Perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module and photovoltaic system

Abstract

The utility model belongs to the technical field of solar cells, and particularly relates to a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic system. The utility model provides a perovskite solar cell in the first aspect, the perovskite solar cell comprises a nickel oxide hole transport layer and a perovskite light active layer, and a cementing layer is arranged on one side, close to the perovskite light active layer, of the nickel oxide hole transport layer. According to the invention, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is improved, and the performance of the device is enhanced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, and in particular, to a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, and a photovoltaic system. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite photovoltaic cells have received extensive attention due to various advantages such as long carrier diffusion length, high absorption coefficient, adjustable bandgap, compatibility with multiple preparation methods, and simple preparation method. They are the third-generation photovoltaic cells expected to replace traditional crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells. Inverted perovskite solar cells have been favored by the industry due to their relatively excellent stability. The inorganic hole transport layer material nickel oxide (NiO x ) is a wide-bandgap p-type semiconductor material that is highly transparent in the visible light region and has stable physical and chemical properties. In addition, due to a series of advantages such as the simple synthesis method of NiO x nanoparticles, wide raw material sources, and various thin film preparation methods, it has been widely used in p-i-n structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, there is segregation at the interface between the hole transport layer including NiO x nanoparticles and the perovskite layer, which will hinder the transport and extraction of carriers, and thus weaken the performance of the solar cell device.

[0003] It should be noted that the above content is not necessarily prior art and does not limit the patent protection scope of the present application. Summary of the Utility Model

[0004] The embodiments of the present application provide a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, and a photovoltaic system to solve or alleviate one or more of the above technical problems.

[0005] The first aspect of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, including: a nickel oxide hole transport layer and a perovskite photoactive layer, and a bonding layer is provided on the side of the nickel oxide hole transport layer close to the perovskite photoactive layer.

[0006] In the first aspect of the present application, by introducing a bonding layer between the nickel oxide hole transport layer and the perovskite photoactive layer, the nickel oxide hole transport layer and the perovskite photoactive layer are physically isolated, avoiding the reaction between the nickel oxide hole transport and the perovskite photoactive layer to cause interface damage, that is, reducing the recombination centers of electrons and holes at the interface between the two; in addition, the bonding layer can optimize the energy level on the surface of the nickel oxide hole transport layer and reduce the energy loss of carriers during the extraction process. The first aspect of the present application improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell and enhances the performance of the device.

[0007] The second aspect of the embodiments of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, including at least one battery string, and the battery string includes at least two perovskite solar cells as described above.

[0008] The third aspect of the embodiments of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, including the photovoltaic module as described above. Description of the Drawings

[0009] In the drawings, unless otherwise specified, the same reference numerals throughout the several views denote the same or similar components or elements. These drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. It should be understood that these drawings only depict some embodiments disclosed in the present application and should not be regarded as limiting the scope of the present application.

[0010] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by the embodiments of the present application.

[0011] Description of the Reference Numerals in the Drawings:

[0012] 1 - transparent conductive thin film; 2 - nickel oxide hole transport layer; 3 - adhesive layer; 4 - perovskite photoactive layer; 5 - passivation layer; 6 - electron transport layer; 7 - buffer layer; 8 - counter electrode. Detailed Embodiments

[0013] The embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below. Examples of the embodiments are shown in the drawings. In the drawings, for clarity, the dimensions of layers, regions, elements, and their relative dimensions may be exaggerated. Wherever the same or similar reference numerals are used throughout, they denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are exemplary only for explaining the present application and should not be construed as limiting the present application. It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other.

[0014] It should be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as "on", "adjacent to", "connected to", or "coupled to" another element or layer, it can be directly on, adjacent to, connected, or coupled to the other element or layer, or there may be intervening elements or layers. In contrast, when an element is referred to as "directly on", "directly adjacent to", "directly connected to", or "directly coupled to" another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers. It should be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and / or parts, these elements, components, regions, layers, and / or parts should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or part from another element, component, region, layer, or part. Thus, without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure, the first element, component, region, layer, or part discussed below may be referred to as the second element, component, region, layer, or part. And when discussing the second element, component, region, layer, or part, it does not imply that there must be a first element, component, region, layer, or part in the present disclosure.

