Solar cell, photovoltaic module, power utilization device and power generation device

Abstract

The utility model discloses a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power utilization device and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a first substrate, a first cell and a second cell, wherein the first cell and the second cell are located on the first substrate and are arranged in an isolated mode; the dimming laminated layer at least comprises a dimming material layer, and a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer which are positioned on two sides of the dimming material layer; the dimming lamination at least covers the first battery, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the second battery are electrically connected with the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer respectively.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the technical field of batteries, and in particular to a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power consumption device, and a power generation device. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the development of technology, the use scenarios of solar cells are becoming more and more diversified, for example, building curtain walls, windows, vehicle sunroofs, etc.

[0003] However, the light transmittance of the existing solar cells is fixed and cannot meet the light transmittance requirements in different seasons. For example, in summer, buildings or vehicles need to reduce radiation intake due to hot weather; in winter, buildings or vehicles need to increase radiation intake, thus limiting the application of solar cells. SUMMARY

[0004] To solve the above technical problems, the present application provides a solar cell to realize the function of flexible adjustment of light transmittance of the solar cell.

[0005] The present application is implemented through the following technical solutions.

[0006] The first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, comprising: a first substrate, and a first cell and a second cell located on the first substrate and isolated; a light-adjusting stack, at least comprising a light-adjusting material layer and a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer located on both sides of the light-adjusting material layer; the light-adjusting stack at least covers the first cell, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the second cell are electrically connected with the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer respectively.

[0007] In the present application, the positive and negative electrodes of the first cell can be led out using a standard interface for series and parallel connection at the system end for photovoltaic power generation, and the second cell provides a driving voltage for the light-adjusting stack through the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, and the light transmittance of the light-adjusting material layer changes with the change of the driving voltage applied to the light-adjusting stack, so that the light transmittance of the light-adjusting stack can be dynamically adjusted according to external conditions by adjusting the driving voltage applied to the light-adjusting stack. Thus, the overall light transmittance of the solar cell can still be dynamically adjusted after the production stage of the solar cell, for example, the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted low in summer and the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted high in winter.

[0008] In any embodiment, the open-circuit voltage of the second cell is greater than or equal to a threshold voltage causing the light transmittance of the light-adjusting material layer to change. Thus, it is ensured that the voltage output by the second cell is sufficient to drive the light-adjusting material layer to change its light transmittance.

[0009] In any embodiment, at least one light-transmitting groove is formed in the first cell, and the light-transmitting groove penetrates the first cell to expose the first substrate. The light-transmitting groove can increase the light transmittance of the first cell. Thus, even if the material forming each film layer of the first cell includes a non-transparent material, the light transmittance of the first cell can be greater than zero. The area of the light-transmitting groove can be adjusted to adjust the light transmittance of the first cell, and thus the variable range of the light transmittance of the solar cell.

[0010] In any embodiment, the first cell includes a plurality of first sub-cells arranged in sequence along a first direction, and the number of light-transmitting grooves is plural. The plurality of light-transmitting grooves extend along the first direction in the plurality of first sub-cells and are arranged along a second direction intersecting the first direction. The plurality of light-transmitting grooves can further increase the light transmittance of the first cell and increase the light transmittance uniformity of the solar cell as a whole.

[0011] In any embodiment, the light-adjusting material layer includes an electrochromic layer. Thus, when a voltage is applied to the light-adjusting stack through the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, ions migrate into or out of the electrochromic layer under the electric field of the applied voltage, so that the valence of the electrochromic layer material decreases or increases. Before reaching equilibrium, the electrochromic layer changes color. When the equilibrium is reached, the color change of the electrochromic layer stabilizes, thereby achieving the purpose of adjusting the light transmittance of the electrochromic layer. The light transmittance of the electrochromic layer is related to the magnitude of the voltage applied across the light-adjusting stack.

[0012] In any embodiment, the solar cell further includes a variable resistor connected between the second cell and the light-adjusting stack. Thus, by adjusting the resistance of the variable resistor, the driving voltage applied to the light-adjusting stack is adjusted, thereby flexibly adjusting the light transmittance of the light-adjusting material layer and further adjusting the light transmittance of the solar cell.

[0013] In any embodiment, the solar cell further includes a second substrate on the first substrate, and the first cell, the second cell, and the light-adjusting stack are encapsulated between the first substrate and the second substrate. Thus, by using the second substrate with the light-adjusting stack to encapsulate the back of the solar cell, the function of controllable light transmittance of the solar cell can be realized without increasing the cost of the substrate. Alternatively,

[0014] The solar cell further includes a third substrate on the first substrate and a second substrate on the third substrate, the first cell and the second cell are encapsulated between the first substrate and the third substrate, and the light-adjusting stack is encapsulated between the third substrate and the second substrate to increase the applicable scenarios. Alternatively,

[0015] The solar cell further comprises a fourth substrate located on the first substrate, a third substrate located on the fourth substrate, and a second substrate located on the third substrate, the first cell and the second cell are encapsulated between the first substrate and the fourth substrate, and the light-adjusting laminated layer is encapsulated between the third substrate and the second substrate, so as to further increase the applicable scenarios.

[0016] In any embodiment, the first cell and the second cell comprise a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence on the first substrate, and the functional layer comprises one or more of a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper-indium-gallium-selenium light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide light-absorbing layer, and an organic dye light-absorbing layer. The above-mentioned light-absorbing layer can be used to prepare a thin-film solar cell with a micron or nanometer level thickness of the light-absorbing layer, thereby expanding the application scenarios of the solar cell.

