Automatic sludge discharge control system

Abstract

The utility model discloses an automatic sludge discharge control system which comprises an image acquisition device, a central processing unit, a control signal conversion and execution module and a sludge discharge valve execution mechanism, and the signal output end of the image acquisition device is connected with the signal input end of the central processing unit. The signal output end of the central processing unit is connected with the signal input end of the control signal conversion and execution module, and the signal output end of the control signal conversion and execution module is connected with the signal input end of the mud valve execution mechanism. And the sludge valve actuating mechanism can adjust the opening and closing of a plurality of sludge valves at the bottom of the tap water sedimentation tank according to the control signal. According to the automatic sludge discharge control system, the efficiency and the reliability of the sludge discharge process can be remarkably improved, the manual intervention and the labor cost are reduced, and the stability of the effluent quality is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of water treatment technology, and in particular to an automatic sludge discharge control system. Background Technology

[0002] In the process of tap water production, the sludge removal system of sedimentation tanks is a key link in ensuring water quality and production efficiency. The main function of sedimentation tanks is to remove suspended solids from the water, while the sludge removal system maintains the efficiency of sedimentation tanks and the stability of water quality by periodically discharging the sludge deposited at the bottom of the tank. Traditional sedimentation tank sludge removal systems mostly rely on manual operation or simple time control methods for sludge removal. This approach not only has a low degree of automation but also has many shortcomings.

[0003] Because the sludge discharge pipes in sedimentation tanks discharge sludge-water in large volumes, the working environment for sensors is harsh, making it impossible to directly detect the sludge discharge process using sensors. This makes precise monitoring and automatic control of the sludge discharge process difficult. Furthermore, the numerous sludge discharge pipes in sedimentation tanks mean that a single sludge discharge cycle often takes a long time. Manual monitoring is not only labor-intensive and wasteful of human resources, but also poses significant safety hazards, especially at night or during inclement weather, as the sludge discharge trenches are located outdoors.

[0004] In summary, the existing technology has the following problems:

[0005] 1. Low level of automation: Current sludge discharge systems are difficult to automate because there is a lack of effective means to detect and monitor the sludge discharge status, which requires manual intervention, making the operation cumbersome and inefficient.

[0006] 2. Inability to perform effective monitoring: In existing technologies, no sensor can directly monitor the sludge discharge process in the sedimentation tank, making real-time monitoring of the sludge discharge status a challenge and affecting the effectiveness and reliability of the sludge discharge operation. Traditional sensors cannot adapt to the complex and harsh environment inside the sedimentation tank, making it difficult to obtain accurate sludge discharge status data.

[0007] 3. High labor costs: Due to the large number of sludge discharge pipes in the sedimentation tank and the long sludge discharge time, manual monitoring is not only labor-intensive but also prone to human error, which affects the quality of the effluent. In particular, it increases safety risks when operating at night, and continuous manual operation increases operating costs. Utility Model Content

[0008] To address the aforementioned issues, this invention proposes an automatic sludge discharge control system, which can significantly improve the efficiency and reliability of the sludge discharge process, reduce manual intervention and labor costs, and enhance the stability of the effluent water quality.

[0009] The technical solution adopted in this utility model is as follows:

[0010] An automatic sludge discharge control system includes an image acquisition device, a central processing unit, a control signal conversion and execution module, and a sludge discharge valve actuator. The signal output terminal of the image acquisition device is connected to the signal input terminal of the central processing unit, the signal output terminal of the central processing unit is connected to the signal input terminal of the control signal conversion and execution module, and the signal output terminal of the control signal conversion and execution module is connected to the signal input terminal of the sludge discharge valve actuator. The sludge discharge valve actuator can adjust the opening and closing of multiple sludge discharge valves at the bottom of the tap water sedimentation tank according to the control signal.

[0011] Furthermore, the image acquisition device is installed above the sludge discharge corridor of the tap water sedimentation tank to capture the sludge discharge situation at the outlet of the sludge discharge pipe.

[0012] Furthermore, the central processing unit can receive and process video data from the image acquisition device, generate corresponding control signals based on the sludge discharge status in the video data, and output them to the control signal conversion and execution module.

