Novel pulley with cable breakage protection device

By designing locking components and driving parts on the pulley, the wheels are automatically locked when the circulating rope breaks, increasing friction to slow down and brake, solving the problem of the pulley sliding down at high speed when the circulating rope breaks, and improving the safety of the pulley.

CN223350968UActive Publication Date: 2025-09-19HENAN DINGCHUANG AMUSEMENT DESIGN & RES INST CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202422475546.4
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2024-10-12
Publication Date
2025-09-19
Estimated Expiration
2034-10-12

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

When the existing pulley's loop rope breaks, it cannot effectively slow down, causing passengers to rush into the next station at high speed, posing a serious risk of personal injury.

Method used

A new type of pulley with a broken rope protection device has been designed, including a locking assembly and a driving component. It can automatically lock the wheel when the circulating rope breaks, increase friction and perform deceleration and braking. Through the coordinated action of the locking assembly and the driving component, it is ensured that the pulley can slow down when the circulating rope breaks, avoiding high-speed sliding.

Benefits of technology

This effectively prevents the pulley from sliding down at high speed when the loop rope breaks, thereby improving the safety of the pulley and preventing passenger casualties.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model provides a novel tackle with a cable breakage protection device, which belongs to the technical field of recreation facilities and comprises a sliding cable and a supporting frame, a tackle in the prior art is mounted below the supporting frame, supporting columns are arranged on two sides of the supporting frame, connecting frames are arranged at the ends of the supporting columns, wheels are rotatably arranged on two sides of the inside of each connecting frame, and the wheels are connected with the sliding cable. A through hole matched with the slip rope is formed in the surface of the connecting frame, the slip rope penetrates through the through hole in the surface of the connecting frame, the wheel is arranged on the surface of the slip rope in a rolling mode, a protection mechanism is arranged in the supporting frame and comprises a locking assembly, and the locking assembly is used for locking the wheel; according to the utility model, the pulley can be decelerated and braked after the circulating cable is broken, so that the problem that passengers rush into a next station at a high speed and are casualty due to the fact that the pulley slides down at a high speed when the circulating cable of the conventional pulley is broken can be solved, and the safety of the pulley is improved.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of amusement facilities, in particular to a novel pulley with a rope-breaking protection device. Background Art

[0002] Ziplines, also known as "ziplines," "rappels," and "trapeze ropes," originated in the mountainous country of Switzerland. Originally used for alpine self-rescue and military raids, they have now evolved into recreational attractions. These decelerating and cushioned ziplines utilize the height difference between the upper and lower stations, using a pulley and harness to glide passengers from the upper station to the lower station. As the pulley descends, a circulatory system pulls a smaller pulley from the lower station to the upper station for the next gliding journey. Under normal operation, the pulley maintains a safe and thrilling speed thanks to the resistance generated by the circulatory system and the braking system. However, if the circulatory cable breaks, the circulatory system and brakes will fail, resulting in serious consequences.

[0003] At present, there are basically no loop rope break protection devices on the pulleys running on the deceleration and buffering ropes in my country. Once the loop rope breaks, the pulley will carry the passengers to the next station at high speed, causing serious personal injuries to the passengers, and the safety is poor. Utility Model Content

[0004] In view of this, the utility model provides a new type of pulley with a broken rope protection device, which can slow down and brake the pulley after the circulating rope breaks. This can solve the problem that the existing pulley will slide down at high speed when the circulating rope breaks, causing passengers to rush into the next station at high speed and causing passenger casualties, thereby improving the safety of the pulley.

