Self-energized intelligent adhesive bandage capable of detecting temperature in real time and dosing according to needs

Abstract

A self-powered intelligent adhesive bandage capable of detecting temperature in real time and dosing according to needs is applied to detection and treatment of skin wound infection and can detect the temperature of a wound and surrounding skin in real time and conduct dosing according to needs. According to the intelligent adhesive bandage, the piezoelectric nanometer generator is combined, mechanical energy generated in the daily activity process of a wearer can be converted into electric energy, and the electric energy is used for driving the whole intelligent adhesive bandage to operate. The two temperature measuring units are used for detecting the temperature of the wound and the surrounding skin at the same time, the temperature difference value serves as a relative index for judging whether the wound is infected or not, and the influence of environmental factors on detection is reduced. A three-electrode structure is adopted, on-demand drug delivery is achieved through iontophoresis, and high drug permeability, dosage controllability and drug delivery uniformity are all considered. After the intelligent adhesive bandage is used for treating a mouse with wound infection for three days, the wound recovery rate of the mouse reaches 90.3%, and the realization of temperature detection and on-demand administration is proved. The intelligent adhesive bandage has a good application prospect in detection and treatment of wound infection.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of wearable medical device technology and is used for real-time detection of infected wounds and on-demand treatment. This system converts the mechanical energy of human movement into electrical energy for self-driving, determines wound infection by detecting wound temperature, and uses iontophoresis technology to drive medication in a hydrogel into the wound for on-demand treatment. Background Technology

[0002] Wound infection is a common and potentially high-risk condition in the medical field, usually caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses that invade the wound and multiply to a certain level. In the early stages of infection, it may manifest as local redness, swelling, and pain. As the pathogens further multiply and spread, the tissue may suffer severe damage, and it may even lead to septicemia, posing a life-threatening risk to the patient.

[0003] Currently, treatments for wound infections mainly involve directly applying disinfectants and anti-inflammatory drugs to the wound surface, or wrapping the wound with medication applied to medical gauze. However, these methods have drawbacks, such as the inability to monitor the wound's infection and healing status in real time, and the inability to precisely control the dosage of medication.

[0004] To address these issues, developing intelligent wound dressings is a practical solution. One study published an electronic system that uses temperature as an indicator of wound infection. This system employs a temperature sensor to detect wound temperature and uses ultraviolet light to induce the lysis of a drug-loaded photoresponsive hydrogel, releasing medication for on-demand treatment. This electronic system can read the wound temperature in real time and transmit the information to a mobile phone via Bluetooth for real-time monitoring. It can also control drug release using ultraviolet light irradiation that does not affect the wound, effectively overcoming the "black box" state of the wound healing process.

[0005] Another report describes a hydrogel wound dressing that uses electrical stimulation to release drugs and promote wound healing. This dressing can be powered by an external source to apply electrical stimulation to the wound, promoting healing. It also utilizes iontophoresis technology, where an electric field drives the drug within the hydrogel into the wound for drug delivery. Iontophoresis is a transdermal drug delivery technique that uses electrodes to generate an electric field under the skin. This electric field drives charged drug ions into the wound for treatment, significantly increasing drug penetration compared to natural drug release. By adjusting the voltage, the magnitude of the electric field can be changed, thereby controlling the dosage.

