Efficient lateral-resistant single-layer structure system

Abstract

The utility model discloses an efficient lateral-resistant single-layer structural system which comprises a plurality of vertical columns arranged in the vertical direction, the bottoms of the vertical columns are fixedly connected with the ground, and the tops of the vertical columns are fixedly connected with a plane truss. The plane truss comprises a truss upper chord structure, a truss lower chord structure and a plurality of truss web members; the truss web members are located between the truss upper chord structure and the truss lower chord structure, the upper ends of the truss web members are fixedly connected with the truss upper chord structure, and the lower ends of the truss web members are fixedly connected with the truss lower chord structure. Solid-web H-shaped steel beams are replaced by the plane trusses, bending resistance efficiency is improved, steel consumption of the beams is reduced, the horizontal supporting components are arranged on the plane trusses, horizontal force borne by the structure is transmitted to the inter-column supports at the two ends of the structure, the stand columns only bear vertical loads, and the structure is simple, convenient and fast. Compared with a portal rigid frame column bearing bending moment and axial force at the same time in the prior art, the section of the structural system is greatly reduced, and the steel consumption is greatly reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of building engineering technology, specifically to a high-efficiency lateral-resistant single-layer structural system. Background Technology

[0002] Portal frame lightweight steel structures, with their unique structural form and significant technical and economic advantages, are widely used in industrial plants, commercial facilities, and cultural and entertainment public buildings, such as basketball courts or badminton courts. This structural system is a transverse rigid frame system composed of beams and columns, primarily subjected to planar forces, with longitudinal stability ensured by inter-column bracing and roof bracing. The frame columns and beams are typically made of H-beams, effectively transferring various loads to the foundation. However, with the increase in building span and the diversification of functional requirements, portal frame lightweight steel structures have also revealed some technical problems in practical applications. For example, when the building span is large and there is no building enclosure, the economic efficiency of using a portal frame structural system is poor.

[0003] First, when the span of a portal frame is large, solid-web H-beams exhibit low bending efficiency in resisting vertical loads. This is because the web of an H-beam contributes very little to bending resistance, especially in the case of large spans. To meet the structural safety, deformation, and stability requirements, it is often necessary to increase the beam height, further concentrating steel on the web, which contributes very little to bending resistance, resulting in greater waste. This directly leads to a significant increase in steel consumption and construction costs.

[0004] Secondly, while the design concept of using a rigid frame formed by beam-column connections to resist horizontal loads ensures the overall stability and stiffness of the structure, it places additional burdens on the H-shaped columns. In actual engineering, H-shaped columns not only bear the axial compression from the vertical loads from the roof but also the bending moments caused by wind loads, seismic forces, etc. This compressive-bending stress state necessitates increasing the cross-sectional dimensions of the H-shaped columns to ensure sufficient load-bearing capacity. However, larger cross-sections mean greater material consumption, increasing costs. Furthermore, excessively large columns occupy interior space, reducing space utilization.

[0005] In conclusion, although portal frame lightweight steel structures perform well in many aspects, they still suffer from poor economic efficiency when faced with large spans and without building enclosures. Utility Model Content

[0006] To address the aforementioned shortcomings of existing technologies, the purpose of this utility model is to provide a highly efficient lateral-resistance single-layer structural system. This system solves the problems in existing technologies where, when the span is large and there is no building enclosure, solid-web H-beams have low bending efficiency and require a large amount of steel to resist vertical loads. Furthermore, the rigid frame formed by the beam-column connection requires the H-beam to bear both bending moment and axial force when resisting horizontal loads, resulting in increased column cross-sectional dimensions and an uneconomical overall structure.

[0007] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] A high-efficiency lateral-resistant single-layer structural system includes multiple vertically arranged columns, the bottom of which is fixedly connected to the ground and the top of which is fixedly connected to a planar truss. The planar truss includes an upper chord structure, a lower chord structure, and multiple truss web members. The truss web members are located between the upper chord structure and the lower chord structure, and the upper end of the truss web members is fixedly connected to the upper chord structure, while the lower end of the truss web members is fixedly connected to the lower chord structure.

