Water seepage prevention device for oil tank of oil depot

Abstract

The utility model discloses an oil depot oil tank water seepage prevention device which comprises a storage tank assembly, a movable drying mechanism, a rapid clamping mechanism and a clamping auxiliary mechanism. The movable drying mechanism comprises a movable frame, a drying ring, an adjusting motor, rotating teeth, a ring tooth block and a drying spraying assembly; the rapid clamping mechanism comprises a clamping pipe, a clamping rod, a warping groove, a pressing warping plate, a longitudinal ring, a pressing groove and a stabilizing spring, the positions of the drying ring and the drying spraying assembly on the moving frame can be flexibly adjusted, uniform hot air drying is conducted on the surface of the oil tank, water vapor is effectively removed, water permeation is prevented, the clamping rod can be flexibly inserted through an adjusting hole in a top plate, and the clamping rod can be conveniently clamped. The design of a clamping pipe ensures that the device is convenient to fix and disassemble, the complexity of manual operation is reduced, the working efficiency is improved, a longitudinal ring is driven to move up and down through the cooperation of a spiral groove and a spiral frame and the rotation of an outer rotating ring, and the stability of a clamping mechanism in different operation states is ensured.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of storage tank technology, and more specifically, it relates to an oil depot tank anti-leakage device. Background Technology

[0002] In existing technologies, water vapor often adheres to the surface of oil depot tanks in anti-leakage devices. This water vapor mainly originates from condensation caused by changes in ambient humidity, temperature, or temperature differences between the inside and outside of the tank, especially on surfaces such as the top and side walls of the tank. This water vapor can form droplets or films, which, if left on the surface for a long time, can easily penetrate into the tank, affecting the quality and safety of the oil. Therefore, removing this water vapor is particularly important to prevent moisture accumulation inside the tank, which could lead to a series of safety hazards.

[0003] However, many current moisture removal devices have certain limitations in their design. Although some existing drying equipment can dry the surface of storage tanks, they are often inconvenient to install, adjust or disassemble. Most existing moisture removal devices require a lot of manual assembly and disassembly. These devices usually require complex tools and multiple steps to complete the installation or disassembly, making the operation process cumbersome, time-consuming and labor-intensive. Especially when the device position needs to be adjusted regularly or temporarily, it cannot provide convenient fixing and disassembly functions.

[0004] In existing equipment designs, many drying devices cannot be easily and flexibly adjusted according to the different sizes or shapes of oil tanks. Most devices can only operate in a fixed position or within a limited range, and cannot be finely adjusted according to the distribution of water vapor on the tank surface. This results in situations where the equipment cannot cover the entire surface of the tank, leading to unsatisfactory drying results, and may even miss important areas. Utility Model Content

[0005] (a) Technical problems to be solved

[0006] In view of the problems existing in the prior art, this utility model provides an oil depot tank anti-leakage device to solve the technical problems mentioned in the background art, such as the possibility of water vapor adhering to the surface of the storage tank and the inconvenience of fixing, disassembling and adjusting the water vapor removal device.

[0007] (II) Technical Solution

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, this utility model provides the following technical solution: an oil depot tank anti-seepage device, comprising a tank assembly, a mobile drying mechanism, a quick-connect mechanism, and a connecting auxiliary mechanism. The mobile drying mechanism includes a mobile frame, a drying ring, an adjusting motor, rotating teeth, a ring tooth block, and a drying spray assembly. The mobile frame is movably installed on the top end of the tank assembly. The drying ring is symmetrically arranged on both sides of the mobile frame. The adjusting motor is installed on the drying ring. The rotating teeth are installed on the output end of the adjusting motor. The ring tooth block is circumferentially slidably installed on the drying ring. The ring tooth block and the rotating teeth are meshed and connected. The drying assembly is installed on the ring tooth block. The quick-connect mechanism includes a connecting pipe, a connecting rod, a pry-in groove, a pressure pry plate, a longitudinal ring, a pressure groove, and a stabilizing spring. The connecting rod can extend into the interior of the connecting pipe. The pry-in groove is located on the side wall of the connecting rod. The longitudinal ring is longitudinally slidably installed on the outer wall of the connecting pipe. The pressure groove is located on the side wall of the longitudinal ring. The stabilizing spring is installed at the bottom end of the longitudinal ring. The top and bottom ends of the pressure groove can press against one end of the pressure pry plate, causing the pressure pry plate to extend into or away from the groove.

