Offshore photovoltaic comprehensive monitoring system

Abstract

The utility model provides an offshore photovoltaic comprehensive monitoring system, and relates to the field of offshore photovoltaic technologies. The system comprises a monitoring reference platform, and an environment monitoring module, a hydrological monitoring module, a deformation monitoring module, a stress-strain monitoring module and a corrosion monitoring module which are respectively connected with the monitoring reference platform, the monitoring reference platform comprises a general control center for receiving and analyzing each monitoring data in real time; the environment monitoring module is configured to obtain the wind speed and the wind direction in a photovoltaic area. The hydrological monitoring module is used for collecting the water level, the water temperature, the salinity and the wave form in a photovoltaic area in real time. The deformation monitoring module is used for detecting the perpendicularity and levelness of the bracket; the stress-strain monitoring module is used for monitoring the deformation of the pile foundation; the scouring monitoring module is used for monitoring the scouring state of seawater on the periphery of the photovoltaic area; the corrosion monitoring module is used for monitoring the corrosion state of each pile foundation. Data are collected through the monitoring modules, and safety analysis and evaluation can be effectively carried out on the offshore photovoltaic structure state.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of marine photovoltaic technology, and more specifically, to a comprehensive monitoring system for marine photovoltaic systems. Background Technology

[0002] Due to the vastness and abundance of resources in the marine environment, energy utilization is gradually shifting from land to sea to circumvent land-based resource limitations. Offshore photovoltaics, which utilizes marine solar energy resources to convert solar energy into electricity, has become one of the main power generation systems due to its cleanliness and other characteristics.

[0003] However, due to the different marine environment compared to land, characterized by sea winds, waves, and high corrosivity, offshore photovoltaic (PV) power generation places higher demands on system structural design, requiring the system structure to adapt to the influence of various marine environmental factors. Given the influence of multiple environmental factors, even one factor can cause structural damage or collapse of the entire system. Therefore, monitoring the environmental factors affecting offshore PV is essential to ensure its normal operation. Currently, parameter monitoring for offshore PV typically uses traditional sensors, but these sensors are not adaptable to multiple marine factors and cannot comprehensively monitor and analyze the impact of marine factors on offshore PV.

[0004] It should be noted that the information disclosed in the background section above is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of this disclosure, and therefore may include information that does not constitute prior art known to those skilled in the art. Utility Model Content

[0005] In view of this, a comprehensive monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic (PV) power is provided. This system collects the structural parameters of offshore PV power structures in real time through various modules, and can conduct comprehensive safety analysis and assessment of the structural status of offshore PV power structures to ensure the structural stability and effective operation of offshore PV power structures.

[0006] Other features and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, or may be learned in part from practice of this disclosure.

[0007] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a comprehensive monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic (PV) systems is provided. The offshore PV system is installed within a polygonal PV area, and includes a pile foundation, a support structure, and PV panels mounted on the support structure. The comprehensive monitoring system includes:

[0008] The monitoring benchmark platform includes a central control center, which is used to receive and analyze various monitoring data in real time, so as to perform dynamic display, automatic early warning and remote management functions of the monitoring data;

[0009] An environmental monitoring module, connected to the monitoring benchmark platform, includes multiple anemometers arranged in the photovoltaic area, each anemometer being configured to acquire wind speed and wind direction within the photovoltaic area;

[0010] The hydrological monitoring module, connected to the monitoring benchmark platform, includes at least one marine observation sensor, which is used to collect water level, water temperature, salinity and wave morphology in the photovoltaic area in real time.

[0011] The deformation monitoring module, which is connected to the monitoring reference platform and the environmental monitoring module respectively, includes multiple stress and strain sensors and a visual reflective target. It detects the verticality of the support in a direction perpendicular to the sea level and detects the horizontality of the support in a direction parallel to the sea level.

[0012] The stress-strain monitoring module, connected to the monitoring reference platform, includes multiple strain gauges, which are installed on the pile foundation to monitor the deformation of the pile foundation.

[0013] The scour monitoring module, connected to the monitoring benchmark platform, includes multiple scour monitoring instruments, which are used to monitor the scour status of seawater around the photovoltaic area.

[0014] The corrosion monitoring module, connected to the monitoring reference platform, includes multiple potential test points, each of which is set on the pile foundation and is used to monitor the corrosion status of each pile foundation.

[0015] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, each of the anemometers is disposed on the windward side of the photovoltaic area. The number of anemometers disposed in the photovoltaic area having the photovoltaic panel is nine. Four anemometers are distributed at intervals along the diagonal of the photovoltaic area, and the remaining five anemometers are disposed sequentially along the edge of the photovoltaic area.

[0016] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, the environmental monitoring module further includes a comprehensive meteorological station located at the edge of the photovoltaic area. The comprehensive meteorological station is communicatively connected to each of the anemometers and receives environmental data monitored by each anemometer in real time. The comprehensive meteorological station performs preliminary calculations and analysis on the environmental data.