[0015] In this application, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", "connected to", "fixed", etc. shall be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or integrated; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and it can be the communication inside two elements or the interaction relationship between two elements, unless otherwise clearly defined. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in this application can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0016] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the description and claims of this application and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects and do not necessarily have to be used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that these terms can be interchanged under appropriate circumstances so that the embodiments of the present application described here can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described here. In addition, the terms "comprising" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or device that includes a series of steps or units does not have to be limited to those steps or units clearly listed, but may include other steps or units not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products, or devices.

[0017] The inventors found that NiO xWhen nanoparticles are used as hole transport layers, the high-valence Ni on the surface of the film has strong oxidizing properties and can oxidize the upper perovskite, causing segregation at the interface, hindering the transport and extraction of carriers, and thus weakening the performance of solar cell devices.

[0018] Accordingly, the present application proposes to x The protective film formed by coating the polymer adhesive material on the surface of the film can effectively isolate the direct contact between nickel oxide and perovskite, reducing the possibility of reaction; in addition, the adhesive material can also passivate the defects at the bottom of the perovskite layer, which can improve the crystallization quality of the perovskite film layer, and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the device.

[0019] In a first aspect, the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising: a nickel oxide hole transport layer 2 and a perovskite photoactive layer 4 , wherein a bonding layer 3 is provided on a side of the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2 close to the perovskite photoactive layer 4 .

[0020] In the first aspect of the present application, by introducing a bonding layer 3 between the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2 and the perovskite photoactive layer 4, the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2 and the perovskite photoactive layer 4 are physically isolated to avoid the nickel oxide hole transport and the perovskite photoactive layer from reacting to cause interface damage, that is, reducing the recombination center of electrons and holes at the interface between the two; in addition, the bonding layer 3 can optimize the energy level on the surface of the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2 and reduce the energy loss of carriers during the extraction process. The first aspect of the present application improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell and enhances the performance of the device.

[0021] In some embodiments, the thickness ratio of the bonding layer 3 to the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2 is 1:(10-20), for example, 1:10, 1:12, 1:14, 1:15, 1:20, etc. Thus, the thickness within this range can effectively block NiO x The redox reaction at the interface between the layer and the perovskite layer reduces the FA caused by the reaction. a Cs 1-a PbB b I 3-b The A-site cation (FA + , Cs + ) loss, and at the same time weaken the carrier extraction barrier, thereby improving the device performance and stability; if it is lower than the lower limit, the bonding layer 3 is not enough to inhibit the redox reaction at the interface. When it is higher than the upper limit, although the bonding layer 3 is sufficient to inhibit the redox reaction at the interface, the excessive bonding layer 3 will block the carrier extraction process and affect the device performance.

[0022] Further, the sum of the thicknesses of the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2 and the glue layer 3 is 10 nm to 20 nm, for example, 10 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, etc. Thus, it has good light transmittance and can effectively inhibit NiO at the interface x The redox reaction process between the perovskite has good carrier extraction ability.

[0023] The glue layer 3 in this application is a protective film cured from a polymer adhesive material. The glue layer 3 has good chemical corrosion resistance and can well resist the redox process from the surface of NiO x Moreover, it exhibits excellent stability under harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity, is not easily degraded, and can effectively block the erosion of oxygen and water from the outside to the perovskite, thereby improving the performance and stability of the perovskite solar cell device. Preferably, the glue layer 3 includes at least one of polyimide (PI), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyamide (PA). PI can use the PI solution of Changchuan Plastic Raw Materials Co., Ltd. in Dongguan or the polyimide PI solution of grade A / B of Limiao Plastics Co., Ltd. in Dongguan; the above PI solution becomes the glue layer through curing, has excellent insulation, chemical resistance, and anti-aging properties, and its glass transition temperature is above 250°C, far lower than the working temperature of the perovskite solar cell. When applied to the perovskite solar cell, it has strong stability. As some examples, after the N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solution of PI is coated, it is baked at 80°C for about 60 min to fully volatilize the NMP solvent, and then cured according to the following process: 140°C / 1h, 160°C / 1h, 180°C / 1h, 200°C / 1h, 220 - 230°C / 2h to obtain the glue layer 3. PVA can use polyvinyl alcohol BP24, BP26, BP22, BP20, BP17, etc. of the Changchun Group in Taiwan, China. The glue layer 3 can also be obtained by coating and forming a film with an aqueous solution of PVA. PA can use polyamide of grade 3426 of DuPont Company in the United States and polyamide of grade 41H of Solvay Company in the United States, and their glass transition temperatures are both above 100°C.