[0017] The second aspect of the present application further provides a photovoltaic module comprising the solar cell of the first aspect of the present application.

[0018] The third aspect of the present application further provides an electric device comprising the photovoltaic module of the second aspect of the present application.

[0019] The fourth aspect of the present application further provides a power generation device comprising the photovoltaic module of the second aspect of the present application.

[0020] Details of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are presented in the following drawings and description. Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the description and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure, the drawings needed in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present disclosure, and other drawings can also be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor.

[0022] Figure 1a Structure block diagram of the photovoltaic module provided for some embodiments of the present application; Figure 1b Structure block diagram of the electric device provided for some embodiments of the present application; Figure 1c Structure block diagram of the power generation device provided for some embodiments of the present application;

[0023] Figure 2a 、 Figure 2b and Figure 2c Different examples of structure schematic diagram of the solar cell provided for some embodiments of the present application;

[0024] Figure 3A connection relationship diagram of a second cell and a dimming stack in a solar cell provided for some embodiments of the present application;

[0025] Figure 4 and Figure 5 are respectively cross-sectional schematic views taken along lines AA', BB' in Figure 3

[0026] Figure 6 A structure schematic diagram of a dimming stack provided for some embodiments of the present application.

[0027] 1 solar cell; 100 photovoltaic module; 2 electrical device; 3 power generation device; 101 first substrate; 102 second substrate; 103 third substrate; 104 fourth substrate; 11 first cell; 111 first sub-cell; 113 third sub-cell; 12 second cell; 121 second sub-cell; 13 light-transmitting trench; 14 isolation trench; 15 dimming stack; 151 first conductive layer; 152 dimming material layer; 153 electrolyte layer; 154 ion storage layer; 155 second conductive layer; 16 sealing layer; 17 variable resistor; 18 insulating layer; 19 bus bar; 21 first electrode layer; 22 functional layer; 221 first transport layer; 222 light-absorbing layer; 223 second transport layer; 23 second electrode layer; T1 first trench; T2 second trench; T3 third trench; T4 fourth trench; T5 fifth trench; T6 sixth trench. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. While example embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it is understood that the present disclosure can be embodied in various forms and should not be limited to the specific embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0029] In the following description, numerous specific details are given to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present disclosure can be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, well-known features are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure. In addition, it will be appreciated that the present disclosure can be practiced without one or more of the specific details set forth herein, or with other methods, components, materials, and so on. In other instances, well-known features, although not specifically shown in the drawings, can be described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure.

[0030] In the drawings, the size of layers, regions, elements, and the like, and the relative sizes of the same, can be exaggerated for clarity. Like reference numbers in different drawings can represent similar elements.

[0031] ​It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being "on", "adjacent", "connected" or "coupled" to another element or layer, it can be directly on, adjacent, connected or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers can be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on", "directly adjacent", "directly connected", or "directly coupled" to another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc. can be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure and, similarly, a second element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a first element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0032] Spatially relative terms, such as "beneath", "below", "lower", "under", "above", "upper" and the like, can be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "below" or "beneath" other elements or features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term "below" can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device can be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.

[0033] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" and / or "comprising", when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof. As used herein the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0034] Hereinafter, the present application will be described in detail.

[0035] With the development of technology, the use scenarios of solar cells are more and more diversified, for example, building curtain wall, window, vehicle sunroof, etc.

[0036] However, the light transmittance of the existing solar cell is fixed and cannot meet the light transmittance requirements in different seasons. For example, in summer, the radiation intake needs to be reduced due to the hot weather, and in winter, the radiation intake needs to be increased, thus limiting the application of solar cells.

[0037] In the related art, a liquid crystal film and glass can be combined to form laminated glass, the arrangement of the polymer liquid crystal material is used to realize the conversion of the liquid crystal film between the transparent and non-transparent states, and then the laminated glass is combined with the solar cell to adjust the light transmittance of the solar cell. However, the light transmittance of the liquid crystal film is determined in the production stage and cannot be adjusted subsequently, and therefore there is an urgent need to provide a solar cell capable of flexibly adjusting the light transmittance according to external conditions (such as ambient temperature).

[0038] Based on this, the inventors propose a technical solution in which the solar cell includes a first cell and a second cell. The positive and negative electrodes of the first cell can be led out using a standard interface for series and parallel connection at the system end for photovoltaic power generation. The second cell provides a driving voltage for the light-adjusting stack through the first and second conductive layers, and the light transmittance of the light-adjusting material layer changes with the change of the voltage applied to the light-adjusting stack. In this way, the overall light transmittance of the solar cell can be dynamically adjusted according to external conditions after the manufacturing stage of the solar cell, for example, the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted to be low in summer and the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted to be high in winter. In addition, in this application, the first cell for photovoltaic power generation and the second cell for providing a driving voltage for the light-adjusting stack are integrated on the same substrate, and both can be formed in the same step, and there is no need to introduce an external power supply to provide a driving voltage for the light-adjusting stack. In this way, the structure of the solar cell is simplified, which is helpful to realize the integration of the solar cell.

[0039] The technical solutions described in the embodiments of the present application are applicable to components containing solar cells, photovoltaic components, electric devices using photovoltaic components, and power generation devices using photovoltaic components.

[0040] Figure 1a is a schematic block diagram of a photovoltaic component 100 provided by some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 1a The photovoltaic component 100 includes a solar cell 1. The solar cell 1 can be one or multiple. If the solar cell 1 is multiple, the multiple solar cells 1 can be connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixed connection. The mixed connection means that some of the multiple solar cells 1 are connected in series and some are connected in parallel, which can provide higher voltage and current.