[0017] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, the environmental monitoring module further includes a plurality of solar radiation monitoring instruments arranged in the photovoltaic area. The solar radiation monitoring instruments are used to collect marine solar radiation and solar irradiance in real time, and each of the solar radiation monitoring instruments is arranged on a different end of the bracket near the photovoltaic panel.

[0018] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, the hydrological monitoring module further includes a plurality of ice pressure gauges, each of which is disposed on the periphery of the support at the edge of the photovoltaic area, and each ice pressure gauge is used to obtain the pressure exerted by sea ice on the support.

[0019] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, the hydrological monitoring module further includes multiple wind load sensors, all of which are disposed on the same side of the support. The wind load sensors are used to acquire the pressure of the photovoltaic panel under wind load in real time.

[0020] In an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, on a pile foundation, a plurality of strain gauges are arranged sequentially along the axial direction of the pile foundation on the outer periphery of the pile foundation, in the direction from the top end to the bottom end of the pile foundation. Each strain gauge is used to detect the stress, displacement and vibration of the pile foundation in sequence.

[0021] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, the scour monitoring device includes a multi-beam detector, which emits sound waves and receives reflected sound waves to form a topographic map of the surrounding area of ​​the photovoltaic region.

[0022] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, the scour monitoring device includes a scanning sonar, which emits the scanning sonar to form a surrounding topographic map of the photovoltaic area.

[0023] In one exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, the potential test point includes a reference electrode, which is arranged in a many-to-one manner with the pile foundation. The plurality of reference electrodes are arranged at least at the outer periphery of the pile foundation above the sea level, at the outer periphery of the pile foundation at the mean sea level, and at the outer periphery of the pile foundation below the sea level.

[0024] The comprehensive monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic (PV) systems disclosed herein includes environmental monitoring, hydrological monitoring, deformation monitoring, stress-strain monitoring, scour monitoring, and corrosion monitoring modules. These modules are connected to a monitoring benchmark platform and can collect and analyze various structural state parameters of the offshore PV system in real time. This enables real-time acquisition and fusion analysis of multiple data sources, automatic identification, judgment, and early warning of abnormal data, comprehensive analysis and safety assessment of the structural state of the offshore PV system, and improved data collection comprehensiveness to ensure effective operation and enhance reliability.

[0025] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not intended to limit this disclosure. Attached Figure Description

[0026] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with this disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of this disclosure. It is obvious that the drawings described below are merely some embodiments of this disclosure, and those skilled in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without any inventive effort.

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic block diagram of the structure of an integrated monitoring system for marine photovoltaic systems, as shown in an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0028] Figure 2 This is a layout diagram of the anemometer in the environmental monitoring module of an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0029] Figure 3 This is a layout diagram of the marine observation sensor in the hydrological monitoring module of an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0030] Figure 4 This is a side view showing the layout of the stress-strain sensor in the deformation monitoring module of an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0031] Figure 5 This is a top view showing the layout of the stress-strain sensor in the deformation monitoring module of an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0032] Figure 6 This is a layout diagram of the stress gauge in the stress-strain monitoring module of an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0033] Figure 7 This is a layout diagram of the scanning sonar in the scour monitoring module of an exemplary embodiment of this disclosure.

[0034] The reference numerals in the attached figures are explained as follows:

[0035] 10. Photovoltaic area; 11. Pile foundation; 12. Support frame; 13. Photovoltaic panel; 100. Monitoring benchmark platform; 201. Environmental monitoring module; 211. Anemometer; 221. Integrated meteorological station; 202. Hydrological monitoring module; 212. Marine observation sensor; 203. Deformation monitoring module; 213. Stress-strain sensor; 204. Stress-strain monitoring module; 214. Strain gauge; 205. Scour monitoring module; 215. Scanning sonar; 206. Corrosion monitoring module. Detailed Implementation

[0036] Exemplary embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, these exemplary embodiments can be implemented in many forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, they are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the exemplary embodiments to those skilled in the art. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote the same or similar structures, and therefore detailed descriptions of them will be omitted. Furthermore, the drawings are merely illustrative of this disclosure and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[0037] Although relative terms such as "up" and "down" are used in this specification to describe the relative relationship of one component of an icon to another, these terms are used only for convenience, such as according to the orientation of the examples shown in the accompanying drawings. It is understood that if the device of the icon is flipped upside down, the component described as "up" will become the component described as "down." When a structure is "up" of another structure, it may mean that the structure is integrally formed on the other structure, or that the structure is "directly" mounted on the other structure, or that the structure is "indirectly" mounted on the other structure through another structure.

[0038] The terms “a,” “one,” “the,” “the,” and “at least one” are used to indicate the presence of one or more elements / components / etc.; the terms “including” and “having” are used to indicate an open-ended inclusion and to mean that there may be other elements / components / etc. in addition to the listed elements / components / etc.; the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc., are used only as markers and are not a limitation on the number of objects.