[0006] Current medical electronic systems for wound infection control face challenges in three areas: energy, detection, and treatment. Regarding energy, most existing systems rely on external power sources, typically batteries or other power devices. These external power sources are not only relatively bulky, increasing the overall weight and inconvenience of the device, but also require regular maintenance and replacement, further reducing ease of use and sustainability. Furthermore, the frequency of external power replacement can affect the device's continuous operating time, thus impacting real-time wound monitoring and treatment effectiveness. In terms of detection, most current systems rely on single sensors to monitor wound physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, or conductivity, establishing absolute indicators as the basis for determining infection status. A major drawback of this approach is its susceptibility to environmental factors, such as temperature fluctuations or humidity changes, which can lead to inaccurate data and misinterpretations. Regarding treatment, iontophoresis technology can effectively enhance drug penetration. However, existing wound dressings typically employ a traditional dual-electrode structure (one positive and one negative electrode) for iontophoresis drug delivery. This design causes the electric field formed on the electrode surface to be significantly biased towards one side of the electrode, which in turn causes drug ions to mainly flow to the side where no drug is applied. As a result, the drug concentration distribution in the subcutaneous tissue below the drug delivery electrode is uneven, resulting in an excessively high drug concentration in the part closer to the other side of the electrode and an excessively low drug concentration in the part farther away from the other side of the electrode. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This invention aims to solve the technical problems existing in the prior art by designing a self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand. It can relatively accurately detect wound infection regardless of environmental factors and release medication relatively evenly for on-demand treatment. This smart wound dressing incorporates a piezoelectric nanogenerator, which converts the mechanical energy generated during human movement into electrical energy to drive the entire smart wound dressing. Temperature is used as an indicator of wound infection and inflammation; two temperature measuring units simultaneously detect the temperature of the wound and the surrounding skin, using the difference between the two temperature readings as the basis for judgment, reducing the influence of ambient temperature on temperature detection and decreasing the probability of false positives. A three-electrode structure is used for iontophoresis drug delivery, creating a symmetrical electric field below the central drug delivery electrode, allowing for relatively even drug release into the wound. Its advantages include: wireless power supply, reliable detection results, less susceptible to environmental influences, uniform drug delivery, on-demand drug delivery, controllable drug delivery intensity, high biocompatibility, and easy and low-cost manufacturing. This device demonstrates the feasibility of self-powered detection and treatment of infected wounds, providing a new solution for improving the reliability of detecting infected wound conditions and offering a new approach to balancing drug penetration, dosage control, and drug uniformity.

[0008] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the specific technical solution of the present invention for a self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand is as follows:

[0009] A self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand includes a power supply unit, a data processing module, a sensing module, and a treatment module.

[0010] The power supply unit includes an energy storage circuit and a piezoelectric nanogenerator. The power supply unit converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through the piezoelectric nanogenerator and stores it in the energy storage circuit as a power source. The energy storage circuit, the piezoelectric nanogenerator, and the data processing module are electrically connected.

[0011] The sensing module uses a wound temperature measurement unit to detect the wound temperature and a skin temperature measurement unit to detect the temperature of the skin around the wound, and then sends the temperature difference to the data processing module.

[0012] The data processing module includes an analysis output circuit, which receives the temperature difference from the sensing module and outputs a voltage to the treatment module.

[0013] The treatment module includes a drug delivery unit, which specifically includes a drug delivery electrode and a hydrogel. The hydrogel is loaded with therapeutic drugs and covers the wound. The drug delivery electrode uses an electric field to drive the hydrogel to deliver drugs via iontophoresis.

[0014] Specifically, the temperature measuring unit and the drug delivery unit are three-electrode structures. The three electrodes include temperature measuring electrodes and ordinary electrodes. Centered on the wound, the wound temperature measuring electrode is located at the wound site, the skin temperature measuring electrode is located on one side of the wound, and the ordinary electrode is located on the other side of the wound, arranged side-by-side. The middle wound temperature measuring electrode detects the temperature of the wound, while the adjacent skin temperature measuring electrode detects the temperature of the skin around the wound. The three patches together form an electric field for iontophoresis drug delivery. All three electrodes use carbon cloth electrodes as the electrode substrate, with a hydrogel on the lower surface. The three carbon cloth electrodes are connected and fixed to the skin using tape, forming a single-line bandage. The carbon cloth electrodes are connected to the data processing module via flying wires. For the ordinary electrode, the carbon cloth electrode is encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane. For the temperature measuring electrode, the temperature measuring unit is located above the carbon cloth electrode. The PDMS encapsulates the carbon cloth electrode and the temperature measuring unit as a whole. The carbon cloth electrode and hydrogel of the temperature measuring electrode are perforated, and the temperature probe of the temperature measuring unit detects skin temperature through the perforation. In the three-electrode structure, the hydrogel on the lower surface of the wound temperature measuring electrode is loaded with therapeutic drugs, while the hydrogel on the lower surfaces of the skin temperature measuring electrode and the ordinary electrode is an empty hydrogel.

