Portable folding hydroelectric power generation device, control circuit, control method and energy management system thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to portable folding water wheel power generation device, control circuit, control method and its energy management system. Portable folding water wheel power generation device, impeller assembly, including hub and multiple pieces of blade along the hub circumferential distribution, each blade is rotatably mounted on the hub, to realize folding and unfolding, impeller assembly also includes linkage mechanism, linkage mechanism connects each blade, so that the rotation of any blade can drive all blades synchronous rotation, power generation assembly, including generator and transmission shaft, the transmission shaft one end is connected with the hub, the other end is connected with the rotor of the generator, shell, for containing power generation assembly. The present application aims at the technical defects of the prior art portable micro water power generation equipment, such as poor portability, single function, low integration and poor waterproof sealing of the shell caused by the non-foldable impeller, provides a kind of portable folding water wheel power generation device, control circuit, control method and its energy management system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of hydropower technology, specifically relating to a portable folding turbine power generation device, control circuit, control method and energy management system suitable for natural water bodies with low head and low flow velocity. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing popularity of outdoor sports and wilderness exploration, the demand for portable emergency power supplies is constantly growing. Currently, the most common portable power supplies on the market are chemical battery energy storage devices (such as power banks) and solar photovoltaic panels. However, chemical battery energy storage devices cannot replenish their power after being depleted in the wild, and their range is limited by their own capacity; solar photovoltaic panels are severely constrained by weather and sunlight conditions, and cannot function properly in cloudy or rainy weather or at night. Rivers, streams, and other natural water bodies contain abundant low-head, low-flow-velocity hydropower resources, but currently, portable micro-hydropower generation devices for personal outdoor scenarios are still lacking.

[0003] In the prior art, KR101721388B1 discloses a portable self-generating device, which includes an impeller component, a generator, and a housing. The impeller component has foldable rotating blades and is provided with a support means consisting of a support rod and a support linkage to maintain the rotation space of the blades in the unfolded state. However, there is no linkage mechanism between the blades of this device, and the user needs to operate each blade individually, which is cumbersome and makes it difficult to ensure the consistency of the opening and closing angles of each blade; its support rod assembly is used for support rather than synchronous linkage, resulting in a complex structure.

[0004] RU2050466C1 discloses a wind / hydropower engine that uses a central bevel gear and a satellite gear system to achieve blade angle adjustment or transmission. This structure belongs to the "central gear + planetary gear" mode, which requires a central bevel gear and planetary gears as additional transmission components. The structure is complex and bulky, making it unsuitable for portable devices. Moreover, its bevel gear system is mainly used for pitch angle adjustment during operation, rather than for the synchronous folding and unfolding of the blades.

[0005] RU167333U1 discloses a folding micro hydroelectric power station, which includes a pontoon, a generator, a battery, a belt drive, and some foldable blades. However, its battery is located inside the pontoon, which is mainly used to provide buoyancy and not to seal and house the power generation components; its blades are folded independently and there is no linkage mechanism; it uses a belt drive, which is not suitable for compact portable devices.

[0006] In addition, existing small hydroelectric power generation devices generally have the following problems: the impeller structure is fixed or, although it is foldable, it requires operation one by one, resulting in poor portability; they are mostly designed for high head or high flow velocity conditions, making it difficult to start in low flow velocity natural water bodies; they have limited functions and lack integration of practical outdoor functions such as energy storage and charging interfaces; and the casing is not well sealed, making it easy for water to enter the interior when used in dynamic water environments for a long time, affecting electrical safety and service life. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In view of the technical defects of existing portable micro-hydropower generation devices, such as non-foldable or cumbersome folding operation of impellers, single function and low integration, insufficient waterproof sealing of the shell, and difficulty in balancing MPPT tracking speed and steady-state oscillation, this invention provides a portable foldable hydropower generation device, control circuit, control method and energy management system.

[0008] The first technical solution of the present invention is the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device, which is characterized by comprising: The impeller assembly includes a hub and multiple blades distributed circumferentially along the hub. Each blade is rotatably mounted on the hub via a shaft to achieve retraction and expansion. The impeller assembly also includes a linkage mechanism, which includes bevel gears disposed at the root of each blade. The bevel gears of adjacent blades directly mesh to form a chain-like meshing transmission, eliminating the need for a central bevel gear. This allows the rotation of any blade to drive all blades to rotate synchronously through the sequential meshing of adjacent bevel gears. The rotation angle of the blades is 0~90°. The hub is also provided with a limiting base to abut against the root of the blades when they are expanded to a predetermined angle, preventing excessive rotation of the blades. The power generation assembly includes a generator and a drive shaft, one end of which is connected to the hub and the other end of which is connected to the rotor of the generator; the generator is a permanent magnet generator. A housing for accommodating the power generation component; the housing is composed of an upper housing, a middle housing, and a lower housing connected sequentially; the upper housing is a transparent airflow shield; the middle housing forms a battery cavity for accommodating the energy storage unit; the lower housing forms a generator cavity for accommodating the power generation component; the upper housing, the middle housing, and the lower housing are connected by threaded seals, and each connection is provided with a sealing ring; a partition is provided between the middle housing and the lower housing, the partition dividing the interior of the housing into the battery cavity and the generator cavity, and the partition has a wire-passing hole in the center for wires to pass through; An energy storage unit is located inside the battery cavity of the middle section housing and is used to store electrical energy; An output interface is located at the interface between the middle section housing and the lower section housing, and is used to output electrical energy to the outside; the output interface is a USB charging interface, and its mounting location is provided with a sealing structure; The power generation component is configured to connect to an energy storage unit and / or an output interface; each of the blades forms an impeller when it unfolds, and the water flow impacts the impeller to rotate, driving the generator to generate electricity, which is stored in the energy storage unit or output through the output interface. The blade adopts an airfoil design, and the relative thickness of the airfoil decreases from the blade root to the blade tip. The drive shaft is provided with a mechanical seal or a rotary shaft lip seal at the point where it protrudes from the housing. An adjustable guide plate is provided on the outer side of the upper section of the shell to adjust the angle of the guide plate and guide the water flow to the impeller.

[0009] Preferably, the device further includes an illumination assembly, which includes a light-emitting element disposed within the housing. The light-emitting element is electrically connected to the energy storage unit and is mounted near the transparent air guide, allowing light to pass through the transparent air guide and be emitted outward.

[0010] Preferably, the device further includes a power indicator and / or control switch disposed on the housing; the energy storage unit is a rechargeable battery; the rechargeable battery has a rated voltage of 3.6V~7.2V and a rated capacity of 2000mAh~10000mAh; a shock-absorbing pad is provided between the battery support in the battery cavity and the inner wall of the housing.

[0011] Preferably, the impeller assembly further includes a protective sleeve, which is fitted over the outside of the blades when the blades are retracted; the tail of the housing is provided with a hanging hole or a binding strap.

[0012] Preferably, the number of blades is five; the blade material is a photosensitive resin 3D printed part or an aluminum alloy precision casting; the diameter of the impeller in the unfolded state is 0.25m~0.33m.

[0013] Preferably, the relative thickness of the airfoil decreases sequentially from the blade root to the blade tip in the order of 21% → 18% → 12% → 10%.

[0014] Preferably, the output interface is a USB-A female connector, a USB-C female connector, or a Lightning female connector; the output interface mounting location is provided with a sealing gasket and the interface is filled with waterproof sealant.