[0005] To solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a novel pulley with a rope break protection device, comprising a rope and a support frame, a pulley in the prior art is installed below the support frame, support columns are provided on both sides of the support frame, and connecting frames are provided at the ends of the support columns. Wheels are rotatably provided on both sides of the interior of each connecting frame, through holes adapted for the ropes are opened on the surface of the connecting frame, the ropes pass through the through holes on the surface of the connecting frame, and the wheels are rotatably provided on the surface of the ropes, a protection mechanism is provided in the support frame, the protection mechanism includes a locking assembly, the locking assembly is used to lock the wheels, when the external circulating rope pulls the support frame to slide, the locking component does not lock the wheels, so that the wheels can rotate on the ropes, if the external circulating rope accidentally breaks, at this time, the locking assembly in the protection mechanism can automatically lock the wheels, so that the wheels cannot rotate, thereby increasing the friction between the wheels and the ropes, so that the support frame can be decelerated, and then the pulley below can be decelerated and braked, which can solve the problem of the existing pulley sliding at high speed when the circulating rope breaks, causing passengers to rush into the next station at high speed and causing passenger casualties, thereby improving the safety of the pulley.

[0006] The locking assembly includes elastic grooves opened on both sides of the support column and corresponding to the end positions of each wheel, a rotating groove is opened on an inner wall of the elastic groove, and a driving block is rotatably arranged in the rotating groove, a locking groove is provided on the surface of the driving block, one end of the driving block passes through the inner wall of the rotating groove, and the end of the driving block is connected to the end of the wheel, a movable column is slidably provided in the elastic groove, the cross section of the elastic groove is rectangular, and the cross section of the movable column is adapted to the cross section of the elastic groove, one end of the movable column is provided with a locking column adapted to the locking groove on the surface of the driving block, a second spring is fixed on the other inner wall of the elastic groove, and the end of the second spring is fixed On one side wall of the movable block, the locking assembly also includes a driving component, which is used to drive the movable block to slide in the elastic groove. When the circulating rope drives the support frame to slide normally, the locking column is not inserted into the locking groove of the driving block, so that the driving block can rotate with the wheel. If the circulating rope breaks, the driving component will cause the locking column to be directly inserted into the locking groove, so that the locking column can lock the driving block, so that the driving block and the wheel cannot rotate freely, so that when the wheel slides on the cable, the friction between the wheel and the rope is increased, the wheel is braked, and the support frame and the pulley below are decelerated to improve safety.

[0007] The driving component includes a fixing ring arranged at the inner center of the support frame, a matching connecting column is provided through the center of the fixing ring, a fixing block is provided at both ends of the connecting column, two first springs are respectively sleeved on both sides of the surface of the connecting column, one end of each first spring is respectively fixed to the surface of the fixing block corresponding thereto, the other end of each first spring is respectively fixed to the two side surfaces of the fixing ring, and a connecting groove is provided on the two inner side walls of the support frame at the position corresponding to the elastic groove, a connecting rope is provided on one side of each movable block, one end of the connecting rope is fixed to the side of the movable block, the other end of the connecting rope passes through the connecting groove, and the other end of the connecting rope One end is fixed to the side wall of the fixed block, and a pulling component is provided at the end of the support frame. The pulling component is used to pull the connecting column to slide in the fixed ring. When the circulating rope drives the support frame to slide, the pulling component will cause the movable block to drive the locking column away from the driving block. At this time, the connecting rope is in a tensioned state, allowing the wheel to rotate freely. If the circulating rope breaks, the pulling component stops pulling the connecting column, causing the two first springs to rebound, thereby causing the two first springs to drive the connecting column and the fixed block to reset, and then the connecting rope is relaxed again, so that the second spring rebounds to push the locking column into the locking groove of the driving block for deceleration and braking.

[0008] When the cam is in a tensioned state, the locking bolt is engaged to the locking cam and the locking bolt is engaged to the locking cam, and the locking bolt is engaged to the locking cam, and the locking cam is engaged to the locking cam.

[0009] A protective component is provided in the support frame, which is used to prevent the connecting rope from being damaged. When the connecting rope pulls the movable block, the protective component can protect the connecting rope and prevent the connecting rope from scratching the inner wall of the connecting groove, thereby improving the service life of the connecting rope; the protective component includes a roller rotatably arranged on the inner wall of the connecting groove. When the connecting rope pulls the movable block, the connecting rope contacts the roller. The rotating roller can reduce the friction between the connecting rope and the roller, thereby improving the service life of the connecting rope.

[0010] The connecting rope is made of steel wire rope, which has higher tensile strength and longer service life.