[0041] Figure 1b A schematic block diagram of the power utilization device 2 is provided for some embodiments of the present application. The power utilization device 2 can be a vehicle, a mobile phone, a portable device, a notebook computer, a ship, a spacecraft, an electric toy, an electric tool, or the like. The vehicle can be a fuel automobile, a gas automobile, or a new energy automobile; the spacecraft includes an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, a spacecraft, or the like; the electric toy includes a fixed or mobile electric toy, such as a game machine, an electric automobile toy, an electric ship toy, an electric airplane toy, or the like; the electric tool includes a metal cutting electric tool, a grinding electric tool, an assembling electric tool, and a railway electric tool, such as an electric drill, an electric grinder, an electric wrench, an electric screwdriver, an electric hammer, an impact electric drill, a concrete vibrator, an electric planer, or the like. The power utilization device 2 is not specially limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0042] Figure 1c A schematic block diagram of the power generation device 3 is provided for some embodiments of the present application, and the power generation device 3 includes the photovoltaic module 100. The power generation device 3 can further have a control system and a transmission system. The power generation device 3 provided by the present application adjusts the electric energy generated from the photovoltaic module 100 to be able to match the electric energy of the power utilization device through the control system and the transmission system.

[0043] In the following, the power utilization device 2 and the power generation device 3 are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figures 2a to 6 The power utilization device 2 and the power generation device 3 are described in detail. The power utilization device 2 and the power generation device 3 are described in detail. Figure 3 In order to more clearly show the structure of the first cell, the second cell, and the light-adjusting stack, and the connection relationship between the light-adjusting stack and the second cell, the first substrate and the second substrate are separately shown. Actually, the first cell, the second cell, and the light-adjusting stack are encapsulated between the first substrate and the second substrate.

[0044] As shown in the figure, one embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell, which includes: a first substrate 101, and a first cell 11 and a second cell 12 which are arranged on the first substrate 101 and are isolated; a light-adjusting stack 15 which includes at least a light-adjusting material layer 152, and a first conductive layer 151 and a second conductive layer 155 which are arranged on both sides of the light-adjusting material layer 152; the light-adjusting stack 15 covers at least the first cell 11, and the anode and the cathode of the second cell 12 are electrically connected with the first conductive layer 151 and the second conductive layer 155, respectively.

[0045] In some embodiments of the present application, the positive and negative electrodes of the first battery 11 can be led out using a standard interface for series and parallel connection at the system end for photovoltaic power generation, the second battery 12 provides a driving voltage for the light-adjustable stack 15 through the first conductive layer 151 and the second conductive layer 155, and the light transmittance of the light-adjustable material layer 152 changes with the change of the driving voltage applied to the light-adjustable stack 15, so that the light transmittance of the light-adjustable stack 15 can be dynamically adjusted according to external conditions by adjusting the driving voltage applied to the light-adjustable stack 15, so that the overall light transmittance of the solar cell can still be adjusted by dynamically adjusting the light transmittance of the light-adjustable material layer 152 after the production stage of the solar cell is completed, for example, the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted to be low in summer and the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted to be high in winter.

[0046] As shown in Figure 2a some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a second substrate 102 located on the first substrate 101, the first battery 11, the second battery 12 (see Figure 3 ) and the light-adjustable stack 15 are encapsulated between the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102.

[0047] In some embodiments, the first battery 11, the second battery 12 and the light-adjustable stack 15 have a preset distance from the edge of the first substrate 101 to expose the edge of the first substrate 101; the solar cell further includes a sealing layer 16, the sealing layer 16 is arranged along the edge of the first substrate 101, and the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102 are sealed and connected through the sealing layer 16. The material of the sealing layer 16 includes but is not limited to butyl rubber.

[0048] In actual application, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 can be formed on the first substrate 101, and the light-adjustable stack 15 can be formed on the second substrate 102, and then the side of the second substrate 102 formed with the light-adjustable stack 15 is arranged towards the first battery 11, so that the first battery 11, the second battery 12 and the light-adjustable stack 15 are encapsulated between the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102. By using the second substrate 102 formed with the light-adjustable stack 15 to encapsulate the back of the solar cell, compared with the related art, the function of controllable light transmittance of the solar cell can be realized without increasing the cost of the substrate.

[0049] As shown in Figure 2a some embodiments, the solar cell further includes an insulating layer 18, the insulating layer 18 is located at least between the light-adjustable stack 15 and the first battery 11, and the insulating layer 18 is used to electrically isolate the light-adjustable stack 15 and the first battery 11 to avoid the risk of short circuit. In some embodiments, the light-adjustable stack 15 also covers the second battery 12, and the insulating layer 18 is also arranged between the light-adjustable stack 15 and the second battery 12 to electrically isolate the light-adjustable stack 15 and the second battery 12.

[0050] In some embodiments, the material of the insulation layer 18 can include a transparent insulation material, for example, can include one or several of butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polyolefin elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, and polyvinyl butyral. In some embodiments, the insulation layer 18 can also function to bond the first battery 11 (or the first battery 11 and the second battery 12) and the light-adjusting stack 15, to increase the sealing and firmness of the solar cell.