[0009] Preferably, multiple rigid supports and multiple flexible supports are provided at both ends of the planar truss along its length. One end of the rigid support is fixedly connected to the bottom of the column, and the other end is fixedly connected to the lower chord structure of the truss. The flexible support is located between two adjacent columns, and the opposite sides of the flexible support are fixedly connected to two adjacent columns respectively.

[0010] Preferably, the truss lower chord structure includes multiple lower chord members, which are laid at intervals in the horizontal direction, and the length directions of adjacent lower chord members are parallel to each other; two first rigid tie rods are laid at intervals in the middle of the lower chord members along their length direction, the length directions of the first rigid tie rods are perpendicular to the length directions of the lower chord members, and the first rigid tie rods are fixedly connected to the lower chord members; multiple lateral supports are also provided between the lower chord members, which are laid at intervals along the length directions of the lower chord members, their length directions are perpendicular to the length directions of the lower chord members, and the two ends of the lateral supports are fixedly connected to two adjacent lower chord members respectively.

[0011] Preferably, a plurality of horizontal support structures II are provided between the two first rigid tie rods, and the opposite sides of the horizontal support structures II are respectively fixedly connected to the two first rigid tie rods.

[0012] Preferably, multiple third rigid tie rods are provided at both ends of the lower chord structure along its length direction. The third rigid tie rods are located between two adjacent lower chords, and both ends of the third rigid tie rods are fixedly connected to one end of the two adjacent lower chords, respectively. The length direction of the third rigid tie rods is perpendicular to the length direction of the lower chords. A horizontal support structure III is also provided between the third rigid tie rods and the first rigid tie rods. The opposite sides of the horizontal support structure III are fixedly connected to the third rigid tie rods and the first rigid tie rods, respectively.

[0013] Preferably, the truss upper chord structure includes multiple upper chord members, which are laid at intervals in the horizontal direction and the length directions of adjacent upper chord members are parallel to each other; multiple purlins are also laid above the upper chord members, the length directions of the purlins are perpendicular to the length directions of the upper chord members, and are fixedly connected to the upper chord members.

[0014] Preferably, two horizontal support structures I are provided on opposite sides of the upper chord structure along its length. The horizontal support structures I are located between two adjacent upper chord members, and their opposite sides are fixedly connected to the two adjacent upper chord members respectively.

[0015] Preferably, the truss web members include multiple vertical web members, which are arranged vertically and spaced apart along the length of the lower chord. One or two diagonal web members are also provided between adjacent vertical web members. When there are two diagonal web members, the bottom end of each diagonal web member is fixedly connected to the bottom of one of the vertical web members, and its top end is fixedly connected to the top end of the other diagonal web member and the upper chord, so that adjacent diagonal web members and the lower chord structure of the truss form a triangular structure. When there is only one diagonal web member, the bottom end of each diagonal web member is fixedly connected to the bottom of one of the vertical web members, and its top end is fixedly connected to the top end of the other adjacent vertical web member and the upper chord.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0017] 1. This utility model features a meticulously designed and improved high-efficiency lateral resistance single-story structural system. Employing a truss system and support system, it not only optimizes the overall performance of the structure but also significantly improves its economy and construction efficiency. The structural form adopted in this utility model is particularly suitable for large-span buildings without an enclosure system, effectively handling vertical and horizontal loads while ensuring the safety and stability of the structure.

[0018] 2. This utility model replaces the commonly used solid-web H-beams in existing technologies with a truss system. The structure employs a planar truss composed of upper chords, lower chords, and web members. The upper and lower chords are laid parallel horizontally, while the web members connect the upper and lower chords vertically or diagonally. This arrangement effectively utilizes structural materials on both sides of the bending neutral axis, achieving greater load-bearing capacity with less material consumption. This allows the truss to effectively transfer forces to the columns when bearing vertical loads, thereby reducing material usage and lowering costs. Furthermore, multiple purlins are laid above the upper chord, serving as tie rods. These purlins are vertically and fixedly connected to the upper chord, eliminating the need for additional rigid tie rods to support the upper chord while still ensuring the stability of the roof system and saving materials.

