A traditional Chinese medicine composition for anti-aging and improving reproductive function
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202611198754.1
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-08-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-20
AI Technical Summary
目前已有多种中药组合物用于该领域,但现有技术普遍存在配方结构较为简单、多为数味药的单一维度组合、发明构思局限于“补肾壮阳”或“益气养血”等不足,未能形成覆盖肾精、气血、脾胃运化及心神调控等多环节的系统性配伍架构
[0013]现有抗衰老与改善生殖机能的中药组合物多为数味药的简单组合,发明构思局限于“补肾壮阳”或“益气养血”等单一维度。本发明以11味药构建了补肾填精、益气养血、健脾助运、养心安神四个功能单元,各单元之间通过正向增强循环和协同网络实现协同增效,形成了覆盖肾精、气血、脾胃运化及心神调控等多环节的治疗体系。
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicine technology, specifically relating to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for anti-aging and improving reproductive function. Background Technology
[0002] With the accelerating aging of the population and increasing life pressures, the issues of aging and reproductive function decline are receiving increasing attention. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory holds that the core pathogenesis of aging lies in the deficiency of kidney essence and insufficiency of qi and blood, with these two factors mutually reinforcing and aggravating each other. An ideal treatment plan for anti-aging and improving reproductive function should address both tonifying the kidneys and replenishing essence, as well as nourishing qi and blood. Currently, various TCM compositions are used in this field, but existing technologies generally suffer from simple formulations, often consisting of single-dimensional combinations of a few herbs, and limitations in inventive concepts such as "tonifying the kidneys and strengthening yang" or "nourishing qi and blood." They fail to form a systematic framework covering multiple aspects, including kidney essence, qi and blood, spleen and stomach function, and mental regulation. Furthermore, existing technologies often focus on the single target of "kidney," neglecting the entire chain of regulation along the "heart-kidney" axis in TCM theory—the crucial role of mental regulation in the reproductive system has not been fully recognized. In summary, there is currently a lack of a traditional Chinese medicine composition that can simultaneously achieve the synergistic effects of tonifying the kidneys and replenishing essence, invigorating qi and nourishing blood, strengthening the spleen and promoting digestion, and calming the mind and soothing the nerves, while also integrating systemic anti-aging and reproductive function improvement. Summary of the Invention
[0003] To address the technical problem of the lack of a traditional Chinese medicine composition that can simultaneously achieve the synergistic effects of tonifying the kidneys and replenishing essence, invigorating qi and nourishing blood, strengthening the spleen and promoting digestion, and nourishing the heart and calming the mind, and integrate systemic anti-aging and reproductive function improvement, this invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine composition for anti-aging and improving reproductive function.
[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a traditional Chinese medicine composition for anti-aging and improving reproductive function, wherein the traditional Chinese medicine composition is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight:
[0005] Astragalus membranaceus 20-30 parts, Atractylodes macrocephala 5-15 parts, Leonurus japonicus 10-20 parts, Platycladus orientalis 10-30 parts, Angelica sinensis 10-30 parts, Lycium barbarum 10-30 parts, Polygonatum sibiricum 5-15 parts, Cuscuta chinensis 10-30 parts, Astragalus complanatus 10-30 parts, Morinda officinalis 10-30 parts, Panax quinquefolius 10-30 parts.
[0006] In the above technical solution, the Morinda officinalis, Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum, when combined, constitute the first drug unit for tonifying the kidney and replenishing essence. In the first drug unit, Morinda officinalis warms and assists kidney yang, while Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum tonify the liver and kidney, replenish essence and benefit marrow. The warming effect of Morinda officinalis promotes the essence-replenishing effects of Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum to be distributed to the reproductive system, and the essence-replenishing effects of Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum in turn enhance the warming effect of Morinda officinalis. A first positive reinforcement cycle is formed among the four herbs Morinda officinalis, Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum, and the first positive reinforcement cycle outputs the first pharmacological effect signal for tonifying the kidney and replenishing essence.