[0051] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments of the present application, the solar cell includes a first substrate 101, a second substrate 102, a first battery 11, a second battery 12, an insulation layer 18, a light-adjusting stack 15, and a sealing layer 16. The first battery 11 and the second battery 12 are encapsulated between the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102, and the light-adjusting stack 15 is encapsulated between the second substrate 102 and the first substrate 101. Figure 2b As shown in FIG. 2, in some other embodiments of the present application, the solar cell includes a third substrate 103 located on the first substrate 101, and the second substrate 102 located on the third substrate 103, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 are encapsulated between the first substrate 101 and the third substrate 103, and the light-adjusting stack 15 is encapsulated between the third substrate 103 and the second substrate 102, to increase the applicable scenarios.

[0052] In actual applications, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 can be formed on the first substrate 101, and the light-adjusting stack 15 can be formed on the second substrate 102, then the third substrate 103 is bonded to the light-adjusting stack 15 to encapsulate the light-adjusting stack 15 between the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103, and then the side of the third substrate 103 away from the light-adjusting stack 15 is fixedly bonded to the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 to encapsulate the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 between the first substrate 101 and the third substrate 103. However, it is not limited thereto, and the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 can be first encapsulated between the first substrate 101 and the third substrate 103, then the second substrate 102 is arranged with the side of the light-adjusting stack 15 facing the third substrate 103, so as to encapsulate the light-adjusting stack 15 between the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103.

[0053] In some embodiments, the insulation layer 18 is arranged on both sides of the third substrate 103, to fixedly bond the third substrate 103 to the light-adjusting stack 15, the first battery 11, and the second battery 12, respectively.

[0054] In some embodiments, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 have a preset distance from the edges of the first substrate 101 and the third substrate 103, and the light-adjusting stack 15 has a preset distance from the edges of the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103; the sealing layer 16 is arranged along the edges of the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102, respectively, and the first substrate 101 and the third substrate 103 are sealed and connected through the sealing layer 16, and the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103 are sealed and connected through the sealing layer 16.

[0055] As shown in FIG. 3, in some embodiments of the present application, the solar cell includes a first substrate 101, a second substrate 102, a first battery 11, a second battery 12, an insulation layer 18, a light-adjusting stack 15, and a sealing layer 16. The first battery 11 and the second battery 12 are encapsulated between the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102, and the light-adjusting stack 15 is encapsulated between the second substrate 102 and the first substrate 101. Figure 2cIn some embodiments of the present application, the solar cell further comprises a fourth substrate 104 located on the first substrate 101, a third substrate 103 located on the fourth substrate 104, and a second substrate 102 located on the third substrate 103, the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 are encapsulated between the first substrate 101 and the fourth substrate 104, and the light-adjustable layer 15 is encapsulated between the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103, so as to further increase the applicable scenarios.

[0056] In practical applications, the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 can be formed on the first substrate 101, the fourth substrate 104 can be adhered to the first cell 11 and the second cell 12, so as to encapsulate the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 between the first substrate 101 and the fourth substrate 104; the light-adjustable layer 15 can be formed on the second substrate 102, and the third substrate 103 can be adhered to the light-adjustable layer 15, so as to encapsulate the light-adjustable layer 15 between the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103; then, the side of the third substrate 103 away from the light-adjustable layer 15 is adhered to the side of the fourth substrate 104 away from the first cell 11 and the second cell 12.

[0057] In some embodiments, the insulating layer 18 is arranged between the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 and the fourth substrate 104, between the light-adjustable layer 15 and the third substrate 103, and between the third substrate 103 and the fourth substrate 104, so as to play a role of fixing adhesion. In some embodiments, the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 have a preset distance from the edges of the first substrate 101 and the fourth substrate 104, and the light-adjustable layer 15 has a preset distance from the edges of the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103; the sealing layer 16 is arranged along the edges of the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102, between the first substrate 101 and the fourth substrate 104, and between the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103, so as to seal the interfaces.

[0058] In some embodiments, the materials of the first substrate 101, the second substrate 102, the third substrate 103, and the fourth substrate 104 can be the same, different from each other, or partially the same, and the first substrate 101, the second substrate 102, the third substrate 103, and the fourth substrate 104 can be transparent materials, such as one or more of glass, tempered glass, quartz, and organic flexible materials, wherein the organic flexible materials can include one or more of transparent polymer materials, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyether sulfone resin.

[0059] As Figure 4 and Figure 5As shown, in some embodiments, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 include a first electrode layer 21, a functional layer 22, and a second electrode layer 23 stacked in sequence on the first substrate 101. In some embodiments, the material of at least one film layer in the first battery 11 and the material of at least one film layer in the second battery 12 can be the same, and the film layers with the same material in the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 can be formed in the same step, thereby being able to simplify the manufacturing process of the solar cell. However, the materials of the two can also be different, so as to increase the applicable scenarios.

[0060] In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode layer 21 of the first battery 11 and the material of the first electrode layer 21 of the second battery 12 can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode layer 21 can be a transparent conductive material, including but not limited to one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO), cerium-doped indium oxide (ICO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc-doped zinc oxide (IZO), and antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), for example, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO).

[0061] In some embodiments, the material of the second electrode layer 23 of the first battery 11 and the material of the second electrode layer 23 of the second battery 12 can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the material of the second electrode layer 23 can include a metal electrode material, a carbon material, a transparent electrode material, or a composite electrode material composed of a metal electrode material and a transparent electrode material; wherein the metal electrode material includes one or more of silver, aluminum, gold, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel, platinum, and palladium, and the carbon material includes graphene and the like.