[0009] The present invention is further configured such that the snap-fit ​​auxiliary mechanism includes a spiral groove, a spiral frame, an outer rotating ring, a fixed ring, and a spring-loaded pin. The spiral groove is disposed on the outer wall of the longitudinal ring. The outer rotating ring is rotatably mounted on the outer wall of the snap-fit ​​tube. The spiral frame is disposed at the bottom end of the outer rotating ring. The spiral frame and the spiral groove are slidably connected. The rotation of the spiral frame drives the longitudinal ring to move up and down. The fixed ring is mounted at the top end of the snap-fit ​​tube. Multiple sets of spring-loaded pins are disposed on the fixed ring. One end of the spring-loaded pin can push against the top end of the outer rotating ring, so that the outer rotating ring and the spiral frame rotate stably, and the longitudinal ring presses against the pressure plate.

[0010] The present invention is further configured such that a top plate is installed at the top end of the storage tank assembly, and an adjustment hole is provided on the top plate, and multiple sets of adjustment holes are provided, so that the adjustment holes provided on the top plate can be conveniently assembled and adjusted.

[0011] The present invention is further configured such that side plates are symmetrically installed at the bottom end of the mobile frame, and the clamping tube is fixedly installed on the side plates. The design of the side plates ensures the stable installation of the clamping tube and ensures that the clamping mechanism can operate stably during operation.

[0012] The present invention is further configured such that one end of the snap-fit ​​rod can pass through different adjustment holes on the top plate and extend through the side plate to engage with the snap-fit ​​tube. The adjustment holes on the top plate can be easily assembled and adjusted. The design of multiple sets of adjustment holes allows for adjustment of different parts as needed, providing flexible operating space and adapting to different working environments.

[0013] The present invention is further configured such that the top end of the outer rotating ring is provided with a spring-loaded groove, and multiple sets of spring-loaded grooves are provided. One end of the spring-loaded pin can be spring-loaded into different spring-loaded grooves, so that the outer rotating ring can rotate stably. By spring-loaded pin being spring-loaded into the spring-loaded groove, the rotation of the outer rotating ring can be stabilized, avoiding shaking or instability during the rotation of the outer rotating ring, and ensuring the reliability and efficiency of the entire locking mechanism.

[0014] The present invention is further configured such that guide wheel assemblies are symmetrically installed at the front and rear ends of the mobile frame, and the bottom of the guide wheel assembly is rotatably connected to the top end of the storage tank assembly. The installation of the guide wheel assembly ensures that the mobile frame can move smoothly and contact the top end of the storage tank assembly.

[0015] The present invention is further provided that a support is installed at the bottom end of the storage tank assembly, and the support separates the storage tank assembly from the ground. The design of the support avoids direct contact between the oil tank and the ground, reduces corrosion and wear, and increases the stability of the storage tank.

[0016] (III) Beneficial Effects

[0017] Compared with the prior art, this utility model provides a water-proof device for oil depot tanks, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0018] This invention features a mobile drying mechanism. The drying ring and drying spray assembly on the mobile frame can be flexibly adjusted to uniformly dry the surface of the oil tank with hot air, effectively removing moisture and preventing water penetration. By adjusting the meshing of the motor-driven rotating gear and the ring gear block, the drying spray assembly can adjust the spray position and angle as needed, ensuring that all parts are fully dried and avoiding uneven drying. The design of the mobile frame and the installation of the guide wheel assembly ensure that the drying mechanism remains stable during movement, preventing equipment shaking and improving the accuracy and effectiveness of the work.

[0019] This utility model features a quick-connect mechanism. The connecting rod can be flexibly inserted through the adjustment holes on the top plate. The connecting tube design ensures convenient fixing and disassembly of the device, reducing the complexity of manual operation and improving work efficiency. Through the design of the prying groove and the pressing pry plate, the connecting rod is firmly fixed in the connecting tube, ensuring the stability of the mobile drying mechanism during use, preventing the equipment from loosening or falling off, and enhancing safety. The design of multiple adjustment holes allows the connecting rod to be adjusted to different positions as needed, providing greater flexibility and adapting to different working environments and tank structures.