[0015] Preferably, the upper shell is a hemispherical transparent flow guide, integrally molded using transparent photosensitive resin through 3D printing. The second technical solution of the present invention is a control method for any of the aforementioned portable folding hydroelectric power generation devices, the device including a DC-DC converter, characterized in that it includes: S1: Real-time acquisition of generator output voltage U(k) and output current I(k), and calculation of current output power P(k) = U(k) × I(k); S2: Calculate the rate of change of power Determine the direction of power change; S3: Adaptively adjust the duty cycle perturbation step size D of the DC-DC converter according to the magnitude of the power change rate. step : When |ΔP / Δt| is greater than the first threshold value of the power change rate δ high When this occurs, it indicates that the system is far from the maximum power point, and a large step size D is used. step =D max ; When |ΔP / Δt| is less than the second threshold δ low When this time, it indicates that the system is close to its maximum power point, and a small step size D is adopted. step =D min ; When |ΔP / Δt| is within the first threshold δ high Second threshold δ low During this period, step size D step At the maximum step size D max and minimum step size D min The changes are continuous, that is:

[0016] In the formula, δ high For the first threshold, δ low As the second threshold, D max For the maximum step size, D min For the minimum step size, and δ high >δ low >0; S4: Determine the duty cycle adjustment direction based on the power change direction: if ΔP>0, continue adjusting in the original direction; if ΔP<0, adjust in the opposite direction. S5: Repeat steps S1 to S4 to ensure the generator always operates near its maximum power point. The third technical solution of this invention is the energy management system of any of the aforementioned portable folding hydroelectric power generation devices, characterized by comprising: microprocessor; Voltage detection circuit, connected to the generator output terminal; The current detection circuit is connected to the generator output terminal; The battery power detection circuit is connected to both ends of the energy storage unit; A load detection circuit is connected to the output interface; A speed detection circuit is used to detect the impeller speed; the speed detection circuit uses a Hall sensor. The microprocessor switches between the following operating modes based on battery level, power generation, and load power: Maximum power generation mode: When the battery level is below the first threshold, the energy storage unit is charged; Balanced mode: When the battery level is between the first and second thresholds, it supports power supply from the output interface and charging of the energy storage unit; Standby mode: When the impeller speed is lower than the start-up threshold and the duration exceeds the preset time, the system enters a low-power state.

[0017] The fourth technical solution of the present invention is the control circuit of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device described in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it includes: A rectifier circuit is used to convert the alternating current (AC) output from a generator into direct current (DC). A DC-DC converter circuit is connected after the rectifier circuit; The signal acquisition circuit is used to acquire the voltage and current signals of the generator; The microprocessor receives the signal output from the signal acquisition circuit and outputs control signals. The power path management module receives control signals from the microprocessor and controls the distribution of power between the energy storage unit charging circuit and the output interface power supply circuit.

[0018] Preferably, the microprocessor runs the variable step-size adaptive perturbation observation MPPT algorithm. When the power change rate is greater than the first threshold, a large step size is used: duty cycle step size D step =0.05 Fast Tracking; When the rate of change of power is less than the second threshold, a small step size is used: D step =0.005 fine adjustment; When the rate of change of power is between the first threshold and the second threshold, the step size is continuously and adaptively adjusted according to the following formula:

[0019] In the formula, x = |ΔP / Δt|, D max For the maximum step size, D min For the minimum step size, δ high For the first threshold, δ low The second threshold is δ high >δ low >0; The microprocessor also features a maximum power point locking and restart mechanism: when the power change rate is less than a second threshold δ for N consecutive sampling periods... low Furthermore, when the duty cycle adjustment direction alternates, the current duty cycle is locked; when the power change rate is greater than the third threshold γ3, MPPT tracking is restarted; where γ3 > δ low >0.

[0020] Preferably, the DC-DC converter circuit supports buck mode, boost mode, and pass-through mode; the signal acquisition circuit includes a voltage sampling circuit and a current sampling circuit; the voltage sampling circuit acquires voltage signals through a resistor voltage divider network; and the current sampling circuit acquires current signals through a sampling resistor in conjunction with a current detection amplifier.

[0021] Preferably, the system also includes a speed detection circuit, which uses a Hall sensor to detect the impeller speed. When the impeller speed is detected to be lower than the start-up threshold and the duration exceeds a preset time, a wake-up signal is sent to the microprocessor. In response to this signal, the microprocessor controls the power path management module to disconnect all power paths and enter a low-power sleep state. When the impeller speed is detected to be higher than the start-up threshold, a wake-up signal is sent to the microprocessor. In response to this signal, the microprocessor resumes MPPT control and energy management.

[0022] Preferably, the microprocessor controls the resistance of the digital potentiometer via the I²C bus based on the battery voltage monitoring results, thereby achieving continuous adjustment of the charging current within the range of 50mA to 1000mA to facilitate the execution of the three-stage intelligent charging strategy.

[0023] Preferably, the power path management module, under the control of the microprocessor, has the following four power allocation modes: Maximum power generation mode: All power is allocated to the battery charging circuit; Balanced mode: Power is simultaneously distributed to the battery charging circuit and the USB output circuit; Priority power supply mode: Prioritizes power supply to the USB output circuit, and allocates excess power to the battery charging circuit; Standby mode: All power paths are disconnected, and the microprocessor enters a low-power sleep state.

[0024] Preferably, the system also includes a charging management module, which consists of a charging management chip and a digital potentiometer, and is used to execute charging strategies.

[0025] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) Significantly improved portability and storage: Through the chain linkage mechanism where bevel gears at the root of adjacent blades mesh directly, users only need to operate any one blade to control all blades to fold or unfold synchronously. There is no need for a central bevel gear, the structure is simple and compact, the opening and closing angles of each blade are consistent, and the radial dimension of the whole machine is significantly reduced after folding.

[0026] (2) Multifunctional and highly integrated design: Hydropower generation, electrical energy storage and external output are integrated into a three-section sealed shell. The middle section of the shell forms the battery cavity, the lower section forms the generator cavity, and the partition separates the battery cavity and the generator cavity. The layout is reasonable and the space utilization rate is high.

[0027] (3) Excellent low-flow-rate starting performance: The blades adopt an airfoil design, with the relative thickness of the airfoil decreasing from the blade root to the blade tip. This helps to reduce the impeller starting resistance torque under low-flow-rate conditions and improve the energy capture efficiency at low flow rates. This allows the device to still operate effectively in low-head environments such as natural streams.

[0028] (4) Excellent waterproof performance: The multi-layer waterproof sealing system is formed by the dynamic seal at the point where the drive shaft exits the housing, the static seal at the threaded connection of the three housing sections, and the seal at the output interface installation point, which effectively improves the waterproof performance of the whole machine in dynamic water environment.

[0029] (5) MPPT control balances tracking speed and steady-state accuracy: It adopts a variable step size adaptive disturbance observation method, which uses a large step size for fast tracking when far from the maximum power point and a small step size for fine adjustment when approaching the maximum power point. It also sets a maximum power point locking and restart mechanism to effectively suppress steady-state oscillations and adapt to changes in water flow velocity.

[0030] (6) Intelligent energy management: Automatically switches between maximum power generation mode, equalization mode and standby mode based on battery power, power generation and load power, and shuts down unnecessary functional modules in standby mode to extend the battery life of the energy storage unit.

[0031] (7) High integration of control circuit: Rectification, DC-DC conversion, signal acquisition, power path management, charging management and speed detection are integrated into one unit to realize full-process control from generator AC output to energy storage unit charging and output interface power supply. Attached Figure Description

[0032] Figure 1 This is an exploded view of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2 This is an exploded view of the blade structure of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the blade section of the present invention; Figure 4 for Figure 3 Sectional view along line AA; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the blade-hub connection and linkage mechanism of the present invention; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the folding and storage effect of the impeller of the present invention; Figure 7 This is a partial structural diagram of the impeller of the present invention; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the energy conversion path of the present invention; Figure 9 This is a block diagram of the intelligent control logic of the present invention; Figure 10 This is a flowchart of the software control process of the present invention.

[0033] Explanation of key component symbols: Detailed Implementation

[0034] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings: Example 1: Overall structure of a portable folding hydroelectric power generation device.

[0035] Please see Figure 1 As shown, the overall structure of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device of the present invention is cylindrical, and it is mainly composed of four functional modules: impeller assembly 1, power generation assembly 2, housing 3, and energy storage and output assembly 4.

[0036] The housing 3 is cylindrical and consists of three parts: an upper housing 31, a middle housing 32, and a lower housing 33. These sections are connected by threaded seals, with waterproof sealing rings at the joints. The upper housing 31 is a transparent flow guide to direct water flow smoothly towards the impeller. The middle housing 32 forms a battery cavity 35 to house the energy storage unit 41, and the lower housing 33 forms a generator cavity 36 to house the power generation assembly 2. Figure 1 The spatial layout and assembly relationship of the various components of the present invention are clearly shown: the impeller assembly 1 is located at the front end of the housing 3. Figure 1 The upper and middle sections are connected to the generator 21 inside the housing via the drive shaft 22; the energy storage unit 41 is installed in the battery cavity 35 of the middle section housing 32; the output interface 42 is located at the interface between the middle section housing 32 and the lower section housing 33 for easy user operation.

