain a uniformly dispersed slurry. During the ultrasonic process, the temperature is controlled at ≤30℃ using an ice-water bath. This temperature prevents the ultrasonic cavitation heat effect from reducing the surface activity of the powder or decomposing the dispersant. After pretreatment, each slurry is weighed according to the formula ratio for later use. This pretreatment significantly improves the mixing uniformity of the subsequent inorganic functional phases, thus laying the foundation for the consistency of the coating's optical and mechanical properties.

[0053] The advantage is that wet ultrasonic pre-dispersion allows inorganic nanoparticles to form a uniform and stable slurry in the diluent, thus avoiding powder agglomeration.

[0054] Specifically, the organic phase preparation process in step three:

[0055] S1.1 Under the condition of mixing temperature of 25-30℃, first add the acrylate modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion and curing agent into the mixing container in sequence, and stir at a speed of 500-600 rpm for 5-10 minutes to make the above components initially mixed evenly.

[0056] S1.2. Dilute the adhesion promoter to a concentration of 50% with a diluent, and add it dropwise to the above mixture at a rate of 2-3 mL / min, while keeping the mixture stirred during the dropwise addition.

[0057] S1.3 After the adhesion promoter has been added and the mixture has been stirred for 2-3 minutes to disperse it evenly, add the leveling agent and continue stirring at 500-600 rpm until the total time reaches 20-30 minutes to obtain the organic phase.

[0058] The advantages are: by adding materials in a step-by-step sequence (first resin emulsion and phase change material, then curing agent, then adhesion promoter, and finally leveling agent), premature cross-linking reaction between the adhesion promoter and the resin or gelation caused by excessively high local concentration is avoided; by diluting the adhesion promoter to 50% and adding it slowly, its molecular-level uniform dispersion in the organic phase is achieved, thereby enhancing the chemical bonding strength between the coating and the photovoltaic glass substrate to be treated; by controlling the stirring speed and time, a uniform and stable organic phase is obtained without introducing air bubbles, ultimately providing an ideal carrier for subsequent organic-inorganic hybridization.

[0059] Specifically, the mixing conditions for the inorganic functional phase in step four are: high shear dispersion at 1000-1500 rpm for 45-60 min at room temperature.

[0060] The advantage is that this process can simultaneously promote the adsorption of dispersant on the particle surface, thereby improving the storage stability of the slurry and avoiding phase separation during subsequent organic phase droplet addition.

[0061] Specifically, the organic-inorganic hybrid recombination step in step five:

[0062] S2.1. The organic phase obtained in step three is added dropwise to the inorganic functional phase slurry obtained in step four at a rate of 5-8 mL / min under the stirring conditions of 25-35℃ and 500-700 rpm. After the addition is completed, the mixture is stirred at 700-800 rpm for 35-40 min to obtain the hybrid composite slurry.

[0063] S2.2 Next, mix the double-shell hollow nanoparticles and diluent in a mass ratio of 1:1 to form a paste (wet the double-shell hollow nanoparticles with diluent to form a paste before adding them), and add them together with the modified nano titanium dioxide particles into the above slurry. Finally, stir at 600-700 rpm for 20-25 minutes until uniform.

[0064] The advantages are: by pre-mixing the double-shell hollow nanoparticles into a paste with a diluent, their low density prevents them from floating and agglomerating, thus achieving monodispersion in the coating; by adding modified nano-titanium dioxide particles, the high shear damage to the photopolymer graft layer on the surface is avoided, thereby preserving the photocatalytic self-cleaning activity of the coating. This step ensures that all functional materials work synergistically in the final coating.

[0065] Specifically, in step six, the film-forming preparation conditions are as follows: stir at 500-600 rpm for 20-25 minutes at room temperature until uniform, then use a diluent to adjust the viscosity to 150-250 mPa·s for application, and filter through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain the finished coating material.

[0066] The advantages are: the above-mentioned viscosity range can ensure uniform atomization and prevent sagging; the filtration through a mesh screen removes possible trace agglomerates or impurities to ensure that the coating film is free of particle defects, ultimately improving the finished product qualification rate.

[0067] Specifically, the coating and curing process in step seven:

[0068] S3.1 Photovoltaic glass cleaning: The photovoltaic panel glass to be treated is ultrasonically cleaned for 10-15 minutes using a 1:1 volume ratio of deionized water and anhydrous ethanol, and then plasma treated for 2-4 minutes at a power of 150W.