[0020] This utility model incorporates a snap-fit ​​auxiliary mechanism. Through the cooperation of the spiral groove and the spiral frame, the rotation of the outer rotating ring drives the longitudinal ring to move up and down, ensuring the stability of the snap-fit ​​mechanism under different operating conditions and avoiding safety hazards caused by unstable rotation. The design of the spring-loaded groove and spring-loaded pin makes the rotation of the outer rotating ring more stable, avoiding operational instability caused by shaking or friction, and ensuring the efficient operation of the entire snap-fit ​​mechanism. The spring-loaded pin's insertion into the spring-loaded groove ensures the stable rotation of the outer rotating ring, further improving the operating accuracy and working efficiency of the equipment and reducing the risk of equipment failure due to incomplete snap-fit. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the device in the unused state of this utility model;

[0022] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the movable drying mechanism in this utility model;

[0023] Figure 3 This is a structural schematic diagram of the fixing method of the mobile drying mechanism in this utility model;

[0024] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the quick-connect mechanism and the connecting auxiliary mechanism in this utility model;

[0025] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the quick-connect mechanism and the connecting auxiliary mechanism in this utility model.

[0026] In the diagram: 1. Storage tank assembly; 2. Moving frame; 3. Drying ring; 4. Adjusting motor; 5. Rotating gear; 6. Ring gear block; 7. Drying spray assembly; 8. Connecting pipe; 9. Connecting rod; 10. Inclined groove; 11. Pressing plate; 12. Longitudinal ring; 13. Pressing groove; 14. Stabilizing spring; 15. Spiral groove; 16. Spiral frame; 17. Outer rotating ring; 18. Fixing ring; 19. Spring-loaded pin; 20. Top plate; 21. Adjustment hole; 22. Side plate; 23. Spring-loaded groove; 24. Guide wheel assembly; 25. Support. Detailed Implementation

[0027] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0028] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used in this application have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains.

[0029] In this utility model, unless otherwise stated, the orientations used, such as "up" and "down", usually refer to the direction shown in the accompanying drawings, or to the vertical, perpendicular, or gravitational direction; similarly, for ease of understanding and description, "left" and "right" usually refer to the left and right shown in the accompanying drawings; "inner" and "outer" refer to the inner and outer contours of each component itself, but the above directional terms are not used to limit this utility model.

[0030] Please see Figures 1-5 An oil depot tank waterproofing device includes a tank assembly 1, a mobile drying mechanism, a quick-connect mechanism, and a connecting auxiliary mechanism. The mobile drying mechanism includes a mobile frame 2, a drying ring 3, an adjusting motor 4, rotating gears 5, ring gear blocks 6, and a drying spray assembly 7. The mobile frame 2 is movably mounted on the top end of the tank assembly 1. The drying rings 3 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the mobile frame 2. The adjusting motor 4 is mounted on the drying ring 3. The rotating gears 5 are mounted on the output end of the adjusting motor 4. The ring gear blocks 6 are slidably mounted on the drying ring 3. The ring gear blocks 6 and the rotating gears 5 are meshed and connected for drying. The components are mounted on the ring tooth block 6. The quick-clamping mechanism includes a clamping tube 8, a clamping rod 9, a pry-in groove 10, a pressure pry plate 11, a longitudinal ring 12, a pressure groove 13, and a stabilizing spring 14. The clamping rod 9 can extend into the interior of the clamping tube 8. The pry-in groove 10 is set on the side wall of the clamping rod 9. The longitudinal ring 12 is longitudinally slidably mounted on the outer wall of the clamping tube 8. The pressure groove 13 is set on the side wall of the longitudinal ring 12. The stabilizing spring 14 is mounted on the bottom end of the longitudinal ring 12. The top and bottom ends of the pressure groove 13 can press against one end of the pressure pry plate 11, so that the pressure pry plate 11 extends into or away from the clamping groove.

