A wireless infrared light routing communication system and method for battery pack management

Abstract

The application discloses a wireless infrared light routing communication system and method for battery pack management. The communication system is composed of a master control unit and slave control units coupled with each battery cell, and four communication modules are configured according to a networking mode. Each communication module contains an infrared transmitting end and a receiving end, and is coupled with surrounding slave control units on a wireless channel to realize full-duplex wireless light communication and form a grid-shaped light communication network among the battery cells. Light signals from the master control unit can be transmitted to target battery cells through multi-hop forwarding of adjacent battery cells as routing nodes. The slave control units of each battery cell do not need to maintain a routing table independently, but judge whether to accept a data frame or forward it through a communication module according to routing information carried in the data frame, so as to realize broadcast communication for all battery cells in the network or light routing communication for specific battery cells. The application has high path selection efficiency and flexible network coverage, and is suitable for wireless light network management of high-density battery packs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a routing communication system, and specifically to a wireless infrared optical routing communication system and method for battery pack management. Background Technology

[0002] Battery Management Systems (BMS) play a crucial role in applications such as new energy vehicles and energy storage systems. They are responsible for collecting, transmitting, and processing information on the voltage, temperature, state estimation, equalization, and protection of a large number of battery cells. To achieve real-time monitoring and coordinated control of each cell, the communication network between cells should possess high reliability, low latency, scalability, and fault tolerance to ensure timely transmission of critical data and implementation of safety controls under different operating conditions.

[0003] Existing wire harness-based battery management systems typically rely on a single wire harness or branch harnesses connecting the cells to transmit sensor data and control commands via wired channels for inter-cell communication. These wire harness networks require careful design in terms of network structure, channel capacity, and signal synchronization to meet the requirements of high-density modules. However, wire harness systems suffer from limitations such as high cost, large footprint, lack of redundancy mechanisms in case of equipment failure, complex installation and maintenance, increased weight and heat dissipation pressure, susceptibility to environmental conditions and electromagnetic interference, and relatively insufficient scalability and modularity.

[0004] Further exploration of wireless communication solutions is needed, especially the application of optical wireless communication between battery cells, to improve wiring flexibility, scalability and reliability, and reduce reliance on wire harnesses. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the problems existing in the background technology, this invention provides a wireless infrared optical routing communication system and method for battery pack management. This invention aims to replace or supplement traditional wire harness transmission, providing more efficient path selection, more flexible coverage, and stronger redundancy and fault tolerance capabilities. This improves upon existing wire harness-based battery management systems, which suffer from large footprint, high cost, and poor electromagnetic compatibility, and enhances the system's scalability and redundancy / fault tolerance.

[0006] The technical solution adopted in this invention is: I. A wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management: The system includes a master control unit and several slave control units that are uniformly arrayed on the plane of the battery pack to form a grid topology. Each slave control unit is coupled to one of the cells in the battery pack. The master control unit and the slave control units communicate with the adjacent slave control units via wireless infrared light to realize real-time monitoring and coordinated control of each cell under different operating conditions.

[0007] The master control unit and each slave control unit are equipped with communication modules on all four sides. Each communication module includes a pair of infrared transmitters and infrared receivers. Every two adjacent communication modules are arranged facing each other. The infrared transmitters and infrared receivers in adjacent communication modules are arranged in pairs with staggered orientations to achieve redundancy and channel stability for wireless infrared optical communication. The infrared transmitter of each communication module faces the infrared receiver of the communication module on the side of the adjacent slave control unit and communicates with it via wireless infrared optical communication. The infrared receiver of each communication module faces the infrared transmitter of the communication module on the side of the adjacent slave control unit and communicates with it via wireless infrared optical communication.

[0008] The infrared transmitter is an LED (Light Emitting Diode) infrared light transmitter, and the infrared receiver is a PIN (P-Intrinsic-N Photodiode) infrared light receiver or an APD (Avalanche Photodiode) infrared light receiver.

[0009] The main control unit is located at the center of the matrix of the grid topology or at any position, and can form different topologies.