[0037] Please see Figure 6 As shown, when the blades are retracted, each blade is in close contact with the outer wall of the housing 3, and the radial dimension of the whole machine is significantly reduced, making it easy to store.

[0038] Impeller assembly: Please see Figure 2 As shown, the impeller assembly 1 includes a hub 11 and multiple blades 12 evenly distributed circumferentially along the hub 11. The root of each blade 12 is mounted on the hub 11 via a shaft 131, and each blade 12 can rotate around its corresponding shaft 131 to achieve folding and unfolding. The blade's angle of movement around the shaft is 0 to 90°. The impeller is assembled onto the hub 11 via a fixing member 132. Preferably, the number of blades 12 is five.

[0039] Please see Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the blade section of the present invention, wherein the dashed line AA indicates the section position of the blade; Figure 4 for Figure 3The cross-sectional view along axis AA shows the airfoil cross-sectional shape of blade 12. Preferably, each blade 12 adopts an airfoil design, with the relative thickness of the airfoil decreasing spanwise from the blade root to the blade tip (e.g., decreasing sequentially from 21% to 18% to 12% to 10%). This airfoil distribution is beneficial for reducing the impeller's starting drag torque under low flow velocity conditions and improving energy capture efficiency at low flow velocities. The diameter of the impeller in its deployed state is preferably 0.25 m to 0.33 m. The blade material can be formed using photosensitive resin through 3D printing technology, or manufactured using metal materials such as aluminum alloy through precision casting, CNC machining, or stamping.

[0040] Please see Figure 5 As shown, Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the blade-hub connection and linkage mechanism of the present invention.

[0041] Each blade 12 has a linkage mechanism at its root. The linkage mechanisms of adjacent blades 12 cooperate with each other, so that the rotation of any blade 12 can drive all blades 12 to rotate synchronously. Specifically, the linkage mechanism includes a bevel gear 16 fixedly mounted at the root of each blade 12. The bevel gears 16 of adjacent blades 12 directly mesh to form a chain-like meshing transmission, eliminating the need for a central bevel gear. When the user moves any blade 12, the bevel gear 16 at the root of that blade rotates accordingly. Through the meshing transmission of adjacent bevel gears 16, the bevel gears 16 at the roots of all blades 12 are driven to rotate synchronously, thereby causing all blades 12 to expand or retract synchronously. This linkage mechanism ensures a high degree of consistency in the opening and closing angles of each blade 12.

[0042] Please see Figure 7 As shown, Figure 7 This is a partial structural diagram of the impeller of the present invention.

[0043] During blade installation, the bevel gears 16 at the blade root mesh with each other and move in tandem. The rotating shaft 131 is inserted through a small hole on the side of the hub 11 into a small hole at the center of the bevel gear 16, restricting the bevel gear 16 to rotate only around the shaft. Simultaneously, to prevent the rotating shaft 131 from falling out of its original insertion hole, a set of fixing members 132 that can be inserted from above the hub is provided; these fixing members seal the shaft's entry and exit holes.

[0044] The limiting base 14 provides limiting support when the blade 12 is unfolded. When the blade 12 is unfolded to a predetermined angle, the limiting base 14 abuts against the root of the blade 12 to prevent the blade 12 from rotating excessively.

[0045] Figure 6 The image shows the blades fully retracted, with each blade 12 tightly attached to the outer wall of the housing 3. The entire unit has a streamlined cylindrical shape with significantly reduced radial dimensions, allowing for easy storage. The protective cover 15 can be fitted over the blades 12 in the folded state to further protect the blades and facilitate carrying.

[0046] Housing assembly: Please continue reading. Figure 1 As shown, the housing 3 is cylindrical and consists of three parts: an upper housing 31, a middle housing 32, and a lower housing 33. The sections are connected by threaded seals, with waterproof sealing rings at the joints. Specifically, the lower end of the upper housing 31 has external threads, and the upper end of the middle housing 32 has mating internal threads; the lower end of the middle housing 32 has external threads, and the upper end of the lower housing 33 has mating internal threads. During assembly, O-rings are inserted into the sealing grooves at the joints of each section, and then tightened by screwing. Under the pressure of the threads, the sealing rings undergo elastic deformation, filling the thread gaps and achieving a reliable static seal.

[0047] The upper shell 31 is a flow guide. Preferably, the upper shell 31 is a hemispherical transparent flow guide, which is integrally formed by 3D printing technology using transparent photosensitive resin. It can guide the water flow smoothly to the blade 12 and allow internal light to pass through.

[0048] A partition 34 is provided between the middle housing 32 and the lower housing 33, dividing the interior of the housing into a battery chamber 35 and a generator chamber 36. The battery chamber 35 is located inside the middle housing 32 and is used to house the energy storage unit 41; the generator chamber 36 is located inside the lower housing 33 and is used to house the power generation assembly 2. This partitioned design ensures that the functional modules do not interfere with each other spatially, while also facilitating assembly and maintenance. A wire through hole is provided in the center of the partition 34 for wires to pass through, connecting the output terminal of the generator 21 to the control circuit board, and connecting the control circuit board to the energy storage unit 41.

[0049] An output interface 42 is provided at the partition 34, that is, at the interface between the middle section housing 32 and the lower section housing 33. Preferably, the output interface 42 is a USB charging interface (such as a USB-A female connector, a USB-C female connector, or a Lightning female connector).

[0050] An adjustable-angle guide plate is installed on the outer side of the upper shell 31. The angle of the guide plate can be adjusted manually or electrically to guide a wider range of water flow to the blades 12, thereby improving water capture efficiency and power generation. A rope hole or strap can be added to the tail of the shell to facilitate fixing the device to a fixed object in the river.

[0051] In an alternative implementation, the sealing connection between the sections of the housing can be achieved by using a snap-fit ​​connection with a sealing ring instead of a threaded connection.

[0052] Power generation components: Please see Figure 1 and Figure 8 As shown, Figure 8The invention demonstrates the energy conversion path, clearly showing the complete conversion chain from water kinetic energy to electrical energy output.

[0053] The generator 21 is installed inside the generator chamber 36 of the lower housing 33, and its rotor is fixedly connected to the center of the impeller hub 11 via a drive shaft 22. Specifically, one end of the drive shaft 22 is fixedly connected to the center of the hub 11 via a coupling or key, and the other end is fixedly connected to the rotor shaft of the generator 21 via a coupling. When the water flow impacts the blades 12, causing the impeller to rotate, the hub 11 directly drives the rotor of the generator 21 to rotate via the drive shaft 22, and the generator 21 converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output terminal of the generator 21 is electrically connected to the control circuit board via wires.

[0054] Preferably, generator 21 is a permanent magnet generator (such as a micro permanent magnet synchronous generator), which has the advantages of small size, high efficiency, and no need for external excitation power supply, making it particularly suitable for portable low-current-rate power generation scenarios. The stator winding of generator 21 is a three-phase star connection or delta connection, and three phase lines are led out from the output terminal to the control circuit board.

[0055] A seal (such as a mechanical seal or a rotary shaft lip seal) is provided where the drive shaft 22 exits the housing for dynamic sealing. This seal effectively prevents water from seeping into the housing along the surface of the drive shaft when the drive shaft rotates. Specifically, a sealing cavity is provided at the intersection of the lower housing 33 and the drive shaft 22. A mechanical seal is installed in the sealing cavity. The stationary ring of the mechanical seal is fixed to the housing, and the rotating ring is fixed to the drive shaft. The contact surfaces of the rotating ring and the stationary ring are tightly fitted under the pressure of a spring, achieving dynamic sealing during rotation.

[0056] Energy storage and output components: The energy storage and output component 4 includes an energy storage unit 41 disposed within the housing 3 and an output interface 42 disposed on the housing 3.

[0057] The energy storage unit 41 is installed within the battery cavity 35 of the middle housing 32 and is electrically connected to the control circuit board via wires. Preferably, the energy storage unit 41 is a rechargeable battery (such as an 18650 lithium-ion battery, polymer lithium-ion battery, or lithium iron phosphate battery) with a rated voltage of 3.6V to 7.2V and a rated capacity of 2000mAh to 10000mAh. The energy storage unit 41 can be fixed within the battery cavity 35 by a battery bracket, and a shock-absorbing pad is provided between the battery bracket and the inner wall of the housing to buffer vibrations during transportation and use.