[0019] 3. This utility model incorporates a horizontal support structure II in the lower chord of the truss, transferring the horizontal forces of the structure to the inter-column supports at both ends. In this case, the central column only bears the vertical load and is designed for axial compression. Compared to a portal frame column that simultaneously bears bending moment and axial force, the cross-section is significantly reduced, resulting in a substantial decrease in steel consumption. Similarly, the lower chord of the truss is also equipped with a first rigid tie rod, lateral supports, and a third rigid tie rod, which are perpendicularly intersecting and fixed to the lower chord, forming a more robust overall truss. This ensures that the structure maintains good integrity even when subjected to lateral forces.

[0020] 4. This utility model's lateral bracing system employs both rigid and flexible bracing types to adapt to different working conditions. The rigid inter-column bracing is arranged laterally, directly connecting the column base to the truss lower chord structure, providing strong lateral stiffness and ensuring the building's safety under extreme conditions such as earthquakes or strong winds with minimal steel consumption. In contrast, the flexible inter-column bracing is arranged longitudinally along the building, allowing for more placement options. Therefore, a single flexible bracing can meet the requirements for resisting earthquake and wind loads with minimal steel consumption, resulting in greater economic efficiency.

[0021] 5. This utility model successfully solves many problems existing in traditional structures through a truss system and an efficient support system. It not only makes careful calculations in material selection and maximizes the advantages of steel, but also makes scientific and reasonable planning in structural layout to ensure the coordinated work between various components. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to the present invention.

[0023] Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of the lower chord of the truss.

[0024] Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the structure after the lower chord of the truss is connected to the column.

[0025] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure after the vertical web members, diagonal web members, and upper and lower chord members are connected.

[0026] Figure 5 This is a structural diagram of the truss upper structure.

[0027] In the diagram: 1. Column; 2. Upper chord; 3. Purlin; 4. Horizontal support structure I; 5. Lower chord; 6. First rigid tie rod; 7. Lateral support; 8. Horizontal support structure II; 9. Third rigid tie rod; 10. Horizontal support structure III; 11. Vertical web member; 12. Diagonal web member; 13. Inter-column rigid support; 14. Inter-column flexible support. Detailed Implementation

[0028] This utility model will be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of this utility model. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this utility model, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on this utility model are within the protection scope of this utility model.

[0029] This invention provides a highly efficient lateral-resistant single-layer structural system, such as... Figures 1-5 As shown, the structure includes multiple vertically arranged columns 1, each with its base fixedly connected to the ground and its top fixedly connected to a planar truss. The planar truss comprises an upper chord structure, a lower chord structure, and multiple web members. The web members are located between the upper and lower chord structures, with their upper ends fixedly connected to the upper chord structure and their lower ends fixedly connected to the lower chord structure. The columns 1 are one of the fundamental components of the entire steel structure, bearing the crucial task of transferring loads from the superstructure to the foundation.

[0030] In some embodiments of this utility model, multiple rigid inter-column supports 13 and multiple flexible inter-column supports 14 are provided at both ends of the planar truss along its length. One end of each rigid inter-column support is fixedly connected to the bottom of the column, and the other end is fixedly connected to the lower chord structure of the truss. The flexible inter-column supports are located between two adjacent columns, and their opposite sides are fixedly connected to two adjacent columns respectively. The rigid inter-column supports are installed on the outermost two columns of the planar truss, providing rigid support to the outermost two columns, such as... Figure 1 and 3As shown. Rigid inter-column bracing is arranged laterally, directly connecting the bottom of the columns to the lower chord of the truss structure, providing strong lateral stiffness and ensuring the building's safety under earthquakes or wind loads with minimal steel consumption. Flexible inter-column bracing is installed between two adjacent columns at both ends of the planar truss along its length, such as... Figure 1 and 3 As shown, the inter-column flexible bracing consists of two flexible bracing members arranged in a crisscross pattern. The inter-column flexible bracing is arranged longitudinally along the building, allowing for numerous placement locations. Therefore, a single flexible bracing requires minimal steel consumption to meet the requirements for resisting earthquake and wind loads, resulting in greater economic efficiency.