[0062] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the functional layer 22 includes at least a light-absorbing layer 222. Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, in some embodiments, the functional layer 22 includes at least a light-absorbing layer 222. The light-absorbing layer 222 can generate electron-hole pairs under the excitation of incident photons, generate current through the flow of electrons and holes, and thereby realize the conversion from light energy to electrical energy. The light-absorbing layer 222 can adopt any suitable mechanism to convert solar energy into electrical energy.

[0063] In some embodiments, the material of the light-absorbing layer 222 of the first battery 11 and the material of the light-absorbing layer 222 of the second battery 12 can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer 222 can include one or more of a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper indium gallium selenide light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide light-absorbing layer, and an organic dye light-absorbing layer. The above light-absorbing layers can be used to prepare thin-film solar cells with a light-absorbing layer thickness of microns or nanometers, thereby expanding the application scenarios of the solar cell.

[0064] Further, the light-absorbing layer 222 can include a perovskite light-absorbing layer. In this way, the light transmittance of the perovskite solar cell can be flexibly adjusted to adapt to changes in external conditions, thereby broadening the application of the perovskite solar cell. In some embodiments, the molecular formula of the material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer satisfies ABX3 or A2CDX6; wherein A is a monovalent cation, which can be an inorganic cation or an organic ammonium cation or a mixture of the two, and specifically can be at least one of formamidinium ion (FA), methylammonium ion (MA) and Cs + . B is a divalent inorganic metal cation, which can be at least one of Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Pd 2+ , Ge 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Yb 2+ and Eu 2+ . Typically, B is selected from at least one of Pb 2+ ion, Sn 2+ ion. C is a noble metal cation, which is usually Ag + . D is a heavy metal or rare metal cation, which can be at least one of bismuth cation Bi 3+ , antimony cation Sb 3+ and indium cation In 3+ . X is a halogen element or halogen-like element, which can be at least one of Cl - , Br - , I - , SCN - , CNO - , OCN - , OSCN - , SH - , OH - , CP - , CN - , SeCN - , N3 - , NO2 - . In some embodiments, the material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer can be an inorganic perovskite material, an organic perovskite material or an organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material. For example, the material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer can be CsPbI2Br, MAPbBr3 or FAPbI3.

[0065] As Figure 4 and Figure 5In some embodiments, the functional layer 22 of the first battery 11 and / or the second battery 12 further comprises a first transport layer 221 between the first electrode layer 21 and the light-absorbing layer 222, and / or a second transport layer 223 between the light-absorbing layer 222 and the second electrode layer 23, one of the first transport layer 221 and the second transport layer 223 is an electron transport layer, and the other is a hole transport layer. The arrangement of the electron transport layer and / or the hole transport layer helps to extract and transport the electron-hole pairs generated by the light-absorbing layer 222 to the corresponding electrode, thereby improving the carrier transport capability. The electron transport layer and the hole transport layer can be arranged on both sides of the light-absorbing layer 222, or one of them can be arranged on one side of the light-absorbing layer 222, such as only the hole transport layer, which is not limited here.

[0066] In some embodiments, when the light-absorbing layer 222 is a perovskite light-absorbing layer, the first electrode layer 21 is a transparent electrode for light incidence, the first transport layer 221 is an electron transport layer, and the second transport layer 223 is a hole transport layer, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 are a normal perovskite battery; the first transport layer 221 is a hole transport layer, and the second transport layer 223 is an electron transport layer, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 are an inverted perovskite battery.

[0067] The electron transport layer material is an n-type semiconductor with electron transport capability, and specific materials include but are not limited to one or more of titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), vanadium oxide (V2O5), zinc tin oxide (Zn2SnO4), fullerene C60, fullerene C70, fullerene C76, fullerene C78, fullerene C84, fullerene C 60 (C 60 ), fullerene C 70 (C 70 ) and fullerene derivatives (such as [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid isomethyl ester, PC 61 BM), etc., which are not specifically limited here.

[0068] The hole transport layer material is a p-type semiconductor with hole transport capability, and specific materials include but are not limited to one or more of nickel oxide (NiOx), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), copper iodide (CuI), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), zinc oxide, 2,2',7,7'-tetra(N,N-p-methoxyphenylamine) base-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)((2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), etc., which are not specifically limited here.

[0069] In some embodiments, in order to further improve photoelectric conversion efficiency, interface treatment layers can also be added between different film layers among the first electrode layer 21, the functional layer 22, and the second electrode layer 23, such as a passivation layer for passivating perovskite defects, a blocking layer for blocking hole transport, etc.

[0070] In some embodiments, the first cell 11 includes a plurality of first sub-cells 111 arranged in sequence along a first direction. As shown in FIG. 1, specifically, at least one first trench T1 extending along a fifth direction and penetrating the first electrode layer 21, at least one second trench T2 extending along the fifth direction and penetrating the functional layer 22, and at least one third trench T3 extending along the fifth direction and penetrating the second electrode layer 23 and the functional layer 22 can be formed in the first cell 11; wherein the first trench T1, the second trench T2, and the third trench T3 are staggered arranged along the first direction to divide the first cell 11 into a plurality of first sub-cells 111 arranged in sequence along the first direction. In some embodiments, any two adjacent first sub-cells 111 are connected in series by the second electrode layer 23 filling the second trench T2. However, it is not limited to this, and the plurality of first sub-cells 111 can also be connected in parallel or in a mixed manner. Here, the first direction and the fifth direction are both parallel to the first substrate 101, and the first direction and the fifth direction are perpendicular or oblique. Figure 4

[0071] However, it is not limited to this, and in other embodiments, the first trench T1, the second trench T2, and the third trench T3 can not be formed in the first cell 11, and the number of the first sub-cells 111 can be 1, to increase the scene applicability.