[0010] II. A communication method for a wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management, comprising: The communication cost between the master control unit and the slave control unit and the adjacent slave control unit when conducting wireless infrared optical communication is set to the same preset initial path cost. The master control unit communicates with each slave control unit in the grid topology structure based on the shortest path algorithm to monitor the status of each cell in real time. When the master control unit loses contact with any slave control unit or the communication waiting time exceeds the preset time threshold, the self-healing process is triggered. The communication is restored with the lost slave control unit by replacing the candidate communication path and information detection is performed to diagnose the loss of contact fault information. The loss of contact fault information is reported and logged.

[0011] Each slave control unit and master control unit determines an initial path using a shortest path algorithm. The current slave control unit is designated as the target slave control unit, and the communication module in the target slave control unit that communicates with the master control unit is designated as the master communication module. The other three communication modules are designated as slave communication modules. Each slave control unit communicates with the master control unit sequentially through the slave control units and their communication modules along the initial path via the master communication module. When the master control unit loses contact with the target slave control unit, a self-healing operation is performed. The preset initial path cost between the master communication module of the target slave control unit and its adjacent communication modules is increased to a preset maximum value, and communication is restored. The shortest path algorithm is used to determine the candidate path for communication between the target slave control unit and the master control unit. That is, the slave control unit communicates with the master control unit through one of the secondary communication modules of the target slave control unit via the candidate path. If communication is restored, the master communication module of the target slave control unit is judged to be faulty. If communication is not restored, the current secondary communication module performs the same self-healing operation as the master communication module, and another secondary communication module is replaced to continue communication until all three secondary communication modules fail to restore communication. Then, the target slave control unit is judged to be faulty. The loss of contact information, the cause of location and the recovery process are reported and logged. Then, the faulty component is replaced.

[0012] The frame structure for multi-hop data communication between the master control unit and the slave control unit and the adjacent slave control unit has been augmented with routing data bits.

[0013] The communication system of this invention consists of a master control unit and slave control units coupled to each battery cell group, configured with four communication modules in a networking mode. Each communication module includes an infrared transmitter and a receiver, and is paired with the communication units composed of slave control units of surrounding battery cells on a wireless channel to achieve full-duplex wireless optical communication, forming a mesh-like optical communication network among the battery cells. Optical signals from the master control unit can be forwarded in multiple hops via slave control units of neighboring battery cells as routing nodes, and finally transmitted to the slave control unit of the target battery cell. Each slave control unit of the battery cell does not need to maintain an independent routing table, but instead selects to receive data based on the routing information carried in the data frame or forwards data through the corresponding communication module, thereby achieving broadcast communication to all battery cells in the network or optical routing communication to a specific battery cell.

[0014] The beneficial effects of this invention are: 1. This invention significantly reduces the requirements for installation space, wiring density, and transmission quality by using a wireless infrared optical communication module to replace traditional wire harness transmission.

[0015] 2. The present invention deploys communication modules in four directions (east, south, west, and north) on a plane, and pairs and aligns them with surrounding units to form a stable wireless optical communication link, thereby constructing a gridded communication network. This grid structure provides redundant communication paths in the event of a single point of failure, thereby improving the robustness of the system.

[0016] 3. This invention selects low-cost LEDs as optical signal transmitters and uses PIN photodetectors or APDs as receivers, thereby reducing the overall system cost and improving cost-effectiveness.

[0017] 4. This invention uses a network routing mechanism to enable the master control unit to uniformly manage and monitor the slave control units, thereby improving the dynamic performance of the system. The routing management is entirely undertaken by the master control unit, which significantly reduces the demand for computing resources on the slave control units. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a planar topology diagram of the communication system of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of the slave control unit of the communication system of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a data frame structure diagram of the communication system of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the routing generation of the communication system of the present invention; Figure 5 This is a flowchart illustrating the local self-healing process when the main control unit of the present invention loses connection. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0020] I. System Structure and Channels: like Figure 1As shown, the wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management of the present invention includes a master control unit and several slave control units uniformly arrayed on the battery pack plane to form a grid topology, which facilitates system expansion and redundancy design. The master control unit is located at the matrix center or any position of the grid topology, which can form different topologies. When there are too many slave control units, multiple master control units can be used for control. Each slave control unit is coupled to one cell in the battery pack. The communication channel between the units is a wireless infrared optical communication channel. The master control unit and the slave control units communicate with adjacent slave control units through wireless infrared optical communication to realize real-time monitoring and coordinated control of each cell under different operating conditions. The main control unit and each slave control unit are equipped with communication modules on all four sides. Each communication module includes a pair of infrared transmitters and receivers. Every two adjacent communication modules are arranged facing each other. The infrared transmitters and receivers in adjacent communication modules are configured in a staggered pair to achieve redundancy and channel stability for wireless infrared optical communication. The infrared transmitter of each communication module faces the infrared receiver of the communication module on the side of the adjacent slave control unit and communicates via wireless infrared optical communication. The infrared transmitters are LED (Light Emitting Diode) infrared emitters, and the infrared receivers are PIN (P-Intrinsic-N Photodiode) or APD (Avalanche Photodiode) infrared receivers.