[0031] In some embodiments of this utility model, such as Figures 2-3 As shown, the truss lower chord structure includes multiple lower chord members 5, which are laid at intervals along the horizontal direction, and the length directions of adjacent lower chord members are parallel to each other. At the middle of each lower chord member, two first rigid tie rods 6 are laid at intervals along its length direction. The length direction of the first rigid tie rods is perpendicular to the length direction of the lower chord member, and the first rigid tie rods are fixedly connected to the lower chord members. The first rigid tie rods 6 can enhance the lateral stiffness of the lower chord structure and prevent lateral displacement or torsion caused by external loads (such as wind loads). Multiple lateral supports 7 are also provided between the lower chord members. These lateral supports are laid at intervals along the length direction of the lower chord members, and their length directions are perpendicular to the length direction of the lower chord members. The two ends of each lateral support are fixedly connected to two adjacent lower chord members. The lateral supports 7 at different locations are made of different materials, such as… Figures 2-3 As shown, in the lower chord structure of the truss, the lateral supports located at the edges of the entire lower chord structure are made of rigid materials, such as... Figure 3 The lateral supports shown are located at the two ends of the lower chord along its length. These supports are rigid tie rods, fixedly connected to both the lower chord and the top of the column, providing longitudinal lateral support and increasing the overall structural stability. Lateral supports located in the middle of the truss lower chord can be made using flexible tie rods or rigid tie rods, depending on design requirements. Figure 2 The location of the lateral supports shown in the diagram can be achieved using flexible tie rods, considering both material conservation and ensuring sufficient structural safety. This is because these lateral supports are spaced apart along the length of the lower chord. Under wind suction, the lower chord structure of the truss may change from being under tension to being under compression. In this case, using flexible tie rods for these lateral supports can provide lateral support for the lower chord structure of the truss, ensuring the stability of the roof structure under wind suction, thereby ensuring structural safety.

[0032] Between the two first rigid tie rods, multiple horizontal support structures II 8 are provided. The opposite sides of each horizontal support structure II are fixedly connected to the two first rigid tie rods. Each horizontal support structure II includes multiple third and fourth horizontal support members. These third and fourth horizontal support members are arranged in a crisscross pattern, with their ends fixedly connected to the two first rigid tie rods, forming a configuration as shown in the image. Figures 2-3 The structure shown is an example. Horizontal bracing structure II increases the lateral stiffness of this area and significantly improves structural stability by forming multiple triangular units. Horizontal bracing structure II can be made of flexible or rigid materials, and the most suitable material type can be selected based on actual needs. Flexible bracing can only transmit horizontal forces through tension, while rigid bracing can withstand both compression and tension, resulting in higher efficiency in transmitting horizontal forces; the choice can be made based on the magnitude of the roof's stress. Multiple third rigid tie rods 9 are also provided at both ends of the lower chord structure along its length. These third rigid tie rods are located between two adjacent lower chord members, and both ends of the third rigid tie rod are fixedly connected to one end of each of the two adjacent lower chord members. The length direction of the third rigid tie rod is perpendicular to the length direction of the lower chord member. The third rigid tie rods are located at both ends of the lower chord structure along its length, such as... Figure 2 As shown, specifically: the third rigid tie rod is installed on two adjacent lower chord members at the edges of both ends of the lower chord structure along its length. Both ends of the third rigid tie rod are fixedly connected to one end of each of the two adjacent lower chord members. The function of the third rigid tie rod is similar to that of the first rigid tie rod, but it is located closer to the edge of the lower chord structure, making it particularly important for resisting lateral forces at the ends and helping to maintain the stability of the truss ends. A horizontal support structure III10 is also provided between the third rigid tie rod and the first rigid tie rod. The opposite sides of the horizontal support structure III are fixedly connected to the third rigid tie rod and the first rigid tie rod, respectively. The horizontal support structure III includes a fifth horizontal support member and a sixth horizontal support member, which are arranged intersecting each other. Their ends are fixedly connected to the third rigid tie rod and the first rigid tie rod, respectively, forming a structure as shown in the diagram. Figures 2-3 The structure shown is as follows. Horizontal support structure III further enhances the lateral stiffness at both ends of the truss, ensuring that the entire lower chord structure of the truss does not undergo significant deformation when subjected to external loads.