[0024] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell is a normal perovskite solar cell or a reverse perovskite solar cell.

[0025] In some embodiments, when the perovskite solar cell is a normal perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell further includes: a transparent conductive film 1, a passivation layer 5, an electron transport layer 6, a buffer layer 7, and a counter electrode 8; the transparent conductive film 1 has a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite to each other; the passivation layer 5, the electron transport layer 6, the buffer layer 7, the perovskite photoactive layer 4, the adhesive layer 3, the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2, and the counter electrode 8 are sequentially stacked on the first surface of the transparent conductive film 1 in a direction from the first surface to a direction away from the first surface. Thereby, the performance of the normal perovskite solar cell is improved.

[0026] In some other embodiments, when the perovskite solar cell is a inverted perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell Figure 1 , further includes: a transparent conductive film 1, a passivation layer 5, an electron transport layer 6, a buffer layer 7, and a counter electrode 8; the transparent conductive film 1 has a first surface and a second surface disposed opposite to each other; the nickel oxide hole transport layer 2, the adhesive layer 3, the perovskite photoactive layer 4, the passivation layer 5, the electron transport layer 6, the buffer layer 7, and the counter electrode 8 are sequentially stacked on the first surface of the transparent conductive film 1 in a direction from the first surface to a direction away from the first surface. Thereby, it is applied to an inverted perovskite solar cell to improve the battery performance.

[0027] Further, the inverted perovskite solar cell satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) the chemical formula of the perovskite material in the perovskite photoactive layer 4 is FA a Cs 1-a PbBr b I 3-b , where a = 0.85 to 1 and b = 0 to 0.6; (2) the thickness of the perovskite photoactive layer 4 is 1 nm to 800 nm; (3) the passivation layer 5 includes at least one of 1,3-diaminopropane dihydroiodide (PDADI), 2-phenylethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI), phenethylammonium bromide (PEABr), 4-trifluorophenyl ethylammonium chloride (CF3-PEACl), and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDAI2); (4) the thickness of the passivation layer 5 is 1 nm to 15 nm; (5) the electron transport layer 6 includes at least one of fullerene (C 60 ), fullerene derivatives (PC 61 BM), carbon 70 (PC 71 BM), and SnO2; (6) the thickness of the electron transport layer 6 is 5 nm to 50 nm; (7) the buffer layer 7 includes at least one of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), sodium propiolylsulfonate (PS), and SnOc , at least one of Yr2O3; (8) the buffer layer 7 has a thickness of 1 nm to 50 nm; (9) the counter electrode 8 includes at least one of Ag, Au, Cu, Al, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), silver nanowires, carbon materials; (10) the counter electrode 8 has a thickness of 1 nm to 500 nm; (11) the transparent conductive film 1 includes one of indium tin oxide conductive glass (ITO conductive glass), fluorine-doped SnO2 conductive glass (FTO conductive glass), indium tin oxide conductive plastic (ITO conductive plastic), fluorine-doped SnO2 conductive plastic (FTO conductive plastic); (12) the sheet resistance of the glass layer of the transparent conductive film 1 is 5 Ω / sq to 25 Ω / sq. Thus, the comprehensive performance of the inverted perovskite solar cell is optimized.

[0028] Next, performance tests will be carried out on the structure or manufacturing method of the inverted perovskite solar cell provided in the embodiments of the present application and the related comparative examples.

[0029] Example 1

[0030] (1) A 20-nm-thick NiO hole transport layer was prepared by spin coating on ITO transparent conductive glass. x hole transport layer;

[0031] (2) Polyimide was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare a 0.3 mg / mL solution, and then coated on the NiO hole transport layer and cured according to the following process: 140°C / 1h, 160°C / 1h, 180°C / 1h, 200°C / 1h, 220 - 230°C / 2h to obtain a 1.5-nm-thick glue layer. x The polyimide was purchased from Dongguan Limiao Plastic Co., Ltd. with the grade of A / B polyimide.

[0032] The polyimide was purchased from Dongguan Limiao Plastic Co., Ltd. with the grade of A / B polyimide.

[0033] (3) A 550-nm-thick perovskite photoactive layer was prepared by the anti-solvent method.

[0034] (4) A 5-nm-thick PDADI layer, i.e., a passivation layer, was prepared on the perovskite photoactive layer.