[0021] Each communication module is equipped with an electro-optical conversion chip core at the transmitting end and an optoelectronic conversion chip at the receiving end. The electro-optical conversion chip core includes five sub-modules: filtering, modulation, transimpedance amplification / front-end amplification, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) conversion, and electro-optical (EO) conversion circuit. The optoelectronic conversion chip core includes five sub-modules: optoelectronic (OE) conversion circuit, transimpedance amplifier (TIA), signal shaping, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) conversion, and comparator demodulation. All communication modules share the same control processing core and the same crystal oscillator clock source, serving as a unified signal processing unit.

[0022] The battery management system comprises a master control unit (BMS master control / central processing unit) and slave control units (Slave control units / cell monitoring units). The master control unit is responsible for global perception, strategy formulation, and system-level protection. It collects voltage, temperature, and other data from each slave control unit, performs State of Charge (SOC) / State of Health (SOH) estimation, thermal management coordination, and decision-making on equalization and protection strategies. It is also responsible for communication with the vehicle and higher-level systems, energy optimization, and maintenance functions. The slave control units perform real-time measurement, local protection and equalization execution, data caching, and self-diagnosis on a cell-by-cell basis. They report their status to the master control unit and execute control commands issued by the master control unit. This invention employs OOK (On-Off Keying) intensity modulation in the infrared band, using a general-purpose infrared LED as the transmitter and a PIN or APD as the receiver, forming a closely spaced full-duplex wireless infrared channel. To enhance reliability, each communication module is deployed in four directions (E, W, S, N) on a plane, with the battery cells tightly packed together within the package. This ensures paired matching and close alignment of the communication modules with the slave control units of adjacent cells, thereby forming a stable optical channel and reducing distortion. The entire system forms a grid-like wireless communication network on the plane, with one communication module in each of the four directions for the master control unit and all slave control units, ensuring that any node has multiple potential paths. This grid topology facilitates fault tolerance and load balancing, allowing flexible routing selection under different hop counts and enabling rapid switching through multiple near-end links between neighboring nodes, reducing the risk of single-point failures.

[0023] II. Hardware structure of the control unit: like Figure 2 As shown, the slave control unit generally comprises a combination of functional modules such as a sensing front-end (sampling equalization), a control processing core, equalization drive and execution circuits, protection and diagnostic circuits, communication and interface, and thermal management and energy consumption, to fulfill the responsibilities of sensing, controlling, and communicating with the battery pack. The communication and interface are implemented using the wireless infrared optical communication system proposed in this invention. The specific implementation details of other subsystems are only generally described in this embodiment, without disclosing the internal structure, working principle, and implementation details of each subsystem.

[0024] To achieve consistency and simplify maintenance, the division of labor among the photoelectric / electro-optical conversion chips at the transmitting and receiving ends, their core sub-modules, and their coupling relationships with other parts of the slave control unit are implemented according to the general principles of this embodiment, as follows: At the transmitting end, the raw digital bitstream of the data frame is first converted into an analog electrical signal by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This signal is then boosted and shaped by a driver amplifier before being modulated by an LED to complete the core electro-optical conversion. At the receiving end, the signal light and background noise are collected, interference is suppressed by a narrowband optical filter, and photoelectric conversion is completed by a photodetector, outputting an extremely weak photocurrent. This current is first converted into a voltage by a high-gain, low-noise transimpedance amplifier and pre-amplified. Subsequently, the signal undergoes further gain boosting and frequency response shaping by a main amplifier and equalizer to compensate for channel distortion. Finally, the processed analog signal is sampled and quantized by an DAC to restore the digital bitstream. After parsing the data frame, the slave control unit at the receiving end will perform corresponding operations according to its instruction type: forwarding data to the next node, acquiring cell information and replying to the master control, or driving the execution circuit to complete the control command.

