Coaxial multi-light type lighting system and mobile light source device

Abstract

The utility model discloses a coaxial multi-light type lighting system and a movable light source device. The lighting system comprises a light source and a lens. The lens and the light source are coaxially arranged; the light source comprises a plurality of light areas, the light areas are coaxially arranged, and each light area comprises a single light emitting unit or a plurality of light emitting units; the lens comprises a plurality of light receiving parts, the light receiving parts are coaxially arranged, and the light receiving area projects received light rays emitted by the light source to form required light spots. According to the coaxial multi-light type lighting system and the movable light source, the lens containing the multiple light receiving pieces is arranged to project the light emitted by the light source so that the effect of outputting different light spots can be achieved, and therefore the problem that the light source structure is too large due to the fact that light source shape adjustment needs to be achieved through a complex light path structure is solved; and the light source structure is optimized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of lighting manufacturing technology, and in particular to a coaxial multi-beam lighting system and a mobile light source device. Background Technology

[0002] Existing light sources generally include structures such as an aluminum substrate, LED chips, a reflector, a lens, and a light-transmitting cover. For high-power lamps, there are often multiple LED chips, each corresponding to a lens. The lens focuses the light emitted by the LED chip to achieve the projection effect of the light source. However, for lamps that need to achieve light pattern adjustment (such as focusing, zooming, and spot size adjustment), the focusing adjustment is mainly achieved by moving and adjusting the distance between the LED chip and the reflector. This results in the need to set up an additional displacement mechanism inside the lamp to move the distance between the LED chip and the reflector, causing the lamp to be too large.

[0003] Therefore, existing technologies have defects and shortcomings, and need further improvement and development. Utility Model Content

[0004] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of this application is to provide a coaxial multi-beam lighting system and a mobile light source device, which aims to solve the problem that the lamps are too large in size when the lamps use a displacement mechanism to achieve focusing adjustment.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by this application to solve the technical problem is as follows:

[0006] In a first aspect, this embodiment discloses a coaxial multi-beam lighting system, which includes a light source and a lens; the lens is coaxially arranged with the light source;

[0007] The light source includes several light regions, each of which is coaxially arranged, and each of which contains one or more light-emitting units.

[0008] The lens includes several light-receiving elements, which are coaxially arranged and project the light received from the light source to form the desired light spot.

[0009] Optionally, the light-receiving element is either an inner light-receiving element or an outer light-receiving element, and the light area is either an inner light area or an outer light area. The light-receiving surface of the inner light-receiving element is disposed facing the light-emitting surface of the inner light area, and the light-receiving surface of the outer light-receiving element is disposed facing the light-emitting surface of the outer light area.

[0010] Optionally, the inner light-receiving component and the outer light-receiving component are separate structures, with a fixing post provided on one side of the outer light-receiving component, and the inner light-receiving component fixed on the fixing post.

[0011] Optionally, the lens is integrally formed from a plurality of the light-receiving elements.

[0012] Optionally, the light-emitting surfaces of the inner light area and the outer light area are not on the same plane; the light-emitting surface of the inner light area is set higher than the light-emitting surface of the outer light area, or the light-emitting surface of the inner light area is set lower than the light-emitting surface of the outer light area.

[0013] Optionally, the light source is a self-emissive body, and the illumination wavelengths of each light-emitting unit of the light source can be the same or different wavelengths.

[0014] Optionally, the inner light area includes: a single or multiple LED arrays; the outer light area includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, or COB-packaged LED arrays, or a single or multiple LED arrays; or, the inner light area includes: multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays; the outer light area includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, or COB-packaged LED arrays, or a single or multiple LED arrays.

[0015] Optionally, each light-emitting unit in the light area can be a plurality of optical fibers, light guides, reflective prisms, or a plurality of externally connected non-self-emitting sources, and the illumination wavelengths of each light-emitting unit of the light source can be the same or different wavelengths.