[0039] In related technologies, offshore photovoltaic (PV) systems consist of components such as pile foundations, support structures, and photovoltaic panels installed on the support structures. The pile foundations provide the structural basis for the installation of the photovoltaic panels. One end of the pile is sunk into the sea and fixed to the seabed, while the other end extends above sea level to support the support structures and photovoltaic panels. The structural strength of the pile foundations often affects the lifespan of the entire offshore PV system. Furthermore, the support structures directly support the photovoltaic panels, and their supporting function directly impacts the working efficiency of the photovoltaic panels. Therefore, the pile foundations, support structures, and photovoltaic panels are interconnected and mutually influential components of offshore PV systems.

[0040] Because the pile foundations are located in seawater, they are subject to corrosion from seawater and erosion from waves, which can reduce their structural strength and even cause them to collapse, leading to the collapse of the entire offshore photovoltaic system. Therefore, structural analysis of the pile foundation structure under the influence of marine environmental factors provides effective guidance and early warning for improving the structural strength of offshore photovoltaic systems. Similarly, the support structure is relatively large and is susceptible to deformation due to factors such as sea winds; as the core component of energy conversion, the structural strength of the photovoltaic panels directly affects the power generation efficiency of offshore photovoltaic systems. Therefore, structural state analysis of the photovoltaic panels is also essential.

[0041] Currently, the existing methods for analyzing and evaluating the entire installation status of offshore photovoltaic structures typically use traditional sensors, such as pressure sensors and flow sensors, to detect various structural parameters of the offshore photovoltaic system. However, the data obtained by this detection method is scattered and inaccurate, and cannot provide effective data support for subsequent comprehensive analysis of offshore photovoltaic systems.

[0042] Based on this, the present disclosure provides a comprehensive monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic systems, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the system includes: a monitoring reference platform 100; and an environmental monitoring module 201, a hydrological monitoring module 202, a deformation monitoring module 203, a stress-strain monitoring module 204, a scour monitoring module 205, and a corrosion monitoring module 206, which are respectively connected to the monitoring reference platform 100.

[0043] The monitoring benchmark platform 100 includes a central control center, which receives and analyzes monitoring data in real time for dynamic display, automatic early warning, and remote management. The environmental monitoring module 201 includes multiple anemometers 211 arranged in the photovoltaic area 10, each configured to acquire wind speed and direction within the photovoltaic area 10. The hydrological monitoring module 202 includes at least one marine observation sensor 212, which collects real-time data on water level, temperature, salinity, and wave morphology within the photovoltaic area 10. The deformation monitoring module 203 is connected to both the monitoring benchmark platform 100 and the environmental monitoring module 201. The system includes multiple stress and strain sensors 213 and a visual reflective target, which detect the verticality of the support 12 in a direction perpendicular to the sea level and the horizontality of the support 12 in a direction parallel to the sea level; the stress and strain monitoring module 204 includes multiple strain gauges 214, which are installed on the pile foundation 11 to monitor the deformation of the pile foundation 11; the scour monitoring module 205 includes multiple scour monitoring instruments, which are used to monitor the scour status of seawater on the periphery of the photovoltaic area 10; the corrosion monitoring module 206 includes multiple potential test points, which are installed on the pile foundation 11 to monitor the corrosion status of each pile foundation 11.

[0044] The comprehensive monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic (PV) provided in this disclosure includes an environmental monitoring module 201, a hydrological monitoring module 202, a deformation monitoring module 203, a stress-strain monitoring module 204, an erosion monitoring module 205, and a corrosion monitoring module 206. These modules are connected to a monitoring reference platform 100, enabling real-time acquisition and fusion analysis of various structural state parameters of the offshore PV system. The system can automatically identify, judge, and issue early warnings for abnormal data, conduct comprehensive analysis and safety assessment of the structural state of the offshore PV system, improve the comprehensiveness of data collection, and thus achieve effective operation and increased reliability of the offshore PV system.

[0045] like Figure 4 and Figure 6 As shown, the offshore photovoltaic system provided in this disclosure includes a pile foundation 11, a support frame 12, and photovoltaic panels 13 laid on the support frame 12. The specific number of pile foundations 11, support frames 12, and photovoltaic panels 13, their layout positions within the photovoltaic area 10, and structural parameters can be selected according to the actual design requirements of the offshore photovoltaic system, and will not be detailed here.

[0046] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the offshore photovoltaic area 10 can have a polygonal structure to adapt to the marine environment and facilitate the installation and construction of offshore photovoltaic systems. The specific shape of the photovoltaic area 10 can be designed and adjusted according to actual design requirements to ensure the installation of the photovoltaic panels 13 and the absorption and utilization rate of solar energy by the photovoltaic panels 13. It should be noted that the offshore photovoltaic system provided in this disclosure includes not only components such as the pile foundation 11, support frame 12, and photovoltaic panels 13, but also other components and structures used for power generation, power conversion, or maintenance. For example, it may also include a transformer substation connected to the photovoltaic panels 13 and a platform structure supporting the transformer substation. Other structures will not be described in detail here.