[0058] Output interface 42 is located on housing 3 and is used to output electrical energy to charge electronic devices such as mobile phones. Preferably, output interface 42 is a USB charging interface, located at the interface between the middle housing 32 and the lower housing 33. The mounting point of output interface 42 is provided with a sealing structure (such as a sealing ring or sealant injection) to prevent water from seeping in from the interface mounting gap.

[0059] like Figure 8 As shown, the energy conversion path is as follows: water kinetic energy → impeller mechanical energy → generator AC power → rectifier circuit → DC bus → charging management circuit → energy storage unit; or DC bus → output interface → external equipment.

[0060] Waterproof sealing design: Please see Figure 1 As shown, the present invention employs a multi-layered waterproof sealing design, including the following aspects: (1) A sealing element (such as a mechanical seal or a skeleton oil seal) is provided at the point where the drive shaft 22 protrudes from the housing for dynamic sealing; the sealing element can effectively prevent water from seeping into the housing along the surface of the drive shaft when the drive shaft rotates; (2) The connection between the upper shell 31, the middle shell 32 and the lower shell 33 is sealed with a waterproof sealing ring; the threaded connection between each shell provides mechanical fastening force, and the waterproof sealing ring (such as an O-ring) undergoes elastic deformation under the action of the threaded clamping force to fill the thread gap and achieve a reliable static seal. (3) The output interface 42 is equipped with a sealing structure (such as a sealing gasket between the interface and the housing, and waterproof sealant inside the interface) to prevent water from seeping in from the interface installation gap.

[0061] The aforementioned multi-layered sealing structure covers both dynamic and static sealing requirements. Each layer of sealing complements the others, effectively ensuring the waterproof performance of the entire machine in dynamic water environments and ensuring the safe and reliable operation of internal electrical components.

[0062] Work process: Please see Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 8 As shown, the working process of this invention is as follows: Expanded status: Please refer to Figure 5 As shown, when the user holds the device and moves any blade 12, all blades 12 are simultaneously deployed to the working position via a linkage mechanism (such as the meshing transmission of bevel gear 16). A complete impeller is formed. The limiting base 14 provides limiting support when the blades unfold, ensuring that the unfolding angle of each blade is consistent; Power generation status: Please refer to Figure 8As shown, the device is placed in a natural body of water such as a river or stream, immersing the impeller in the water flow. The water flow impacts the blades 12, causing the impeller to rotate. The hub 11 drives the rotor of the generator 21 to rotate via the drive shaft 22, generating alternating current (AC). The generated AC is rectified by the rectifier circuit on the control circuit board and stored in the energy storage unit 41, or output via the output interface 42 to charge electronic devices. Storage status: Please refer to Figure 6 As shown, when the user reverses the direction of any blade 12, all blades 12 will retract synchronously through the linkage mechanism and fit tightly against the outer wall of the housing 3, significantly reducing the radial dimension of the entire machine and making it easy to store.

[0063] Lighting components (optional implementation): Preferably, the present invention also includes a lighting component. The lighting component includes a light-emitting element (such as an LED bead or an LED panel) disposed within the housing 3, and the light-emitting element is electrically connected to the energy storage unit 41. When the user operates the control switch, the energy storage unit 41 supplies power to the light-emitting element to realize the lighting function.

[0064] Preferably, the upper housing 31 is a transparent shroud, and the light-emitting element is installed near the upper housing 31 (such as on the upper end face of the partition 34 or in the upper cavity of the middle housing 32). The light emitted by the light-emitting element shines outward through the upper housing 31, and can be used as a camping light or emergency lighting at night.

[0065] Example 2: Control method - Adaptive variable step size MPPT control.

[0066] The present invention also provides a control method for the above-mentioned portable folding hydroelectric power generation device. This method achieves maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through an adaptive variable step size perturbation observation method, enabling the generator to efficiently output electrical energy under different water flow velocity conditions.

[0067] Please see Figure 9 and Figure 10 As shown, Figure 9 This is a block diagram of the intelligent control logic of the present invention, which shows the signal flow and control relationship between the various functional modules of the system; Figure 10 The software control flowchart of this invention illustrates the program execution flow of the MPPT control method.

[0068] The control method described in this embodiment is executed by a microprocessor mounted on a control circuit board. The microprocessor acquires the generator's output voltage and current in real time through a signal acquisition circuit, converts them into digital values ​​after analog-to-digital conversion, and then processes them using the MPPT control algorithm module inside the microprocessor. The output signal is then used to drive the DC-DC converter, thereby achieving real-time tracking and adjustment of the generator's output power.

[0069] The specific steps of the control method are as follows: Step S1: Collect the generator's output voltage and output current, and calculate the current output power; The microprocessor acquires the generator's output voltage U(k) and output current I(k) at a preset sampling frequency (e.g., 1 kHz) using an ADC (analog-to-digital converter). The sampling period Ts is preferably 0.001 s to 0.01 s. Based on the acquired voltage and current values, the microprocessor calculates the output power P(k) at the current time k. P(k) = U(k) × I(k); In the formula, U(k) is the generator output voltage (rectified DC bus voltage) at the current moment, and I(k) is the generator output current (rectified DC bus current) at the current moment.

[0070] To ensure sampling accuracy, voltage sampling uses a resistor divider network to reduce the generator output voltage (e.g., 0–30V) to the ADC input range (e.g., 0–3.3V). Current sampling uses a sampling resistor (e.g., 10mΩ–100mΩ) in series in the loop, along with a current sense amplifier, to convert the current signal into a voltage signal before connecting it to the ADC. The preferred resolution of the ADC is 12-bit or 16-bit. Step S2: Determine the power change based on the difference between the current output power and the output power at the previous moment; The microprocessor calculates the difference between the output power P(k) at the current time k and the output power P(k-1) at the previous time (the (k-1)th sampling period), and obtains the power change ΔP: ΔP = P(k) - P(k-1); When ΔP>0, it indicates that the power is increasing, meaning the current duty cycle adjustment direction is correct; when ΔP<0, it indicates that the power is decreasing, meaning the current duty cycle adjustment direction is incorrect and needs to be reversed.

[0071] Meanwhile, the microprocessor also calculates the voltage change ΔU=U(k)-U(k-1) to help determine the direction of power change and avoid misjudgment in the flat region of the power curve; Step S3: Adaptively adjust the duty cycle perturbation step size of the DC-DC converter according to the magnitude of the power change; The microprocessor adaptively determines the duty cycle perturbation step size D of the DC-DC converter based on the magnitude of the power change ΔP and the current voltage change ΔU. step Specifically: When the rate of change of power |ΔP / Δt| is greater than the first threshold δ high When this occurs, it indicates that the system is far from the maximum power point, and a large step size D is used. step =D max(e.g., duty cycle step size of 0.05 to 0.10) to accelerate the tracking speed and enable the system to quickly approach the vicinity of the maximum power point; When the rate of change of power |ΔP / Δt| is less than the second threshold δ low When this time, it indicates that the system is close to its maximum power point, and a small step size D is adopted. step =D min (e.g., duty cycle step size of 0.001 to 0.005) to reduce steady-state oscillations and improve tracking accuracy; When the rate of change of power |ΔP / Δt| is within the first threshold δ high Second threshold δ low During this period, step size D step At the maximum step size D max and minimum step size D min The changes are continuous, that is: ; Alternatively, an exponential change method may be used: ; In the formula, δ high and δ low δ is a preset threshold. high >δ low >0; α is the preset attenuation coefficient, α>0; the threshold value can be calibrated according to the generator parameters and system response characteristics; as an example, when the sampling period T=0.005s, δ high It can be set to 0.5W / s, δ low It can be set to 0.05W / s.