[0025] The communication method of the wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management according to the present invention is as follows: The communication cost between the master control unit and the slave control unit and their adjacent slave control units during wireless infrared optical communication is set to the same preset initial path cost, which can be set to 1. Under the grid topology, the master control unit communicates with each slave control unit based on the shortest path algorithm to monitor the status of each cell in real time, and can form an initial routing table. The initial routing table includes fields such as target slave control unit ID, arrival cost, path sequence, and priority to support multi-hop path evaluation, fast updates, and status tracking. When the master control unit loses contact with any slave control unit or the communication waiting time exceeds the preset time threshold, a self-healing process is triggered. The master control unit restores communication with the lost slave control unit by replacing the candidate communication path and performs information detection to diagnose the loss of contact fault information. The loss of contact fault information is then reported and logged. Specifically, each slave control unit and master control unit determine an initial path using a shortest path algorithm. The current slave control unit is designated as the target slave control unit, and the communication module within the target slave control unit that communicates with the master control unit is designated as the primary communication module. The other three communication modules are designated as secondary communication modules. Each slave control unit communicates with the master control unit sequentially through the primary communication module and each slave control unit and its communication module along the initial path. When the master control unit loses contact with the target slave control unit, a self-healing operation is performed. The preset initial path cost between the primary communication module of the target slave control unit and its adjacent communication modules is increased to a preset maximum value, and the candidate communication paths between the target slave control unit and the master control unit are re-determined using the shortest path algorithm. The path requires generating a new routing table to achieve localized fault location and self-healing triggering. After the routing table is updated, it is recalculated to achieve convergence and ensure network stability and availability. Specifically, the target slave control unit communicates with the master control unit through a secondary communication module via a candidate path. If communication is restored, the master communication module of the target slave control unit is determined to be faulty. If communication is not restored, the current secondary communication module performs the same self-healing operation as the master communication module, and another secondary communication module is replaced to continue communication until all three secondary communication modules fail to restore communication. In this case, the target slave control unit is determined to be faulty. The loss of connection information, the cause of location, and the recovery process are reported and logged. Then, the faulty component is replaced.

[0026] In the frame structure of multi-hop data communication between the master control unit and slave control units and adjacent slave control units, routing data bits have been added. For example... Figure 3As shown, the data frame of the multi-hop data communication frame structure between the master control unit and the slave control unit of the present invention is a multi-hop data frame. The frame structure includes a start bit, routing data bits, data bits, parity bits, and stop bits in a fixed order. The start bit is set to a continuous low level (0) to mark the beginning of the data frame. The routing data bits include the total number of records, the current number of records, and the receiving port position and the port position to be converted of the slave control unit involved in each hop in that hop; it is used to guide the relay slave control unit, and the slave control unit determines whether it is the target slave control unit based on the current hop count. If it is not the target slave control unit, the current hop count is decremented by 1 and forwarded to the adjacent slave control unit through the corresponding communication module, and the remaining data in the frame does not need to be disassembled; if it is the target slave control unit, after the current hop count is zeroed, the frame data is disassembled and combined with the real-time collected cell data to generate data bits, the hop count is refreshed, and the receiving port and the port to be converted of the slave control unit involved in each hop are interchanged according to the path symmetry to form a data frame for transmission back to the master control unit. Data bits from the master control unit are used to carry control information, while data bits from the slave control unit are used to carry the actual transmitted data (such as the temperature, voltage, and current of the battery cells). Parity bits are used for basic integrity error checking and detection; in implementations requiring higher error robustness, stronger verification fields such as Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) can be added. Stop bits are usually marked with a continuous high level (1) to indicate the end of the data frame. To improve the consistency and scalability of the implementation, the frame structure can also be equipped with the following extended fields to improve robustness and maintainability: frame length, frame sequence number, frame version, timestamp, CRC, path symmetry marker, encryption indicator and key management field, etc., and backward compatibility, field alignment and decoding implementation are clearly specified.

[0027] The following provides specific structural suggestions for each part of the frame structure, including field meanings, recommended bit widths, suggested values, and key implementation points: 1) Start position: Meaning and function: Marks the beginning of a data frame, facilitating frame de-framing and synchronization.

[0028] Recommended structure: single bit, default value is fixed as low level (0).