[0015] The temperature measuring unit uses a negative temperature coefficient thermistor to detect temperature.

[0016] The data processing module analyzes the temperature sensing signal from the sensing module. When the temperature of the wound is detected to be more than 1°C higher than the temperature of the skin around the wound for a period of time, the smart bandage determines that the wound is infected and inflamed, and outputs a voltage signal to the treatment module.

[0017] The ordinary electrode was replaced with a temperature-sensing electrode to further detect the temperature of the skin around the wound.

[0018] The temperature measuring unit and the drug delivery unit are cross-shaped five-electrode structures. All five electrodes are temperature measuring electrodes. The central electrode detects the temperature of the wound, while the four surrounding electrodes detect the temperature of the skin around the wound, and the average value is taken as the final skin temperature.

[0019] This invention provides a self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand, with the following beneficial effects:

[0020] This invention can determine whether a wound is infected by detecting the temperature of the wound and the skin around the wound. Using the difference between the two temperature readings as an indicator of infection and inflammation significantly reduces the influence of ambient temperature on wound infection assessment compared to strategies that rely on a single temperature sensor to detect wound temperature combined with absolute temperature readings.

[0021] This invention employs a three-electrode structure and utilizes iontophoresis for drug delivery. By driving drug ions into the wound through an electric field, the drug penetration rate is significantly improved. The dosage can be precisely controlled by adjusting the voltage and regulating the application of electricity. The electric field formed by the three-electrode structure is axially symmetric about the wound, ensuring uniform drug release. This drug delivery strategy balances drug penetration rate, controllable dosage, and uniform drug delivery.

[0022] This invention requires no external power supply and uses a piezoelectric nanogenerator for power, which can convert the mechanical energy generated during human movement into electrical energy to drive the operation of the entire smart bandage, thus achieving self-driving. Attached Figure Description

[0023] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the present invention and form part of this application, are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention.

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the circuit system and working principle of this utility model;

[0025] Figure 2 This is a structural unfolded diagram of the temperature measurement and drug delivery unit;

[0026] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the ion electroosmosis principle with a three-electrode structure;

[0027] Figure 4 These are photos of wounds in different groups after three days of treatment with smart wound dressings in an animal model of mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus, and comparison images of wound tissue sections stained with HE.

[0028] Figure 5 This is a statistical chart showing the healing rate calculated from the wound area of ​​each group of mice after treatment. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To better understand the purpose, structure, and function of this invention, the following detailed description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, describes a self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand.

[0030] This invention provides a self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication as needed.

[0031] like Figure 1 The diagram shown in this embodiment illustrates the structure of a self-powered smart wound dressing. The wound dressing includes a power supply unit, a data processing module, a sensing module, and a treatment module. The power supply unit includes an energy storage circuit and a piezoelectric nanogenerator; the data processing module includes an analysis output circuit; the sensing module comprises a wound temperature measurement unit and a skin temperature measurement unit; and the treatment module consists of a drug delivery unit composed of three electrodes.

[0032] The power supply unit converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using a piezoelectric nanogenerator, storing it in an energy storage circuit to power the entire device, achieving self-powering. The sensing module uses two temperature measuring units to detect the temperature at the skin wound site, including the wound surface temperature and the temperature of the skin around the wound, acquiring the temperature difference and sending it to the data processing module. The analysis output circuit of the data processing module receives the temperature difference from the sensing module and outputs a voltage to the treatment module. The drug delivery unit of the treatment module performs iontophoresis-driven drug delivery treatment based on the acquired signal. Specifically, the power supply unit collects mechanical energy from human movement using a piezoelectric nanogenerator attached to the body. When the piezoelectric material is subjected to mechanical action, a voltage is generated on the material surface, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, which is then rectified and sent to a capacitor in the energy storage circuit for storage. The stored electrical energy is used to power the entire smart wound dressing, thus achieving self-powering. This eliminates the need for an external power source, avoiding regular maintenance and battery replacements. It also reduces the size of the smart wound dressing, improving wearing comfort and user experience.