[0033] In some embodiments of this utility model, such as Figure 5As shown, the truss upper chord structure includes multiple upper chord members 2, which are laid at intervals along the horizontal direction, and the length directions of adjacent upper chord members are parallel to each other. Above the upper chord members, multiple purlins 3 are laid, the length directions of which are perpendicular to the length directions of the upper chord members and are fixedly connected to them. Two horizontal support structures I4 are respectively provided on opposite sides of the truss upper chord structure along its length direction. The horizontal support structures I are located between adjacent upper chord members, and their opposite sides are fixedly connected to the adjacent upper chord members respectively. At opposite sides of the truss upper chord structure along its length direction, the horizontal support structures I are positioned between adjacent upper chord members at that location. The horizontal support structures I can be made of flexible material. The horizontal support structures I include multiple first horizontal support members and second horizontal support members, which are evenly distributed at intervals along the length direction of the upper chord members. The length directions of adjacent first horizontal support members are parallel to each other, and the two ends of each first horizontal support member are fixedly connected to the adjacent upper chord members respectively. The length directions of two adjacent second horizontal support members are parallel to each other, and the two ends of the second horizontal support members are fixedly connected to the two adjacent upper chord members respectively. The first and second horizontal support members are arranged to intersect each other, forming a configuration as shown in the figure. Figure 5 The structure shown is as follows. The top chord primarily bears compressive stress, especially in large spans, effectively transferring roof loads to the columns on both sides, thus reducing bending stress in the middle section. Furthermore, the top chord provides a stable support platform for the roof system, ensuring the safe laying of roof materials above the truss top chord structure. This invention also employs a horizontal support structure I to further enhance the rigidity of the top chord structure, which helps improve the out-of-plane stability of the entire truss system. Simultaneously, purlins 3 are laid on top chord 2, the two intersecting perpendicularly and firmly connected. As an important structural component in the roof structure, the purlins not only directly bear the vertical load of the roof but also serve as lateral supports for the top chord; therefore, the purlins' cross-sectional size should be controlled according to the compression-bending design. When these purlins are vertically and fixedly connected to the top chord, there is no need to install additional rigid tie rods for the top chord, saving materials. Furthermore, this invention designs a horizontal support structure I composed of a first horizontal support member and a second horizontal support member, which forms a continuous support truss with the upper chord. When subjected to lateral support forces from the purlins, the horizontal support structure I effectively restricts the relative displacement between the upper chord members, ensuring the overall stability of the truss outside the upper chord plane. The form of the horizontal support structure I is not limited to the cross-arrangement form mentioned in this invention; other forms can also be used to achieve the above effect, as can other subsequent horizontal support structures.

[0034] In some embodiments of this utility model, such as Figure 4As shown, the truss web members include multiple vertical web members 11, which are arranged vertically and spaced apart along the length of the lower chord. One or two diagonal web members 12 are also provided between adjacent vertical web members. When there are two diagonal web members, the bottom end of the diagonal web member is fixedly connected to the bottom of one of the vertical web members, and its top end is fixedly connected to the top end of the other diagonal web member and the upper chord, so that adjacent diagonal web members and the lower chord structure of the truss form an isosceles triangle structure, which can be further preferably formed as an equilateral triangle structure. When there is only one diagonal web member, the bottom end of the diagonal web member is fixedly connected to the bottom of one of the vertical web members, and its top end is fixedly connected to the top end of the other adjacent vertical web member and the upper chord. The lengths of the vertical web members and the diagonal web members gradually decrease from the center of the upper chord towards both ends. In practical use, the lower end of the vertical web member is fixedly connected to the lower chord, and its upper end is fixedly connected to the upper chord. The upper chord and lower chord are arranged in a one-to-one correspondence, so that the upper chord, vertical web member, diagonal web member, and lower chord can be located in the same vertical plane. Generally, only one diagonal web member is set at each end of the planar truss along its width direction. Two diagonal web members can also be set, but except for the two ends of the planar truss along its width direction, the number of diagonal web members is always designed to be two.

[0035] This utility model successfully solves many problems existing in traditional structures through a truss system and a high-efficiency support system. It not only makes careful calculations in material selection and maximizes the advantages of steel, but also scientifically and rationally plans the structural layout while using as little steel as possible, ensuring the coordinated work between various components.