[0069] S3.2 Setting spraying parameters: spray gun nozzle diameter 0.8mm, pressure 0.3-0.4MPa, spray distance 18-22cm, spray 2-3 coats, interval 1.5-2.5min;

[0070] S3.3 Gradient curing: First, surface dry at room temperature for 20-22 min, then dry at 50-55℃ for 40-45 min, continue curing at 85-90℃ for 1.3-1.5 h, and finally cool naturally. The dry film thickness after curing is 40-60 μm, and the coating adhesion reaches level 0 according to GB / T9286-2021.

[0071] The advantages are: by using a gradient curing process of room temperature surface drying → drying → curing → natural cooling, the diluent can be slowly evaporated, the film-forming aid can be fully released, and the resin crosslinking reaction can be completely controlled in three stages, thereby avoiding microcracks or reduced adhesion caused by high temperature and rapid drying.

[0072] The finished coating prepared by the coating formulation of the present invention was applied to the panels of the following examples, with a comparative example serving as a control group, as follows:

[0073] Example 1

[0074] The coating was prepared according to the formula and process of this invention, with the following intermediate values ​​for each component: 8.5% acrylate-modified composite emulsion, 7% silicone resin, 4.5% fluoropolymer, 1.2% curing agent, 0.9% adhesion promoter, 6% paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion, 2% thermally conductive filler, 3.5% alumina, 13% double-shell hollow nanoparticles, 5.5% porous composite particles, 3% modified nano-titanium dioxide particles, 3.5% nano-titanium dioxide, 0.45% nano-zinc oxide, 0.35% ITO nanoparticles, 0.55% antistatic agent, 0.2% nano-cerium oxide, 0.8% dispersant, 0.4% leveling agent, 0.2% silicone defoamer, 0.55% thickener, 2.0% film-forming aid, 0.15% crosslinking agent, 0.15% UV absorber, 0.15% light stabilizer, and 27.5% diluent. The coating was applied to a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panel (300×300mm).

[0075] Example 2

[0076] Based on Example 1, the paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion was increased to 8% (the diluent was reduced to 25.5%), while the rest remained unchanged, to verify the effect of the phase change material on suppressing temperature fluctuations.

[0077] Example 3

[0078] Based on Example 1, the content of double-shell hollow nanoparticles was increased to 15% (the diluent was reduced to 25.5%), while the rest remained unchanged, to verify the effect of enhanced radiation cooling components on power generation.

[0079] Comparative Example 1 (Control Group)

[0080] It uses a commercially available photovoltaic glass antireflective coating (single-layer porous SiO2 coating) with a thickness of approximately 110 nm, without adding any temperature control materials.

[0081] Performance verification methods

[0082] Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1 were simultaneously placed outdoors under natural light conditions, and the following equipment was used for verification:

[0083] (1) Surface temperature of photovoltaic panel: The infrared thermal imager (FLIR T540) recorded the temperature every 30 minutes and the average value was taken.

[0084] (2) Power generation: Each panel is connected to an independent MPPT controller and a meter to record the daily cumulative power generation (kWh).

[0085] (3) Transmittance: The average transmittance in the 400-1100nm band was measured using a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Lambda 1050).

[0086] (4) Self-cleaning performance: Equal amounts of dust (ISO 12103-1 A2 fine sand) were evenly sprinkled on the surface of each panel. After 10mm of artificial rain (spraying for 5 minutes), the light transmittance recovery rate was tested.

[0087] Test Result Data Table 2

[0088] Test Project Comparative Example 1 (Commercially available anti-reflective coating) Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Average surface temperature (°C) 58.2 48.6 47.3 46.9 Daily cumulative power generation (kWh / m²) 5.12 5.89 6.03 6.11 Electricity generation increase rate (vs. Comparative Example 1) — +15.0% +17.8% +19.3% Average transmittance (%) of 400-1100nm 94.2 93.1 93.0 92.8 Light transmittance loss (vs. bare glass) 0.8% 1.9% 2.0% 2.2% Light transmittance recovery rate after self-cleaning (%) 82% 97% 97% 96% Adhesion (GB / T 9286-2021) Level 1 Level 0 Level 0 Level 0 Light transmittance decreases after accelerated aging (QUV 1000h) 3.5% 1.2% 1.3% 1.1%