[0011] There are grooves on the surface of the wheel, and anti-skid patterns are set in the grooves of the wheel. The grooves can limit the sliding rope, prevent the sliding rope from tilting, and improve the stability of the sliding process. The anti-skid patterns in the grooves can further increase the friction between the wheel and the sliding rope when braking and decelerating, thereby increasing the deceleration effect.

[0012] In summary, compared with the prior art, this application has at least one of the following beneficial technical effects:

[0013] 1. When the utility model is in use, when the external loop rope pulls the support frame to slide, the locking component does not lock the wheel, so that the wheel can rotate on the cable. If the external loop rope breaks accidentally, the locking component in the protection mechanism can automatically lock the wheel, making it unable to rotate, thereby increasing the friction between the wheel and the cable, so as to decelerate the support frame and then decelerate the pulley below. This can solve the problem of the existing pulley sliding down at high speed when the loop rope breaks, causing passengers to rush into the lower station at high speed and causing passenger casualties, thereby improving the safety of the pulley.

[0014] 2. When the present invention is in use, when the circulating rope drives the support frame to slide normally, the locking post is not inserted into the locking groove of the driving block, so that the driving block can rotate with the wheel. If the circulating rope breaks, the driving component will cause the locking post to be directly inserted into the locking groove, so that the locking post can lock the driving block, so that the driving block and the wheel cannot rotate freely. As a result, when the wheel slides on the rope, the friction between the wheel and the rope is increased, the wheel is braked, and the support frame and the pulley below are decelerated, thereby improving safety.

[0015] 3. When the utility model is in use, when the circulating rope drives the support frame to slide, the pulling component will cause the movable block to drive the locking column away from the driving block. At this time, the connecting rope is in a tensioned state, allowing the wheel to rotate freely. If the circulating rope breaks, the pulling component will stop pulling the connecting column, causing the two first springs to rebound, thereby causing the two first springs to drive the connecting column and the fixed block to reset, and then the connecting rope will be relaxed again, so that the second spring rebounds to push the locking column into the locking groove of the driving block to perform deceleration braking.

[0016] 4. When the present invention is in use, when it is necessary to pull the support frame to drive the pulley below to slide, the end of the loop cable is hung on the lifting ring, the loop cable pulls the lifting ring to move, the lifting ring drives the fixed column to move, the fixed column drives the fixed block and the connecting column to move synchronously, so that the locking column cancels the lock of the driving block. After the lock is canceled, the fixed column drives the limit block to fit against the inner wall of the support frame, so that the limit block drives the support frame to slide. At this time, the loop cable is in a tensioned state. When the loop cable breaks, the loop cable will relax, so that the two first springs rebound to drive the fixed block to reset, so that the locking column is inserted into the locking groove to lock the wheel. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of the utility model;

[0018] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of the internal structure of the main body when the loop rope of the utility model is not broken;

[0019] Figure 3 For the utility model Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure at center A;

[0020] Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional view of the internal structure of the main body when the circulation rope of the utility model has been broken;

[0021] Figure 5 For the utility model Figure 4 The enlarged schematic diagram of the structure at point B in the middle is shown.