[0047] The embodiments provided in this disclosure take a pentagonal photovoltaic region 10 as an example, but the photovoltaic region 10 is not limited to this. When the shape of the photovoltaic region 10 changes, the layout and quantity of each module in the integrated monitoring system provided in this disclosure can be adaptively adjusted, all of which are within the protection scope of this disclosure.

[0048] The various parts of the integrated monitoring system for marine photovoltaic systems provided in this disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings:

[0049] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, the system includes a monitoring reference platform 100, which includes a central control center. The central control center is used to receive and analyze various monitoring data in real time, so as to perform dynamic display, automatic early warning, and remote management functions of the monitoring data. The monitoring reference platform 100 can be set up on land opposite the photovoltaic area 10 to avoid damage from marine factors, and also to facilitate the viewing and operation of the monitoring reference platform 100 by staff.

[0050] The central control center can be an automated control center, integrating a remote digital control platform. It communicates with various modules at sea via fiber optic cables, uniformly managing the data collected by each monitoring module. The central control center may also include a monitoring, early warning, and forecasting system to automatically identify, judge, and alarm on abnormal data, and to comprehensively analyze, assess, and warn of the structural status of the offshore photovoltaic system. This disclosure does not limit the specific structure and type of the central control center, but it must ensure real-time data acquisition and comprehensive analysis of each module. Of course, the monitoring reference platform 100 may also include other devices to assist the central control center in data acquisition and processing, thereby improving monitoring efficiency and accuracy.

[0051] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, such as Figure 2 As shown, combined with Figure 1 The system includes an environmental monitoring module 201, which is connected to a monitoring reference platform 100. The environmental monitoring module 201 includes multiple anemometers 211 arranged in the photovoltaic area 10. Each anemometer 211 is configured to acquire the wind speed and wind direction within the photovoltaic area 10.

[0052] Each anemometer 211 is used to monitor wind changes inside and outside the photovoltaic array area and at various locations, to obtain the attenuation effect of offshore photovoltaic on wind, and to provide a basis for selecting the attenuation coefficient of the inner and outer areas of offshore photovoltaic.

[0053] Among them, such as Figure 2 As shown, each anemometer 211 is installed on the windward side of the photovoltaic area 10. The number of anemometers 211 installed within the photovoltaic area 10 (which can be called the photovoltaic array area) containing photovoltaic panels 13 can be nine. Four anemometers 211 are spaced diagonally across the photovoltaic area 10, and the remaining five are sequentially installed along the edges of the photovoltaic area 10. Eight anemometers 211 can be installed within the photovoltaic area 10 outside the photovoltaic array area, also on the windward side. Specifically, the measurement height is based on the average sea level within the photovoltaic area 10, measuring wind direction and speed at a height of 5m to 15m above the base. The anemometers 211 are positioned on the windward side to improve the accuracy of wind speed and direction monitoring.

[0054] The anemometer 211 may include a wind speed sensor and a wind direction sensor. In some specific embodiments, the wind speed sensor can collect the average wind speed over a 10-minute period, for example, it can collect data once per second, automatically calculating and recording the average wind speed every 10 minutes. The wind speed sensor can also collect the hourly average wind speed, for example, obtaining the hourly average wind speed from the 10-minute average wind speed value. The wind speed sensor can also collect the maximum wind speed, for example, the maximum wind speed sampled every 3 seconds. The wind direction sensor can collect the wind direction as an instantaneous sample value of a certain wind speed in that area.

[0055] The environmental monitoring module 201 also includes a comprehensive meteorological station 221, which is located at the edge of the photovoltaic area 10. The comprehensive meteorological station 221 is connected to each anemometer 211 and receives environmental data monitored by each anemometer 211 in real time. The comprehensive meteorological station 221 performs preliminary calculations and analysis on the environmental data to simplify the data calculation workload of the central control center and improve the data processing speed of the central control center.

[0056] Since changes in marine climate have a significant impact on the performance of offshore photovoltaic systems, factors such as solar radiation intensity, temperature, cloud cover, seawater salinity, and ocean waves are all key factors affecting the performance of photovoltaic panels 13. Due to the characteristics of marine climate, cloud cover and fog will significantly reduce the intensity of solar radiation, thereby affecting the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic panels 13. Therefore, the environmental monitoring module 201 also includes multiple solar radiation monitoring instruments arranged in the photovoltaic area 10. These solar radiation monitoring instruments are used to collect real-time marine solar radiation and solar irradiance. Each solar radiation monitoring instrument is arranged on a different support 12 near one end of the photovoltaic panel 13.

[0057] The solar radiation monitoring instrument includes data on total solar radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation, reflected radiation, long-wave radiation, net total radiation, reference radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and photosynthetically active radiation. By collecting and comparing solar radiation data through the solar radiation monitoring instrument, a comprehensive assessment of the actual power generation of photovoltaic panels can be made.