[0016] Optionally, the light-receiving element disposed on the outermost side of the lens is a reflector lens.

[0017] Secondly, this embodiment also provides a mobile light source device, which includes one or more of the aforementioned coaxial multi-beam lighting systems.

[0018] Beneficial effects:

[0019] This application discloses a coaxial multi-beam lighting system and a mobile light source device. The lighting system includes a light source and a lens; the lens is coaxially arranged with the light source; the light source includes several light zones, each of which is coaxially arranged and contains one or more light-emitting units; the lens includes several light-receiving elements, which are coaxially arranged, and the light-receiving areas project the light emitted by the light source to form a desired light spot. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system and mobile light source provided by this application achieve a zoom effect by refracting the light emitted by the light source through a lens containing multiple light-receiving elements. This overcomes the problem of requiring a complex optical path structure to achieve light source zoom, resulting in an excessively large light source structure, thus optimizing the light source structure and improving the overall compactness of the light source system. Attached Figure Description

[0020] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the coaxial multi-beam lighting system provided in this utility model;

[0021] Figure 2 This is a side view of the coaxial multi-beam lighting system provided in this utility model;

[0022] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the positional distribution of different light zones in the coaxial multi-beam lighting system provided in this utility model;

[0023] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the light refraction path when the light source is in focusing mode in this utility model;

[0024] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the light refraction path when the light source is in floodlight mode in this utility model;

[0025] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the refraction path of light rays when the light source is in a combined state of focusing mode and floodlight mode in this utility model;

[0026] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of the inner light area and the outer light area in this utility model.

[0027] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0028] 110. Light source; 120. External light receiver; 130. Internal light receiver; 301. Diffusion area; 302. External light area; 303. Focusing area; 304. Internal light area. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The embodiments of this application are described in detail below. Examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals denote the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application.

[0030] Existing high-power lamps often use multiple LEDs, each corresponding to a lens. The lens focuses the light emitted by the LED to achieve the projection effect. However, for lamps that require light pattern adjustment (such as focusing, zooming, and spot size adjustment), focusing is mainly achieved by moving the distance between the LED and the reflector. This necessitates an additional displacement mechanism inside the lamp to move the distance between the LED and the reflector, resulting in an excessively large lamp size.

[0031] To overcome the above problems, this utility model provides a coaxial multi-beam lighting system and a mobile light source device. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system includes a light source and a lens; the lens is coaxially arranged with the light source; the light source includes several light zones, each coaxially arranged, and each light zone contains one or more light-emitting units; the lens includes several light-receiving elements, each coaxially arranged, and the light-receiving elements project the light emitted by the light source to form the desired light spot. A zoom lens is used in conjunction with refraction to achieve a zoom effect, thereby overcoming the problem of an excessively large light source structure due to the need for a complex optical path structure to achieve zoom, and improving the overall compactness of the light source system.

[0032] The following description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, provides a more detailed account of a coaxial multi-beam lighting system and a mobile light source device provided in this application.

[0033] like Figure 1 As shown, this application provides a coaxial multi-beam lighting system and a mobile light source device. The lighting system includes: a light source 110 and a lens; the lens is coaxially arranged with the light source; the light source includes several light zones, each of which is coaxially arranged, and each of which contains one or more light-emitting units; the lens includes several light-receiving elements, each of which is coaxially arranged, and the light-receiving elements project the light emitted by the light source to form a desired light spot.

[0034] Specifically, the lens is positioned in front of the light source, and the lens and the light source are coaxially aligned to ensure that the light emitted from the light source is transformed into high-quality light through the lens. The lens and the light source are coaxially aligned so that the principal optical axis of the lens coincides with the optical axis of the light source.

[0035] Furthermore, the light source comprises multiple light zones, each coaxially arranged. Each light zone contains one or more light-emitting units, which can be LEDs, forming an LED array within the light zone.