[0072] In some embodiments, the second cell 12 includes a plurality of second sub-cells 121 arranged in sequence along a third direction. As shown in FIG. 2, specifically, at least one fourth trench T4 extending along a fourth direction and penetrating the first electrode layer 21, at least one fifth trench T5 extending along the fourth direction and penetrating the functional layer 22, and at least one sixth trench T6 extending along the fourth direction and penetrating the second electrode layer 23 and the functional layer 22 can be formed in the second cell 12; wherein the fourth trench T4, the fifth trench T5, and the sixth trench T6 are staggered arranged along the third direction to divide the second cell 12 into a plurality of second sub-cells 121 arranged in sequence along the third direction. In some embodiments, any two adjacent second sub-cells 121 are connected in series by the second electrode layer 23 filling the fifth trench T5. However, it is not limited to this, and the plurality of second sub-cells 121 can also be connected in parallel or in a mixed manner. Here, the third direction and the fourth direction are both parallel to the first substrate 101, and the third direction and the fourth direction are perpendicular or oblique. Figure 5

[0073] Figure 3 and Figure 5 ​​The third direction is the same as the first direction, and the fourth direction is the same as the fifth direction. In this way, the preparation of the grooves in the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 can be simultaneously implemented, and the preparation process is simplified. However, the third direction can also intersect the first direction, and the fourth direction can also intersect the fifth direction.

[0074] In other embodiments, the fourth groove T4, the fifth groove T5, and the sixth groove T6 can also not be formed in the second battery 11, and the number of the second sub-batteries 121 can be one, so as to increase the scene applicability.

[0075] In some embodiments, the third groove T3 is used to isolate adjacent first sub-batteries 111, and the sixth groove T6 is used to isolate adjacent second sub-batteries 121. An isolation layer can also be filled in the third groove T3 and / or the sixth groove T6, so as to further increase the isolation effect.

[0076] In some embodiments, the first groove T1 and the fourth groove T4, the second groove T2 and the fifth groove T5, and the third groove T3 and the sixth groove T6 can be formed in the same step or different steps, respectively. When formed in the same step, the manufacturing process of the solar cell can be simplified.

[0077] In this application, the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 are isolated to avoid the risk of short circuit between them. As shown in Figure 3 In some embodiments, an isolation groove 14 can be formed between the first battery 11 and the second battery 12, and the isolation groove 14 is used to electrically isolate the first battery 11 and the second battery 12. In actual applications, after the first battery 11 and the second battery 12 are formed, the isolation groove 14 can be formed by a mechanical scribing process or a laser scribing process between the first battery 11 and the second battery 12, and the isolation groove 14 penetrates the second electrode layer 23, the functional layer 22, and the first electrode layer 21 in sequence. In some embodiments, an isolation material can also be filled in the isolation groove 14 to increase the isolation performance between them.

[0078] In this application, the first battery 11 is a light-transmitting battery. As shown in Figure 3 In some embodiments, at least one light-transmitting groove 13 is formed in the first battery 11, and the light-transmitting groove 13 penetrates the first battery 11 to expose the first substrate 101. The light-transmitting groove 13 can increase the light transmission rate of the first battery 11. In this way, even if the material of each film layer of the first battery 11 includes a non-transparent material, the light transmission rate of the first battery 11 can still be greater than zero. The area of the light-transmitting groove 13 can be adjusted according to the actual application requirements to adjust the light transmission rate of the first battery 11, and then the variable range of the light transmission rate of the solar cell is adjusted.

[0079] In some embodiments, the first cell 11 can also be formed by using light-transmissive materials for each film layer, and the overall light transmittance of the first cell 11 can be adjusted by adjusting the light transmittance of each film layer of the first cell 11 and the area of the light-transmissive groove 13. It can be understood that the light transmittance of the first cell 11 is adjusted at the manufacturing stage of the first cell 11.

[0080] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the first cell 11 can be formed by using light-transmissive materials for each film layer, and the overall light transmittance of the first cell 11 can be adjusted by adjusting the light transmittance of each film layer of the first cell 11 and the area of the light-transmissive groove 13. It can be understood that the light transmittance of the first cell 11 is adjusted at the manufacturing stage of the first cell 11. Figure 3 As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the first cell 11 can be formed by using light-transmissive materials for each film layer, and the overall light transmittance of the first cell 11 can be adjusted by adjusting the light transmittance of each film layer of the first cell 11 and the area of the light-transmissive groove 13. It can be understood that the light transmittance of the first cell 11 is adjusted at the manufacturing stage of the first cell 11.

[0081] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the first cell 11 can be formed by using light-transmissive materials for each film layer, and the overall light transmittance of the first cell 11 can be adjusted by adjusting the light transmittance of each film layer of the first cell 11 and the area of the light-transmissive groove 13. It can be understood that the light transmittance of the first cell 11 is adjusted at the manufacturing stage of the first cell 11.

[0082] In actual applications, the light-transmissive groove 13 can be formed in the first cell 11 (or the first cell 11 and the second cell 12) by using a mechanical scribing process or a laser scribing process after the formation of the first cell 11 (or the first cell 11 and the second cell 12), or the light-transmissive groove 13 can be formed by using a mask plate.