[0058] In some specific embodiments, the solar radiation monitor continuously measures various types of radiation, outputting irradiance per minute, extreme irradiance values ​​and their occurrence times per hour, average irradiance and exposure over a certain period. The average irradiance has 1-minute and 1-hour values, measured in watts per square meter (W / m²); the exposure has 1-hour and daily values, measured in megajoules per square meter (MJ / m²). Sunshine hours can be calculated by acquiring direct radiation or total radiation and diffuse radiation values. The spacing between solar radiation monitors can be less than 10 km.

[0059] In addition, the environmental monitoring module 201 can automatically collect other meteorological elements such as air pressure, temperature, humidity, and precipitation. The various monitoring instruments within the module can be arranged on the transformer platform or bracket 12 to form a modular operation mode. After being powered by the mains power, the offshore photovoltaic system is powered by itself and integrates the environmental monitoring module 201 to collect and comprehensively analyze the environmental data of the offshore photovoltaic system in real time.

[0060] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, such as Figure 3 As shown, combined with Figure 1 The system includes a hydrological monitoring module 202, which is connected to the monitoring reference platform 100. The hydrological monitoring module 202 includes at least one marine observation sensor 212, which is used to collect water level, water temperature, salinity and wave morphology in the photovoltaic area 10 in real time.

[0061] In some embodiments, water level acquisition mainly monitors water level changes during high and low tides, and the marine observation sensor 212 can be a water level gauge. The ranging range of multiple water level gauges can be 0.4m to 40m, the ranging accuracy can be ±1cm, the ranging resolution can be 1mm, and the interval time can be 1min to 5000min. The specific operating parameters of the water level gauges can be adjusted according to actual acquisition needs, and are not specifically limited here.

[0062] In some embodiments, wave morphology includes wave height, wave period, and wave direction. The marine observation sensor 212 can be a gravity-type, pressure-type, acoustic-type, or ultrasonic wave meter. Wave morphology data should be collected at least once per hour, with a sampling time interval not exceeding 0.5 seconds. The number of waves continuously collected should not be less than 100, and the collection time can be 17 to 20 minutes. The collected wave morphology data can be used for comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the fatigue impact on marine photovoltaic systems.

[0063] In some embodiments, water temperature and salinity are mainly collected and monitored for the temperature and salinity of seawater within the photovoltaic area 10. The marine observation sensor 212 can be an instrument such as a depth measurement sensor or a current meter, which can perform long-term, fixed-point, and continuous monitoring of marine environmental elements such as underwater temperature and salinity, ensuring real-time data collection and transmission.

[0064] In some embodiments, the hydrological monitoring module 202 further includes a plurality of ice pressure gauges, each ice pressure gauge being disposed on the periphery of the support 12 at the edge of the photovoltaic region 10, and each ice pressure gauge being used to obtain the pressure exerted by the sea ice on the support 12.

[0065] Since the main hazards of sea ice to pile foundation 11 are static compression failure, bending, buckling, shearing, frost heave, mixed failure, and fatigue damage caused by ice-induced vibration, both compression and floating ice can cause damage to pile foundation 11. Therefore, the collection of ice pressure parameters can be used to conduct structural analysis of pile foundation 11, providing a basis for subsequent structural improvements of pile foundation 11.

[0066] Among them, the ice pressure gauge is set outside the photovoltaic array on the periphery of the photovoltaic area 10, and is arranged on the outer periphery of the pile foundation 11 at the mean sea level and the design low water level elevation.

[0067] Using an ice pressure gauge for monitoring, the pressure-bearing surface of the gauge can be positioned outwards within the ice thickness range. When the sea surface freezes in winter, the frost heave force generated by the ice acts directly on the pressure-bearing surface of the ice pressure gauge, allowing measurement of the compressive force exerted by the ice layer on the main body of pile foundation 11. The ice pressure gauge can be made of corrosion-resistant 316L stainless steel. The measuring range of the ice pressure gauge is 0–3.0 MPa; the accuracy is ±0.5% FS; the water pressure resistance is 0.5 MPa; and the operating temperature is -25℃ to 60℃.

[0068] In some embodiments, the hydrological monitoring module 202 further includes multiple wind load sensors, all of which are arranged on the same side of the support 12. The wind load sensors are used to obtain the pressure of the photovoltaic panel 13 under the action of wind load in real time.

[0069] Specifically, 15 wind load sensors can be selected on a support 12 as a pressure measurement model to monitor the pressure under wind load. Due to the structural symmetry of the support 12, only the photovoltaic panels 13 installed on half of the support 12 need to be monitored. By monitoring the actual wind load change on the surface of the photovoltaic panels 13 after the external wind pressure is input, the wind field, the wind pressure coefficient at each point, and the wind load reduction factor can be calculated using the measured data at each monitoring point. By monitoring different locations in the wind field and different monitoring points on the support 12, the field distribution of wind load of the entire photovoltaic array can be obtained by combining interpolation algorithms, which can be used to provide wind load data for the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of offshore photovoltaics.