[0007] The combination of Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, American ginseng, and Polygonatum sibiricum constitutes a second drug unit for invigorating Qi and nourishing blood. In this second drug unit, Astragalus membranaceus and American ginseng invigorate Qi and strengthen the body's foundation, while Angelica sinensis nourishes Yin and blood. Polygonatum sibiricum simultaneously invigorates the spleen, invigorates Qi, and replenishes essence and marrow. The Qi-invigorating and foundation-strengthening effects of Astragalus membranaceus and American ginseng provide the driving force for the Yin-nourishing effects of Angelica sinensis, enabling the generation and circulation of Yin and blood. Conversely, the Yin-nourishing effects of Angelica sinensis provide the material support for the Qi-invigorating and foundation-strengthening effects of Astragalus membranaceus and American ginseng, allowing Qi to have a basis. The bidirectional regulatory effect of Polygonatum sibiricum promotes the Qi-invigorating effects of Astragalus membranaceus and American ginseng throughout the body at the spleen level and enhances the Yin-nourishing effects of Angelica sinensis at the kidney essence level, penetrating into the bone marrow. A second positive reinforcement cycle is formed among the four herbs: Astragalus membranaceus, American ginseng, Angelica sinensis, and Polygonatum sibiricum. This second positive reinforcement cycle outputs a second pharmacodynamic signal for invigorating Qi and nourishing blood.
[0008] The Atractylodes macrocephala constitutes the third drug unit for strengthening the spleen and aiding digestion. Atractylodes macrocephala strengthens the spleen, replenishes qi, dries dampness, and promotes diuresis. Its spleen-strengthening and qi-replenishing effects receive the qi-tonifying power from Astragalus membranaceus and Panax quinquefolius in the second pharmacodynamic signal output from the second drug unit and transform this qi-tonifying power into the digestive power of the spleen and stomach. Its dampness-drying and diuretic effects clear dampness and turbidity obstructions in the digestive process of the spleen and stomach. After receiving the second pharmacodynamic signal, Atractylodes macrocephala outputs a third pharmacodynamic signal for strengthening the spleen and aiding digestion. This third pharmacodynamic signal provides a guarantee for the absorption and distribution of the pharmacodynamic effects of the first, second, and fourth drug units.
[0009] The cypress seed constitutes the fourth drug unit for nourishing the heart and calming the mind. The cypress seed nourishes the heart, calms the mind, moistens the intestines and promotes bowel movements; the heart-nourishing and mind-calming effect of the cypress seed transmits the state of mental tranquility to the central regulatory link of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; the cypress seed outputs the fourth pharmacological signal for nourishing the heart and calming the mind.
[0010] The first drug unit, the second drug unit, the third drug unit, and the fourth drug unit together constitute the active ingredient system of the traditional Chinese medicine composition.
[0011] The first pharmacodynamic signal output from the first drug unit, the second pharmacodynamic signal output from the second drug unit, the third pharmacodynamic signal output from the third drug unit, and the fourth pharmacodynamic signal output from the fourth drug unit are all input into the synergistic network. In the synergistic network, the first and second pharmacodynamic signals are superimposed to form a synergistic strengthening signal that tonifies the kidneys and replenishes essence while also nourishing qi and blood. The third pharmacodynamic signal regulates the superimposed strengthening signal, and the fourth pharmacodynamic signal provides mental and emotional stability to the entire superimposed system. The synergistic network outputs an integrated comprehensive therapeutic signal, which simultaneously possesses the primary function of delaying the overall aging process of the body and the secondary function of regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
[0012] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
[0013] Existing traditional Chinese medicine compositions for anti-aging and improving reproductive function are mostly simple combinations of a few herbs, with the inventive concept limited to a single dimension such as "tonifying the kidneys and strengthening yang" or "replenishing qi and nourishing blood". This invention constructs four functional units with 11 herbs: tonifying the kidneys and replenishing essence, replenishing qi and nourishing blood, strengthening the spleen and aiding digestion, and nourishing the heart and calming the mind. The units achieve synergistic effects through positive reinforcement circulation and a collaborative network, forming a treatment system covering multiple aspects such as kidney essence, qi and blood, spleen and stomach function, and mental regulation.
[0014] This invention achieves a synergistic effect of delaying overall aging and improving reproductive function through the comprehensive therapeutic signals output by the collaborative network. At the same time, by nourishing the heart and calming the mind through cypress seed, it transmits the state of mental tranquility to the central regulatory link of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, realizing the whole-chain regulation from mental regulation to kidney essence stimulation.
[0015] This invention constructs multiple positive reinforcement cycles within and between the first to fourth drug units: the four herbs in the first drug unit form a cycle of "warming yang → distribution → feedback enhancement", and the four herbs in the second drug unit form a cycle of "tonifying qi to promote blood production → nourishing blood to support qi mechanism → bidirectional regulation to promote distribution". The efficacy signals of each drug are superimposed and mutually supportive in the synergistic network to output a comprehensive therapeutic signal. The efficacy of each drug is not simply superimposed, but is synergistically amplified through multi-level positive reinforcement cycles. Attached Figure Description
[0016] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the "four-dimensional integrated" compatibility structure of the traditional Chinese medicine composition of the present invention.