[0036] Furthermore, the lens in the lighting system of this embodiment includes multiple light-receiving elements. Each light-receiving element receives light emitted from the light source and refracts the received light to form the desired light spot. Specifically, the light-receiving elements are coaxially arranged, that is, their central axes are aligned with each other to form a continuous straight line, so as to prevent the light from the light source from being deflected or scattered during transmission, thereby improving the performance of the optical system.

[0037] Combination Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the light-receiving element is either an inner light-receiving element 130 or an outer light-receiving element 120. The inner light-receiving element is disposed inside the outer light-receiving element. The inner light-receiving element processes the light received from the light source and then emits it, or the outer light-receiving element processes the light received from the light source and then emits it, to form a focused light spot. The inner light-receiving element and the outer light-receiving element are a separate structure. A fixing post is provided on one side of the outer light-receiving element, and the inner light-receiving element is fixed to the fixing post.

[0038] In another embodiment, the lens is integrally formed from several light-receiving components. This not only improves production efficiency and significantly reduces processing steps during lens manufacturing, but also enables rapid and efficient lens production. Since the inner and outer light-receiving components can be directly machined into a single unit through injection molding or turning, this not only reduces component assembly errors and ensures lens accuracy and repeatability, but also improves optical imaging quality.

[0039] The light region is either an inner light region or an outer light region. The light-receiving surface of the inner light-receiving element faces the light-emitting surface of the inner light region, and the light-receiving surface of the outer light-receiving element faces the light-emitting surface of the outer light region. Further, the light-emitting surfaces of the inner light region and the outer light region are not on the same plane; the light-emitting surface of the inner light region is higher than the light-emitting surface of the outer light region, or the light-emitting surface of the inner light region is lower than the light-emitting surface of the outer light region.

[0040] In one embodiment, the light source is a self-emissive body, and the illumination wavelengths of the various light-emitting units of the light source can be the same or different wavelengths.

[0041] Specifically, the inner light area includes: a single or multiple LED arrays; the outer light area includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, or COB-packaged LED arrays, or a single or multiple LED arrays; or, the inner light area includes: multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays; the outer light area includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, or COB-packaged LED arrays, or a single or multiple LED arrays.

[0042] In one embodiment, each light-emitting unit within the light region comprises multiple optical fibers, light guide pillars, reflective prisms, and multiple externally connected non-self-emitting sources, and the illumination wavelengths of the various light-emitting units of the light source can be the same or different wavelengths. Preferably, to achieve better focusing of the light emitted by the light source, the light-receiving element disposed on the outermost side of the lens is a reflector lens.

[0043] Combination Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the light-receiving element includes an inner light-receiving element 130 and an outer light-receiving element 120. The inner light-receiving element 130 is fixed inside the outer light-receiving element 120; the focusing surface of the inner light-receiving element 130 is in contact with the emitting surface of the light source. The inner light-receiving element 130 and the outer light-receiving element 120 have the same center point, which is located on the optical axis of the light source. The outer light-receiving element encloses the inner light-receiving element. Both the inner and outer light-receiving elements are used to collect light emitted by the light source, refract the light, and focus the light onto the optical axis of the lighting system. They can also guide the light to the outer light-receiving element, which focuses the received light onto the optical axis of the lighting system, thereby forming a coaxial light source and realizing the focus adjustment of the light source. The inner light-receiving element usually needs to meet the characteristics of high light transmittance and high temperature resistance to ensure the stability of optical performance. The outer light-receiving element is usually composed of multiple layers of materials, such as alternating layers of silver and aluminum oxide. The radius of the outer light-receiving element is larger than the radius of the inner lens to provide imaging space.