[0089] Analysis of Table 2 shows that the average surface temperature of Examples 1-3 is 9.5-11.3℃ lower than that of Comparative Example 1, thanks to the synergistic effect of radiative cooling and phase change heat storage. Among them, Example 3 (high radiative component) shows the most significant cooling. The daily power generation of Examples 1-3 increased by 15.0%, 17.8%, and 19.3%, respectively, confirming that the temperature-controlling coating can effectively reduce the temperature coefficient loss of photovoltaic panels (the temperature coefficient of crystalline silicon cells is approximately -0.4% / ℃). The light transmittance of the coatings in the examples is approximately 1% lower than that of commercially available antireflective coatings. The light transmittance loss was 0.0%–1.4%, but the power generation gain from cooling far exceeded the light transmittance loss. The light transmittance recovery rate of the coating in the example after rain reached 96%–97%, which was much higher than that of the comparative example (82%). This was attributed to the synergistic effect of photocatalysis (TiO2+ZnO) and hydrophobic surface. After QUV aging for 1000 hours, the light transmittance of the coating in the example decreased by only 1.1%–1.3%, which was much lower than that of the comparative example (3.5%). This verified that the inorganic functional filler and UV absorber / light stabilizer in the example could effectively protect the polymer matrix.

[0090] In summary, this invention utilizes a triple synergistic thermal management mechanism of radiation cooling material (double-shell hollow nanoparticles + Al2O3 + porous composite particles), phase change heat storage material (paraffin-based nanoemulsion), and high thermal conductivity filler (hexagonal boron nitride) to reduce the surface temperature of photovoltaic panels by 9-11°C with only a 1%-2% sacrifice in light transmittance, thereby increasing daily power generation by 15%-19%. Simultaneously, the coating possesses multiple functions such as photocatalytic self-cleaning, antistatic dust prevention, and UV aging resistance, exhibiting superior outdoor durability compared to commercially available products. This makes the coating suitable for photovoltaic power plants in arid, high-irradiance, and large-temperature-difference environments.

[0091] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A nano-polymer coating for temperature control to increase the power generation of photovoltaic panels, characterized by, The raw materials and their weight ratios for the coating are as follows: 5%-12% acrylate modified composite emulsion; 5%-9% silicone resin; 3%-6% fluoropolymer; 0.5%-2% curing agent; 0.3%-1.5% adhesion promoter; 4%-8% paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion; 1%-3% thermally conductive filler; 2%-5% alumina; 11%-15% double-shell hollow nanoparticles; 3%-8% porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles; 1%-5% modified nano-titanium dioxide particles; 2%-5% nano-titanium dioxide; and so on. Zinc oxide nanoparticles 0.3%-0.6%; Indium tin oxide nanoparticles 0.2%-0.5%; Antistatic agent 0.3%-0.8%; Nano-cerium oxide 0.15%-0.25%; Dispersant 0.5%-1.2%; Leveling agent 0.2%-0.6%; Organosilicon defoamer 0.1%-0.3%; Thickener 0.3%-0.8%; Film-forming aid 1.0%-3.0%; Crosslinking agent 0.1%-0.2%; Ultraviolet absorber 0.1%-0.2%; Light stabilizer 0.1%-0.2%; Diluent 20%-35%.

2. The nano-polymer coating for temperature control to increase the power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fluoropolymer is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride or fluorocarbon resin; the curing agent is composed of aliphatic isocyanate and amino resin in a weight ratio of 1:1; the adhesion promoter is γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; and the thermally conductive filler is hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets.

3. The nanopolymer coating for temperature control and improving power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The double-shell hollow nanoparticles are double-shell hollow nanoparticles with an inner layer of indium tin oxide and an outer layer of silicon dioxide, and the weight ratio of the outer shell to the inner shell is 2.4:1; the antistatic agent is antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles; the alumina particle size is controlled at 100-200 nm; the dispersant is selected from ammonium polyacrylate or polymer block copolymer.

4. The nanopolymer coating for temperature control and improving photovoltaic panel power generation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The film-forming aid is selected from dipropylene glycol butyl ether or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether; the crosslinking agent is selected from aziridine or carbodiimide; the diluent is composed of deionized water and anhydrous ethanol in a volume ratio of 1:

1.