[0022] Explanation of the accompanying drawings: 100, support frame; 101, fixing ring; 102, connecting column; 103, fixing block; 104, first spring; 105, limit block; 200, support column; 201, elastic groove; 202, movable column; 203, locking column; 204, driving block; 205, connecting rope; 206, roller; 300, connecting frame; 301, wheel; 400, sling rope; 500, fixing column; 600, lifting ring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiment of the present invention clearer, the following will be combined with the appended drawings of the embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1-4 , clearly and completely describing the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the described embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0024] According to one embodiment of the present invention, Figure 1 、 Figure 2 、 Figure 3 、 Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown: This embodiment provides a new type of pulley with a broken rope protection device, including a zip line 400 and a support frame 100. A pulley in the prior art is installed under the support frame 100. Support columns 200 are provided on both sides of the support frame 100. The ends of the support columns 200 are provided with connecting frames 300. Wheels 301 are rotatably provided on both sides of the interior of each connecting frame 300. A through hole adapted to the zip line 400 is opened on the surface of the connecting frame 300. The zip line 400 passes through the through hole on the surface of the connecting frame 300, and the wheel 301 is rotatably provided on the surface of the zip line 400. A protection mechanism is provided in the support frame 100. The protection mechanism includes a locking assembly. The locking assembly is used to lock the wheel 301. When the external circulating rope pulls the support frame 100 to slide, the support frame 10 0 drives the support columns 200 and the connecting frame 300 on both sides to move synchronously, and the wheels 301 inside the connecting frame 300 slide on the zip line 400. At this time, the locking component does not lock the wheels 301, so that the wheels 301 can rotate on the zip line 400. If the external loop rope accidentally breaks, the locking component in the protection mechanism can automatically lock the wheels 301, so that the wheels 301 cannot rotate, thereby increasing the friction between the wheels 301 and the zip line 400, so as to decelerate the support frame 100, and then decelerate the pulley below. This can solve the problem of the existing pulley sliding down at high speed when the loop rope breaks, causing passengers to rush into the lower station at high speed and causing passenger casualties, thereby improving the safety of the pulley;

[0025] Specifically, the locking assembly includes elastic grooves 201 opened on both sides of the interior of the support column 200 and corresponding to the end position of each wheel 301. A rotating groove is opened on an inner side wall of the elastic groove 201, and a driving block 204 is rotatably arranged in the rotating groove. A locking groove is provided on the surface of the driving block 204. One end of the driving block 204 passes through the inner wall of the rotating groove, and the end of the driving block 204 is connected to the end of the wheel 301. A movable column 202 is slidably provided in the elastic groove 201. The cross section of the elastic groove 201 is rectangular, and the cross section of the movable column 202 is adapted to the cross section of the elastic groove 201. One end of the movable column 202 is provided There is a locking column 203 that is adapted to the locking groove on the surface of the driving block 204. A second spring is fixed on the other inner wall of the elastic groove 201. The end of the second spring is fixed on one side wall of the movable block. The locking assembly also includes a driving component. The driving component is used to drive the movable block to slide in the elastic groove 201. When the loop cable drives the support frame 100 to slide normally, the wheel 301 rotates on the surface of the sliding cable 400. At this time, the driving component drives the movable column 202 to slide to the side of the elastic groove 201 away from the driving block 204. At the same time, the movable column 202 compresses the second spring. At this time, the locking column 203 is not plugged into the lock of the driving block 204. The locking post 203 is directly inserted into the locking groove by the second spring. It should be noted that the driving block 204 is in the locking groove, and the locking post 203 is directly inserted into the locking groove by the pushing force of the second spring on the movable block ... The locking groove on the surface of the movable block 204 and the locking column 203 are both polygonal in cross section, not circular. Since the cross section of the movable column 202 and the cross section of the elastic groove 201 are also rectangular and fit together, the movable column 202 and the locking column 203 cannot rotate freely, so that the locking column 203 can lock the driving block 204, preventing the driving block 204 and the wheel 301 from rotating freely. As a result, when the wheel 301 slides on the cable 400, the friction between the wheel 301 and the cable is increased, braking the wheel 301, thereby slowing down the support frame 100 and the pulley below, thereby improving safety.

[0026] The two ends of the connecting rod 103 are fixed to the two sides of the fixing block 103, and the two ends of the connecting rod 103 are fixed to the two sides of the fixing ring 101. When the cam 102 is in the state of tension, the two first springs 104 rebound, thereby causing the two first springs 104 to drive the connecting column 102 and the fixing block 103 to return to their original position, thereby causing the connecting rope 205 to relax again, so that the second spring rebounds to push the locking column 203 into the locking groove of the driving block 204 to decelerate and brake.