[0044] Combination Figure 2 As shown, in one embodiment, the inner light-receiving component and the outer light-receiving component can be configured as a detachable structure. The inner light-receiving component 130 and the outer light-receiving component 120 constitute a cup-shaped structure. A fixing post is provided on the inner side of the bottom of the outer light-receiving component 120, and the inner light-receiving component is fixedly fastened to the fixing post and located in front of the light source 110. The inner light-receiving component 130 and the outer light-receiving component 120 have a double-layer structure. The outer light-receiving component is made of PC material, and the inner light-receiving component is made of silicone material. The use of silicone material for the inner light-receiving component can improve its heat resistance temperature and prevent damage to the inner light-receiving component and the light source due to excessive temperature during irradiation.

[0045] Furthermore, the inner light-receiving component includes a lens barrel and a lens plate. The lens plate is made of glass or other transparent materials and has different shapes and curvatures to refract and focus the received light. The lens plate can be a plano-convex lens, a biconvex lens, or a concave lens, etc. To achieve better light control, the inner light-receiving component may also include a filter and an aperture stop to adjust and control the light. The outer light-receiving component may consist of multiple lenses, which can converge the received diverging light rays to form a collimated (parallel) beam. In specific implementations, the imaging range can be continuously adjusted by changing the focal length or position of the outer light-receiving component, thereby meeting the needs of different lighting patterns. Furthermore, the outer light-receiving component can optimize the light transmission path and improve the lighting quality.

[0046] Furthermore, combined Figure 3 As shown, the light source includes multiple light areas, which can be further divided into an inner light area 304 and an outer light area 302. The inner light area 304 is located inside the outer light area, and both the inner light area 304 and the outer light area 302 include multiple light-emitting units, each of which is a coaxial light source.

[0047] In detail, the focusing surface of the inner light-receiving component includes a focusing area 303 and a diffusion area 301. When the focusing surface of the inner light-receiving component is closely attached to the light-emitting surface of the light source, the focusing area 303 is closely attached to the inner light area 304, and the diffusion area 301 is closely attached to the outer light area 302. When the focusing area 303 or the diffusion area 301 is lit, the inner lens refracts light spots of different shapes after receiving the light, thereby achieving the final light spot shape adjustment function. The focusing surface of the inner lens is curved, which facilitates the reception of light emitted by the light source and focuses the received light. In this embodiment, the focusing surface is closely attached to the light-emitting surface of the light source to maximize the utilization rate and focusing effect of the light. Since the light is captured by the lens after leaving the light source, the scattering and loss of light are reduced.

[0048] In one implementation, the light source is divided into two parts: an inner light area and an outer light area. (Combined) Figure 3 As shown, the light source is divided into an inner light area 304 and an outer light area 302. The area on the inner light receiver is correspondingly divided into a diffusion area 301 and a focusing area 303. Since the inner light receiver is set close to the light-emitting surface of the light source, the inner light area of ​​the light source is close to the focusing area of ​​the inner lens, and the outer light area of ​​the light source is close to the diffusion area of ​​the inner lens. When the light-emitting unit in the inner light area is lit, the current state is regarded as the light source being in focusing mode; when the light-emitting unit in the outer light area is lit, the current state is regarded as the light source being in floodlight mode.

[0049] When the light source is in focusing mode, the inner light area is lit, and the main light rays are emitted directly through the focusing area. Diverging light rays caused by light leakage can also pass through the diffusion area and be refracted by the outer light-receiving component before finally being emitted. The light refraction path in focusing mode is as follows: Figure 4 As shown.

[0050] When the light source is in floodlight mode, the light-emitting units in the outer light area light up, and the main light rays emitted are refracted and guided within the diffusion area before being emitted directly. The light refraction path is as follows: Figure 5 As shown.

[0051] When the light source is in a combined mode of focused and floodlighting, both the inner and outer light areas illuminate simultaneously. The light refraction path is as follows: Figure 6 The image shows the superposition of spotlight mode and floodlight mode.