[0031] In this embodiment, the mobile drying mechanism achieves all-round drying treatment of the tank surface. The mobile frame 2 moves stably on the top of the tank assembly 1 through the guide wheel assembly 24. The drying rings 3 arranged symmetrically on both sides provide full coverage. The adjustment motor 4 drives the rotating gear 5 to form a meshing transmission with the ring gear block 6, driving the drying assembly to move in a ring on the drying ring 3, so that the drying assembly can perform multi-angle drying operations without dead angles along the tank surface, ensuring the anti-seepage effect. The guide wheel assembly 24 ensures that the entire movement process is stable and controllable, improving the drying efficiency. The position of the mobile frame 2 is fixed by a multi-locking structure. The locking tube 8 is fixed on the side plate 22 of the mobile frame 2. The locking rod 9 can pass through the adjustment hole 21 of the top plate 20 and cooperate with the locking tube 8. The pressure plate 11 and the lifting groove 10 on the side wall of the locking rod 9 form a locking mechanism. Its movement is controlled by the pressure groove 13 on the longitudinal ring 12. The stabilizing spring 14 at the bottom of the longitudinal ring 12 provides continuous pressure support to ensure reliable locking. The bidirectional design of the pressure groove 13 can realize the insertion and removal of the pressure plate 11, which is convenient for quick installation and disassembly.

[0032] The snap-fit ​​auxiliary mechanism includes a spiral groove 15, a spiral frame 16, an outer rotating ring 17, a fixed ring 18, and a spring-loaded pin 19. The spiral groove 15 is disposed on the outer wall of the longitudinal ring 12. The outer rotating ring 17 is rotatably mounted on the outer wall of the snap-fit ​​tube 8. The spiral frame 16 is disposed at the bottom end of the outer rotating ring 17. The spiral frame 16 and the spiral groove 15 are slidably connected. The rotation of the spiral frame 16 drives the longitudinal ring 12 to move up and down. The fixed ring 18 is mounted at the top end of the snap-fit ​​tube 8. Multiple sets of spring-loaded pins 19 are disposed on the fixed ring 18. One end of the spring-loaded pin 19 can push against the top end of the outer rotating ring 17, so that the outer rotating ring 17 and the spiral frame 16 rotate stably, and the longitudinal ring 12 presses against the pressure plate 11.

[0033] In this embodiment, the outer rotating ring 17 is limited to rotating on the outer wall of the clamping tube 8. The bottom spiral frame 16 and the spiral groove 15 on the outer wall of the longitudinal ring 12 form a transmission cooperation. By rotating the outer rotating ring 17, the spiral frame 16 is driven to move in the spiral groove 15, thereby realizing the up and down movement of the longitudinal ring 12. Multiple sets of spring-loaded pins 19 on the fixed ring 18 can extend into the spring-loaded groove 23 at the top of the outer rotating ring 17 to provide graded positioning, ensure the stable rotation of the outer rotating ring 17, and thus ensure that the pressure of the longitudinal ring 12 on the pressure rocker plate 11 is stable and controllable.

[0034] Please see Figures 1-5 As a supplementary embodiment of the oil depot tank waterproofing device for the mobile drying mechanism, quick-connecting mechanism and connecting auxiliary mechanism: A top plate 20 is installed on the top end of the storage tank assembly 1, and an adjustment hole 21 is provided on the top plate 20, and multiple sets of adjustment holes 21 are provided. Side plates 22 are symmetrically installed on the bottom end of the mobile frame 2, and the connecting pipe 8 is fixedly installed on the side plate 22. One end of the connecting rod 9 can pass through different adjustment holes 21 on the top plate 20 and extend through the side plate 22 to engage with the connecting pipe 8. The top end of the outer rotating ring 17 is provided with a spring top groove 23, and multiple sets of spring top grooves 23 are provided. One end of the spring top pin 19 can spring into different spring top grooves 23 to make the outer rotating ring 17 rotate stably. Guide wheel assemblies 24 are symmetrically installed at the front and rear ends of the mobile frame 2. The bottom of the guide wheel assembly 24 contacts the top end of the storage tank assembly 1 and rotates. A support 25 is installed on the bottom end of the storage tank assembly 1, and the support 25 separates the storage tank assembly 1 from the ground.