[0013] Furthermore, the control signal conversion and execution module includes a microprocessor, an I / O expansion unit, a transistor output unit, and a power supply. The signal input terminal of the microprocessor is connected to the signal output terminal of the central processing unit. The signal output terminal of the microprocessor is connected to the signal input terminal of the I / O expansion unit. The signal output terminal of the I / O expansion unit is connected to the signal input terminal of the transistor output unit. The signal output terminal of the transistor output unit is connected to the signal input terminal of the mud discharge valve actuator. The power output terminal of the power supply is connected to the power input terminals of the microprocessor, the I / O expansion unit, and the transistor output unit.

[0014] Furthermore, the microprocessor includes an STM32F030 microprocessor and its peripheral circuits. The microprocessor can receive control signals from the central processing unit through the USART pin, and forward the control signals to the IO expansion unit through the IIC bus after parsing them.

[0015] Furthermore, the IO expansion unit can expand to include corresponding IO interfaces based on the number of sludge discharge valves controlled.

[0016] Furthermore, the IO expansion unit includes multiple MCP23017 expansion chips and their peripheral circuits.

[0017] Furthermore, the transistor output unit can amplify the output current of the IO expansion unit and drive the relay to control the opening and closing of the mud discharge valve.

[0018] Furthermore, the transistor output unit includes multiple Darlington transistor arrays, and each Darlington transistor array includes several independent Darlington transistor pairs.

[0019] Furthermore, the power supply includes a switching voltage regulator and a buck regulator. The switching voltage regulator is capable of outputting a +12V voltage to the microprocessor, I / O expansion unit, and transistor output unit, and the buck regulator is capable of outputting a +3.3V voltage to the microprocessor, I / O expansion unit, and transistor output unit.

[0020] The beneficial effects of this utility model are as follows:

[0021] Fully automatic control: The automatic sludge discharge control system of this utility model realizes fully automatic control of the sludge discharge process, reduces manual intervention, and greatly improves operating efficiency.

[0022] High efficiency and reliability: The automatic sludge discharge control system of this utility model can monitor the sludge discharge status in real time and accurately, ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of the sludge discharge process, and avoiding the shortcomings of manual operation in traditional sludge discharge methods.

[0023] Cost reduction and safety improvement: By reducing manual monitoring, the automatic sludge discharge control system of this utility model significantly reduces labor intensity and operating costs, especially at night or in severe weather conditions, greatly improving the safety of operation and the stability of system operation. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is an application diagram of an automatic sludge discharge control system according to Embodiment 2 of this utility model.

[0025] Figure 2 This is a framework diagram of an automatic sludge discharge control system according to Embodiment 2 of this utility model.

[0026] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the MCU processor in Embodiment 2 of this utility model.

[0027] Figure 4 This is a power supply schematic diagram of Embodiment 2 of this utility model.

[0028] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the IO expansion unit of Embodiment 2 of this utility model.

[0029] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the transistor output unit of Embodiment 2 of this utility model. Detailed Implementation

[0030] To provide a clearer understanding of the technical features, objectives, and effects of this utility model, specific embodiments are now described. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of this utility model and are not intended to limit it; that is, the described embodiments are only a part of, and not all, of the embodiments of this utility model. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this utility model without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this utility model.

[0031] Example 1

[0032] This embodiment provides an automatic sludge discharge control system, including an image acquisition device, a central processing unit (CPU), a control signal conversion and execution module, and a sludge discharge valve actuator. The signal output of the image acquisition device is connected to the signal input of the CPU, which in turn is connected to the signal input of the control signal conversion and execution module. The control signal conversion and execution module's signal output is connected to the signal input of the sludge discharge valve actuator. The sludge discharge valve actuator can adjust the opening and closing of multiple sludge discharge valves at the bottom of the tap water sedimentation tank according to the control signals. This system can automatically identify the sludge discharge status and precisely control the opening and closing of the sludge discharge valves, achieving automation, intelligence, and high efficiency in the sludge discharge process.

[0033] Preferably, the automatic sludge discharge control system of this embodiment can be implemented in the following manner.

[0034] I. System Architecture

[0035] The automatic sludge discharge control system in this embodiment mainly consists of five core parts: a camera (image acquisition device), a development board (central processing unit), an IO interface board (control signal conversion and execution module), a sludge discharge valve actuator, and an industrial touch screen, which are described in detail below.