[0033] Specifically, the sensing module employs two temperature measurement units working in tandem to improve the accuracy of temperature detection. The wound temperature measurement unit detects the temperature of the wound, while the skin temperature measurement unit detects the temperature of the skin surrounding the wound. When the wound is not infected or inflamed, its temperature is similar to that of the surrounding skin; when the wound is inflamed, its temperature will be at least 1°C higher than that of the surrounding skin. The temperature measurement units utilize negative temperature coefficient thermistors (NTC thermistors) to detect the temperature.

[0034] Specifically, the data processing module analyzes the temperature sensing signal from the sensing module. When the temperature of the wound is detected to be more than 1°C higher than the temperature of the surrounding skin for a sustained period, the smart bandage determines that the wound is infected and inflamed. This temperature measurement strategy largely eliminates the influence of environmental factors and improves the accuracy of determining whether a wound is infected and inflamed. The data processing module reads the digital voltage signal of the thermistor after conversion by an internal analog-to-digital converter. Combining the analog-to-digital conversion principle and the voltage division principle of the temperature measurement unit circuit, the resistance value of the thermistor at a specific temperature is calculated. Then, by consulting the temperature-resistance characteristic data table of the thermistor and using linear interpolation, the specific temperature is obtained.

[0035] Specifically, the drug delivery unit of the treatment module includes a drug delivery electrode and a hydrogel. The hydrogel, loaded with therapeutic drugs, covers the wound, and the drug delivery electrode uses an electric field to drive the hydrogel to deliver the drug via iontophoresis.

[0036] In one implementation, since both the temperature measurement unit and the drug delivery unit operate in and around the wound, the two parts are integrated together to obtain the temperature measurement and drug delivery unit. Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of the temperature-sensing drug delivery unit, which consists of three electrodes arranged side-by-side. A three-electrode structure is used for iontophoresis drug delivery. This three-electrode structure generates a symmetrical electric field about the wound under the skin, allowing for relatively uniform drug release into the wound, achieving uniform drug delivery. This strategy balances drug penetration rate, dosage control, and drug delivery uniformity. The magnitude of the electric field force can be adjusted based on changes in temperature sensing information and the corresponding output voltage of the data processing module, thereby controlling the drug delivery dosage. The three electrodes include temperature-sensing electrodes and ordinary electrodes. Centered on the wound, one temperature-sensing electrode is located at the wound site, another temperature-sensing electrode is located to one side of the wound, and an ordinary electrode is located to the other side of the wound, arranged side-by-side. The central temperature-sensing electrode detects the temperature of the wound, while the adjacent temperature-sensing electrodes detect the temperature of the skin surrounding the wound. The three electrodes together form an electric field for iontophoresis drug delivery. In this embodiment, the temperature-sensing drug delivery unit is directly attached to the wound.

[0037] Specifically, all three electrodes use carbon cloth electrodes as the electrode substrate, with hydrogel on the lower surface of the carbon cloth electrode. For the ordinary electrode, the carbon cloth electrode is encapsulated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, formulated from a prepolymer / curing agent and Sylgard 184 at a mass ratio of 10:1). For the temperature-sensing electrode, the temperature-sensing unit is located above the carbon cloth electrode, and the PDMS encapsulates both the carbon cloth electrode and the temperature-sensing unit as a whole. The carbon cloth electrode and hydrogel of the temperature-sensing electrode are perforated, and the temperature probe of the temperature-sensing unit detects skin temperature through the perforations. The ordinary electrode and the temperature-sensing electrode are fixed with tape to obtain the temperature-sensing drug delivery unit. In the three-electrode structure, the hydrogel on the lower surface of the temperature-sensing electrode in the center is loaded with therapeutic drugs, while the hydrogels on the lower surfaces of the temperature-sensing electrodes and the ordinary electrode on both sides are empty hydrogels.