[0052] It is conceivable that when the inner light area 304 and the outer light area 302 are lit simultaneously, the light source 110 can adjust the light pattern image of the irradiated spot by modifying the brightness of the final emitted light by adjusting the input power of the inner light area 304 and the outer light area 302. Specifically, when the light source 110 adjusts the brightness of the light emitted from the inner light area 304 to be greater than the brightness of the light emitted from the outer light area 302, the light pattern image of the light spot emitted by the light source 110 tends to be in a convergent state. Conversely, when the light source 110 adjusts the brightness of the light emitted from the inner light area 304 to be less than the brightness of the light emitted from the outer light area 302, the light pattern image of the light spot emitted by the light source 110 tends to be in a flooded state.

[0053] Specifically, such as Figure 7 As shown, the inner and outer light areas can both be arranged in a ring structure; the inner light area is located inside the outer light area, that is, the outer light area is located outside the inner light area. The light source can control the light-emitting units in the inner light area or the light-emitting units in the outer light area to emit light, so that the light emitted from the inner light area is emitted through the focusing area of ​​the inner light receiver, or the light emitted from the light-emitting units in the outer light area is refracted and transmitted through the diffusion area of ​​the inner light receiver before being emitted directly.

[0054] Furthermore, the inner light area 304 and the outer light area 302 can be set on the same plane. When the inner light area 304 and the outer light area 302 project light, the light source projection surface of the inner light area 304 and the light source projection surface of the outer light area 302 are on the same plane, so that the light pattern of the final generated light spot is softer.

[0055] Furthermore, the inner light area 304 and the outer light area 302 can be set on different planes. When the inner light area 304 and the outer light area 302 project light, the light source projection surface of the inner light area 304 and the light source projection surface of the outer light area 302 can be set at different heights. Specifically, the light-emitting surface of the inner light area 304 is set higher than the light-emitting surface of the outer light area 302, or the light-emitting surface of the inner light area 304 is set lower than the light-emitting surface of the outer light area 302. Thus, the initial light pattern shape of the final generated light spot can be adjusted by adjusting the height difference between the light sources.

[0056] Furthermore, the inner light area or the outer light area includes multiple light-emitting regions, and each light-emitting region contains multiple light-emitting units; the light-emitting regions in the inner light area and the outer light area are arranged in a regular manner, and each light-emitting unit in the inner light area is surrounded by each light-emitting unit in the outer light area.

[0057] The multiple light-emitting units in the inner and outer light regions are arranged in a ring, square, or fan-shaped structure. Specifically, for example... Figure 7 As shown, the light source is circular in shape. The inner light area 304 is designed to be circular, while the outer light area 302 is designed to be annular. The inner light area 304 is located inside the outer light area 302.

[0058] In one implementation, the inner light region and the outer light region are self-emissive. The inner light region includes one or more LED arrays, or multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays; the outer light region includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, or COB-packaged LED arrays, or one or more LED arrays. That is, the inner light region includes one or more LEDs, and the outer light region includes multiple CSP light-emitting chip arrays. Alternatively, the inner light region includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, and the outer light region includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays or COB-packaged LED arrays.

[0059] It is conceivable that the light-emitting units in the outer light area can be composed of several regularly arranged LED chips or directly composed of COB light sources.

[0060] The emitted light from the inner light area and the outer light area can be light sources of the same or different wavelengths. That is, when the inner light area or the outer light area is a self-emissive light source composed of several CSP light-emitting chips or several LED light-emitting chips, the CSP light-emitting chips or LED light-emitting chips set in adjacent or different light-emitting areas (several light-emitting areas divided by the inner light area and the outer light area, and the shape of the light-emitting areas is not limited, such as a fan shape or a square, etc.) can be light sources of the same or different wavelengths.

[0061] In another implementation, the light-emitting units in the inner light region or the light-emitting units in the outer light region can be multiple optical fibers or multiple externally connected non-self-emitting sources, and the wavelength of each light-emitting unit in the inner light region is the same as or different from the wavelength of each light-emitting unit in the outer light region.