[0036] Camera: An industrial-grade high-definition camera can be used, installed above the sludge discharge corridor of the sedimentation tank. By adjusting the angle and focus, it ensures clear capture of the sludge discharge situation at the outlet of the sludge discharge pipe. The system supports multiple cameras working in parallel, using a network video interface to connect to the development board and achieve real-time transmission of RTSP video streams. The camera has good anti-interference capabilities and environmental adaptability to cope with complex environments such as dust and water mist that may exist at the sludge discharge site.

[0037] Development Board: As the core processing unit of the system, it is responsible for receiving and processing real-time video data from the camera module. This development board features a built-in quad-core 64-bit processor + AI processor, enabling efficient execution of deep learning algorithms such as YOLO. By pre-loading a trained sludge discharge status recognition model, the development board performs real-time analysis and judgment of the sludge discharge status in the video stream and generates corresponding control commands. The development board connects to the I / O interface board via its GPIO interface to transmit control signals.

[0038] IO Interface Board: As a key bridge for control signal conversion and execution, the IO interface board receives low-level control signals from the development board and converts them into high-voltage, high-current switching signals that can directly drive the mud discharge valve.

[0039] Sludge discharge valve actuator: Precisely controls the opening and closing of the sludge discharge valve based on the switching signal output from the IO interface board.

[0040] More preferably, the core components of the I / O interface board include:

[0041] MCU (Microprocessor): Responsible for receiving and parsing control instructions from the development board, and controlling the transistor output unit and I / O expansion unit according to the preset logic.

[0042] IO expansion unit: When the number of GPIO ports on the development board is insufficient to control multiple mud discharge valves, the IO expansion unit can expand the number of control channels.

[0043] Transistor output unit: Employs high-power Darlington transistors to convert the control signals output by the MCU into switching signals that can drive the mud discharge valve.

[0044] Power supply: Provides a stable and reliable power supply for the entire I / O interface board, ensuring that all components work properly.

[0045] II. Work Process

[0046] The camera captures real-time video streams from the sludge discharge pipe outlet of the sedimentation tank and transmits the data to the development board via the network. Upon receiving the video stream, the development board's built-in AI processor immediately runs a pre-loaded YOLO deep learning model to analyze each frame and identify the sludge discharge status.

[0047] Based on the AI ​​recognition results, the development board generates corresponding control commands (e.g., opening and closing the sludge discharge valve). These control commands are sent to the I / O interface board in the form of digital signals via the GPIO interface.

[0048] The MCU on the I / O interface board receives and parses control commands from the development board. Based on the commands, the MCU controls the I / O expansion unit (if needed) and the transistor output unit. The transistor output unit converts the MCU's control signals into high-level, high-current switching signals, directly driving the mud discharge valve actuator to open, close, or adjust the opening degree of the mud discharge valve.

[0049] Through the above process, the system achieves real-time monitoring, intelligent analysis, and automatic control of the sludge discharge process without manual intervention, thereby improving sludge discharge efficiency, reducing labor intensity, and ensuring production safety.

[0050] III. Working Principle

[0051] The development board (central processing unit) in this embodiment can support running the following modules:

[0052] Video acquisition module: Responsible for acquiring real-time video streams from camera modules and performing necessary preprocessing (such as format conversion, image enhancement, etc.) to provide high-quality image data for subsequent AI recognition.

[0053] The AI ​​recognition module, based on the YOLO deep learning model, performs real-time analysis of pre-processed video frames to accurately identify the sludge discharge status and output corresponding control signals. This module's model has been trained and optimized using a large amount of actual sludge discharge data, exhibiting high recognition accuracy and robustness.

[0054] Control signal output module: Converts the control signals output by the AI ​​recognition module into level signals that can drive the IO interface board, and performs necessary safety checks and error handling to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the control signals.

[0055] User Interface Module: Provides an intuitive visual interface that displays real-time video streams captured by the camera, system operating status, AI recognition results, and the working status of the sludge discharge valve. Users can use this interface for manual control, parameter settings, and fault diagnosis.