[0035] (5) A 30-nm-thick PCBM layer, i.e., an electron transport layer, was prepared on the passivation layer by slot coating. 61 BM layer, i.e., electron transport layer;

[0036] (6) A 6-nm-thick BCP layer, i.e., a buffer layer, was deposited on the electron transport layer by thermal evaporation.

[0037] (7) Deposit a 150-nm-thick Ag electrode on the buffer layer by thermal evaporation.

[0038] Examples 2 to 5

[0039] Others are the same as in Example 1, except that in step (2), the thicknesses of the prepared adhesive layers are 1 nm, 2 nm, 0.8 nm, and 3 nm in sequence.

[0040] Example 6

[0041] Others are the same as in Example 1, except that in step (4), a 5-nm-thick CF3-PEACl layer, i.e., a passivation layer, is prepared on the perovskite photoactive layer.

[0042] Comparative Example 1

[0043] Others are the same as in Example 1, except that there is no step (2).

[0044] Perform IV tests on the perovskite solar cells of the examples and comparative examples. The IV tests are carried out according to the rapid measurement method in T / CPIA0032-2022, and the obtained data are shown in Table 1. For the perovskite solar cells of Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1, under 1000 W / m 2 , 25 °C, and AM 1.5G conditions, perform the maximum power point output stability test. The test results T 80 are shown in Table 1.

[0045] Table 1

[0046]

[0047] Note: Voc - open-circuit voltage; Jsc - short-circuit current; FF - fill factor; PCE - photoelectric conversion efficiency; T 80 - The time when the efficiency drops to 80% of the initial value.

[0048] As can be seen from Table 1 above, the performance of Examples 1 to 6 is better than that of Comparative Example 1. This is because a glue layer is introduced, and the presence of the glue layer inhibits the redox reaction between the nickel oxide and perovskite interfaces, weakens the carrier extraction barrier at the interface, and improves the performance and stability of the device. Further, the performance of Examples 1 to 3 is better than that of Examples 4 and 5. In Example 4, since the proportion of the glue layer is too small and the thickness is too thin, it is difficult to completely cover the surface of the nickel oxide film and inhibit the redox reaction at the interface. In Example 5, since the proportion of the glue layer is too large and the thickness is too thick, although it can inhibit the redox reaction at the interface, it also hinders the carrier extraction process and easily causes charge accumulation at the interface, thus weakening the device performance and stability. In Example 6, since the lattice of the passivation layer material has a poor match with the perovskite lattice compared to PDADI in Example 1, the carrier extraction process is not as good as that in Example 1, and its device performance is relatively poor. In Comparative Example 1, due to the absence of a glue layer, a redox reaction occurs at the interface, forming lead halide segregation, increasing the carrier extraction barrier at the interface, and thus causing energy loss in this process, thereby weakening the device performance and stability.

[0049] An embodiment of the present application can also provide a photovoltaic module (not shown), including at least one battery string, and the battery string includes at least two perovskite solar cells as described above. Adjacent perovskite solar cells can be connected together by string soldering.

[0050] An embodiment of the present application can provide a photovoltaic system, including the photovoltaic module in any of the above embodiments. The advantages possessed by the above photovoltaic module are also possessed by this photovoltaic system, which will not be elaborated here. The application fields of the above photovoltaic system are extensive, not limited to photovoltaic power stations, such as ground power stations, rooftop power stations, and water surface power stations, but also include various devices and apparatuses that utilize solar energy for power generation, such as user solar power supplies, solar street lamps, solar cars, and solar buildings. Of course, it can be understood that the application scenarios of the photovoltaic system are not limited to this, that is to say, the photovoltaic system can be applied in all fields that require solar energy for power generation. Taking the photovoltaic power generation system grid as an example, the photovoltaic system can include a photovoltaic array, a busbar box, and an inverter. The photovoltaic array can be an array combination of multiple photovoltaic modules. For example, multiple photovoltaic modules can form multiple photovoltaic arrays. The photovoltaic array is connected to the busbar box, and the busbar box can collect the current generated by the photovoltaic array. The collected current flows through the inverter to be converted into alternating current required by the mains power grid and then accesses the mains network to achieve solar power supply.