[0027] Specifically, the pulling component includes a through hole opened at one end of the support frame 100, and a corresponding fixed column 500 is provided through the through hole of the support frame 100. One end of the fixed column 500 is fixed to the center of the surface of the fixed block 103, and the other end of the fixed column 500 is fixed with a ring 600. A limit block 105 is provided on the surface of the fixed column 500, and the limit block 105 is located inside the support frame 100. When it is necessary to pull the support frame 100 to drive the pulley below to slide, the end of the circulating rope is hung on the ring 600, and the circulating rope pulls the ring 600 to move, and the ring 600 drives the fixed column 500 moves, the fixing column 500 drives the fixing block 103 and the connecting column 102 to move synchronously, so that the locking column 203 cancels the locking of the driving block 204. After the locking is canceled, the fixing column 500 drives the limiting block 105 to fit against the inner wall of the support frame 100, so that the limiting block 105 drives the support frame 100 to slide. At this time, the circulating cable is in a tensioned state. When the circulating cable breaks, the circulating cable will relax, causing the two first springs 104 to rebound to drive the fixing block 103 to reset, so that the locking column 203 is inserted into the locking groove to lock the wheel 301.

[0028] According to another embodiment of the present invention, Figure 1 、 Figure 2 、 Figure 3 、 Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, a protective component is provided in the support frame 100, which is used to prevent the connecting rope 205 from being damaged. When the connecting rope 205 pulls the movable block, the protective component can protect the connecting rope 205 and prevent the connecting rope 205 from scratching the inner wall of the connecting groove, thereby improving the service life of the connecting rope 205; the protective component includes a roller 206 that is rotatably provided on the inner wall of the connecting groove. When the connecting rope 205 pulls the movable block, the connecting rope 205 contacts the roller 206, and the rotating roller 206 can reduce the contact between the connecting rope 205 and the inner wall of the connecting groove. The friction of the roller 206 increases the service life of the connecting rope 205; the connecting rope 205 is made of steel wire rope, which has higher tensile strength and longer service life; the surface of the wheel 301 is provided with grooves, and the grooves of the wheel 301 are provided with anti-skid patterns, the grooves can limit the zip line 400, prevent the zip line 400 from tilting, and improve the stability of the sliding process, and the anti-skid patterns in the grooves can further increase the friction between the wheel 301 and the zip line 400 when braking and decelerating, thereby increasing the deceleration effect.

[0029] The use of this utility model:

[0030] First of all, it should be made clear here that a pulley in the prior art is installed under the support frame 100. Since it is not the main technical feature of the present invention, the model is not limited here, nor is its structure described in detail. Only the internal structure of the support frame 100 and the use method and installation position of the protection mechanism are described in detail. Before pulling the support frame 100 to slide, the wheel 301 is in a locked state. When it is necessary to pull the support frame 100 to slide, the end of the loop cable is hung on the ring 600, the loop cable will move the ring 600, and the ring 600 will drive the fixed column 50 0 moves, the fixed column 500 drives the fixed block 103 and the connecting column 102 to move synchronously. At this time, the first spring 104 on the surface of the connecting column 102 located in the sliding direction of the support frame 100 will be stretched, and the other first spring 104 will be compressed. At this time, the two fixed blocks 103 will pull the connecting rope 205, and then pull the movable block to slide in the elastic groove 201 through the connecting rope 205. At the same time, the movable block compresses the second spring, so that the movable block drives the locking column 203 away from the driving block 204, thereby canceling the locking of the driving block 204 and the wheel 301. After the locking is canceled, the fixed column 500 The limit block 105 will be driven to fit against the inner wall of the support frame 100, so that the limit block 105 will drive the support frame 100 to slide, and the wheel 301 will rotate on the surface of the cable 400. At this time, the loop rope and the connecting rope 205 are both in a tensioned state. If the external loop rope is accidentally broken, the loop rope will relax, causing the two first springs 104 to rebound to drive the connecting column 102 and the fixed block 103 to reset. At this time, the connecting rope 205 will also relax again. After the connecting rope 205 is relaxed, the second spring rebounds to push the movable block and the locking column 203 to slide toward the driving block 204. After the driving block 204 rotates to a certain angle, the thrust of the second spring can push the locking column 203 to be inserted into the locking groove of the driving block 204, thereby locking the driving block 204 and the wheel 301, so that the wheel 301 stops rotating, and the friction between the wheel 301 and the cable 400 can be increased to decelerate the support frame 100 and the pulley below, so that the pulley below slowly slides down, thereby solving the problem of the existing pulley sliding down at high speed when the circulating cable breaks, causing passengers to rush into the lower station at high speed and causing passenger casualties, thereby improving the safety of the pulley.