[0056] Configuration Management Module: Allows users to flexibly configure various system parameters, such as camera IP address, video stream format, AI model parameters, and control logic of IO interface board, to adapt to different application scenarios and needs.

[0057] Preferably, the workflow of each of the above modules is as follows:

[0058] 1. System Initialization: After power-on, the development board first performs a self-test and then reads the configuration file. The configuration file contains key parameters such as the camera IP address, network parameters, AI model path, IO interface board control logic, alarm thresholds, and sludge removal time. Based on the configuration information, the development board initializes the video acquisition module, AI recognition module, communication module with the IO interface board, and communication module with the industrial touchscreen. This ensures that all modules and hardware components are functioning correctly and displays the system initialization status on the industrial touchscreen.

[0059] 2. Video Acquisition and Analysis: The video acquisition module connects to and activates the camera module according to the configured camera parameters, starting to capture the video stream from the sludge discharge pipe outlet of the sedimentation tank in real time. The video stream is transmitted to the development board via a network interface. The AI ​​recognition module receives the video stream data and uses a pre-loaded YOLO deep learning model to analyze each frame of the image in real time to identify the sludge discharge status.

[0060] 3. Result Transmission and Execution: The AI ​​recognition module transmits the recognition results (e.g., "True" indicates normal sludge discharge was detected, and "False" indicates no normal sludge discharge was detected) to the IO interface board via the GPIO interface. The MCU on the IO interface board receives and parses these control commands. According to the preset control logic (which is also stored in the configuration file and can be modified via the touch screen), it controls the transistor output unit and IO expansion unit to convert the control signals into high-voltage, high-current switching signals, directly driving the sludge discharge valve actuator to open or close the sludge discharge valve.

[0061] 4. Dynamic control and anomaly handling:

[0062] Once the system opens the sludge discharge valve based on the AI ​​recognition results or a preset program, the camera continuously captures video of the sludge discharge process, which is then analyzed in real time by the development board.

[0063] If the AI ​​detects normal sludge discharge, the development board will continuously send a "normal sludge discharge" signal to the IO interface board, which will keep the sludge discharge valve open. Simultaneously, the development board will time the process according to a preset sludge discharge time (which can be set on the touchscreen). Once the time is up, it will send a "close sludge discharge valve" command to the IO interface board, closing the current sludge discharge valve and opening the next set of sludge discharge valves in a preset sequence.

[0064] If normal sludge discharge is not detected within the preset waiting time (which can be set on the touchscreen) (e.g., AI identification result is "no sludge discharge," "blockage," etc.), the development board will send a corresponding abnormal signal to the IO interface board, which will immediately close the current sludge discharge valve (if it is in the open state). Simultaneously, the development board records this abnormality in the system log and issues an audible and visual alarm via the industrial touchscreen to prompt the operator to check. The development board then continues to execute the control operation of the next set of sludge discharge valves.

[0065] 5. Monitoring and Interaction: Throughout the sludge removal process, the industrial touchscreen displays real-time video footage captured by the camera, AI recognition results, the operating status of the sludge removal valve, system logs, and alarm information. Users can monitor the entire system's operation via the touchscreen, modify system parameters (such as sludge removal time and alarm thresholds), and perform manual control when necessary (e.g., manually opening or closing a specific sludge removal valve).

[0066] 6. Data Recording and Reporting: After the entire sludge removal process is completed (or at set time intervals), the system can automatically generate a sludge removal report. The report can be stored on the development board's storage medium or transmitted to the host computer system via network. The report records in detail the status of each pipeline during the sludge removal process, AI recognition results, sludge removal time, and any abnormal situations, providing reference and analysis for production operators and offering data support for subsequent equipment maintenance and process optimization. Furthermore, historical reports can also be viewed on the touchscreen.

[0067] Example 2

[0068] This embodiment is based on embodiment 1:

[0069] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment provides an automatic sludge discharge control system, which includes a camera (image acquisition device), a development board (central processing unit), an IO interface board (control signal conversion and execution module), a sludge discharge valve actuator, and an industrial touch screen. It can realize fully automatic control of the sludge discharge process in the sedimentation tank, as detailed below.