[0070] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, such as Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, combined with Figure 1The system includes a deformation monitoring module 203, which is connected to the monitoring reference platform 100 and the environmental monitoring module 201. The deformation monitoring module 203 includes multiple stress and strain sensors 213 and a visual reflective target. It detects the verticality of the support 12 in a direction perpendicular to the sea level and the horizontality of the support 12 in a direction parallel to the sea level. By combining the environmental factors collected by the environmental monitoring module 201 with the deformation monitoring of the support 12 by the deformation monitoring module 203, accurate analysis of the parameters of the support 12 can be achieved.

[0071] Since the support structure 12 used in offshore photovoltaic systems is a large-span support structure 12, based on the structural stress and force transmission characteristics of the large-span support structure 12, stress and strain sensors 213 and machine vision reflective targets can be arranged on the support structure 12. For example, sensors can be set at key locations such as the rods connecting the pile top to the support structure 12, the main force transmission rods of the support structure 12, and the inner and outer peripheral rods of the support structure 12 to obtain the stress and strain parameters of the support structure 12, thereby obtaining the overall force transmission path and stress characteristics of the support structure 12, and analyzing the rationality of the structural design method of the support structure 12 and the reliability of the analysis and calculation results. At the same time, acceleration sensors can also be arranged on the support structure 12 to synchronously monitor the vibration characteristics of the support structure 12 under wind load.

[0072] In some embodiments, the vertical displacement monitoring of the support 12 employs visual reflective targets. Multiple targets can be deployed on the support 12. When the support 12 deforms, the target coordinates change accordingly. The vertical displacement of the support 12 can be obtained based on the target displacement. Simultaneously, the horizontal displacement along the line of sight can also be acquired based on the targets. The maximum measurement distance of the visual reflective target can be 400m, the image sensor resolution can be 800W pixels, the measurement accuracy can be 1.5mm, and the operating temperature can be -20℃ to +70℃. The data acquisition frequency is once per minute, and the acquisition frequency of a single target is 60Hz.

[0073] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, such as Figure 6 As shown, combined with Figure 1 The system includes a stress-strain monitoring module 204, which is connected to the monitoring reference platform 100. The stress-strain monitoring module 204 includes multiple strain gauges 214, which are installed on the pile foundation 11 to monitor the deformation of the pile foundation 11.

[0074] On a pile foundation 11, multiple strain gauges 214 are arranged sequentially along the axial direction of the pile foundation 11 on the outer periphery of the pile foundation 11, from the top end of the pile foundation 11 to the bottom end. Each strain gauge 214 is used to detect the stress, displacement and vibration of the pile foundation 11.

[0075] In some embodiments, the pile foundation 11 can be a steel structure pile, with strain gauges 214 arranged at the pile top connector and the pile body to monitor the stress at the pile top and the pile foundation 11. To further improve the deformation monitoring of the pile foundation 11, a high-precision GNSS device can also be arranged near the pile top of the pile foundation 11 to monitor the deformation of the pile foundation 11, thereby achieving high-precision real-time monitoring of the displacement of the pile foundation 11 and real-time data acquisition.

[0076] In addition, the stress and strain monitoring module 204 may also include multiple vibration monitoring instruments. Vibration monitoring instruments are arranged at the stress monitoring points of the pile foundation 11, and a triaxial vibration instrument is used to monitor the vibration state of the pile foundation 11 at the same time.

[0077] By setting a stress-strain monitoring module 204 on the pile foundation 11, the characteristics of the connecting parts, the stress deformation and vibration of the pile foundation 11 can be monitored simultaneously, and the rationality of the stress on the pile foundation 11 and the reliability of the pile foundation 11 design can be analyzed.

[0078] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, such as Figure 7 As shown, combined with Figure 1 The system includes a scour monitoring module 205, which is connected to a monitoring reference platform 100. The scour monitoring module 205 includes multiple scour monitors, which are used to monitor the scour status of seawater on the area surrounding the photovoltaic region 10.

[0079] The construction of the offshore photovoltaic (PV) foundation pile 11 alters the original hydrodynamic environment of the seabed and tidal flats, including waves, currents, and sediment, disrupting the established sediment transport balance on the seabed. This leads to localized scouring of the seabed around the foundation pile 11, creating scour pits that affect the safe operation of the PV system. On one hand, localized scouring of the foundation pile 11 reduces its embedment depth, increases its free section length, lowers its horizontal bearing capacity, and increases its overturning moment and horizontal displacement, thus affecting its stability. On the other hand, localized scouring lowers the natural frequency of the foundation pile 11, causing overall structural resonance, increasing fatigue stress, and increasing the number of stress cycles, thus affecting the fatigue life of the foundation pile 11.

[0080] The system, by setting up a scour monitoring module 205, regularly monitors the scour around the pile foundation 11, understands the seabed sediment and scour ditch development around the pile foundation 11, determines the location, scale, depth and seabed sediment type of the seabed scour ditch, analyzes seabed stability, and provides data reference for the construction and stable operation of offshore photovoltaic systems.

[0081] In some embodiments, the scour monitor includes a multibeam detector that emits and receives sound waves to form a topographic map of the surrounding area of ​​the photovoltaic region 10.