[0083] In the present application, the positive and negative electrodes of the first cell 11 can be led out by using standard interfaces, and can be connected in series and in parallel at the system end for photovoltaic power generation. The second cell 12 provides a driving voltage for the light-adjusting superimposed layer 15 through the first conductive layer 151 and the second conductive layer 155, and the light transmittance of the light-adjusting material layer 152 changes with the change of the driving voltage applied to the light-adjusting superimposed layer 15. Thus, the light transmittance of the light-adjusting superimposed layer 15 can be dynamically adjusted according to external conditions by adjusting the driving voltage applied to the light-adjusting superimposed layer 15. Thus, the overall light transmittance of the solar cell can be adjusted by dynamically adjusting the light transmittance of the light-adjusting material layer 152 according to external conditions at the application stage of the solar cell after the manufacturing stage of the solar cell, for example, the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted to be low in summer and the light transmittance of the solar cell is adjusted to be high in winter.

[0084] Here, as shown in Figures 2a to 2c The current generated in the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 can be led out through the bus bar 19 arranged on the side of the solar cell to be used for the series-parallel connection of the system end and for connecting the dimming stack 15, respectively. Figures 2a to 2c Only one bus bar is shown in the figure, but in fact, there are multiple bus bars 19, which are connected to the positive and negative poles of the first cell 11 and the positive and negative poles of the second cell 12.

[0085] In addition, in the present application, the first cell 11 for photovoltaic power generation and the second cell 12 for providing a driving voltage for the dimming stack 15 are integrated on the same substrate, and can be formed in the same step, and there is no need to introduce an external power supply to provide a driving voltage for the dimming stack 15, so that the structure of the solar cell is simplified, which is helpful to realize the integration of the solar cell.

[0086] In some embodiments, the overall light transmittance Tm of the solar cell is Tm = Ts x Tec, where Ts is the light transmittance of the structure of the solar cell other than the dimming stack 15, and Tec is the light transmittance of the dimming stack 15. Ts is at least related to the area S1 of the light transmission groove 13, so that the area of the light transmission groove 13 can be set according to the actual application requirements, and the adjustable range of the light transmittance of the solar cell can be adjusted. In the case where the area of the solar cell which is not provided with the light transmission groove 13 is the non-transparent area, the light transmittance Ts of the structure of the solar cell other than the dimming stack 15 is (S1 / S2) x Tg, where S2 is the total area of the solar cell, and Tg is the overall light transmittance of the structure of the solar cell other than the first cell 11, the second cell 12 and the dimming stack 15, for example, the overall light transmittance of the substrate (for example, the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102, or the first substrate 101, the second substrate 102 and the third substrate 103, or the first substrate 101, the second substrate 102, the third substrate 103 and the fourth substrate 104) and the insulating layer 18 in the solar cell.

[0087] In the present application, the dimming stack 15 covers at least the first cell 11, so as to flexibly adjust the light transmittance of the first cell 11. However, it is not limited thereto, and the dimming stack 15 can also cover the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 at the same time, so as to adjust the light transmittance of the first cell 11 and the second cell 12 at the same time, so as to increase the scene applicability.

[0088] In some embodiments, the open-circuit voltage of the second cell 12 can be controlled to be greater than or equal to a threshold voltage that causes a change in the transmittance of the dimming material layer 152. Here, the threshold voltage refers to the minimum voltage that can drive the dimming stack 15, thereby ensuring that the voltage output by the second cell 12 is sufficient to drive the dimming material layer 152 to change its transmittance. When multiple second sub-cells 121 are connected in series, the open-circuit voltage of the second cell 12 is the sum of the open-circuit voltages of the multiple second sub-cells 121. The number of second sub-cells 121 can be adjusted by adjusting the number of fourth trenches T4, fifth trenches T5, and sixth trenches T6, thereby adjusting the open-circuit voltage of the second cell 12.

[0089] In some embodiments, the dimming material layer 152 has a low power requirement, and the second cell 12 can be formed in a relatively small area on the first substrate 101 to reduce the occupied area of ​​the second cell 12 and increase the power generation area of ​​the solar cell (i.e., the area occupied by the first cell 11 for photovoltaic power generation), while avoiding the impact of excessive power of the second cell 12 on the dimming material layer 152.

[0090] In some embodiments, the dimming material layer 152 may include an electrochromic layer. Thus, when a voltage is applied to the dimming stack 15 through the first conductive layer 151 and the second conductive layer 155, ions migrate into or out of the electrochromic layer under the action of the electric field of the applied voltage, thereby reducing or increasing the valence of the electrochromic layer material. Before reaching equilibrium, the electrochromic layer changes color. After reaching equilibrium, the color change of the electrochromic layer becomes stable, thereby achieving the purpose of adjusting the transmittance of the electrochromic layer. The transmittance of the electrochromic layer is related to the voltage value applied across the dimming stack 15. However, the dimming material layer 152 may also be any other material whose transmittance changes with changes in driving voltage.

[0091] like Figure 6 As shown, in some embodiments, the dimming stack 15 further includes: an electrolyte layer 153 located between the dimming material layer 152 and the second conductive layer 155, and an ion storage layer 154 located between the electrolyte layer 153 and the second conductive layer 155, the ion storage layer 154 being used to store ions that are about to migrate into the electrochromic layer or ions that migrate out of the electrochromic layer.