[0029] Key implementation points: perform boundary detection when the clock edge of the serial link is aligned; in high-noise environments, consider adding a preamble or multiple start bits to improve robustness.

[0030] Optional extension: A short frame preamble field can be introduced for alignment if necessary.

[0031] 2) Routing data bits: Meaning and function: It carries the routing information required for multi-hop forwarding and determines the forwarding behavior and return path of frames between hops.

[0032] Suggested field and bit width (example, adjust according to system size): Total hop count (L_total): Uses 6 bits, with a maximum of 63 hops. In a mesh topology, the master node is located at the topology center to achieve symmetrical coverage. When the maximum hop count is 63, the system capacity can support approximately 4094 cells. If the system scale needs to be further expanded, this field can be extended to 8 bits to increase the maximum hop count and the corresponding system capacity.

[0033] Current hop count (L_cur): 8 bits.

[0034] Each hop information (a port pair for one hop, requiring conversion between the port and receiving port positions): Receive communication module location (Port_recv): 2 bits (4 communication modules).

[0035] The location of the communication module (Port_drive) needs to be changed: 2 bits (4 communication modules).

[0036] Hop-related length: If a fixed-length design is used, each hop occupies 16 bits (8+8).

[0037] The total length of the routing field for hop count n is: L_route = 8 (L_total) + 8 (L_cur) + 4 × H = 14 + 4H bits, where H is the total number of hops.

[0038] Key points and alternative solutions: Using a fixed-length field is beneficial for decoding speed and implementation consistency. For stronger backward compatibility, a "length field" can be added before the route segment to indicate the actual length of the route data segment.

[0039] 3) Data bits: Meaning and function: To distinguish between control information from the master control unit and real-time sensor data from the slave control unit.

[0040] Recommended partitioning and bit width: Control information (DC, Control Data) from the main control unit: Recommended length: 16–32 bits, used to store command type, parameters, configuration flags, etc.

[0041] Real-time data acquired from the slave control unit (DP, Sensor Data): Recommended length: 32–128 bits, covering sensing quantities such as temperature, individual voltage, and current, as well as the required resolution.

[0042] Common sensing values ​​and bit widths (can be combined): Cell temperature: 12–16 bit (calibrated in units such as 0.1°C increments).

[0043] Individual voltage: 12–16 bit (units such as mV).

[0044] Current: 12–16 bit (units such as mA / A).

[0045] Other quantities (power, status, etc.): 8–32 bits, expandable as needed.

[0046] Total length of data bits and examples of combinations: Minimum usable size: approximately 48–64 bits (DC+DP), which can cover basic control and sensing data.

[0047] Common values: 64–128 bits, compatible with a wide range of sensing and control information.

[0048] Key points for implementation: Use fixed segments as much as possible to facilitate encoding / decoding and subsequent expansion; if necessary, partition the DP into intra-frame fields and provide alignment boundaries.

[0049] To support variable-length data bits, a length indicator field can be added before the data segment.

[0050] 4) Parity check bit: Meaning and function: To check the basic integrity of data.

[0051] Suggested structure: Single-bit parity is the default option, covering all bits of the data.

[0052] If CRC is introduced, parity check can be made optional or omitted to avoid redundancy.

[0053] Key points for implementation: Perform the parity calculation immediately after the data bits; perform an XOR operation on all data bits to obtain the parity value.

[0054] Stop bit: Meaning and function: Marks the end of a frame, making it easier for the decoding end to identify frame boundaries.

[0055] Suggested structure: A continuous high-level bit (Stop) is usually 1 bit; it can be set to 2 bits when there is a lot of noise or the link distance is long.

[0056] Key points for implementation: Together with the start bit, it forms the boundary condition for timing alignment, ensuring correct sampling of subsequent frames.

[0057] Optional additional fields (to improve robustness, maintainability, and scalability).

[0058] Frame Length: Indicates the bit length of the entire frame, facilitating boundary identification of variable-length frames.

[0059] Frame Sequence Number (FrameSeq): 8–16 bits, used for deduplication, out-of-order fault tolerance, and retransmission management.

[0060] Frame version number (FrameVersion): 4–8 bits, used to distinguish frame formats from different eras / versions.

[0061] Timestamp: 32 bits or more, used for timing alignment and diagnostics.