[0072] The above step size adjustment strategy can balance tracking speed and steady-state accuracy: when far from the maximum power point, a large step size is used for rapid approximation, and a small step size is used for fine adjustment when approaching the maximum power point, so as to avoid large oscillations near the maximum power point. Step S4: Determine the duty cycle adjustment direction based on the direction of power change; The microprocessor determines the direction of duty cycle adjustment based on the signs of the power change ΔP and the voltage change ΔU. Keep the previous adjustment direction; if ΔP < 0, adjust in the opposite direction; if ΔP = 0, keep it. The duty cycle D output by the microprocessor is output as a PWM signal to the switching transistor drive terminal of the DC-DC converter to control the on-time ratio of the switching transistor. Step S5: Repeat steps S1 to S4 to make the generator operate near its maximum power point; The microprocessor repeats steps S1 to S4 in each sampling cycle, forming a closed-loop control loop. Through continuous perturbation and observation, the equivalent input impedance of the DC-DC converter is adjusted in real time to match the optimal load impedance of the generator, thereby ensuring that the generator always operates near its maximum power point under different water flow rates, maximizing the water energy capture efficiency.

[0073] During the execution of the above steps, the microprocessor also monitors the battery power of the energy storage unit 41 in real time. When the battery power reaches the full charge threshold (such as 95% to 100% of the rated capacity), the microprocessor reduces the target value of MPPT control, causing the generator output power to decrease or switch to trickle charging mode to prevent the battery from being overcharged.

[0074] Preferred implementation of the control method: In the preferred embodiment, the adaptive adjustment of the duty cycle perturbation step size in step S3 further includes the following refinement strategy: When the rate of change of power |ΔP / Δt| is greater than the first threshold δ high Then, further determine the direction of the power change rate: if the power change rate is positive and continues to increase, it indicates that the system is rapidly approaching the maximum power point, and at this time, the maximum step size D is used. max If the rate of change of power is positive but the rate of increase is slowing down, it means that the system is close to the maximum power point and the step size should be appropriately reduced. This refinement strategy further optimizes the tracking path by introducing the second derivative information of the rate of change of power, and avoids overshoot caused by excessive step size near the maximum power point. When the rate of change of power |ΔP / Δt| is less than the second threshold δ low At this point, the system enters the fine-tuning phase; At this stage, the microprocessor also introduces a hysteresis comparison mechanism: when the power change rate is within δ... low When fluctuating around D, the step size is D min and 1.2×D min Switching between steps eliminates frequent step size jumps caused by sampling noise and improves system stability.

[0075] In addition, the microprocessor also has a maximum power point locking mechanism: when the power change rate |ΔP / Δt| is less than the second threshold δ for N consecutive sampling periods (e.g., N=5~10), low Furthermore, when the duty cycle adjustment direction changes alternately, the microprocessor determines that the system has locked the maximum power point. At this time, the duty cycle perturbation is paused, the current duty cycle is maintained unchanged, and timed detection is started (e.g., once every 100 sampling cycles). When the power change rate |ΔP / Δt| is detected to be greater than the third threshold γ3, MPPT tracking is restarted to deal with the maximum power point drift caused by changes in water flow velocity.

[0076] The third threshold γ3 is the restart threshold after MPPT locking, satisfying γ3>δ low >0; Preferred δ low <γ3<δ high Further optimization is to select γ3=(1.5~5)δ low .

[0077] As an example, when the sampling period T = 0.005s, δ low =0.05W / s, δ high When the value is 0.5 W / s, γ3 can be set to 0.1 W / s to 0.25 W / s.

[0078] Furthermore, to avoid false triggering due to sampling noise, MPPT tracking can be restarted only when |ΔP / Δt| is greater than γ3 for M consecutive sampling periods (e.g., M=3~10), or when the moving average is greater than γ3; after restarting, the duty cycle perturbation step size is set to D. max Alternatively, recalculate using the adaptive step size formula and clear the lock timer.

[0079] Example 3: Energy Management System.

[0080] The present invention also provides an energy management system for the above-mentioned portable folding hydroelectric power generation device. The system uses a microprocessor as the control core, monitors the power generation status, energy storage status and load status in real time through detection circuits, and intelligently switches the working mode according to preset strategies to achieve optimized management of electrical energy and effective control of system power consumption.

[0081] Please see Figure 9 As shown, Figure 9 This is a block diagram of the modular hierarchical architecture of the circuit system of the present invention, which shows the hierarchical relationship and signal flow of each functional module in the energy management system; And the intelligent control logic of the energy management system.

[0082] Hardware components of an energy management system: The energy management system includes the following components: Microprocessor: As the control core of the system, the microprocessor adopts a low-power microcontroller (such as the ARM Cortex-M0+ / M3 series microcontroller, or the TI MSP430 series ultra-low-power microcontroller), and has built-in ADC module, PWM output module, GPIO interface and multiple serial communication interfaces (such as I...). 2 (C, SPI, UART); The microprocessor is responsible for acquiring signals from each detection circuit, running the MPPT control algorithm and energy management strategy, and outputting control signals to drive each execution module; Voltage detection circuit: Connected to the generator output terminal (i.e., after the rectifier circuit and before the DC-DC converter circuit), it is used to detect the generator's output voltage. The voltage detection circuit attenuates the high-voltage signal (e.g., 0-30V) to the input range of the microprocessor ADC (0-3.3V or 0-5V) through a resistor divider network. The divider network is composed of high-precision resistors (accuracy ±1% or higher), and the voltage division ratio can be configured according to the generator's rated output voltage. The divided signal is then filtered by an RC low-pass filter before being input to the ADC to remove high-frequency noise. Current sensing circuit: Connected to the generator output terminal (i.e., after the rectifier circuit and before the DC-DC converter circuit), it is used to detect the generator's output current. The current sensing circuit uses a low-resistance sampling resistor (e.g., 10mΩ~100mΩ, power 1 / 4W or higher, accuracy ±1%) connected in series in the loop. A current sensing amplifier (e.g., INA180, INA219, or MAX4080 high-side / low-side current sensing amplifiers) amplifies the weak voltage signal across the sampling resistor and then feeds it into the ADC. The gain of the current sensing amplifier can be configured according to the generator's rated output current. Battery power detection circuit: Connected to both ends of energy storage unit 41, it is used to detect the battery voltage of the energy storage unit and thus estimate the battery power. The battery power detection circuit uses a resistor voltage divider to acquire the battery terminal voltage, and simultaneously acquires the battery voltage through the microprocessor's ADC. To improve the accuracy of power estimation, the battery power detection circuit may also include a coulomb counter (fuel gauge) chip (such as TI BQ27Z561 or MAX17048, etc.), which uses I... 2 The C interface communicates with the microprocessor to monitor the battery's charging and discharging capacity in real time. Load detection circuit: connected to output interface 42, used to detect whether an external load is connected and the magnitude of the load power; the load detection circuit detects the magnitude of the output current by connecting a sampling resistor in series in the power supply circuit of the output interface, thereby determining the load connection status and load power; when the output current is detected to be greater than a preset threshold (e.g., 5mA), it is determined that a load is connected; when the output current is less than the preset threshold and continues for more than a preset time (e.g., 10s), it is determined that the load has been removed.

[0083] Speed ​​detection circuit: used to detect the impeller speed; Preferably, the speed detection circuit uses a Hall sensor; the Hall sensor is installed inside the housing 3 near the drive shaft 22, and a magnet (such as a ring magnet or a single magnetic block) is correspondingly provided on the drive shaft 22; when the drive shaft 22 rotates, the Hall sensor senses the alternating magnetic field generated by the magnet and outputs a pulse signal; the microprocessor detects the pulse frequency output by the Hall sensor through an external interrupt or input capture function, thereby calculating the impeller speed; the calculation formula is: n=60×f / m; In the formula, n is the impeller speed (revolutions / minute), f is the output pulse frequency of the Hall sensor (Hz), and m is the number of magnets set on the drive shaft; The speed detection circuit can also use a photoelectric encoder or a magnetoelectric speed sensor to replace the Hall sensor; Working modes and switching strategies: The microprocessor automatically switches between the following three operating modes based on battery power, power generation, and load power: Mode 1 – Maximum Power Generation Mode: When the battery charge falls below a first threshold (e.g., 20%–30% of battery charge), the system enters maximum power generation mode. In this mode, the MPPT control algorithm continuously tracks the maximum power point, and all electrical energy output from the DC-DC converter is used to charge the energy storage unit 41. The power supply function of the output interface 42 is temporarily disabled or limited to ensure that the energy storage unit's charge can recover quickly. In this mode, the microprocessor sets the duty cycle perturbation step size of the MPPT algorithm to a large value (e.g., D). step =0.05~0.10), to accelerate the tracking speed; When the battery charge of the energy storage unit 41 reaches or exceeds the first threshold, the system automatically switches to the equalization mode; Mode 2 – Balanced Mode: When the battery charge is between the first threshold (e.g., 20%–30%) and the second threshold (e.g., 70%–85%), the system enters balanced mode. In this mode, the MPPT control algorithm tracks the maximum power point, and the power output from the DC-DC converter simultaneously supports power supply to output interface 42 and charging of energy storage unit 41. The power path management module dynamically allocates power according to the load power. When there is no load or the load power is small, most of the electrical energy is used to charge the energy storage unit; when there is a load and the load power is large, priority is given to ensuring the power supply to the load, and the remaining electrical energy is used for charging. In balanced mode, if the power generation is greater than the sum of the load power and the charging power, the excess electrical energy continues to charge the energy storage unit; if the power generation is less than the load power, the energy storage unit 41 will supplement the power supply. This mode is the most commonly used operating mode, taking into account both the needs of energy storage supplementation and external power supply.