[0017] Figure 1In this formula, the first drug unit consists of Morinda officinalis, Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum, which outputs the first medicinal effect signal of tonifying the kidney and replenishing essence; the second drug unit consists of Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, American ginseng, and Polygonatum sibiricum, which outputs the second medicinal effect signal of invigorating qi and nourishing blood; the third drug unit consists of Atractylodes macrocephala, which outputs the third medicinal effect signal of strengthening the spleen and promoting digestion; and the fourth drug unit consists of Platycladus orientalis seed, which outputs the fourth medicinal effect signal of nourishing the heart and calming the mind. The four medicinal effect signals are input into the synergistic network and output an integrated comprehensive therapeutic signal. This comprehensive therapeutic signal has the first function of delaying the overall aging process of the body and the second function of regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Detailed Implementation
[0018] The present invention will now be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the technical solutions in the embodiments thereof. Obviously, the described embodiments are merely some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0019] Example 1: Preparation of decoction;
[0020] This embodiment provides a method for preparing a traditional Chinese medicine decoction for anti-aging and improving reproductive function.
[0021] Weigh the following raw materials according to the following weights: Astragalus membranaceus 20g, Atractylodes macrocephala 5g, Leonurus japonicus 10g, Platycladus orientalis seed 10g, Angelica sinensis 10g, Lycium barbarum 10g, Polygonatum sibiricum 5g, Cuscuta chinensis 10g, Astragalus complanatus 10g, Morinda officinalis 10g, and Panax quinquefolius 10g.
[0022] Place the above 11 raw medicinal materials in a decoction container, add water equal to 8 times the total weight of the raw materials, and soak for 60 minutes. After soaking, heat to a boil, maintain a simmer, and decoct for 60 minutes. Filter and collect the first decoction. Add water equal to 6 times the total weight of the raw materials to the dregs, heat to a boil, maintain a simmer, and decoct for 40 minutes. Filter and collect the second decoction. Combine the first and second decoctions to obtain the traditional Chinese medicine decoction.
[0023] Example 2: Preparation of pills;
[0024] This embodiment provides a method for preparing a traditional Chinese medicine pill composition for anti-aging and improving reproductive function.
[0025] Weigh the following raw materials according to the following weights: Astragalus membranaceus 30g, Atractylodes macrocephala 15g, Leonurus japonicus 20g, Platycladus orientalis seed 30g, Angelica sinensis 30g, Lycium barbarum 30g, Polygonatum sibiricum 15g, Cuscuta chinensis 30g, Astragalus complanatus 30g, Morinda officinalis 30g, and Panax quinquefolius 30g.
[0026] After washing and drying the above 11 raw medicinal materials, they are mixed, pulverized, and passed through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain fine powder. An appropriate amount of refined honey is used as a binder, and the fine powder is mixed with the refined honey at a weight ratio of 5:1, stirred thoroughly to form a soft mass. The soft mass is placed in a pelleting machine to form pellets with a diameter of 4 mm to 6 mm. The pellets are then dried in a drying oven at 40°C to 50°C until the moisture content of the pellets does not exceed 8%, thus obtaining traditional Chinese medicine pills.
[0027] Example 3: Preparation of capsules;
[0028] This embodiment provides a method for preparing a capsule of a traditional Chinese medicine composition for anti-aging and improving reproductive function.
[0029] Weigh the following ingredients: Astragalus membranaceus 25g, Atractylodes macrocephala 10g, Leonurus japonicus 15g, Platycladus orientalis seed 20g, Angelica sinensis 20g, Lycium barbarum 20g, Polygonatum sibiricum 10g, Cuscuta chinensis 20g, Astragalus complanatus 20g, Morinda officinalis 20g, and Panax quinquefolius 20g.
[0030] The above 11 raw medicinal materials were washed, dried, mixed, pulverized, and passed through an 80-mesh sieve to obtain coarse powder. The coarse powder was placed in an extraction tank, and a 70% (v / v) ethanol-water solution (10 times the total weight of the raw materials) was added. The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 hours, and the first extract was collected by filtration. An additional 70% (v / v) ethanol-water solution (8 times the total weight of the raw materials) was added to the residue, and the mixture was heated under reflux for 1.5 hours. The second extract was collected by filtration. The first and second extracts were combined, and the ethanol was recovered by vacuum concentration to obtain a thick paste with a relative density of 1.25 to 1.30. The paste was vacuum dried to constant weight below 60 degrees Celsius, pulverized, and passed through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain a fine powder of the medicinal extract. The fine powder of the medicinal extract was filled into pharmaceutical empty capsules, with each capsule containing 0.4 grams, to obtain traditional Chinese medicine capsules.