[0038] Furthermore, the ordinary electrodes in the three-electrode structure can be replaced with temperature-sensing electrodes to further detect the temperature of the skin around the wound;

[0039] Furthermore, the three-electrode structure can be replaced with other multi-electrode structures to ensure the formation of an electric field symmetrical about the wound center. For example, a cross-shaped five-electrode structure can be used, where all five electrodes are thermometric. The central electrode detects the wound temperature, while the four surrounding electrodes detect the temperature of the skin around the wound, and the average value is taken as the final skin temperature. Based on this, the difference between the wound temperature and the skin temperature can be used as an indicator of wound infection, further improving the accuracy of detection. Simultaneously, the electric field formed by the five-electrode structure has higher central symmetry than the three-electrode structure, which can further improve the uniformity of drug release.

[0040] Furthermore, carbon cloth with good conductivity and flexibility was cut into 1cm*1cm squares to serve as electrodes. A hydrogel, also 1cm*1cm square with a thickness of approximately 1.2mm and a mass of 0.11g, was prepared using non-toxic and harmless polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and placed on the lower surface of the carbon cloth electrode. Since the temperature-sensing electrode needs to expose the temperature probe for temperature detection, both the carbon cloth electrode and the hydrogel of the temperature-sensing electrode were designed to be perforated, with perforations measuring 0.5cm*0.5cm squares, whereas the carbon cloth electrode and hydrogel of ordinary electrodes are not perforated. Amoxicillin, with its good antibacterial properties and negatively charged drug ions, was used as a therapeutic drug and loaded within the hydrogel of the temperature-sensing electrode located at the center of the three electrodes.

[0041] This invention also provides a method for preparing a self-powered smart bandage with a three-electrode structure that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand.

[0042] Step 1: Weld the rectifier bridge and large capacitor to fabricate the energy storage circuit. The energy storage circuit, piezoelectric nanogenerator, and data processing module are connected via flying wires.

[0043] Step 2: Prepare the temperature measuring unit. Connect an NTC thermistor and a 10 kΩ resistor in series. Lead out a pin between the two resistors to read the voltage information of the thermistor. The thermistor serves as the temperature probe of the temperature measuring unit.

[0044] Step 3: Cut the carbon cloth into squares with sides of 1 cm and solder copper wires onto them. Then encapsulate them using PDMS and a 3D-printed mold (curing conditions: 70℃, 6 hours) to obtain a standard electrode.

[0045] Step 4: Cut a small hole in the center of the square carbon cloth, seal the wire part of the temperature measuring unit with insulating tape, stack the temperature measuring unit and the carbon cloth together, and expose the thermistor through the small hole in the carbon cloth. Then encapsulate with PDMS (curing conditions: 80℃, 2 hours) to obtain the temperature measuring electrode.

[0046] Step 5: Secure the ordinary electrode and the temperature-sensing electrode with tape to obtain the temperature-sensing drug delivery unit. Connect the temperature-sensing drug delivery unit and the data processing module with jumper wires to obtain the complete smart bandage.

[0047] Step 6: Prepare an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol and water at a mass ratio of 1.2:8.8. Pour the solution into a 3D-printed mold and repeat freeze-thaw cycles to obtain an empty hydrogel. During the preparation process, add amoxicillin to the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution to ensure a drug concentration of 2 μg / ml. Repeat freeze-thaw cycles to obtain a drug-loaded hydrogel. The hydrogel can be directly and stably attached to the wound and carbon cloth electrode.

[0048] When a wound is not infected or inflamed, its temperature is similar to that of the surrounding skin. When a wound is inflamed, its temperature will be at least 1°C higher than the surrounding skin temperature. This invention utilizes two temperature measuring units to simultaneously detect the temperature of the wound and the surrounding skin. Under normal circumstances, the data processing module reads temperature data every 3 minutes. If at least 8 out of 10 consecutive reads show the wound temperature to be at least 1°C higher than the surrounding skin temperature, the data processing module determines that the wound is infected and inflamed, and then controls the drug delivery unit to perform iontophoresis drug delivery, continuously monitoring the temperature during this process. If at least 8 out of 10 consecutive reads show the wound temperature to be no higher than the surrounding skin temperature during drug delivery, iontophoresis drug delivery is stopped. After a 1-minute rest period, the system resumes normal temperature monitoring.