[0084] Mode 3 – Standby Mode: When the impeller speed is lower than the starting threshold (e.g., 50rpm to 100rpm) and the duration exceeds the preset time (e.g., 30s to 120s), it indicates that the water flow rate is too low or the device has left the water area, and the generator cannot generate electricity effectively. At this time, the microprocessor determines that the system has entered standby mode, and the control system enters a low-power state.

[0085] In low-power mode, the microprocessor shuts down unnecessary functional modules (such as the DC-DC converter, voltage detection circuit, and current detection circuit), leaving only the speed detection circuit and the microprocessor's low-power timer / external interrupt wake-up function active. System power consumption is reduced to a minimum (e.g., less than 1mW) to extend the energy storage unit's battery life and prevent the energy storage unit's battery from being completely consumed by the control system itself.

[0086] When the impeller restarts and its speed exceeds the startup threshold, an external interrupt is triggered to wake the microprocessor. The system automatically switches from standby mode back to maximum power generation mode or equalization mode (determined based on the current battery charge). The conversion formula between rotational speed (rpm) and pulse frequency (Hz) is as follows: Rotational speed (rpm) = Pulse frequency (Hz) × 60 / Number of pulses per revolution of Hall sensor; Preferred implementation methods for energy management: In a preferred embodiment, the energy management system further includes a temperature detection circuit for detecting the temperature of the energy storage unit 41. The temperature detection circuit employs an NTC thermistor or a digital temperature sensor (such as a DS18B20) and is installed inside the battery cavity 35 near the energy storage unit 41. When the detected battery temperature exceeds a first temperature threshold (such as 45°C), the microprocessor reduces the charging current or pauses charging to prevent the battery from overheating and causing safety issues. When the battery temperature is below a second temperature threshold (such as 0°C), the microprocessor reduces the charging current and initiates a preheating strategy (if applicable) to protect the battery's lifespan in low-temperature environments.

[0087] In another preferred embodiment, the energy management system further includes a wireless communication module (such as a Bluetooth BLE module or a LoRa module). The microprocessor interacts with external terminal devices (such as smartphones) through the wireless communication module, transmitting information such as power generation, battery level, and operating mode to the terminal devices in real time for users to view. It also supports users to remotely control the system's power on / off and mode switching through the terminal devices.

[0088] Example 4: Control circuit.

[0089] The present invention also provides a control circuit for the above-mentioned portable folding hydroelectric power generation device. The control circuit is based on a microprocessor and integrates functional modules such as rectification, DC-DC conversion, signal acquisition and power path management to form a complete power processing link.

[0090] Please see Figure 8 As shown, Figure 8 It demonstrates the modular, hierarchical architecture of the control circuitry, as well as the complete energy conversion path from generator output to energy storage units or external loads.

[0091] Complete architecture of the control circuit: The control circuit includes the following functional modules: Rectifier Circuit: The generator 21 outputs AC power (especially the permanent magnet synchronous generator, which outputs three-phase AC power). The rectifier circuit converts the AC power output from the generator into DC power. The rectifier circuit adopts a three-phase bridge rectifier topology, consisting of six rectifier diodes (such as Schottky diodes or fast recovery diodes) forming a three-phase rectifier bridge, or uses synchronous rectification technology (composed of six MOSFETs and their driving circuits) to improve rectification efficiency. The three AC input terminals of the three-phase rectifier bridge are respectively connected to the three phase lines of the generator, and the DC output terminal outputs pulsating DC power. A filter capacitor is connected in parallel to the DC output terminal of the rectifier circuit to smooth the rectified DC voltage and reduce voltage ripple. DC-DC converter circuit: Connected after the rectifier circuit, it is used to convert the rectified DC voltage into a voltage level suitable for charging the energy storage unit and powering the output interface; the DC-DC converter circuit is the hardware execution mechanism of the MPPT algorithm, which adjusts the input impedance of the converter by changing the duty cycle of the switching transistor to match the optimal load impedance of the generator. Preferably, the DC-DC converter circuit adopts a Buck-Boost or SEPIC topology, supporting three operating modes: Buck, Boost, and Pass-through. When the rectified DC voltage is higher than the energy storage unit voltage, it operates in Buck mode; when the rectified DC voltage is lower than the energy storage unit voltage, it operates in Boost mode; and when the two voltages are similar, it operates in Pass-through mode. This multi-mode adaptive topology enables the generator to efficiently transfer electrical energy to the energy storage unit under different speed (and output voltage) conditions. The switching transistors in the DC-DC converter circuit are driven by a PWM signal output from the microprocessor. The PWM signal is level-shifted and amplified by a MOSFET driver chip (such as IR2110 or UCC27524) before driving the gate of the switching transistor. The frequency of the PWM signal is preferably 50kHz to 500kHz to achieve a balance between switching losses and inductor size.

[0092] Signal acquisition circuit: used to acquire the generator's output voltage and / or current signals, providing a data basis for MPPT control and system monitoring; The signal acquisition circuit includes a voltage sampling circuit and a current sampling circuit: (1) Voltage sampling circuit: The voltage signal is acquired through a resistor voltage divider network. The resistor voltage divider network is composed of high-precision resistors in series (such as 100kΩ and 10kΩ, with an accuracy of ±1%). The voltage division ratio is configured according to the generator output voltage range. The divided signal is impedance transformed by a voltage follower composed of an operational amplifier, and then filtered by an RC low-pass filter (cutoff frequency of about 100Hz) before being connected to the ADC pin of the microprocessor. (2) Current sampling circuit: The current signal is acquired through a sampling resistor in conjunction with a current detection amplifier. The sampling resistor is connected in series in the loop at the output of the rectifier circuit (low-side sampling or high-side sampling), and its resistance value is preferably 10mΩ to 50mΩ, with a power rating of not less than 1 / 4W; the voltage drop across the sampling resistor is amplified by a current detection amplifier (such as INA180A1 or ZXCT1009) and then connected to the ADC; the gain of the current detection amplifier can be selected as 50 times, 100 times or 200 times, and an appropriate gain should be selected according to the rated output current of the generator; Microprocessor: Receives voltage and current signals from the signal acquisition circuit, runs the MPPT control algorithm and energy management strategy, and outputs PWM control signals and GPIO control signals; The microprocessor uses a low-power microcontroller (such as the STM32L0 series or STM32G0 series), with a built-in 12-bit ADC, advanced timer (for PWM output) and multiple communication interfaces; the microprocessor is powered by the energy storage unit 41 through a low dropout linear regulator (LDO), with an LDO output voltage of 3.3V; After the microprocessor acquires the digital quantities of the generator output voltage and output current through the ADC, it runs the MPPT algorithm (such as the adaptive variable step size perturbation observation method described in Example 2) internally to calculate the optimal duty cycle, and then outputs the corresponding duty cycle PWM signal to the DC-DC conversion circuit through the timer. Meanwhile, the microprocessor controls the load switch in the power path management module via GPIO pins; Power path management module: Receives control signals from the microprocessor and controls the distribution of power between the energy storage unit charging circuit and the output interface power supply circuit; The power path management module consists of load switches (such as MOSFETs or integrated power switch chips, such as TPS22919 or SIP32431), including charging circuit switches and power supply circuit switches. When the system operates in maximum power generation mode, the microprocessor controls the charging circuit switch to be turned on and the power supply circuit switch to be turned off, so that all electrical energy flows to the energy storage unit charging circuit. When the system operates in equalization mode, the microprocessor controls the on / off state of the charging circuit switch and the power supply circuit switch according to the load power detected by the load detection circuit to achieve dynamic power distribution. When the system operates in standby mode, the microprocessor controls both switches to be turned off, cutting off the power transmission path. The charging management module, consisting of a charging management chip and a digital potentiometer, is used to execute the charging strategy. The charging management chip (such as the TI BQ25601 or TP4056) is responsible for constant current / constant voltage charging control of the energy storage unit. The digital potentiometer (such as the AD5241 or X9C103) is connected to the current setting pin of the charging management chip. The microprocessor connects via I / O... 2 The C interface adjusts the resistance of the digital potentiometer, thereby changing the charging current. Specifically, the slider of the digital potentiometer is connected to the ISET pin of the charging management chip. By changing the voltage or current setting resistor on the ISET pin, the charging current can be adjusted in stages or continuously. The microprocessor, based on the battery voltage and charging current fed back from the battery power detection circuit, controls the charging current through the I... 2 The C-interface dynamically adjusts the resistance of the digital potentiometer to achieve a multi-stage charging strategy: when the battery level is low (e.g., below 20%), high-current fast charging is used; when the battery level is close to full charge (e.g., above 85%), it switches to low-current trickle charging; and when the battery level reaches the full charge threshold, charging stops. This digital charging management solution is more flexible and adaptable than the traditional fixed resistor setting solution.