[0031] Example 4: Preparation of granules;
[0032] This embodiment provides a method for preparing a traditional Chinese medicine composition granule for anti-aging and improving reproductive function.
[0033] Weigh the following ingredients: Astragalus membranaceus 20g, Atractylodes macrocephala 10g, Leonurus japonicus 15g, Platycladus orientalis seed 20g, Angelica sinensis 20g, Lycium barbarum 20g, Polygonatum sibiricum 10g, Cuscuta chinensis 20g, Astragalus complanatus 20g, Morinda officinalis 20g, and Panax quinquefolius 20g.
[0034] The above 11 raw medicinal materials were placed in an extraction tank, and water with a total weight of 10 times the raw materials was added. After soaking for 60 minutes, the mixture was heated to a boil and simmered for 90 minutes. The first decoction was collected by filtration. Water with a total weight of 8 times the raw materials was added to the residue, and the mixture was heated to a boil and simmered for 60 minutes. The second decoction was collected by filtration. The first and second decoctions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to a clear extract with a relative density of 1.10 to 1.15. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients—dextrin and sucrose—were added to the clear extract. The amount of dextrin added was 20% of the weight of the clear extract, and the amount of sucrose added was 10% of the weight of the clear extract. The mixture was stirred thoroughly. The mixture was then granulated in a granulator. The wet granules were dried in a drying oven at 50 to 60 degrees Celsius until the moisture content of the granules did not exceed 5%. After granulation, the traditional Chinese medicine granules were obtained.
[0035] Example 5: Validation of efficacy within the range of weight proportions;
[0036] To further verify the efficacy of the traditional Chinese medicine composition of the present invention under different weight ratios, comparative pharmacodynamic experiments were conducted on samples prepared in Example 1 (minimum effective ratio), Example 2 (maximum effective ratio), and Example 3 (intermediate preferred ratio).
[0037] The experiment used a D-galactose-induced subacute aging mouse model. Successfully modeled aging mice were randomly divided into a model control group, Example 1, Example 2, Example 3, and a positive control group, with 10 mice in each group. Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3 groups were administered the corresponding samples by gavage at a dose of 10 g / kg body weight / day (based on the amount of raw drug). The positive control group was administered vitamin E aqueous solution by gavage (50 mg / kg body weight / day), while the model control group was administered an equal volume of physiological saline by gavage. These treatments were administered continuously for 30 days.
[0038] After drug administration, serum superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and serum testosterone or estradiol levels were measured in each group of mice. The results showed that compared with the model control group, the serum MDA activity in groups 1, 2, and 3 was significantly increased, and the MDA content was significantly decreased, indicating that all three formulations had significant antioxidant and anti-aging effects. The serum sex hormone levels in the three formulation groups were significantly higher than those in the model control group, indicating that all three formulations effectively improved reproductive function. Among them, group 2 (highest effective dose ratio) showed the greatest improvement in all indicators, followed by group 3 (intermediate preferred dose ratio), and then group 1 (lowest effective dose ratio). However, all indicators in the three formulation groups were significantly better than those in the model control group, indicating that the present invention can stably achieve a synergistic effect of anti-aging and improving reproductive function within all weight ranges.
[0039] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A traditional Chinese medicine composition for anti-aging and improving reproductive function, characterized in that, The traditional Chinese medicine composition consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: Astragalus membranaceus 20-30 parts, Atractylodes macrocephala 5-15 parts, Leonurus japonicus 10-20 parts, Platycladus orientalis 10-30 parts, Angelica sinensis 10-30 parts, Lycium barbarum 10-30 parts, Polygonatum sibiricum 5-15 parts, Cuscuta chinensis 10-30 parts, Astragalus complanatus 10-30 parts, Morinda officinalis 10-30 parts, Panax quinquefolius 10-30 parts; Among them, the Morinda officinalis, Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum together constitute the first drug unit for tonifying the kidney and replenishing essence; The Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, and American angelica, when combined with Polygonatum sibiricum, constitute the second drug unit for invigorating qi and nourishing blood. The Atractylodes macrocephala constitutes the third drug unit for strengthening the spleen and promoting digestion; The cypress seed kernel constitutes the fourth medicinal unit for nourishing the heart and calming the mind; The first drug unit, the second drug unit, the third drug unit, and the fourth drug unit together constitute the active ingredient system of the traditional Chinese medicine composition; The first drug unit and the second drug unit work together to slow down the overall aging process of the body. At the same time, the first drug unit acts on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis to improve reproductive function.