[0062] CRC check field (CRC-16 / CRC-32): Used for stronger error detection, usually placed at the end of the frame immediately after the data bits.

[0063] Path symmetry marker / reversal indicator: Used to clarify encoding rules and facilitate symmetry processing of the return path.

[0064] Encryption Indication and Key Information Field (if used): Used to indicate whether the frame is encrypted and related key management information.

[0065] Security and implementation considerations: If the above extended fields are used, backward compatibility, field alignment, and consistency of decoding implementation should be ensured.

[0066] In the communication network, the master control unit generates routing information to reach the target slave control unit. This routing information is organized by hop count and mainly includes information about the communication modules used for each hop, such as their numbers and entry / exit points. Slave control units do not need to know the complete routing table; they only need to forward or receive data based on the routing information in the master control unit's data frames. During data transmission, control signals from the master control unit are transmitted to adjacent slave control units through corresponding communication modules. Slave control units process data frames according to the routing information and reply with the collected information, including information such as the battery cell temperature and voltage, or forward the data frames to the next-level slave control unit or the target slave control unit according to the routing information. Correspondingly, when a slave control unit transmits cell acquisition signals back to the master control unit, it also follows the routing information provided by the master control unit, forwarding the collected data level by level until it finally reaches the master control unit. If the master control unit has pre-established a fixed routing table based on the optimal algorithm covering each slave control unit, when it does not receive a reply from a slave control unit, it will retry contacting the target slave control unit according to the next higher priority path, and update the routing tables of each slave control unit in real time based on the feedback, so as to improve robustness and convergence speed.

[0067] This invention provides a routing and fault-tolerant method for a master-slave control network based on a battery cell matrix. The master control unit can be flexibly arranged at the center of the matrix or at any location. After numbering the battery cells within the matrix, the transceiver modules paired between the slave control units of adjacent cells are called common communication edges, with their initial cost set to 1, constructing a mesh topology. Based on this topology, a shortest path algorithm (such as Dijkstra or Bellman-Ford) is used to calculate the shortest cost from the master control unit to each slave control unit, forming an initial routing table. The routing table should include the target slave control unit ID, arrival cost, path sequence, corresponding communication module, priority, etc., to support multi-hop path evaluation, fast updates, and state tracking. Figure 4 As shown in Table 1.

[0068] Table 1 When the master control unit detects a loss of connection or timeout with a slave control unit, it initiates a local self-healing process. (See flowchart below.) Figure 5 As shown below. (Combined with...) Figure 5 A more detailed explanation of each step: Step 1: Trigger the self-healing process: Condition: The master control unit does not receive a response signal from the target slave control unit within a preset time.

[0069] Result: Proceed to step 2.

[0070] Step 2: Select candidate paths and generate an aggregated failure set: Action: Based on the current routing table, the master control unit selects the original path and candidate paths to the target slave control unit, and attempts to communicate with the slave control units on the path in turn. Based on the response results, an aggregated failure set F is generated.

[0071] Result: Proceed to step 3.

[0072] Step 3: Failure type determination: Step 3.1: Edge failure: Definition: A failure of the direct link between a pair of communication transceiver units, either between the master control unit and the slave control unit, or between slave control units themselves, is called a side failure.

[0073] Condition: The master control unit can contact a slave control unit through a candidate path, but a certain edge in the original communication path connected to the slave control unit is invalid.

[0074] Action: Increase the cost value of the corresponding edge in the routing table.

[0075] Jump to step 4.

[0076] Step 3.2: Slave control unit failure: Definition: If a slave control unit fails to respond to communication units on all its original and candidate paths, or if the slave control unit itself malfunctions, then the slave control unit is deemed to have failed.

[0077] Condition: The master control unit cannot contact a slave control unit through the original path and candidate paths.

[0078] Action: Disable this slave control unit.

[0079] Jump to step 4.

[0080] Step 3.3: Insufficient Information: Condition: The master control unit cannot determine the status of the slave control unit or edge based on the existing communication results.

[0081] Jump to step 5.

[0082] Step 4: Determine the alternative path: Step 4.1: An available alternative path exists: Condition: The target slave unit has been successfully contacted through the existing path.

[0083] Jump to step 6.

[0084] Step 4.2: No available alternative path: Condition: The target slave unit has not yet been contacted through the existing path.

[0085] Jump to step 5.