[0070] I. Application Scenarios and System Architecture

[0071] 1. Sedimentation tank

[0072] Figure 1 The image shows a cross-sectional structure of a sedimentation tank, which is used to remove suspended solids from water and collect sediment (sludge) at the bottom of the tank. Regularly removing this sludge is a key step in ensuring the proper functioning of the sedimentation tank.

[0073] 2. Sludge discharge valve system

[0074] Sludge discharge valve: The sludge discharge valve is installed on the sludge discharge pipe at the bottom of the sedimentation tank and is used to control the discharge of sludge. The valve is opened and closed by an electric valve controlled by a PLC system.

[0075] Sludge discharge pipe: Connected to the bottom of the sedimentation tank, sludge is discharged through this pipe.

[0076] 3. Sludge removal corridor camera

[0077] Cameras installed in the sludge discharge corridor are used to monitor the sludge discharge process in real time. The cameras are responsible for capturing video streams of the sludge discharge process and transmitting them to the development board for analysis.

[0078] The camera is positioned to fully cover the sludge discharge port of the sludge discharge pipe, ensuring that the sludge discharge process can be clearly captured.

[0079] 4. Development board

[0080] Preferably, the development board in this embodiment integrates a quad-core 64-bit processor and an AI processor to receive RTSP video streams transmitted from the camera. By running a YOLO deep learning model, the sludge discharge status in the video stream is analyzed, the sludge discharge status is determined, and the control requirements are transmitted in real time to the IO interface board for further control of the sludge discharge valve operation.

[0081] 5. I / O interface board

[0082] The IO interface board receives the analysis results from the development board and drives the opening and closing of the sludge discharge valve according to the preset control logic, thereby realizing the fully automated management of the sludge discharge process.

[0083] II. Workflow Overview

[0084] 1. The camera captures real-time video of the sludge discharge pipe in the sedimentation tank and transmits it to the development board.

[0085] 2. The development board analyzes the video, identifies the sludge discharge status, and transmits the results to the IO interface board.

[0086] 3. The IO interface board controls the opening and closing of the sludge discharge valve based on the recognition results, automatically completing the entire sludge discharge process.

[0087] 4. After the sludge removal process is completed, the system generates a sludge removal report for operators to check and record.

[0088] III. I / O Interface Board Description

[0089] The IO interface board in this embodiment mainly consists of four parts: MCU processor, power supply, IO expansion unit, and transistor output unit. The following is a detailed description of each part.

[0090] 1. MCU processor

[0091] The main component in this section is the STM32F030 microprocessor, which receives control signals from the development board via the USART pin and forwards these signals to the I / O expansion unit via the I / O bus after parsing them. The schematic diagram for this section is shown below. Figure 3 .

[0092] 2. Power supply

[0093] The power supply in this embodiment consists of a step-down IC LM2596 and a SY8120, which output +12V and +3.3V voltages respectively to power the transistor output unit, the MCU processor, and the I / O expansion unit. The schematic diagram for this part is shown below. Figure 4 .

[0094] 3. I / O Expansion Unit

[0095] Since sedimentation tanks often require dozens of sludge discharge valves, and typical MCU processors don't have that many pins available, the MCP23017 IC is needed to expand the I / O ports. A single MCP23017 can expand to 16 I / O ports; this embodiment uses three expansion boards, providing a total of 48 I / O ports, sufficient to control the number of sludge discharge valves. See the schematic diagram for this part. Figure 5 (The schematics of the three MCP23017 chips are the same, so only a single schematic is given here).

[0096] 4. Transistor Output Unit

[0097] This section amplifies the output current of the IO expansion unit to drive the relay controlling the sludge discharge valve load. Preferably, the transistor output unit in this embodiment is mainly composed of a ULN2803 Darlington transistor array IC. Each ULN2803 contains eight independent Darlington transistor pairs, and this expansion board uses six of them, which can drive up to 48 sludge discharge valves. The schematic diagram for this section is shown below. Figure 6 (The schematics for all 6 ULN2803 chips are identical, so only a single schematic is shown here).

[0098] The automatic sludge removal control system in this embodiment has the following key points and protection points:

[0099] 1. Design of the I / O interface board

[0100] The I / O interface board serves as a crucial bridge for control signal conversion and execution, transforming low-level control signals from the development board into high-voltage, high-current switching signals capable of directly driving the mud discharge valves. Its combined design, incorporating an MCU, I / O expansion unit, and transistor output unit, enables precise control of multiple mud discharge valves.