[0036] This utility model is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Any structure that is the same as or similar to the above-described embodiments of this utility model is within the protection scope of this utility model.

[0037] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this utility model and not to limit the technical solutions. Those skilled in the art should understand that any modifications or equivalent substitutions to the technical solutions of this utility model that do not depart from the spirit and scope of this technical solution should be covered within the scope of the claims of this utility model.

Claims

1. A high-efficiency lateral-resistant single-layer structural system, characterized in that, It includes multiple vertically arranged columns (1), the bottom of which is fixedly connected to the ground and the top of which is fixedly connected to the planar truss; The planar truss includes an upper chord structure, a lower chord structure, and multiple web members; the web members are located between the upper chord structure and the lower chord structure, and the upper end of the web members is fixedly connected to the upper chord structure, while the lower end of the web members is fixedly connected to the lower chord structure.

2. The high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to claim 1, characterized in that, Multiple rigid supports (13) and multiple flexible supports (14) are provided at both ends of the planar truss along its length. One end of the rigid support is fixedly connected to the bottom of the column, and the other end is fixedly connected to the lower chord structure of the truss. The flexible support is located between two adjacent columns, and the opposite sides of the flexible support are fixedly connected to two adjacent columns respectively.

3. The high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The truss lower chord structure includes multiple lower chord members (5), which are laid at intervals in the horizontal direction, and the length directions of two adjacent lower chord members are parallel to each other; two first rigid tie rods (6) are laid at intervals in the middle of the lower chord members along their length direction, and the length direction of the first rigid tie rods is perpendicular to the length direction of the lower chord members, and the first rigid tie rods are fixedly connected to the lower chord members; multiple lateral supports (7) are also provided between the lower chord members, which are laid at intervals along the length direction of the lower chord members, and their length direction is perpendicular to the length direction of the lower chord members, and the two ends of the lateral supports are fixedly connected to two adjacent lower chord members respectively.

4. The high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to claim 3, characterized in that, Between the two first rigid tie rods, there are also a plurality of horizontal support structures II (8), and the opposite sides of the horizontal support structures II are respectively fixedly connected to the two first rigid tie rods.

5. The high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to claim 3, characterized in that, Multiple third rigid tie rods (9) are provided at both ends of the lower chord structure along its length direction. The third rigid tie rods are located between two adjacent lower chords, and both ends of the third rigid tie rods are fixedly connected to one end of the two adjacent lower chords respectively. The length direction of the third rigid tie rods is perpendicular to the length direction of the lower chords. A horizontal support structure III (10) is also provided between the third rigid tie rods and the first rigid tie rods. The opposite sides of the horizontal support structure III are fixedly connected to the third rigid tie rods and the first rigid tie rods respectively.

6. The high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The truss upper chord structure includes multiple upper chord members (2), which are laid at intervals in the horizontal direction, and the length directions of two adjacent upper chord members are parallel to each other; multiple purlins (3) are also laid above the upper chord members, and the length directions of the purlins are perpendicular to the length directions of the upper chord members and are fixedly connected to the upper chord members.

7. The high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to claim 6, characterized in that, Two horizontal support structures I (4) are provided on opposite sides of the upper chord structure along its length. The horizontal support structures I are located between two adjacent upper chord members, and their opposite sides are fixedly connected to the two adjacent upper chord members respectively.

8. The high-efficiency anti-lateral single-layer structural system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The truss web members include multiple vertical web members (11), which are arranged vertically and spaced apart along the length of the lower chord. One or two diagonal web members (12) are also provided between two adjacent vertical web members. When there are two diagonal web members, the bottom end of the diagonal web member is fixedly connected to the bottom of one of the vertical web members, and its top end is fixedly connected to the top end of the other diagonal web member and the upper chord, so that the two adjacent diagonal web members and the lower chord structure of the truss form a triangular structure. When there is one diagonal web member, the bottom end of the diagonal web member is fixedly connected to the bottom of one of the vertical web members, and its top end is fixedly connected to the top end of the other adjacent vertical web member and the upper chord.

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