[0031] The above is a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principles described in the present invention. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A novel pulley with a rope-breaking protection device, comprising a rope (400) and a support frame (100), characterized in that: Support columns (200) are provided on both sides of the support frame (100), and connecting frames (300) are provided at the ends of the support columns (200). Wheels (301) are rotatably provided on both sides of the interior of each connecting frame (300), and a through hole adapted for the zip line (400) is provided on the surface of the connecting frame (300). The zip line (400) passes through the through hole on the surface of the connecting frame (300), and the wheel (301) is rotatably provided on the surface of the zip line (400). A protection mechanism is provided in the support frame (100), and the protection mechanism includes a locking assembly, and the locking assembly is used to lock the wheel (301).

2. A new type of pulley with a broken rope protection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The locking assembly includes elastic grooves (201) opened on both sides of the interior of the support column (200) and corresponding to the end position of each wheel (301), a rotation groove is opened on an inner side wall of the elastic groove (201), and a driving block (204) is rotatably arranged in the rotation groove, a locking groove is provided on the surface of the driving block (204), one end of the driving block (204) passes through the inner wall of the rotation groove, and the end of the driving block (204) is connected to the end of the wheel (301), and a movable column is slidably arranged in the elastic groove (201). (202), the cross section of the elastic groove (201) is rectangular, and the cross section of the movable column (202) is adapted to the cross section of the elastic groove (201), one end of the movable column (202) is provided with a locking column (203) adapted to the locking groove on the surface of the driving block (204), a second spring is fixed on the other inner side wall of the elastic groove (201), and the end of the second spring is fixed on a side wall of the movable block, and the locking assembly also includes a driving component, which is used to drive the movable block to slide in the elastic groove (201).

3. A new type of pulley with a broken rope protection device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The driving component comprises a fixing ring (101) arranged at the center of the support frame (100); a matching connecting column (102) is provided through the center of the fixing ring (101); fixing blocks (103) are provided at both ends of the connecting column (102); two first springs (104) are respectively sleeved on both sides of the surface of the connecting column (102); one end of each first spring (104) is respectively fixed to the surface of the corresponding fixing block (103); and the other end of each first spring (104) is respectively fixed to the fixing ring (101). On the two sides of the support frame (100), connecting grooves are provided on the two inner side walls corresponding to the positions of the elastic grooves (201), and a connecting rope (205) is provided on one side of each movable block, one end of the connecting rope (205) is fixed to the side of the movable block, the other end of the connecting rope (205) passes through the connecting groove, and the other end of the connecting rope (205) is fixed to the side wall of the fixed block (103), and a pulling component is provided at the end of the support frame (100), and the pulling component is used to pull the connecting column (102) to slide in the fixed ring (101).

4. A new type of pulley with a broken rope protection device as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: The pulling component comprises a through hole opened at one end of the support frame (100), a matching fixing column (500) is provided through the through hole of the support frame (100), one end of the fixing column (500) is fixed to the center of the surface of the fixing block (103), and a hanging ring (600) is fixed to the other end of the fixing column (500), and a limiting block (105) is provided on the surface of the fixing column (500), and the limiting block (105) is located inside the support frame (100).

5. The novel pulley with a broken rope protection device according to claim 3, characterized in that: A protective component is provided in the support frame (100), and the protective component is used to prevent the connecting rope (205) from being damaged.

6. A new type of pulley with a broken rope protection device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The protection component comprises a roller (206) rotatably arranged on the inner wall of the communication groove.

7. The novel pulley with a broken rope protection device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The connecting rope (205) is made of steel wire rope.

8. The novel pulley with a broken rope protection device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The surface of the wheel (301) is provided with a groove, and the groove of the wheel (301) is provided with an anti-skid pattern.