[0035] More specifically, first place the mobile drying mechanism on top of the storage tank assembly 1, adjust the locking rod 9 to pass through the adjustment hole 21 of the top plate 20 and insert it into the locking tube 8, lock the locking rod 9 through the quick locking mechanism, and at the same time use the locking auxiliary mechanism to ensure stable connection, adjust the motor 4 to drive the ring tooth block 6 on the drying ring 3 to move, adjust the position of the drying spray assembly 7, start the drying spray assembly 7 to dry the top of the storage tank with hot air, and use the guide wheel assembly 24 on the mobile frame 2 to move the entire drying mechanism along the top of the storage tank to ensure comprehensive drying. When it is necessary to disassemble and adjust the position, rotate the outer rotating ring 17 to make the spring top pin 19 disengage from the spring top groove 23, release the quick locking mechanism, and pull out the locking rod 9 to move the drying mechanism.

[0036] In summary, during the use or operation of the overall equipment: when the mobile drying mechanism is required, it achieves all-round drying treatment of the tank surface. The mobile frame 2 moves stably on the top of the tank assembly 1 through the guide wheel assembly 24. The drying rings 3 arranged symmetrically on both sides provide full coverage. The motor 4 drives the rotating gear 5 to mesh with the ring gear block 6, driving the drying assembly to move in a ring on the drying ring 3. This allows the drying assembly to perform multi-angle drying operations without dead angles along the tank surface, ensuring the anti-seepage effect. The guide wheel assembly 24 ensures that the entire movement process is stable and controllable, improving drying efficiency.

[0037] When the quick-connect mechanism is in operation, the position of the movable frame 2 is fixed by a multi-locking structure. The locking tube 8 is fixed on the side plate 22 of the movable frame 2. The locking rod 9 can pass through the adjustment hole 21 of the top plate 20 and cooperate with the locking tube 8. The pressure plate 11 and the tilting groove 10 on the side wall of the locking rod 9 form a locking mechanism. Its movement is controlled by the pressure groove 13 on the longitudinal ring 12. The stabilizing spring 14 at the bottom of the longitudinal ring 12 provides continuous pressure support to ensure reliable locking. The bidirectional design of the pressure groove 13 can realize the insertion and disengagement of the pressure plate 11, which is convenient for quick installation and disassembly.

[0038] When the auxiliary mechanism needs to be engaged, the outer rotating ring 17 is limited to rotating on the outer wall of the clamping pipe 8. The bottom spiral frame 16 and the spiral groove 15 on the outer wall of the longitudinal ring 12 form a transmission. By rotating the outer rotating ring 17, the spiral frame 16 is driven to move in the spiral groove 15, realizing the up and down movement of the longitudinal ring 12. Multiple sets of spring-loaded pins 19 on the fixed ring 18 can extend into the spring-loaded groove 23 at the top of the outer rotating ring 17 to provide graded positioning, ensuring the stable rotation of the outer rotating ring 17, thereby ensuring that the pressure of the longitudinal ring 12 on the pressure plate 11 is stable and controllable.

[0039] First, place the mobile drying mechanism on top of the storage tank assembly 1. Adjust the locking rod 9 to pass through the adjustment hole 21 of the top plate 20 and insert it into the locking tube 8. Lock the locking rod 9 through the quick locking mechanism. At the same time, use the locking auxiliary mechanism to ensure a stable connection. Adjust the motor 4 to drive the ring tooth block 6 on the drying ring 3 to move. Adjust the position of the drying spray assembly 7. The drying spray assembly 7 is started to dry the top of the storage tank with hot air. Through the guide wheel assembly 24 on the mobile frame 2, the entire drying mechanism moves along the top of the storage tank to ensure comprehensive drying. When it is necessary to disassemble and adjust the position, rotate the outer rotating ring 17 to disengage the spring top pin 19 from the spring top groove 23, release the quick locking mechanism, and pull out the locking rod 9 to move the drying mechanism.