[0049] The principle of iontophoresis drug delivery in this embodiment is as follows: Figure 3As shown, three electrodes are placed side by side. The central thermometric electrode and drug-loaded hydrogel are placed on the wound, while the two outer electrodes and unloaded hydrogel are placed on the skin around the wound. The central carbon cloth electrode is connected to the negative electrode, and the two outer carbon cloth electrodes are connected to the positive electrode. During iontophoresis drug delivery, an electric field is formed from the outer edges to the center. The electric field is axially symmetrical about the wound, and the angle between the electric field lines below the central drug delivery electrode and the electrode surface is closer to a right angle than the angle between the electric field lines formed by the dual-electrode structure and the electrode surface. This allows negatively charged amoxicillin drug ions to be released uniformly into the wound relatively perpendicular to the electrode surface, thus achieving uniform drug delivery. This drug delivery strategy balances high drug penetration, controllable dosage, and uniform drug delivery. To ensure that the current density on the wound and skin surface does not exceed 0.5 mA / cm², [further details are needed]. 2 To avoid burns, the voltage is limited to below 4.4V.

[0050] This invention provides a smart wound dressing model for treating infected wounds in mice and accelerating wound healing.

[0051] Step 1: Sterilize the temperature measurement and drug delivery unit by exposing it to ultraviolet light for 30 minutes.

[0052] Step 2: After acclimatizing the mice for 5 days, shave the fur on the flat area of ​​their backs to expose bare skin approximately 5cm long and 2cm wide. Anesthetize the mice using a small animal anesthesia machine, and remove a 1cm x 1cm piece of skin from the center of the exposed area to create a wound. Then, use a 10% concentration... 9 The wound was inoculated with a CFU / mL Staphylococcus aureus solution, and the patient was fed for one day to ensure the infection status remained stable.

[0053] Step 3: Apply the hydrogel and temperature-sensing drug delivery unit to the mouse wound and surrounding skin. Activate the smart wound dressing and continue treatment for three consecutive days, ensuring 10 minutes of drug delivery each day.

[0054] Step 4: Perform tissue sectioning and HE staining on the treated mice to observe tissue recovery. Figure 4 It can be seen that the mice in the blank group had the largest wound area and the worst tissue recovery after treatment. The mice in the drug + electrotherapy + treatment group had the smallest wound area and the best tissue recovery. The other groups were in between.

[0055] Figure 4 This study presents photographs of wounds and tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) after 3 days of treatment using the smart wound dressing on an animal model of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923)-infected mouse wounds. Four experimental groups were conducted, controlling for the use of drug-loaded hydrogels and the use of iontophoresis for drug delivery: an empty hydrogel group and a drug delivery group (no hydrogel applied, no iontophoresis applied, drug delivery group applied). - electricity- ), drug-loaded hydrogels are applied and iontophoresis is prohibited (drug-loaded but not charged group, drug + electricity - ), applying empty hydrogel and enabling iontophoresis drug delivery (empty charge group, drug - electricity + ), administering drug-loaded hydrogels and enabling iontophoresis drug delivery (drug-loaded charging group, drug + electricity + The study included a control group (blank) and a control group (blank); it can be seen that the wound tissue recovery in the blank group was the worst, with a large number of inflammatory cells still infiltrating; the drug + electricity + The group with the best wound granulation tissue proliferation and tissue recovery was the group with the best results, while the results of the other groups were in between.