5. The nanopolymer coating for temperature control and improving power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The preparation steps include the following: Step 1: Raw Material Selection: Select the following raw materials: acrylate modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, curing agent, adhesion promoter, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion, thermally conductive filler, alumina, double-shell hollow nanoparticles, porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles, modified nano titanium dioxide particles, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, dispersant, leveling agent, silicone defoamer, thickener, film-forming aid, crosslinking agent, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, and diluent. Step 2, Raw material pretreatment and weighing: Weigh the raw materials according to the formula ratio, and only perform dispersion pretreatment on alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler and porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles. Step 3: Preparation of organic phase: The acrylate-modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, curing agent, adhesion promoter, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion and leveling agent are mixed according to the formula ratio to obtain a mixed organic phase; Step 4: Inorganic functional phase preparation and premixing: The alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler and porous composite particle slurry pretreated in Step 2 are added to a high shear dispersion container in the formula ratio. At the same time, the dispersant, organosilicon defoamer and thickener in the formula ratio are added. After mixing, the inorganic functional phase slurry is obtained. Step 5, Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Composite: The organic phase obtained in Step 3 is added dropwise to the inorganic functional phase slurry obtained in Step 4. After the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred evenly to obtain the hybrid composite slurry. Then, double-shell hollow nanoparticles and modified nano-titanium dioxide particles are added and stirred evenly again. Step 6, Film Forming and Preparation: In the hybrid composite slurry obtained in Step 5, add crosslinking agent, ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer, film forming aid and remaining diluent in sequence. After stirring, use diluent to adjust to the working viscosity. Filter through a sieve to obtain the finished coating material. Step 7, Coating and Curing: The finished coating material obtained in Step 6 is sprayed onto the cleaned photovoltaic panel glass surface to be treated, and the nano polymer coating is obtained by gradient curing.

6. The nanopolymer coating for temperature control and improving power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 5, characterized in that, In step two: alumina, nano titanium dioxide, nano zinc oxide, indium tin oxide nanoparticles, antistatic agent, nano cerium oxide, thermally conductive filler, and porous silica-zinc oxide-alumina composite particles are added to the diluent, with the solid content controlled at 10wt%. A dispersant of 0.5% of the powder mass is also added. The mixture is ultrasonically treated with an ultrasonic cell disruptor at 300W power for 30-45 minutes to obtain a uniformly dispersed slurry. During the ultrasonic treatment, the temperature is controlled at ≤30℃ using an ice-water bath. After pretreatment, each slurry is weighed according to the formula ratio for later use.

7. A nanopolymer coating for temperature control and improving power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 5, characterized in that, The organic phase preparation process in step three: S1.1 Under the condition of mixing temperature of 25-30℃, first add the acrylate modified composite emulsion, silicone resin, fluoropolymer, paraffin-based phase change nanoemulsion and curing agent into the mixing container in sequence, and stir at a speed of 500-600 rpm for 5-10 minutes to make the above components initially mixed evenly. S1.

2. Dilute the adhesion promoter to a concentration of 50% with a diluent, and add it dropwise to the above mixture at a rate of 2-3 mL / min, while keeping the mixture stirred during the dropwise addition. S1.3 After the adhesion promoter has been added and the mixture has been stirred for 2-3 minutes to disperse it evenly, add the leveling agent and continue stirring at 500-600 rpm until the total time reaches 20-30 minutes to obtain the organic phase.

8. A nanopolymer coating for temperature control and improving power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 5, characterized in that, The inorganic functional phase mixing conditions in step four are: high shear dispersion at 1000-1500 rpm for 45-60 min at room temperature.

9. A nanopolymer coating for temperature control and improving power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 5, characterized in that, The organic-inorganic hybrid composite step in step five: S2.

1. The organic phase obtained in step three is added dropwise to the inorganic functional phase slurry obtained in step four at a rate of 5-8 mL / min under the stirring conditions of 25-35℃ and 500-700 rpm. After the addition is completed, the mixture is stirred at 700-800 rpm for 35-40 min to obtain the hybrid composite slurry. S2.2 Next, mix the double-shell hollow nanoparticles and diluent in a mass ratio of 1:1 to form a paste, and add it together with the modified nano titanium dioxide particles into the above slurry. Finally, stir at 600-700 rpm for 20-25 minutes until uniform. The film-forming preparation conditions in step six are as follows: after stirring at 500-600 rpm for 20-25 minutes at room temperature until uniform, adjust the viscosity to 150-250 mPa·s using a diluent, and then filter through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain the finished coating material.

10. A nanopolymer coating for temperature control to improve the power generation of photovoltaic panels according to claim 5, characterized in that, The coating and curing process in step seven: S3.1 Photovoltaic glass cleaning: The photovoltaic panel glass to be treated is ultrasonically cleaned for 10-15 minutes using a 1:1 volume ratio of deionized water and anhydrous ethanol, and then plasma treated for 2-4 minutes at a power of 150W. S3.2 Setting spraying parameters: spray gun nozzle diameter 0.8mm, pressure 0.3-0.4MPa, spray distance 18-22cm, spray 2-3 coats, interval 1.5-2.5min; S3.3 Gradient curing: First, surface dry at room temperature for 20-22 min, then dry at 50-55℃ for 40-45 min, continue curing at 85-90℃ for 1.3-1.5 h, and finally cool naturally. The dry film thickness after curing is 40-60 μm.

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