2. The traditional Chinese medicine composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the first drug unit, Morinda officinalis warms and tonifies kidney yang, while Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum tonify the liver and kidneys, replenish essence and marrow. The warming effect of Morinda officinalis promotes the essence-replenishing effects of Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum to be distributed to the reproductive system, and the essence-replenishing effects of Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum in turn enhance the warming effect of Morinda officinalis. The four herbs Morinda officinalis, Cuscuta chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, and Lycium barbarum form a first positive reinforcement cycle, and the first positive reinforcement cycle outputs the first pharmacological effect signal of tonifying the kidneys and replenishing essence.
3. The traditional Chinese medicine composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the second drug unit, Astragalus and American ginseng replenish qi and strengthen the original qi, Angelica sinensis nourishes yin and blood, and Polygonatum sibiricum simultaneously replenishes the spleen and qi and nourishes essence and marrow. The qi-replenishing and original qi-strengthening effects of Astragalus and American ginseng provide the driving force of qi for the yin and blood nourishing effects of Angelica sinensis, enabling yin and blood to be generated and circulated. The yin and blood nourishing effects of Angelica sinensis provide the material carrier of blood for the qi-replenishing and original qi-strengthening effects of Astragalus and American ginseng, allowing qi to have something to rely on. The bidirectional regulatory effect of Polygonatum sibiricum promotes the qi-replenishing effects of Astragalus and American ginseng to be distributed throughout the body at the spleen level and enhances the yin-nourishing effects of Angelica sinensis to penetrate into the bone marrow at the kidney essence level. The four drugs Astragalus, American ginseng, Angelica sinensis and Polygonatum sibiricum form a second positive reinforcement cycle, which outputs a second pharmacodynamic signal of replenishing qi and nourishing blood.
4. The traditional Chinese medicine composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the third drug unit, Atractylodes macrocephala invigorates the spleen, replenishes qi, dries dampness, and promotes diuresis. The spleen-invigorating and qi-replenishing effect of Atractylodes macrocephala receives the qi-replenishing power from Astragalus membranaceus and Panax quinquefolius in the second pharmacodynamic signal output by the second drug unit and transforms this qi-replenishing power into the digestive power of the spleen and stomach. The dampness-drying and diuretic effect of Atractylodes macrocephala clears the dampness and turbidity obstacles in the digestive process of the spleen and stomach. After receiving the second pharmacodynamic signal, Atractylodes macrocephala outputs a third pharmacodynamic signal that invigorates the spleen and assists digestion. The third pharmacodynamic signal provides a digestive guarantee for the absorption and distribution of the pharmacodynamic effects of the first, second, and fourth drug units.
5. The traditional Chinese medicine composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the fourth drug unit, cypress seed nourishes the heart, calms the mind, moistens the intestines, and promotes bowel movement; the heart-nourishing and mind-calming effect of cypress seed transmits the state of mental tranquility to the central regulatory link of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; cypress seed outputs the fourth pharmacological signal of nourishing the heart and calming the mind.
6. The traditional Chinese medicine composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first pharmacodynamic signal output by the first drug unit, the second pharmacodynamic signal output by the second drug unit, the third pharmacodynamic signal output by the third drug unit, and the fourth pharmacodynamic signal output by the fourth drug unit are all input into the synergistic network. In the synergistic network, the first and second pharmacodynamic signals are superimposed to form a synergistic strengthening signal that tonifies the kidney and replenishes essence and nourishes qi and blood. The third pharmacodynamic signal regulates the superimposed strengthening signal. The fourth pharmacodynamic signal provides mental and emotional stability to the entire superimposed system. The synergistic network outputs an integrated comprehensive therapeutic signal, which simultaneously has the first function of delaying the overall aging process of the body and the second function of regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis.
7. The traditional Chinese medicine composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ingredients are: Astragalus membranaceus (20 parts), Atractylodes macrocephala (5 parts), Leonurus japonicus (10 parts), Platycladus orientalis (10 parts), Angelica sinensis (10 parts), Lycium barbarum (10 parts), Polygonatum sibiricum (5 parts), Cuscuta chinensis (10 parts), Astragalus complanatus (10 parts), Morinda officinalis (10 parts), and Panax quinquefolius (10 parts).
8. The traditional Chinese medicine composition according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ingredients are: Astragalus membranaceus (30 parts), Atractylodes macrocephala (15 parts), Leonurus japonicus (20 parts), Platycladus orientalis (30 parts), Angelica sinensis (30 parts), Lycium barbarum (30 parts), Polygonatum sibiricum (15 parts), Cuscuta chinensis (30 parts), Astragalus complanatus (30 parts), Morinda officinalis (30 parts), and Panax quinquefolius (30 parts).