[0056] Figure 5 This is a statistical chart showing the healing rate calculated from the wound area of ​​mice in each group after treatment. The formula for calculating the healing rate is:

[0057]

[0058] Where ρ is the healing rate, S1 is the area before treatment, and S4 is the area after treatment; it can be seen that the wound recovery rate of the blank group mice was the lowest, only 18.8%; drug + electricity + The highest wound recovery rate was observed in the first group of mice, at 91.6%, with the recovery rates in the other groups falling between these two levels. These experimental results demonstrate that the smart wound dressing can detect the temperature of the wound and the surrounding skin, accurately determine whether the wound is inflamed, and administer medication when inflammation is confirmed, achieving good therapeutic effects.

[0059] It is understood that the present invention has been described through some embodiments, and those skilled in the art will recognize that various changes or equivalent substitutions can be made to these features and embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Furthermore, under the teachings of the present invention, these features and embodiments can be modified to adapt to specific situations and materials without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, and all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims of this application are within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand, characterized in that, The bandage includes a power supply unit, a data processing module, a sensing module, and a treatment module; The power supply unit includes an energy storage circuit and a piezoelectric nanogenerator. The power supply unit converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through the piezoelectric nanogenerator and stores it in the energy storage circuit as a power source. The energy storage circuit, the piezoelectric nanogenerator, and the data processing module are electrically connected. The sensing module uses a wound temperature measurement unit to detect the wound temperature and a skin temperature measurement unit to detect the temperature of the skin around the wound, and then sends the temperature difference to the data processing module. The data processing module includes an analysis output circuit, which receives the temperature difference from the sensing module and outputs a voltage to the treatment module. The treatment module includes a drug delivery unit, which specifically includes a drug delivery electrode and a hydrogel. The hydrogel is loaded with therapeutic drugs and covers the wound. The drug delivery electrode uses an electric field to drive the hydrogel to deliver drugs via iontophoresis. Specifically, the temperature measuring unit and the drug delivery unit are three-electrode structures. The three electrodes include temperature measuring electrodes and ordinary electrodes. Centered on the wound, the wound temperature measuring electrode is located at the wound site, the skin temperature measuring electrode is located on one side of the wound, and the ordinary electrode is located on the other side of the wound, arranged side-by-side. The central wound temperature measuring electrode detects the temperature of the wound, while the adjacent skin temperature measuring electrode detects the temperature of the skin surrounding the wound. The three patches together form an electric field for iontophoresis drug delivery. All three electrodes use carbon cloth electrodes as the electrode substrate, with a hydrogel on the lower surface of the carbon cloth electrode. The electrodes are attached to the skin using tape, resembling a straight bandage. The carbon cloth electrode is connected to the data processing module via a flying wire. For ordinary electrodes, the carbon cloth electrode is encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane. For temperature-sensing electrodes, the temperature-sensing unit is located above the carbon cloth electrode. The PDMS encapsulates the carbon cloth electrode and the temperature-sensing unit as a whole. The carbon cloth electrode and hydrogel of the temperature-sensing electrode are hollowed out. The temperature probe of the temperature-sensing unit detects skin temperature through the hollowed-out area. In the three-electrode structure, the hydrogel on the lower surface of the wound temperature-sensing electrode is loaded with therapeutic drugs, while the hydrogel on the lower surface of the skin temperature-sensing electrode and the ordinary electrode is empty hydrogel.

2. The self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The temperature measuring unit uses a negative temperature coefficient thermistor to detect temperature.

3. The self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The data processing module analyzes the temperature sensing signal from the sensing module. When the temperature of the wound is detected to be more than 1°C higher than the temperature of the skin around the wound for a period of time, the smart bandage determines that the wound is infected and inflamed, and outputs a voltage signal to the treatment module.

4. The self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The ordinary electrode was replaced with a temperature-sensing electrode to further detect the temperature of the skin around the wound.

5. The self-powered smart wound dressing that detects temperature in real time and administers medication on demand, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that... The temperature measurement unit and drug delivery unit are replaced with a cross-shaped five-electrode structure. All five electrodes are temperature measuring electrodes. The central electrode detects the temperature of the wound, and the four surrounding electrodes detect the temperature of the skin around the wound. The average value is taken as the final skin temperature.

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