[0086] Step 5: Extended Probe When Information is Insufficient: action: Step 5.1 Expand the detection range of candidate paths.

[0087] Step 5.2 Determine whether the expansion exceeds the existing topology range of the battery pack.

[0088] Conditional judgment: If the topology range is exceeded, proceed to step 7.

[0089] Otherwise, return to step 2.

[0090] Step 6: Path switching and route update: action: Step 6.1 The master control unit switches to the valid communication path of the target slave control unit.

[0091] Step 6.2 Update the routing table based on edge overhead and failed unit status.

[0092] Step 6.3 Continuously monitor the communication status of the new path; if the new path fails, roll back to the original path.

[0093] Jump to step 7.

[0094] Step 7: Boundary crossing or alarm conditions triggered: condition: Step 7.1 The candidate path detection range exceeds the battery pack topology boundary.

[0095] Step 7.2 A failure of the edge or slave control unit was detected.

[0096] Action: Report the diagnostic process and faulty unit alarms to the superior system.

[0097] Jump to step 8.

[0098] Step 8: Process ends.

[0099] The self-healing process terminates, and the system returns to normal monitoring status.

[0100] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and not to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management, characterized in that: It includes a master control unit and several slave control units installed in a uniform array on the battery pack to form a grid topology. Each slave control unit is coupled to one of the cells in the battery pack. The master control unit and the slave control units communicate with each other with the adjacent slave control units through wireless infrared light communication to realize real-time monitoring and coordinated control of each cell under different operating conditions.

2. The wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management according to claim 1, characterized in that: The master control unit and each slave control unit are equipped with communication modules on all four sides. Each communication module includes a pair of infrared transmitters and infrared receivers. Every two adjacent communication modules are arranged facing each other. The infrared transmitters and infrared receivers in adjacent communication modules are arranged in pairs with staggered orientations to achieve redundancy and channel stability for wireless infrared optical communication. The infrared transmitter of each communication module faces the infrared receiver of the communication module on the side of the adjacent slave control unit and communicates with it via wireless infrared optical communication. The infrared receiver of each communication module faces the infrared transmitter of the communication module on the side of the adjacent slave control unit and communicates with it via wireless infrared optical communication.

3. The wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management according to claim 2, characterized in that: The infrared transmitter is an LED infrared light transmitter, and the infrared receiver is a PIN infrared light receiver or an APD infrared light receiver.

4. The wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main control unit is located at the center of the matrix or any position in the grid topology.

5. The communication method of the wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, include: The communication cost between the master control unit and the slave control unit and the adjacent slave control unit when conducting wireless infrared optical communication is set to the same preset initial path cost. The master control unit communicates with each slave control unit in the grid topology structure based on the shortest path algorithm to monitor the status of each cell in real time. When the master control unit loses contact with any slave control unit or the communication waiting time exceeds the preset time threshold, it restores communication with the lost slave control unit by replacing the candidate communication path and performs information detection to diagnose the loss of contact fault information, and reports and logs the loss of contact fault information.

6. The communication method of the wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management according to claim 5, characterized in that: Each slave control unit and master control unit determines an initial path using a shortest path algorithm. The current slave control unit is designated as the target slave control unit, and the communication module in the target slave control unit that communicates with the master control unit is designated as the master communication module. The other three communication modules are designated as slave communication modules. Each slave control unit communicates with the master control unit sequentially through the slave control units and their communication modules on the initial path via the master communication module. When the master control unit loses contact with the target slave control unit, a self-healing operation is performed. The preset initial path cost between the master communication module of the target slave control unit and its adjacent communication modules is increased to a preset maximum value. The shortest path algorithm is then used again to determine a candidate path for communication between the target slave control unit and the master control unit. This involves communicating with the master control unit through one of the slave communication modules of the target slave control unit via the candidate path. If communication is restored, the master communication module of the target slave control unit is considered faulty. If communication is not restored, the current slave communication module undergoes the same self-healing operation as the master communication module, and another slave communication module is used to continue communication. This process continues until all three slave communication modules fail to restore communication, at which point the target slave control unit is considered faulty.

7. The communication method of the wireless infrared optical routing communication system for battery pack management according to claim 5, characterized in that: The frame structure for multi-hop data communication between the master control unit and the slave control unit and the adjacent slave control unit has been augmented with routing data bits.

Images