[0092] In some embodiments, in the direction from the first substrate 101 to the second substrate 102, the first conductive layer 151, the light-adjusting material layer 152, the electrolyte layer 153, the ion storage layer 154, and the second conductive layer 155 are sequentially stacked. However, it is not limited thereto. The first conductive layer 151, the light-adjusting material layer 152, the electrolyte layer 153, the ion storage layer 154, and the second conductive layer 155 may also be sequentially stacked in the direction from the second substrate 102 to the first substrate 101.

[0093] In some embodiments, the materials of the first conductive layer 151 and the second conductive layer 155 are transparent materials, and they may be the same or different. Specifically, the materials of the first conductive layer 151 and the second conductive layer 155 may include one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), indium cerium oxide (ICO), tin fluoride oxide (FTO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and antimony tin oxide (ATO).

[0094] In some embodiments, the electrochromic layer may include inorganic metal oxides (such as WO3, NiO, or TiO2, etc.), organic substances (such as bipyridinium salt (viologen) derivatives, quinone derivatives including anthraquinone, or azine derivatives including phenothiazine, etc.).

[0095] In some embodiments, the material of the ion storage layer 154 includes a material containing iridium and / or tantalum, such as iridium hydroxide having the formula HaIrO2 (0 < a < 2) and tantalum hydroxide having the formula HbTa2O5 (0 < b < 5), etc.

[0096] In some embodiments, the material of the electrolyte layer 153 includes a material containing tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, potassium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, and sodium perchlorate, etc. The electrolyte layer 153 may be a solid electrolyte layer.

[0097] As Figure 3 shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell further includes: a variable resistor 17. The variable resistor 17 is connected between the second battery 12 and the light-adjusting stack 15. Specifically, the number of the variable resistors 17 may be one or more. The variable resistor 17 may be connected between the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode of the second battery 12 and the light-adjusting stack 15. Thus, by adjusting the resistance value of the variable resistor 17, the driving voltage applied to the light-adjusting stack 15 is adjusted, so as to flexibly adjust the light transmittance of the light-adjusting material layer 152, and further adjust the light transmittance of the solar cell.

[0098] In some embodiments, the variable resistor 17 can include a manually variable resistor and / or an automatically variable resistor, etc. Among them, the manually variable resistor 17 can be composed of an insulating porcelain cylinder, a resistance wire wound on the insulating porcelain cylinder, a sliding sheet connected with the resistance wire and movable, a metal rod connected with the sliding sheet to help moving the sliding sheet, and a terminal post for connecting the circuit. In actual application, the length of the resistance wire connected to the circuit can be changed by manually moving the sliding sheet, thereby changing the resistance value of the variable resistor 17; the resistance body of the automatically variable resistor can be the same as or similar to the manually variable resistor 17. In addition, the automatically variable resistor can further include a controller and an actuator coupled with the resistance body and the controller. In actual application, the controller can calculate the required resistance value according to the preset program or algorithm and send instructions to the actuator; the actuator can change the resistance distribution inside the resistance body or the length of the resistance wire connected to the circuit according to the instructions of the controller, thereby realizing automatic adjustment of the resistance value.

[0099] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, but not limit them; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the above embodiments, or make equivalent replacement for part or all of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, and they should be covered in the scope of the claims and the specification of the present application. Especially, as long as there is no structural conflict, each technical feature mentioned in each embodiment can be combined in any way. The present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed in the text, but includes all technical solutions falling within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized by, The solar cell comprises: a first substrate, and a first battery and a second battery arranged on the first substrate and isolated from each other; a light-adjusting stack, comprising at least a light-adjusting material layer and a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer arranged on both sides of the light-adjusting material layer; the light-adjusting stack at least covers the first battery, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the second battery are electrically connected with the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer respectively.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The open-circuit voltage of the second battery is greater than or equal to a threshold voltage causing the light-adjusting material layer to change in light transmittance.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The first battery comprises at least one light-transmitting groove formed therein, and the light-transmitting groove penetrates through the first battery to expose the first substrate.

4. The solar cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, The first battery comprises a plurality of first sub-batteries arranged in a first direction in sequence, and the number of the light-transmitting grooves is plural, and the light-transmitting grooves extend in the first direction and are arranged in a second direction intersecting the first direction in the plurality of first sub-batteries.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The light-adjusting material layer comprises an electrochromic layer.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, The solar cell further comprises a variable resistor connected between the second battery and the light-adjusting stack.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, The solar cell further comprises a second substrate on the first substrate, and the first battery, the second battery and the light-adjusting stack are encapsulated between the first substrate and the second substrate; or, The solar cell further comprises a third substrate on the first substrate and a second substrate on the third substrate, the first battery and the second battery are encapsulated between the first substrate and the third substrate, and the light-adjusting stack is encapsulated between the third substrate and the second substrate; or, The solar cell further comprises a fourth substrate on the first substrate, a third substrate on the fourth substrate and a second substrate on the third substrate, the first battery and the second battery are encapsulated between the first substrate and the fourth substrate, and the light-adjusting stack is encapsulated between the third substrate and the second substrate.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein, The first battery and the second battery comprise a first electrode layer, a functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence on the first substrate, and the functional layer comprises one or more of a perovskite light-absorbing layer, an amorphous silicon light-absorbing layer, a copper-indium-gallium-selenium light-absorbing layer, a cadmium telluride light-absorbing layer, a gallium arsenide light-absorbing layer and an organic dye light-absorbing layer.

9. A photovoltaic module, characterized by The photovoltaic module comprises the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. An electrical device, characterized by The electric device comprises the photovoltaic module according to claim 9.

11. A power generation device characterized by comprising: The power generation device comprises the photovoltaic module according to claim 9.

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