[0093] The working process of the control circuit: Please see Figure 7 and Figure 8 The complete control flow of the control circuit is as follows: Power generation and power input stage: Generator 21 rotates under the impact of low-velocity water flow and outputs three-phase alternating current; Rectification stage: The three-phase AC power output from the generator enters the three-phase bridge rectifier circuit and is converted into pulsating DC power; the filter capacitor smooths the pulsating DC power to obtain smooth DC voltage and current; Signal detection and conditioning stage: The voltage sampling circuit reduces the generator output voltage to an acceptable range for the ADC pin through a resistor divider network; the current sampling circuit converts the current signal into a voltage signal and amplifies it before inputting it into the ADC through a sampling resistor and a current detection amplifier; the microprocessor's ADC module acquires these analog signals at a preset sampling frequency (e.g., 1kHz) and converts them into digital quantities; DC-DC power conversion stage: The rectified DC power enters the DC-DC converter circuit. The microprocessor generates a PWM signal based on the target duty cycle calculated by the MPPT algorithm. The PWM signal drives the switching transistors of the DC-DC converter circuit through the MOSFET driver chip, adjusting the converter's output voltage and output power. Power path management stage: The output of the DC-DC converter circuit is connected to the power path management module.

[0094] The microprocessor controls the load switch in the power path management module through GPIO according to the system operating mode (maximum power generation mode, equalization mode or standby mode), and controls the distribution of power between the energy storage unit charging circuit and the output interface power supply circuit. Energy storage and output phase: When the charging circuit is on, electrical energy is charged to the energy storage unit 41 by the charging management module (charging management chip + digital potentiometer) according to the set charging strategy; when the power supply circuit is on, electrical energy is output to the outside of the external load device through the output interface 42 (such as USB interface); Circuit protection functions: Preferably, the control circuit also integrates the following protection functions: Input overvoltage protection: When the generator output voltage exceeds a preset threshold (e.g., 30V), the microprocessor controls the DC-DC converter circuit to stop working or reduce the duty cycle to prevent circuit components from being damaged due to overvoltage. Input undervoltage protection: When the generator output voltage is lower than the preset threshold (e.g., 3V), the microprocessor determines that the water flow rate is too low and the generator output power is insufficient for effective charging, and shuts down the DC-DC conversion circuit to reduce losses.

[0095] Output overcurrent protection: When the output current of output interface 42 exceeds the preset threshold (such as 2.1A or 3.0A), the microprocessor controls the power supply circuit switch to turn off, or limits the output current through the current limiting circuit to prevent overload damage; Battery overcharge protection: When the battery power detection circuit detects that the voltage of the energy storage unit 41 has reached the full charge voltage (e.g., 4.2V / cell), the microprocessor activates I... 2 The C interface adjusts the resistance of the digital potentiometer, causing the charging management chip to reduce the charging current until it stops charging, thus preventing the battery from being overcharged. Battery over-discharge protection: When the battery power detection circuit detects that the voltage of the energy storage unit 41 is lower than the over-discharge protection threshold (e.g., 2.8V / cell), the microprocessor cuts off all load outputs and the system enters a sleep state to protect the battery from over-discharge damage. Reverse connection protection: Reverse connection protection circuits are provided at the connection terminals and output interface 42 of the energy storage unit 41 to prevent damage to the circuit when the battery or load device is reverse connected.

[0096] Alternative implementation plan: In addition to the above-described embodiments, the present invention may also employ the following alternative solutions: (1) The linkage mechanism is not limited to bevel gears. Other mechanical linkage methods such as linkage mechanism, worm gear mechanism, wire rope linkage mechanism or synchronous belt linkage mechanism can also be used to realize the synchronous rotation of each blade. For example, a swing arm can be set at the root of each blade. The swing arms are connected to each other through the linkage. When any blade rotates, the linkage drives all the swing arms to rotate synchronously, so as to realize the synchronous unfolding and retraction of the blade.

[0097] (2) The number of blades is not limited to five and can be adjusted to three, four, six or more blades according to actual needs. The selection of the number of blades should take into account factors such as power generation efficiency, unfolded diameter and compactness.

[0098] (3) Blade materials can be manufactured using various methods such as photosensitive resin 3D printing, aluminum alloy precision casting, CNC machining, or stamping. Different materials are suitable for different application scenarios: photosensitive resin 3D printing is suitable for small-batch trial production and rapid iteration; aluminum alloy precision casting is suitable for mass production and has cost advantages; CNC machining is suitable for applications requiring high precision.

[0099] (4) The sealing connection between the various sections of the housing can be achieved by threaded connection with sealing ring, snap-fit ​​connection with sealing ring, ultrasonic welding, or adhesive bonding. For applications requiring frequent disassembly and maintenance, threaded connection and snap-fit ​​connection are more convenient; for applications requiring a one-time seal, ultrasonic welding or adhesive bonding is more reliable.

[0100] (5) A hanging hole or binding strap can be added to the tail of the shell to make it easy to fix the device to a fixed object (such as a tree trunk or rock) in the river and prevent the device from being washed away by the water flow.

[0101] (6) An adjustable angle guide plate can be installed on the outside of the upper shell (guide shroud). The angle of the guide plate can be adjusted manually or electrically to guide a larger range of water flow to the impeller, thereby improving water flow capture efficiency and power generation.

[0102] (7) The energy storage unit is not limited to lithium-ion batteries; nickel-metal hydride batteries, supercapacitors, or replaceable dry batteries can also be used. Supercapacitors have the advantages of fast charging and discharging speeds and long cycle life, making them suitable for applications requiring rapid charging and discharging.

[0103] (8) The output interface is not limited to USB-A type interface. It can also adopt various output interface forms such as USB-C type interface, Micro-USB interface, Lightning interface or DC round head interface. Multiple output interfaces can also be set to support charging multiple devices at the same time.