[0051] It should be noted that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc. are only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it should not be construed as a limitation to the present application. The orientation terms "inner" and "outer" refer to the inside and outside relative to the contour of each component itself. For example, if the device in the drawing is inverted, the device described as "above other devices or structures" or "on top of other devices or structures" will be positioned "below other devices or structures" or "beneath other devices or structures" afterwards. Thus, the exemplary term "above" can include both the orientation of "above" and "below". The device can also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the corresponding explanations are made for the relative spatial descriptions used here.

[0052] It should also be noted that the "one embodiment", "another embodiment", "embodiment", etc. mentioned in the present application refer to that the specific features, structures or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment are included in at least one embodiment described generally in the present application. The same expression appearing in multiple places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Further, when describing a specific feature, structure or characteristic in connection with any embodiment, it is intended that the implementation of such feature, structure or characteristic in combination with other embodiments also falls within the scope of the present application.

[0053] In the above embodiments, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have their own emphases. For the parts not elaborated in a certain embodiment, reference can be made to the relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

[0054] It should also be noted that the above are only the preferred embodiments of the present application, and do not limit the patent protection scope of the present application accordingly. Any equivalent structure or equivalent process transformation made by using the content of the specification and drawings of the present application, or directly or indirectly applied in other related technical fields, shall be similarly included in the patent protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, Comprising: A nickel oxide hole transport layer (2) and a perovskite photoactive layer (4), wherein a glue layer (3) is provided on one side of the nickel oxide hole transport layer (2) close to the perovskite photoactive layer (4).

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The thickness ratio of the glue layer (3) to the nickel oxide hole transport layer (2) is 1:(10 - 20).

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sum of the thicknesses of the nickel oxide hole transport layer (2) and the glue layer (3) is 10 nm to 20 nm.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The glue layer (3) comprises one of polyimide, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyamide.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The perovskite solar cell is a normal perovskite solar cell or an inverted perovskite solar cell.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, When it is a normal perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell further comprises: a transparent conductive film (1), a passivation layer (5), an electron transport layer (6), a buffer layer (7), and a counter electrode (8); The transparent conductive film (1) is sequentially stacked with the passivation layer (5), the electron transport layer (6), the buffer layer (7), the perovskite photoactive layer (4), the glue layer (3), the nickel oxide hole transport layer (2), and the counter electrode (8).

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, wherein, When it is an inverted perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell further comprises: a transparent conductive film (1), a passivation layer (5), an electron transport layer (6), a buffer layer (7), and a counter electrode (8); The transparent conductive film (1) is sequentially stacked with the nickel oxide hole transport layer (2), the glue layer (3), the perovskite photoactive layer (4), the passivation layer (5), the electron transport layer (6), the buffer layer (7), and the counter electrode (8).

8. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, wherein, Satisfying at least one of the following conditions: (1) The chemical formula of the perovskite material in the perovskite photoactive layer (4) is FA a Cs 1-a PbBr b I 3-b , where a = 0.85 to 1 and b = 0 to 0.6; (2) The thickness of the perovskite photoactive layer (4) is 1 nm to 800 nm; (3) The passivation layer (5) comprises one of 1,3 - diaminopropane dihydroiodide, 2 - phenethylamine hydroiodide, phenethylammonium bromide, 4 - trifluorophenyl ethylammonium chloride, and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide; (4) The thickness of the passivation layer (5) is 1 nm to 15 nm; (5) The electron transport layer (6) comprises one of C60, C60 derivatives, C70, and SnO2; (6) The thickness of the electron transport layer (6) is 5 nm to 50 nm; (7) The buffer layer (7) comprises one of polymethyl methacrylate, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, sodium propiolyl sulfonate, and SnO c , and Yr2O3; (8) The buffer layer (7) has a thickness of 1 nm to 50 nm; (9) The counter electrode (8) comprises one of Ag, Au, Cu, Al, indium tin oxide, fluorine - doped SnO2, indium zinc oxide, silver nanowires, and carbon materials; (10) The thickness of the counter electrode (8) is 1 nm to 500 nm; (11) The transparent conductive film (1) comprises one of indium tin oxide conductive glass, fluorine - doped SnO2 conductive glass, indium tin oxide conductive plastic, and fluorine - doped SnO2 conductive plastic; (12) The sheet resistance of the glass layer of the transparent conductive film (1) is 5 Ω / sq to 25 Ω / sq.

9. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, Comprising: At least one battery string, and the battery string comprises at least two perovskite solar cells as described in any one of claims 1 - 8.

10. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that, The photovoltaic system includes the photovoltaic module as described in claim 9.

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