[0062] When the inner or outer light area is a non-self-emitting light source composed of several optical fibers or several external light guides, the optical fibers or external light guides corresponding to adjacent or different light-emitting areas (several light-emitting areas divided by the inner and outer light areas, and the shape of the light-emitting areas is not limited, such as fan-shaped or square, etc.) can be connected to external light-emitting sources and transmit light sources of the same or different wavelengths.

[0063] Specifically, the light-receiving surface of the inner light-receiving element includes a light-receiving area and a diffusion area. The light-receiving area is in close contact with the inner light area, and the diffusion area is in close contact with the outer light area. The light-receiving area or the diffusion area refracts the received light to output light spots with different halos.

[0064] In addition to providing the aforementioned coaxial multi-beam lighting system, this embodiment also provides a mobile light source device, which includes one or more of the aforementioned coaxial multi-beam lighting systems. Specifically, the mobile light source device further includes at least one driving system, which is used to control the illumination brightness of each light-emitting unit of the light source in the lighting system to achieve zoom control of the illumination light. Specifically, the driving system can independently control each light-emitting reaction, or it can independently control each light-emitting area divided by the light source.

[0065] This embodiment provides a coaxial multi-beam lighting system and a mobile light source device. By setting up a lens containing multiple light-receiving elements to refract the light emitted by the light source, a zoom effect is achieved. This overcomes the problem that the light source needs to be zoomed through a complex optical path structure, resulting in an excessively large light source structure. The light source structure is optimized, and the overall compactness of the light source system is improved.

[0066] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicating orientation or positional relationships based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, are used only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation on this application. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this application, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" and "several" both mean two or more.

[0067] It should be understood that the application of this application is not limited to the examples above. Those skilled in the art can make improvements or modifications based on the above description, and all such improvements and modifications should fall within the protection scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A coaxial multi-beam lighting system, characterized in that, Includes a light source and a lens; the lens is coaxially arranged with the light source; The light source includes several light regions, each of which is coaxially arranged, and each of which contains one or more light-emitting units; The lens includes several light-receiving elements, which are coaxially arranged and project the light received from the light source to form the desired light spot.

2. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The light-receiving element is either an inner light-receiving element or an outer light-receiving element, and the light area is either an inner light area or an outer light area. The light-receiving surface of the inner light-receiving element is disposed facing the light-emitting surface of the inner light area, and the light-receiving surface of the outer light-receiving element is disposed facing the light-emitting surface of the outer light area.

3. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The inner light-receiving component and the outer light-receiving component are separate structures. A fixing post is provided on one side of the outer light-receiving component, and the inner light-receiving component is fixed on the fixing post.

4. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The lens is integrally formed from several of the light-receiving components.

5. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The light-emitting surfaces of the inner light area and the outer light area are not on the same plane. The light-emitting surface of the inner light area is set higher than the light-emitting surface of the outer light area, or the light-emitting surface of the inner light area is set lower than the light-emitting surface of the outer light area.

6. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The light source is a self-emissive body, and the illumination wavelengths of each light-emitting unit of the light source can be the same or different wavelengths.

7. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The inner light area includes: a single or multiple LED arrays; the outer light area includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, or COB-packaged LED arrays, or a single or multiple LED arrays; or, the inner light area includes: multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays; the outer light area includes multiple CSP-packaged LED arrays, or COB-packaged LED arrays, or a single or multiple LED arrays.

8. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that, Each light-emitting unit within the light region comprises multiple optical fibers, light guide pillars, reflective prisms, and multiple externally connected non-self-emitting sources. Furthermore, the illumination wavelengths of the various light-emitting units of the light source can be the same or different wavelengths.

9. The coaxial multi-beam lighting system according to claim 3, characterized in that, The light-receiving element located on the outermost side of the lens is a reflector lens.

10. A mobile light source device, characterized in that, Includes one or more coaxial multi-beam lighting systems as described in any one of claims 1-9.

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