[0040] Of all the solutions mentioned above, those involving the connection between two components can be selected according to the actual situation, such as welding, bolt and nut connection, bolt or screw connection, or other known connection methods, which will not be elaborated here. For all the fixed connections mentioned above, welding is preferred. Although embodiments of this utility model have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of this utility model. The scope of this utility model is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A water-proof device for oil depot tanks, comprising a tank assembly (1), a mobile drying mechanism, a quick-connect mechanism, and a connecting auxiliary mechanism, characterized in that: The mobile drying mechanism includes a mobile frame (2), a drying ring (3), an adjusting motor (4), a rotating gear (5), a ring gear block (6), and a drying spray assembly (7). The mobile frame (2) is movably mounted on the top end of the storage tank assembly (1). The drying ring (3) is symmetrically arranged on both sides of the mobile frame (2). The adjusting motor (4) is mounted on the drying ring (3). The rotating gear (5) is mounted on the output end of the adjusting motor (4). The ring gear block (6) is circumferentially slidably mounted on the drying ring (3). The ring gear block (6) and the rotating gear (5) are meshed together. The drying assembly... Installed on the ring tooth block (6), the quick snap-fit ​​mechanism includes a snap-fit ​​tube (8), a snap-fit ​​rod (9), a pry-in groove (10), a pressure pry plate (11), a longitudinal ring (12), a pressure groove (13), and a stabilizing spring (14). The snap-fit ​​rod (9) can extend into the interior of the snap-fit ​​tube (8). The pry-in groove (10) is set on the side wall of the snap-fit ​​rod (9). The longitudinal ring (12) is longitudinally slidably installed on the outer wall of the snap-fit ​​tube (8). The pressure groove (13) is set on the side wall of the longitudinal ring (12). The stabilizing spring (14) is installed at the bottom end of the longitudinal ring (12).

2. The oil depot / tank anti-leakage device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The snap-fit ​​auxiliary mechanism includes a spiral groove (15), a spiral frame (16), an outer rotating ring (17), a fixed ring (18), and a spring-loaded pin (19). The spiral groove (15) is set on the outer wall of the longitudinal ring (12). The outer rotating ring (17) is limited and rotated on the outer wall of the snap-fit ​​tube (8). The spiral frame (16) is set at the bottom end of the outer rotating ring (17). The spiral frame (16) and the spiral groove (15) are slidably connected. The rotation of the spiral frame (16) drives the longitudinal ring (12) to move up and down. The fixed ring (18) is installed at the top end of the snap-fit ​​tube (8). Multiple sets of spring-loaded pins (19) are set on the fixed ring (18). One end of the spring-loaded pin (19) can push against the top end of the outer rotating ring (17), so that the outer rotating ring (17) and the spiral frame (16) rotate stably, and the longitudinal ring (12) presses against the pressure plate (11).

3. The oil depot / tank anti-leakage device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The top end of the storage tank assembly (1) is provided with a top plate (20), and the top plate (20) is provided with adjustment holes (21), and there are multiple sets of adjustment holes (21).

4. The oil depot tank anti-leakage device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The bottom end of the mobile frame (2) is symmetrically equipped with side plates (22), and the clamping pipe (8) is fixedly installed on the side plates (22).

5. The oil depot / tank anti-leakage device according to claim 4, characterized in that: One end of the snap-fit ​​rod (9) can pass through different adjustment holes (21) on the top plate (20) and extend through the side plate (22) to engage with the snap-fit ​​tube (8).

6. The oil depot / tank anti-leakage device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The top end of the outer rotating ring (17) is provided with a spring top groove (23), and multiple sets of spring top grooves (23) are provided. One end of the spring top pin (19) can be springed into different spring top grooves (23) to make the outer rotating ring (17) rotate stably.

7. The oil depot / tank anti-leakage device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The front and rear ends of the mobile frame (2) are symmetrically equipped with guide wheel assemblies (24), and the bottom of the guide wheel assembly (24) is in contact with the top end of the storage tank assembly (1) for rotation.

8. The oil depot tank anti-leakage device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom end of the storage tank assembly (1) is provided with a support (25), and the support (25) separates the storage tank assembly (1) from the ground.

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