[0104] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. All equivalent changes and modifications made within the scope of the claims of the present invention should be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A portable folding hydroelectric power generation device, characterized in that, include: The impeller assembly includes a hub and multiple blades distributed circumferentially along the hub. Each blade is rotatably mounted on the hub via a shaft to achieve retraction and expansion. The impeller assembly also includes a linkage mechanism, which includes bevel gears disposed at the root of each blade. The bevel gears of adjacent blades directly mesh to form a chain-like meshing transmission, eliminating the need for a central bevel gear. This allows the rotation of any blade to drive all blades to rotate synchronously through the sequential meshing of adjacent bevel gears. The rotation angle of the blades is 0 to 90°. The hub is also provided with a limiting base to abut against the root of the blades when they are expanded to a predetermined angle, preventing excessive rotation of the blades. A power generation assembly includes a generator and a drive shaft, one end of which is connected to the hub and the other end of which is connected to the rotor of the generator. A housing for accommodating the power generation component; the housing is composed of an upper housing, a middle housing, and a lower housing connected sequentially; the upper housing is a transparent airflow shield; the middle housing forms a battery cavity for accommodating the energy storage unit; the lower housing forms a generator cavity for accommodating the power generation component; the upper housing, the middle housing, and the lower housing are connected by threaded seals, and each connection is provided with a sealing ring; a partition is provided between the middle housing and the lower housing, the partition dividing the interior of the housing into the battery cavity and the generator cavity, and the partition has a wire-passing hole in the center for wires to pass through; An energy storage unit is located inside the battery cavity of the middle section housing and is used to store electrical energy; An output interface is located at the interface between the middle section housing and the lower section housing, and is used to output electrical energy to the outside; the output interface is a USB charging interface, and its mounting location is provided with a sealing structure; The power generation component is configured to connect to an energy storage unit and / or an output interface; each of the blades forms an impeller when it unfolds, and the water flow impacts the impeller to rotate, driving the generator to generate electricity, which is stored in the energy storage unit or output through the output interface. The blade adopts an airfoil design, and the relative thickness of the airfoil decreases from the blade root to the blade tip. The drive shaft is provided with a mechanical seal or a rotary shaft lip seal at the point where it protrudes from the housing. An adjustable guide plate is provided on the outer side of the upper section of the shell to adjust the angle of the guide plate and guide the water flow to the impeller.

2. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a lighting assembly, which includes a light-emitting element disposed within the housing. The light-emitting element is electrically connected to the energy storage unit and is mounted near the transparent air guide, so that light is emitted outward through the transparent air guide.

3. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a power indicator and / or control switch disposed on the housing; the energy storage unit is a rechargeable battery; the rechargeable battery has a rated voltage of 3.6V to 7.2V and a rated capacity of 2000mAh to 10000mAh; a shock-absorbing pad is provided between the battery bracket in the battery cavity and the inner wall of the housing.

4. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The impeller assembly also includes a protective sleeve, which is fitted over the outside of the blades when the blades are retracted; the tail of the housing is provided with a hanging hole or a binding strap.

5. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The number of blades is five; the blade material is a photosensitive resin 3D printed part or an aluminum alloy precision casting; the diameter of the impeller in the unfolded state is 0.25m to 0.33m.

6. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The relative thickness of the airfoil decreases sequentially from the blade root to the blade tip in the order of 21% → 18% → 12% → 10%.

7. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The output interface is a USB-A female connector, a USB-C female connector, or a Lightning female connector; the output interface mounting location is equipped with a sealing gasket and the interface is filled with waterproof sealant.

8. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The upper shell is a hemispherical transparent air guide, which is integrally formed by 3D printing using transparent photosensitive resin.

9. The portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The partition is provided with an output interface, which is located at the interface between the middle section shell and the lower section shell.

10. A control method for a portable folding hydroelectric power generation device, the device comprising an impeller assembly, a power generation assembly, and a DC-DC converter, characterized in that, The control method includes: S1: Real-time acquisition of generator output voltage U(k) and output current I(k), and calculation of current output power P(k) = U(k) × I(k); S2: Calculate the rate of change of power Determine the direction of power change; S3: Adaptively adjust the duty cycle perturbation step size D of the DC-DC converter according to the magnitude of the power change rate. step : When |ΔP / Δt| is greater than the first threshold value of the power change rate δ high When this occurs, it indicates that the system is far from the maximum power point, and a large step size D is used. step =D max ; When |ΔP / Δt| is less than the second threshold δ low When this time, it indicates that the system is close to its maximum power point, and a small step size D is adopted. step =D min ; When |ΔP / Δt| is within the first threshold δ high Second threshold δ low During the interval, step size D step At the maximum step size D max and minimum step size D min The changes between them are continuous, that is: In the formula, δ high For the first threshold, δ low As the second threshold, D max For the maximum step size, D min For the minimum step size, and δ high >δ low >0; S4: Determine the duty cycle adjustment direction based on the power change direction: if ΔP>0, continue adjusting in the original direction; if ΔP<0, adjust in the opposite direction. S5: Repeat steps S1 to S4 to make the generator work near the maximum power point.

11. An energy management system for a portable folding hydroelectric power generation device, characterized in that, include: microprocessor; Voltage detection circuit, connected to the generator output terminal; The current detection circuit is connected to the generator output terminal; The battery power detection circuit is connected to both ends of the energy storage unit; A load detection circuit is connected to the output interface; Speed ​​detection circuit, used to detect impeller speed; The microprocessor switches between the following operating modes based on battery level, power generation, and load power: Maximum power generation mode: When the battery level is below the first threshold, the energy storage unit is charged; Balanced mode: When the battery level is between the first and second thresholds, it supports power supply from the output interface and charging of the energy storage unit; Standby mode: When the impeller speed is lower than the start-up threshold and the duration exceeds the preset time, the system enters a low-power state.

12. A control circuit for a portable folding hydroelectric power generation device, characterized in that, include: A rectifier circuit is used to convert the alternating current (AC) output from a generator into direct current (DC). A DC-DC converter circuit is connected after the rectifier circuit; The signal acquisition circuit is used to acquire the voltage and current signals of the generator; The microprocessor receives the signal output from the signal acquisition circuit and outputs control signals. The power path management module receives control signals from the microprocessor and controls the distribution of power between the energy storage unit charging circuit and the output interface power supply circuit.

13. The control circuit of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 12, characterized in that, The microprocessor runs the variable step size adaptive perturbation observation MPPT algorithm: When the power change rate is greater than the first threshold, a large step size is used for fast tracking; When the power change rate is less than the second threshold, fine adjustment with small steps is adopted; When the rate of change of power is between the first threshold and the second threshold, the step size is continuously and adaptively adjusted according to the following formula: , In the formula, D max For the maximum step size, D min For the minimum step size, δ high For the first threshold, δ low The second threshold is δ high >δ low >0; The microprocessor also features a maximum power point locking and restart mechanism: when the power change rate is less than a second threshold δ for N consecutive sampling periods... low Furthermore, when the duty cycle adjustment direction alternates, the current duty cycle is locked; when the power change rate is greater than the third threshold γ3, MPPT tracking is restarted; where γ3 > δ low >0.

14. The control circuit of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 12, characterized in that, The DC-DC converter circuit supports buck, boost, and pass-through modes; the signal acquisition circuit includes a voltage sampling circuit and a current sampling circuit; the voltage sampling circuit acquires voltage signals through a resistor divider network; the current sampling circuit acquires current signals through a sampling resistor and a current detection amplifier.

15. The control circuit of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 12, characterized in that, It also includes a speed detection circuit, which uses a Hall sensor to detect the impeller speed. When the impeller speed is detected to be lower than the start-up threshold and the duration exceeds a preset time, a wake-up signal is sent to the microprocessor. In response to the signal, the microprocessor controls the power path management module to disconnect all power paths and enter a low-power sleep state. When the impeller speed is detected to be higher than the start-up threshold, a wake-up signal is sent to the microprocessor. In response to the signal, the microprocessor resumes MPPT control and energy management.

16. The control circuit of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 12, characterized in that, The microprocessor controls the resistance of the digital potentiometer via the I²C bus based on the battery voltage monitoring results, thereby continuously adjusting the charging current to cooperate with the execution of the three-stage intelligent charging strategy.

17. The control circuit of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 12, characterized in that, The power path management module, under the control of the microprocessor, has the following four power allocation modes: Maximum power generation mode: All power is allocated to the battery charging circuit; Balanced mode: Power is simultaneously distributed to the battery charging circuit and the output circuit; Priority power supply mode: Prioritizes power supply to the USB output circuit, and allocates excess power to the battery charging circuit; Standby mode: All power paths are disconnected, and the microprocessor enters a low-power sleep state.

18. The control circuit of the portable folding hydroelectric power generation device according to claim 12, characterized in that, It also includes a charging management module, which consists of a charging management chip and a digital potentiometer, and is used to execute charging strategies.

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