[0101] 2. Multi-component collaborative operation

[0102] The camera, development board, IO interface board, and sludge discharge actuator work together to automate the sludge discharge process; the camera captures images, the development board analyzes them and outputs control commands, and the IO interface board converts signals and drives the sludge discharge valve.

[0103] 3. Precise control of the mud discharge valve

[0104] The system can accurately control the opening, closing, and opening degree adjustment of the sludge discharge valve based on the AI ​​recognition results, and automatically execute the sludge discharge operation according to the preset sludge discharge time and sequence.

[0105] In summary, this invention enables intelligent control of the sludge discharge process in sedimentation tanks. Its unique I / O interface board design achieves precise control of multiple sludge discharge valves and optimizes the overall system architecture and workflow. These key features and protection points collectively constitute the innovation of this invention, making it significantly superior to existing technologies in terms of automation, control precision, reliability, and safety.

[0106] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this utility model. It should be understood that this utility model is not limited to the forms disclosed herein and should not be construed as excluding other embodiments. It can be used in various other combinations, modifications, and environments, and can be altered within the scope of the concept described herein through the above teachings or related technologies or knowledge. Modifications and variations made by those skilled in the art that do not depart from the spirit and scope of this utility model should be protected within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An automatic sludge control system, characterized by, The device comprises an image acquisition device, a central processor, a control signal conversion and execution module, and a sludge valve execution mechanism, the signal output end of the image acquisition device is connected with the signal input end of the central processor, the signal output end of the central processor is connected with the signal input end of the control signal conversion and execution module, the signal output end of the control signal conversion and execution module is connected with the signal input end of the sludge valve execution mechanism, and the sludge valve execution mechanism can adjust the opening and closing of multiple sludge valves at the bottom of a tap water sedimentation tank according to a control signal.

2. The automatic sludge control system of claim 1, wherein, The image acquisition device is arranged above the sludge discharge corridor of the tap water sedimentation tank to capture the sludge discharge condition at the outlet of the sludge discharge pipeline.

3. The automatic sludge control system of claim 1, wherein, The central processor can receive and process video data from the image acquisition device, generate a corresponding control signal according to the sludge discharge state in the video data, and output the control signal to the control signal conversion and execution module.

4. The automatic sludge control system of claim 1, wherein, The control signal conversion and execution module comprises a microprocessor, an IO expansion unit, a transistor output unit, and a power supply, the signal input end of the microprocessor is connected with the signal output end of the central processor, the signal output end of the microprocessor is connected with the signal input end of the IO expansion unit, the signal output end of the IO expansion unit is connected with the signal input end of the transistor output unit, the signal output end of the transistor output unit is connected with the signal input end of the sludge valve execution mechanism, and the power supply output end of the power supply is connected with the power input end of the microprocessor, the IO expansion unit, and the transistor output unit.

5. An automatic sludge control system according to claim 4, wherein, The microprocessor comprises an STM32F030 microprocessor and its peripheral circuit, the microprocessor can receive the control signal from the central processor through the USART pin, and forward the control signal to the IO expansion unit through the IIC bus after analyzing the control signal.

6. The automatic sludge control system of claim 4, wherein, The IO expansion unit can expand corresponding IO interfaces according to the number of sludge valve controls.

7. The automatic sludge control system of claim 4, wherein, The IO expansion unit comprises multiple MCP23017 expansion chips and their peripheral circuits.

8. The automatic sludge control system of claim 4, wherein, The transistor output unit can amplify the output current of the IO expansion unit to drive the relay to control the opening and closing of the sludge valve.

9. The automatic sludge control system of claim 4, wherein, The transistor output unit comprises multiple Darlington transistor arrays, and each Darlington transistor array comprises multiple independent Darlington transistor pairs.

10. The automatic sludge control system of claim 4, wherein, The power supply comprises a switching voltage regulator and a step-down voltage stabilizer, the switching voltage regulator can output +12V voltage to the microprocessor, the IO expansion unit, and the transistor output unit, and the step-down voltage stabilizer can output +3.3V voltage to the microprocessor, the IO expansion unit, and the transistor output unit.

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