[0082] Multibeam detectors transmit and receive sound waves over a wide angle using an array of acoustic transducers, generating strip-shaped high-density water depth data in a vertical plane perpendicular to the course of travel. This allows for precise and rapid mapping of seabed topography within a certain width strip along the route, and the determination of seabed obstacle distribution based on changes in seabed topography combined with side-scan sonar detection results.

[0083] To monitor the scouring around offshore photovoltaic (PV) plants, the measurement range of the multibeam detector should be no less than 50m. For example, 100m can be selected as the monitoring boundary for scouring around the PV plants. Specifically, during measurement, the multibeam detector can be used to arrange crisscross or grid-like survey lines within the measurement range to ensure full coverage monitoring of the area surrounding the PV plants. For basic locations, methods such as densifying the survey lines, rotating the beam angle, and increasing the scanning frequency are needed to improve the monitoring effect on steep-angle terrain.

[0084] In some embodiments, the scour monitor includes a scanning sonar 215, which is emitted by the scour monitor to form a topographic map of the surrounding area of ​​the photovoltaic region 10.

[0085] The photovoltaic modules in the photovoltaic area 10 of the offshore photovoltaic system are densely arranged. Using a multi-beam detector to monitor the scour of the pile foundation 11 inside the photovoltaic area 10 is often inaccurate. Therefore, a scanning sonar 215 can be used to monitor the pile foundation 11. The scanning sonar 215 has the characteristics of long-term continuous observation, strong adaptability to sea conditions, and automatic data storage and transmission, which is conducive to understanding the scour status of the pile foundation 11.

[0086] Specifically, when using scanning sonar 215 for scour monitoring, multiple scanning sonars 215 can be fixedly installed on the pile foundation 11. Each sonar corresponds to a monitoring direction and can continuously measure the seabed elevation change at a distance of 0 to 80m from the sonar probe in a certain direction. It can also be extended to multiple monitoring directions of a single pile foundation 11.

[0087] The scanning sonar 215 can be an integrated scanning sonar 215 or a rotating scanning sonar 215. The integrated scanning sonar 215 ensures that the scanning sonar 215 is not affected by external forces and the external environment, and the entire sonar system is self-contained and isolated from the outside world by a watertight acoustic shield; the rotating scanning sonar 215 ensures that the scanning sonar 215 can acquire dense sampling points in a certain direction.

[0088] The scanning sonar 215 can be fixedly installed on the pile foundation 11. The sonar probe is perpendicular to the seabed surface, installed at an elevation below the lowest tide level, and equipped with a water ingress sensor to ensure that the sonar probe is always underwater. When the scanning sonar 215 is working, the seabed elevation can be measured within a range of 80m from the sonar probe by rotating the scanning probe; the measurement interval can be once every 1 hour, and the measurement resolution is up to 2cm.

[0089] In the embodiments provided in this disclosure, the system includes a corrosion monitoring module 206, which is connected to a monitoring reference platform 100. The corrosion monitoring module 206 includes multiple potential test points, each of which is set on the pile foundation 11. The potential test points are used to monitor the corrosion status of each pile foundation 11.

[0090] Due to the complex marine environment, high salinity, and corrosiveness of seawater, as well as the corrosive effects of salt spray, the stability of marine photovoltaic structures decreases after corrosion. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the corrosion status of various structures in a timely manner. In the marine environment, corrosion can be divided into seawater corrosion and atmospheric corrosion. Corrosion monitoring can include the self-corrosion potential and corrosion rate of the support frame 12 and pile foundation 11.

[0091] In some embodiments, the potential test point includes a reference electrode, which is arranged in a many-to-one manner with the pile foundation 11. The multiple reference electrodes are arranged at least at the outer periphery of the pile foundation 11 above sea level, at the outer periphery of the pile foundation 11 at the mean sea level, and at the outer periphery of the pile foundation 11 below sea level.

[0092] For the spatial structure layout of offshore photovoltaic systems, a high-purity zinc reference electrode can be used. Three corrosion potential measurement points can be arranged on the pile foundation 11. The measurement points are distributed between the seabed mud surface and the extreme low water level, between the extreme low water level and the design low water level, and between the design low water level and the average sea level, so as to realize the monitoring of periodic corrosion data.

[0093] The sensors used in this comprehensive monitoring system are high-frequency sensors, achieving sub-millimeter level accuracy. Furthermore, to enhance system reliability, power supply and data transmission for each component employ a dual-path mechanism combining wired and wireless connections. Backup transmission conditions are reserved for monitoring data to ensure data transmission reliability and prevent reduced analytical reliability due to data loss. In addition, the monitoring system is equipped with lightning protection devices, and cables are laid overhead to improve the overall system reliability during operation, ensuring reliable data acquisition and stable data transmission.

[0094] The comprehensive monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic (PV) provided in this disclosure includes an environmental monitoring module 201, a hydrological monitoring module 202, a deformation monitoring module 203, a stress-strain monitoring module 204, an erosion monitoring module 205, and a corrosion monitoring module 206. These modules are connected to a monitoring reference platform 100, enabling real-time acquisition and fusion analysis of various structural state parameters of the offshore PV system. The system can automatically identify, judge, and issue early warnings for abnormal data, conduct comprehensive analysis and safety assessment of the structural state of the offshore PV system, improve the comprehensiveness of data collection, and thus achieve effective operation and increased reliability of the offshore PV system.

[0095] Other embodiments of this disclosure will readily occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of this disclosure that follow the general principles of this disclosure and include common knowledge or customary techniques in the art not disclosed herein. The specification and examples are to be considered exemplary only, and the true scope and spirit of this disclosure are indicated by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A comprehensive monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic (PV) systems, wherein the PV system is installed within a polygonal PV area, and the PV system includes pile foundations, supports, and PV panels installed on the supports, characterized in that... include: The monitoring benchmark platform includes a central control center, which is used to receive and analyze various monitoring data in real time, so as to perform dynamic display, automatic early warning and remote management functions of the monitoring data; An environmental monitoring module, connected to the monitoring benchmark platform, includes multiple anemometers arranged in the photovoltaic area, each anemometer being configured to acquire wind speed and wind direction within the photovoltaic area; The hydrological monitoring module, connected to the monitoring benchmark platform, includes at least one marine observation sensor, which is used to collect water level, water temperature, salinity and wave morphology in the photovoltaic area in real time. The deformation monitoring module, which is connected to the monitoring reference platform and the environmental monitoring module respectively, includes multiple stress and strain sensors and a visual reflective target. It detects the verticality of the support in a direction perpendicular to the sea level and detects the horizontality of the support in a direction parallel to the sea level. The stress-strain monitoring module, connected to the monitoring reference platform, includes multiple strain gauges, which are installed on the pile foundation to monitor the deformation of the pile foundation. The scour monitoring module, connected to the monitoring benchmark platform, includes multiple scour monitoring instruments, which are used to monitor the scour status of seawater around the photovoltaic area. The corrosion monitoring module, connected to the monitoring reference platform, includes multiple potential test points, each of which is set on the pile foundation and is used to monitor the corrosion status of each pile foundation.

2. The integrated monitoring system for marine photovoltaic power according to claim 1, characterized in that, Each of the aforementioned anemometers is installed on the windward side of the photovoltaic area. There are a total of nine anemometers installed in the photovoltaic area containing the photovoltaic panels. Four anemometers are distributed at intervals along the diagonal of the photovoltaic area, and the remaining five anemometers are sequentially installed along the edge of the photovoltaic area.

3. The integrated monitoring system for marine photovoltaic power according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The environmental monitoring module also includes a comprehensive meteorological station, which is located at the edge of the photovoltaic area. The comprehensive meteorological station is communicatively connected to each of the anemometers and receives environmental data monitored by each anemometer in real time. The comprehensive meteorological station performs preliminary calculations and analysis on the environmental data.

4. The integrated monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic power according to claim 1, characterized in that, The environmental monitoring module also includes multiple solar radiation monitoring instruments arranged in the photovoltaic area. The solar radiation monitoring instruments are used to collect the amount of marine solar radiation and the intensity of solar radiation in real time. Each of the solar radiation monitoring instruments is arranged on a different support near the end of the photovoltaic panel.

5. The integrated monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic power according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrological monitoring module also includes multiple ice pressure gauges, each of which is respectively installed on the periphery of the support at the edge of the photovoltaic area. Each ice pressure gauge is used to obtain the pressure exerted by sea ice on the support.

6. The integrated monitoring system for marine photovoltaic power according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that, The hydrological monitoring module also includes multiple wind load sensors, all of which are installed on the same side of the support. The wind load sensors are used to obtain the pressure of the photovoltaic panel under wind load in real time.

7. The integrated monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic power according to claim 1, characterized in that, On one of the pile foundations, a plurality of strain gauges are arranged sequentially along the axial direction of the pile foundation on the outer periphery of the pile foundation, from the top end of the pile foundation to the bottom end. Each strain gauge is used to detect the stress, displacement and vibration of the pile foundation.

8. The integrated monitoring system for offshore photovoltaic power according to claim 1, characterized in that, The scour monitoring device includes a multi-beam detector, which emits sound waves and receives reflected sound waves to form a topographic map of the surrounding area of ​​the photovoltaic region.

9. The integrated monitoring system for marine photovoltaic power according to claim 1, characterized in that, The scour monitoring device includes a scanning sonar, which emits scanning sonar to form a topographic map of the surrounding area of ​​the photovoltaic region.

10. The integrated monitoring system for marine photovoltaic power according to claim 1, characterized in that, The potential test point includes a reference electrode, which is arranged in a many-to-one manner with the pile foundation. The multiple reference electrodes are arranged at least on the outer periphery of the pile foundation above the sea level, at the outer periphery of the pile foundation at the mean sea level, and at the outer periphery of the pile foundation below the sea level.

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